Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 ~'_C'71 ~."OR TH-' '01j"T I'D I.:" Y BIOPT-71-)ICS, -T A I TCqT R 71 1 iT J. G T '1, 73-." ~I:f~j! I"OR A_ '0_77) I IT 7) 7' T R .0- BLAU ~7 e-trc _~or '-)crce1)t- Thr~ i,-,su(, i~, not whothor th-- y ion e~ristq, but rather, if eloctrorqap~netic or other -Dhycic,-,l theories adoqua,tej~T Je-',cribes any or all of the -r)heno1[,,_icno. 7,1ectrom.ofnotic theories -or t1he -phonol-iena -ctually ')re(~~-te their o.nnn'siticn by more th-Pn three centuries,. froln C,--~rtesion ar,-ulOlents lopa'ing to ~u-'Iism -,nd the -mont~ai rad.iolz t-r'ar.iV_oT-L-).11-Kr anrl, evc,)n rocejA177 been o-r)-posod u-~)on .,.t le-~st the four follo I TJL.~.g grounds. Tirst, th,4:A -lthou.,'-,,i the hi&h correl~,tion between the C:),C.J,,ivitir of t1ho br,-d',-~ ~'xid body with many ~?oi -ohono~-.Iena is well oFit~~blished, the brain does not o~-iit coherent ononry or raC~iation ~.otecta',)le more th.-n ~,' few centiTaotors from the 7,~~ull. Second, ~That enerpics -'ro c7~vqittod loss their po-er vory rc~j~ielly, c.ccorc~irlg to the optic-~~1' or invz,-rse to tho square of th-- dist-1-.ico rule, an(J r:-uch crn- not account for tola-)~~thic -:)hcno-,-aon- !bich occur over C..'otoxices of -1cus'-,nds of 'T"bird., D~,i thocrie- c~_~jinot e-~,Dlain the "(~Iown I t thrull dccl: cI,,_)irvOIMnco -ohonomen;-'.. Fourth, -ny. e7r,91-aincat ion of T)roco,,~nition cx-not -,)oqzsi01y T)o -1cc-;-,ro;-IO,,,-,nDtic. Let it be conccJod- th7.,.t the fourth objections -_-~ra v,:,.liC. t- -,nd well ;.t .2 -,- ri 11 b c, o ~.,Tn, thcr-- is new evi(enc(:) C y, T 7 o 7jo Ve r that su-oercod.os the firsto two objoctions. Alt'I'lough miie r-.,~,,oarchors in t! is field C-,dhore to ~~.n only-one psi -ohI)no--.,ion,-.. 'Te ~,o not. A-,D--)~7-.rcnt3_y to Fo-fte, -'inco R.Fi tlioorios -,id not C--,,ccoiint for all the -oh-_nomon~' it ~I,r,-~~ntjV not account I` or ~,,nv o-f it. ~ltllou,~h it our ori,,Tin-1.1 intent to -or-,cOnt n.,~w evi(lence for tho nl,-usibility o-f e!octrom;_--znotic radi.-.tio--ri being the bl'-,sic for -ion-orecomitive norcention, So-rqOti-'-_.Ie bot-0en the y~Dar o, -n~._ tho -oresent, it be- be-izininrT of our roFio,-rcIi, cpl,qo to tlhi~,~ tl~at thoro. is little thl-,t i',J --DE,-ra- --)hi7- s be roconcilod 'Tith 3~'ec';use I-"o in~,. th r-)oycholo.~-,' Ir T),s ycli-olopy, the t~To S7TnthosizoJ.u-oo,,,i cl-,s'sicol T)hirsics --,,md neuro- -ohysiolo.77, tlbis -rqoropr,-:,)h h~-s bieon '~ltcrod only in st-y-le, I:ut not -ith ros-~-)cct to it-, -t;--ted -Our--)ose. in content U,)on the follo-in7 cluotation rests tho founO:-,tion of thic thesis. -nerce-otion -.nC- -',_='or7T -nor- co-Aion to 'Do 'uch _'.1il-ce c-7cont in the rel'-.tion of the subject to tho sti-,,nuluo. 'Then senr,~ory norcc-otion i~~ te.-~tc(!_ at low level of jti~-qulus iyiton,,-.i+V,7 i,~,~ich the -proecccs more co1_TpL-,r-,b1o to '77P, thore i~,, ind.ic~~tion thot it is gubject to so-)o of tho influonces now to offoct Der-._ForrqMco. :; J.D. 12ffiino (TTovcnilbor, 1940) Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 2 2. 7D-" 7~'~ 7von before tho (-.cntur-,r t1_h.-_ -L)o--4Lc,-. of con-1ciousnas.9 9 -itr:-;l t-,,~~suo to -nd n(1, Co.'ImUniC tion .To.--e of cei t, h e o 1 o,-, e -0 ion OTI1 0 The -,~hcnomana c:~.lleC erc, t ll)i.(,)--in.or-c..-i-,t:L(.)I-i ~-- ot'ner:-, b,-'~~_l ;.- 1011,~.- o J~' be i n,,z n o ~~ m, ~T m;-)n,x (1,ifferent n.--aos in rq,- ny cultu- n rv hi toric.- t4i t' t Tt t b i t i 7q 0 9 '0 3 D n 1, T? 11 0. oT.1 0 fj,~,t r t lilan'S, consciousnosc 'T - 11 F -,n' that inter~lo-.-~oneont, cf:, ~T,,~Dll u-~on hic 'Diolo-, :,.n CL ~h-,Tlliolo ,~Tq tho,o,e in turn .-xer-) influcnc-)-~. ',)_TT the environ-non-;-3, .,"lthnw-d) in rc'L1.ro!:--)oct the isquo (-r)-_,iccrr)_,-J th c d ~.t a ('-Crived. fro,~ -,,,)h-,ics, -,)'h-siolo.-7T 7n~. 7)S1Tcholo<-7- bricf ~jUxvcy _,_)rOSejj_LO~' -;ho-s ouito cic,-rl- A the UnC-Or- L, ~ ~. here ~ I - - y th " U - ta~,,cn --o5~c donl:~ .,.,o the ~rotion thl-.t th3 obsorvaa in 0"'10 . .1t-7 not rol7t~,7. to -,-)7hor.o1-.aonL7 in o-,- 3 C -1 P Lh,-r s-Deci~,J_- ti~)n. f-,Ll h i s, 1) ~-,, c o r on, raelio -,~h-a'norcna, .. v=, .-rit hon 1~,tc -2, -)racticot~ bV 0j,"CtrolliC -,jr.- r::,(~io 1-ith rl~_,~_O,Cct to CO-Oy littl- rcl-~t Lon to c~.ch ot'Dar, in tha ~_qin~.s of tho nrinci-~~,- I t".0 ~Tont je~ 't',) Cen+Ur-iT. It 1~01.~ld `i, 'ic,~Ilt to -hon ver-~, fi-,:--t oloctro~-ip_,-notic th:.,ori_~~,, of ~si fi-t-ot occurrr~d.,'D(-,,c:-=, Vie -,~!-no~ Dn- ic, Jo~~lcr`bod in ~Jci=t-ific teymLinr)lo1/:_,ios. A-o-r.)ro--)os of -the i~-~~uc at. h,~-id, th-_ ~.-qontion O-F -I-J~T -phci-LoTncnj1 relo-v'ant to the -~orccntion ~-xi(Vor emission of ol-~C-`-ric~~l or enor,- "Y b-, th-1 hu7i~-,n o,__-J11Tq occur:- 1,it'h P.-r~,.col, us (1493-1541). He 7,tz h.:~,-~.lor -oll, anO ho b~~liovoC, th,-.t crio~-.,7, but n1-.-:.-,u-t )..l -J'o-,-c_-, tl),iF~t lilc th slGlarc ...afTuonc 0.. -:-h bo~,~r, c-,rcn a mi`t,)tlo e-i ion t1lat Derw..doC, (Poring,192c)) r n C i ~7" 13 0 2:1 5 S' 1 - 16-2- "s ) i TJV,-., _'7TJ77or1_v'1 or 1.6 tory _n"J, C-.ccount-,~,, of -.or,-,,co nitimri -md notin,. th,-,.t t tho- J,--rc na-t'-Mi-~,.1 7.n~._ -;--T-:-.t it to ;~~ clj~-s of i o n.F, c r i, i i t r n,7,~ 1 -a -1. s o i-i r,, n d i n -f 1 u o i i c o .9 -Kla i c h zice, but il-ot touch. '-t -about the SI-IT'ilo (I ont (l577-lSz,4) o.-;:,i,,-,Jn-15cc7 tl.'te eoctrin-~ o-f ~,Jai~-Ial --.1 -n tisl 0 b~- to~,chin,,;,, tha-11- o-L,i c -Iluid,- -t-' t~`o~,i o,11 b0, i J- I - U --- L 1, ~Uic'~od by the TTi 11 to inTl,,,.cnco th-, ~~'n~Ls "me, bo,,ie-~, of, oV~.~~rs,. (Gud~.-s, A cont27~v-o-,_,.D,r-!- -11-ho ~-bovo -,ac G`LlT)or-'.;, ~~ho i,.'1 160,,) i)ubli,shcd tr~-,-tJt-- on t,hc, lo~estolne, Gilbert con- the r-un ~-.na c;-,r-'-1-i bl, ~, r both tho oLt i on of' tha, C--onJont ii-on ;'1,h,,7t 1 -11 '-L~, studicd tlze of Cid not conclu(~c) th-,t there -71s, ~my ro ),t i on i bot-To-n --nd- T n t 1.,'n r t '~o t 7-.t I c o r ra,_, c j'-) ~,n ;. c al n -i-111h C-L-nvill 0 1 4 0 y of -(1636--l'-10) -]Lo cou~lcs h,/, th-~-!i.s !ith tho tha-I'd ... tho r7rts of t',a-1, T1 r.,in iot-i_o~,a tb~, _`Cthor; it is thr,-mf~--h th_ lioui~L ,-,s ~ro tlq,~ motion T,)ich is c -,Ul-j 7D 7., S t on throTm into '!'a Gudas , 19 6 1 It tl,,~-t 7~t `,this -111-iric) ---)hilooo-)T),.)rs, ,,~Tho "'Cre lruc, f + 0. a r U'.*11 E, wcr~D the i~-i-,.uo O-r -b-thor or -ior :11A_ c ' ccoiuatc('. --or bcb~l-~7 n n-~ c 1 o i i F, nc.,_ The ou.:?,-,~tion ~Thich an c] t v, J-11 rcl" ..nt, is Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 1_ - "Pfp~000787ROO0500230002 ed For R a qqotWq~-,-~Cj -2 ~.Pj Approm ele se 2 t-itill b.-Liar to(1.-,1,y I` ir~ O')V, - V(~n to t` i- _utlror, t'llat IOU,-,, o m ~-, t i 11 7' "1 ~-,ro noca~-,s-riL~l inco- with rol-.-).~ct to our b~,hziv-ior!3 our th-11 vl--~.li~,- it,,- O.-F t"-)'e fL, the -,or'- of the T O-C tho i0l c, t i 11 bU t 7~ Io muCt o-%rc-,, th-~ hJS_'(;0r7T Of )hilo,-,o-~b-,, an~~ conccntrat-. on tho h i -,:toT:,, of tho -oh~rodc7lict 4,.-nton PT,esmer (1734-1818) 7~1).o Vas -blc to r-:1"Foct curcs both u-.-)on ns,,y-choncurotic cnd -ohysiological o)."i o lo7 7M T tho uF.,- of h which T,~,,~~ or cl dl-,iocl. an0ont u~oon ,7, --)h-no,mena of animal H i!7! -To rl.~ i s it-mor`Gl Lmt, to the qu-,,stion of con.sci-),,Ii~maocl.~. cnC, control boc,,)u!~,e it stimul-~.to(7, not only 1'.) ~.- rP:0 ~Tcholo~, ic .~~.l inciuir7T, but th? Torl~ ol Fr~~u~! Jun,r,: into _Gh,.~ 1-13 TTO'll Tho issue, th~-)n 111017, 71T,-~,s 1,,Thothar the curr,,~-, tha. Mr-s~,,,or succesl-fulv com--).lotod v-,,,re Cu~) to rJola!-, outsddo y ~'o,,~co, that i~- ol~,ctrol~a~,,, or whother tbey r Jue to sup-,or-,tion". Obvioucly -o-,chosola,-~.tic 1, 1 b controvorq,inr~,, rxa. r,~.iscd. ~Ioorler bi-ru-', -1-ri, "A fi-st Usod- motal bar r c, ~'~ u co fl. h i o C.ff (,, c t a , b u t - 1 a t e r r o c: tc e~ ff r o t ho i r u - 0 to L, L, ond cL-.zv~ to salcl~r oil o7711 33,~C,-uso of I co, mc. r o t o -r e i t7- la scienti-,-ic co-i;kl.~;ion 7171_~,-- ~~z~t u-~ i,.-i 1704 t-0 .nvos'i,-ate, tho Tho co~~,i,li-)-Eion co'.acluded- thLat Nosi,.rier! -i,,- (o t I I i t i - anir,qn,l zxi~~_ n- tu-, rlly occurinp- ;~a. f ho 0 0, 0 0 -1c v,,-)riot7r) Trmi:o not oi.Mil:~x fe,11 into di-re-oute. Tt i~- -,',b0Ut thiF,, 3.7~11,- tiMC th,-t `,animr:l ol,~~ct-ri:citl-,,T7~ is, ~J'irs-t obsomre,01. b-,, G~,lvmi in 170-30. 111' e d ic c o v 3 r -_, d t h. L -L" r os 1 C,,-,Cj rh c n co.-_r_,:.,ctr"d to t~-o ~,Js,,si7_~jjlP1r rjjDt,~,J~'J, t~~TitC'J~d tho -till :~,Iivc. c-rc,-It,,,~, th-- fi-, ,.,-t `Iwt bl-,tter~l`i bv connocting in curios a 1~ar,-o rumbc11-1 of in 1794. Tt is onl-,~,, 1~-, tor t'b,7~~ Volta crc-,-).t(-,-:,, ~~,lr~ct,rj.cii;v :,-'ro:, an Inor.,:~,m`_c It i~~- axi o-ft o'h,-Jorv,~tion th.-,t mmy of t,~~,chnologyic,,.l invontions ;~~rc ior.~-, o-~ his o~.m b u t r o c 1827 sacc1,,f7if7,"u]_l"~- -.:_Orl~1,111,,~t-~O._ 1-111C 0-j~7 f~,d,-Irolo e 1 c 0 r a. C -,.I C j' ~7,rc :1"lill i-n uso j-- o 'Cho major 1J),-, ninotoen`,~ c'-.atur- th Ji~,covo-y roU j _~-raC9 br-:~ _,h _i o J. b,lr irl 18751 th,:-A cxi l,_.,ctrir- 'l cur--i-cont could bo b7T i-,n o v i n.-, a -~, i rr) h- o tic It tll~-,, J, i r S upj 'ri,-qn- t r 01 i of tho uni~r of ol~,Ctxti`.77 _'._~Jrl It 7T~'.7, -,-,t th, n ~1'1 ;'.Ci.V y ~rc~,~r that the tocbnolo-- ouf`iciciltl ~'o r 110 r o to do-,,ionstr,-,,te tel rD' -;- codo(~ 1-j J_p, n-1 rero marricd ovo, lonE dist--Xicos, b-'r U~~C of line) -ctiarl"T 0' 7r(-'t, t'.-l ortnaacc to 'G11c -;,-)ror,-.ont o:r-, ~-;n cx-oori~-Iont carriod out b-ly- tho nn,, '_,,i i c is t 11 o I i -cho-o - -~iholt7~ i-, 1350. T) c, o r ot1AD C.",to th,,, ~.Anc1 -boJ conr thou.-ht to -.et to.,~-othcr, ~.~,irqult,=ously .-,t or the of li,.,,ht~. i C11 ~ T,_),'~: ~.on Im-o-r- `o b- '~,bout 300,000 Ic-ra/,s,~oc. Tho func-'ions of ,. t1', L - L, the norves N TO 1`1 r '-ar~-onalbl-,r Undor:-tooe, at this bol~h but it --as t' - th., onj 71 'D norvor,, lik(~ "or,,,~_- cL-,blc- th )i-,- 'a` a th; of P ;7 T; 1 i,7h 1)i~-, cur-)r7,_:-_.c, ~-nf' ml-171-7 oth(,r,-,, ~~.o ~T,0119 r~l rn-,ol t7, -found tl),t tho s-,:)e~,C of nervous -)rnn~~,,-,rltion ~Tlas 50 not 01i1,, ~---',mY map-ni-i.-,M,o~,) Slo-er than lir,llt, but ev,.-In cio--er th;,_-~, --nocC. of sound .7-T0 in c-ir. horo -~!a-,, _- 1_q13 -~o-,. mcia was. 1-0 onlAT i~iiia6l. ,nd. bo("'Y, 0 l,T,- 0 not V, -i n o i 11 i o )OUC In I'D -c:-)-ion,,.! or Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-0078-7ROO0500230002-2 TOP-" _11_-,.T~ IT I 110 7~y . ~ 4. 1859--lq26 roacti ---m ,r', V,,at isI h:"L~-,; covi.-roi, '.),-r-inls, t1loor-'T of V U 19 5 i T) i tat e. ~7,(7 C~ i t- i o-.L-1 c n'rov,D 1-,~. 7T th,) ri,-0 of 0 D I'M 1 0" r0, 0 C, tic rialicl,-ic) o -f i c s, bi o, r -n 'T h i ~~-to_r-Y-. TInr3 sclji-ra ')-t~,rcon nd thoolo.7,T i-.~ i n-01-,.rt rc;- T Y) T s n o -ris i b 1 odor tho :Founding- o:," ",io socicticrl 1,-.to r-inrAeonth con-I.,ury. Porn,~,-'U-oin in 1-866 &-,'Cri' thr) 1-10rV2 Ul~:~C 7;-V -_~ 0 f I t.1,1:D i'D 1371, 1-,c -,,ho~,oet 'IT t'~,:It the fi-o~~ th,,~ nc,-),,tiv:~ incise- o tj fibor to ho .i.~ - J t ivO outr7iO.o. Do. it !,-7 Uo.,~,Grctood -~t ti,-i2 r_--rvos rcC1ui_r,-)C. rcf-: -ctor noriod bc`oro bcinr- I to f i r ,_iC T_ 7, In- 7 -,nd curo-0117 ~-iolo v till "i Ci .1.0tor licur,-.l loo:~~,tior_- i.,L-i th,~~ :nl c,-In'ral n 7vou.. .1 - . G I On , To c" (i U:.--t i OT1 s, d i -1 1 P35 le-_(~in,-r to t~,J~o C r P Of r".~Iio 1836. 1395 to jLrO71(~C,-,-' rcc,,i-- ov-r n C.i-tajoco of r; o c r -11 1. - V the ~%t 1.,m t i c 0 coan F in lQ05- Of i;-i-ort,-mcc to `Gl-i~-, bio-~117 h - o i, th 0 -x".,'ic oi-n. D-900 o-_~: Pll-'.ncl.c I - ici-A -,;,c cur -.t j. dos.criboo o, IIIr j r,,,j tho ono-i,c-,-7r i,r')octra of -1~-,ctro7--,,~~-n~)tic 0i t t,~ f r0 il-I -Lor tll-t ar object of .-I. gi-,Tr~n n .1 r~, is 310OX. C]:~(~01~0:~ (Rhinc, 1033/11.) to o,---)1,-in th~) T) C-Ir o r 1-,l o )h(;J.-1Orqc.-[ as froci.uoncy vibr~-tion- of the other F;,morl,-to(~ ',),r th-., J'lol,-~cul,,,r ~-.ctio--.-i oil tho b n lJ 7 ) "'It t 11 i ~1 F~ ~ l'-il t 171 1 3 0 X-10 ~., r i m o no,-,,i ID -,c, o c! u o n 'To'!) r I s, 3 71ochnor I D (1051 1---rs of 7)111i~-iulus intemoitV :-,n~l the t' h r o 1 C~ of - c-,,Icitivity 1c. loT FR) coiifir~.-_,i th~) e.--.ist nce of s-,ib- U, 'Nv- Tirloo co-.n(-,.-,' tho ,Tord -i ~1 T_ t 1 -1 C~ 1-) 0 1 j t i-,T j 1 t C. 1, 0 9 in -)"rt `)Oc,~U_So !~C. ~---,n into o!-)-t, L 177irolo'-s tlho, (101100 int-~-r-I-E-C~,0d i-!-~ ho- th.- in r o I - t i o n t 0 J r c -7nf.-1 1i_- novor - --J- -,)- tho ~jr _1,117! _7" C, C, of in 1,-25 tjC4~ th," iit" 0 -A of C~-11,o'(' OcCrIt -i-1-c Fi_-foL; U, tj,4~~: tjrj"~ ~'- - Jun,7, (19 16 0 t r in~'Iic`,_-.~ t1h,-t th~~ Olro--- i, V, 0 c 0 -:1 1--, C0 C ,...Ost 11 -)syc1-,iC occur, accounting for two thirds of all spontaneous psi. n th-, -~)-j ,i i c cl 77-rio _1~: it- t1-1 t lhic`-O-ic,~ll- of th- 18 thc -t i-,-) 1-'5' C, n t u r i 1914--1q ~_YY ~~.rontl- r i ti_o, '10 , i _n t~r~-_st in "IC 0 r r 1 :--It t or t'.-i,--,)on th,-D for~iicr. )ot-7 ;,-,on lqll 1926 v(-xic)us r,.,,(I-io on-inoors h:-(' foi)-- thl the oji~' r v. -1.0 -T~-vl-llc u-)on rime such a,- P,-un-,-~ot c-rcl:~-, `h,-_~ timo o.-j- th-. CL - -T tlil- i..-,-,Fjon tli~~ -~tC TWO Of ii-,-ort,-n' v~~ri! 1 -, I ro.,.c -,stin I -xe t Ac" in -1c P' frC0u(,_1o.C,7 of the c i,- n -- .1 _rld Vl:~~ nin--riCition of tlic, iono--ohor~) ~,t "I 71-V7M tijlj,~) 'Tit'll 0 f rc TI.,00rotiCLI'l -,Ioc~cls o ~i-.-Aic rC-.Ai,:-tiorj. on, o~l-,-)iric,-1 ~..-t- '),otli tl~,. t clDc . int m.-,it~T Zi,.T-,n ~-- `Ul_--~Ction O-C tho 7TaVo- - I invo-f-xl..7~ -)ro )ortion~l to (~o-,P, not ei th~,, ~-tru-,rc o-f -~-h-, th~~ o-)tic,-.l 1:-.7., -.,Po-j._ vi. iblc~ li,:.,ht 'im., ob-'G-irl.:-~_ from V-i-_ j:ni r i --I o- -'T -Fo 12G ro ,:iot v-.r,v, :-)proc~- in lr~l 1C, '-o,' (1975) Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 1 73 -,.-OA,-p d For Release 2QM 7,,: f -00787R000500230002-2 5 pTQ" ~Q§fQ 4#7!Rpf~6 0-f tliv~ n th~~ U itt 0 C T11) o rt-~, r t i n in 1~)27 0 D nc con- -. I.-T J),.- j 1^ j ,I r to 1 q 41 ,--~ur tb,~~ ~,-)Ih-no~-mn,. ~)ro-,(~b,-iff. nc) r - ,:).-Gor 0- '~g 400 11 1 1 _ 'i Th z, (5.0 - 0.75 h~-; in rro-~on-tin,,~ rO o !~)O -- 0.75 mot r h ~7, o 0, U: c iD (T U_ in 3 -400 ?Ih7 ( .,~~vl~'Lom,rfths incluJo eaui-v-lont to hura;,.i.-i heic,11t. F.-D. 7' 00 T Th,at clociro)--.u:~, notic on-rIo7,. 7 oo-sil)l-, th, - cront o-.' tol - - th~ 'r i t c r!7,, Up t ma n c 1,- r ~!Ih o u oD d th~) titIc Montal R-,10io in I Jo, 1P/2(~ boo'- a:--:~cmantiiap D I - I- ver7- Pxt,,)hs!Lve' toTo,):-~Vnic T?, c ~7t0 -,!-T nn I - U, by 'or,-or, be,~Tjny I- fivo ~ro-.ro~ boforc, lal,' -Iucooded. in ~~Ia;_-~cur- in-q th-, cloc-11-. r J. c,-.-..l i771 t7T h-d found- th-.t ~r e qu3nci o f 4 21) 17L- norri,.,.1 b havior, that corl;oin of tho frcqmc~ricie!-~ cor-j--~DF~,r)ol.i(I-ec! to c-~,rtpdn in 1c)4-1, Dr. ..)orp,er onnorr.cocIL a~oDro-v~d th-t br-d 7rc-'.-C c r I_ I In for co~~io "31-c-ctronia, notic oncrgr Jlf.~o '~.)ciiag studi~-I,d with to norvos -ad nourons, ~--,t thic ti-m()~ T-ith Philli---),~-,,on in 1920 conti,,nuing til an(,, 0'._): i 0 10 it fT~ I). C~ g .1 19-3, o.-.pacit:-nc-, L, _~o ( ic -),the curront :,x-- -1 C, arA r . I found thP.t tlio c~a-rv.,cit,~.,.nco r u, s ~_%n CT-Te r C ol 1,1 F~ 0 I'l t i ".11 AT co~11!_:t~-nt in tliclr v,-lues, .-ind 0YI..I.Ir th~, V0.T_Q'-0,SCI V -.rioC.. in th(- ,lou"COYM). "ch nouroia to b~l I, D ( ... VC PIFI, 1_--,tor ;Dn - -") t_-.,.'n cr~ ii,r~od~-rico ) in C: Lri tho c~-X17 thi_rt)iOir~ to -k.)=EornI -Iony ~-J*zit-mlc.- tcdo--~,thy -Iiid Clupgm-jt, ion P40 I'loticcable, -1-,11o rcS-UltO of ~'-ri 0:7trorull7y Ions ~is-h,~nco to~-t, 1700 icl.) ~U'hj-ct, into 1--. 1.1 bottIn, y:)t 4- J.C , C 0- u c, the perci7-~ienu I - 11 d i,,,- c o r th. () s to-- the subj~,,ct, ij~-v-jr nt 1Q37, 'T of thc oninion tbo.t r~n,,'iation i ro s a hi:r-lil- i~-~-)rob-blo ---jourc(, of 0,,3n rjjopoj_q~~p. TT:~ 0,;,_Vor --jot 1_~ -~ t -10 not U1 th th-C 1 C t al b0t'il 1, T c- d i 11 hlr,~ rr ouc-,-.ic o!- of t',,,- coc,..i* of n i c rn,y r,'-n-o , or s,hi-lding tho bl-lo,-r 1o5 h-, of `L-'I i c, i rvor~, Ion,,,, mavolongtho, tZ,-an o-Ur, ry- i,-) t1his. 7.7:,r, T)r Ii in o ~- ~n d 7a i s F~ 1-1 o c i, o s .~o vc_., jA Rhine coinod t'ho *rI-,,,se -ncrcc-~)-kion N.itlh a, tontj-tiv~- rCC_~~tio- 'VTitlj~~oj;Lt -~~Jnj- -,"Un 0 f ct-ion o`~ "'D cor "n ~t inuD U 01 rocoX[17~~C,~ C110r,IT-7 for-rq~-,,, but -)ro-octorv. ~1~11 ~j 11 i -~a -.L o ry i)o -~1,-,n 7-1 c h,~,r ac t c r, i c TVI J.". 196/11 3 .,hin,", 1-~.1~-,o voi -c,~)d throo 4 J_ objoctions uo th~~, ej,~ctroj-,n 1 IT'ir-ot, th 't I., ~,,-n--tic ~o, Oluc-,Gro- n, ~T I ot ic r dir)tioia lor-'I ~`t- T)mTcr,i 77 r - z o I --r) r o -)o rt i o n -1 t o t h sou~!.rc of the (ibid. 15,'! - 175). Second, he mentions 4- .3 of s 1, J!n--')oCC d by- thc, )rob1_-)i o-L C) V10 (~ y transmitltin,- contin,,Iou~~!ly or .C!j~k-JUlt.111(~10 -,,otion Third, the obj. TO do , thr,t c t, r o D ~7~ n(-AisI~i cannot V),.o l~i_Ionoi,,,,,nr of clr,irvo,,-,-,,-. I ~r ico, ,--bcr-) obvioi their is noithor an __)hinr~ con- iml-~,;C to ScIA, or 0%,011 L-01, ~11=lnt `0 r,,:~~nd it. 11o- ~v_-r , (-m 216-222) th~-)t M)'I") I'S 7~ biolori-ical -iiav bo ma' .1. n -,~7 o 1 t hn o r o C) " Tt I (I U i t o -'ri I I CI -'S o 0 F 1 -nIT OtID01- Co,r!'~-ji 17, 0 1) r 0 01 7n nl~-,sin, 'R-Cain~D lacri-ll tclc- T) It; 11 V 70 -7-7 j'j C -n(' _nr0C0~-_'I_Ati0_'I into 0122' CDt 0-r7T but tola- inc~7;is ~-nd 33~c-~.Iinx~, into -c-r).-.r~-tc Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 -19 T Y IC 10 -1962 ro T HISTOR Y, -337 41,1 Tu 1937 h.-7 founr,' th t hi.nim subj-:~cts olt d-=T.-;y -hen to lo-T c-m in J-942, ho ~-)o-ri~~aontcd Tr-on the, c-,Uoct o-L~' ~7nd. s, i,-,-,-)on 7,. -M'Djoct to -PUrli7r lo.--onotic -Mr,--c-tion~- concoT'.Y1:L!'1U E-1 To -,Tina-'. -in fOUI'10. tho the -gent o--.- 1.8 - 2~1 ral-~i (1-67 - 11 TT 1.43 x io --Z) h --)oth~)siz- i- Fin -'Ll-hoorlT O-L ")S1 IT-S by T.-)i.bl,-)or in 1951 inp thc-.'u x--r,-,7T,'Cosn.1ic ~.-.;n~. r-,Ys (10T~,-1029 Hz~ -Toro ro- onsibl-,- for so~-io of t1ric yoar 1,AOr, sug,,!,~cot- ed fiolOs .nd ncutrinos T-oro rc~-mo,.r-c;ible. .Lisr;m~),n, in 1951, h5-~.~- dLo-~oct-)d c,-7tro-a-ly lo-T froquo-tacy (3 - Tclftz) electrical fieldl-,~ orv,nating -1-ro-,,. 1di,1-,,t -,To~,-~-., conci(-7.or;.-I~d to bc n o r rq th~-t L-~, "-,1cctric --~i-,b- I Youronj:),rSiolo i -~t IT. Co'- U )01'1 tj- bjCct of DM 2,11a1 c2lo in 1953. Ho dL-tcounto' th,,:,, oin rao~tolr~ -r,)-1--cv`!-Ckd four -I Ell d -Docific objection,. -li--,t, rc, cm c-1cul,-~to th, t t],~-`7 IOU 1 bolol- nois-- 1017'31 1Tit-h-J-n ~~ fo.- millimn-trao fro , the !7,,urf-~co o-f the he..-,-' His socond Vlru fourth objectiono, occur in onc -)ar~-.,gra-, )h. "Tho size:, o-.1' tn -~loctricc.l e~L~turbancols ~-Th ich th,-3 br~-.in creat-.5~ 'Irc In fr~.ct, thclr 191r0 ,-1out tho, rSiz-~, T,ith-'-rL tho, br,-i,,,i it.-~olf, of a roociv--el sip I'll I b 1, ,n- ~-~hich ill, jiv7,t intolligiblO on radio 17 -.4-. ~,nt -L, Yorc crucid ~~v.n tll-t do~-Iin- , f ro (,u(-,nc i o S) .-FI-Ir 19010I.-T th,, r,-~,n7r; of radio ch5,-%nnols, bc)lo~T c7ron the sc,~lc of audibll-, At ton cyclor! T)~~r -ocomd, th,~ avo- -,go frcau-:1acy of ~ln'Lal-~ rh.,Tth-ms, ol~-..-ctrom--.gn(,-1Gic si,nj~l tran:-11-)itti,--d thru ~3-n,-)cc T,oul(~ h~-.vc, ". -avolon.-th o-,' t" -1-t7T (D mill ion mAros. TT-.ltc,r, T.G. Tll,-,_IAvin~7 Br~-,.i.n, 195'~', --m. 252-3. It shol~ld -,,I,-~O t -1 ~-~t 7 notoC, th~., 1:,,c'.- of the -oh.-noraona to 1 'DC --,.t o=,,tod cither with ro~--),nc` to Jictancc ,~'y so th:D timo CLI - r C d.- to t , '1C.. t 11- ho ono- -nsi 7'0 11 1) WinE bi,1 c~-Xli-,r -~,orl~, 11,1 10,58 haki. succoodod in conditio.,,,iin17- fich currents lo- i.~iicrovolt -nor no,t--r( V m-1) on -)1C n7T 1960, b-,s-,,~ iuoon the o-f ~~ullocl, ~:lnd now s t1jo 0JCCt-(-or(_)C0--)tOr, IT,--~o idcnti~iL~d md founC.. to bo, -Qliylb.gc:n- c,-,11y !:~. rlombor of t,1io systo-al. Tho basic clll~ctro- roC~~Y)tor c -in-jolly s.-conJa,-.-7- nouron-3 of the . ~_ 11 _jlar to 1-i:, -li~~ ,luc U ~-yF`cm, vl-~ich t1im thought only fo- n~:-~ch, ccL-.1 ~-,.nd to~incratur~ -m-i~~itivit~r. R -,55) ~~oQs not him,,~Q"f (ir~~ctl- oxi the s b ,o10 U ject, noting -lso the obviou~--;17 non--3h,,r-1-dc,,l os-n -ohonol-acma. iiowovor , 110 out tho nc-cec11-1,-,r,77, -ph ~r,-; i (-, ;-,l -. o n ~' i tlia-m- n-coSr!:~,r-'.r for rq 7 ~j. 0 thc. oncrc.tion, ob~11,orvlaticn ~~nc of o-. -oCi '11o H o ,xwri.mon-,~,---, b.7,r 'i'di-mind J,-,cobson (1,-~-o i-.Idic~~,t-, that- thin'.,ing rosults ~-,ction curron-'a, in the rlia-clos, 't-Anc boC~V. in 0 -)uch ).ction curron-~;s, 3m:~.ll -,-,; th-7 r o f 3-1 -.) c -.. ~-l 1-1 i ycro,,,to 1177- i it it J~- not ii i -,-) o s:: i b 1,,D t h t o 0 1.~, io 1 ~s, o n.-, i n e. r -T e s , ,i ay r-- s n o n 0, -1~o f i -_;- 1 In 1C))2 lus-,~ such -~n ~lcctr sunoi-'Ll- vc r s-)on,,,-,, -c7~,q ob-orvoJ b77- TP -T U - -i I-J.- -~ - - 8 ~j 4-10 - 3-10 F`7, ---O.lm) hujm~~,n _CC C~Ijj (1 . 0m ,-:1,Ubj.-.~cto r2-='Goe, I)u7,zin:,)- or clic1.-,i-L-t,-- i,,--.,noj)tion, only if the J t,~-9nor-1 o-~~ br-An w--ro in the Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 A- P~§-RWM000500230002-2 AWRVe'dFor Release 2000/Oqjq~, cp I T 02 !,~ _~p Frey hynothesi7.ed that -the cochlea, was involved in the phenomena but he adds that there is -.')rob,,:a)ly more than one electrosensitive site. Puharich, in Be7 -pa.thy, 1962 correlates -osi rece-ptivp nheriomena 7,,Tith clioliner gia and other TL)hysiolo,,~,''ical -Drocesses. Ile hy,w)-thesized that gravity and 11,)si -olasmall were Dartly res,)onsible for some of t_.'~e tele-palkhic phenomena. Because of the Faradr~,ir cage exI)eri- ments he ~r)er-.Formed he states, 1111hile the eX7~eriments are highly sugge8- ive that electromagnetic radiation is not the me,,ffis of transmisSion in telen,,,,thy, they axe ziot means conclusive. 11 Ile notes that while- in -the ca,q~e, one subjec-11-1 showed a -,')ronounced gasning effect 7-Then 640 Hz ac T.,.Tas a.-n-i-)lied to the cagge. 'Jith resoect to the nerve -olasma membrane, he c,).lcul,?-JG1es that the neuron could be conoidered a circuit of meg~a- obm resist--~nce, micro-farad ca-pacit,-.),nce and 0.2 henry inductonce, -the latter fact first re,)orted in 1041 by Cole and Baker. The next year, 1q63, micro--oersted, 1.0 Hz magnetic fields were detect.ed emanatin.g from the human he-%rt by Baule emd McPhee. ',!ooldridgre (1q63) commented u-oon the telera:thy--emr issue noting the the difficulty involved war,- in deciDhering brain waves since -they renresented the average elect'rical F,01,ren-th of billions of neurons, there was no -oossibility of unravelin,,,,- -tilae sDecific thought -Orocesses. It is in 1964 that Mancharski states that telepathic Oomfflunlcatioi occurred at freauencies from inf-e-.a-low to siroer-high (10'-3 to 1012 Ilz, Although Ihave not seen his thesis, the hy,~o'thesis -)ut forward in thil, morograrh perha-ps best oorres,)onds to Mancharsl~ils hy-Oothesis. I. M. Xogi7),n, in 1966, hy-oothesized -that lo'nC CD , wave electromagnetic radi-ation of 26 km to 960 km wavelength (11,000 to 310 Hz) could ac- count for the -phenomena because at this wavelength the field strength does not obey the "optical" rule. Dased ii-pon calculations, which re- 'Drettably I have not seen, Kogan indicates that the hu~.tian organism generates four 1~o -iive times the nec~-)ssary signal !~-,,trenf~,th to accom- T.)lish very long distance tole-,pathy. Two Drominent, -para7psychologists, Burt -~nd Dobbs corrimen-:ed on emr ,m.d ,r)hYsical theories of psi in 1967. Burt announced his oT,)T)osition to the emr theories based ii~)on the objections that 1) the inverFe square law diminished the sip al strenF e th ranidly, ~DnO. besides th TV 1 en, gths associated ~,,Tith the brain waves (3-30 Hz) were very (too) long In addition, 2) he calculates that because the observed change in the evolied notentials -Tas 5-50 microvolts, the corres-pondin", power was 10-20 watts. To broqdcp.st the observed distances, Burtindicated thzit a 'minimum -power of 10 watts would be necessary. Finally he noted that some modulrttion or coding of the si.,-,nal 7,,Tas also a nec(-,-,Sqr7r -prerequi- site. Dobbs ho--ever rejects the v,?,l_Jdi--y of the inverse so, a e (0- u r -v ru3e, based uloon the ionospheric e-i`.ects at, ELF frequencies long obsei by radiomen. However, Dobbs ques;_, ions the emr theories because the ca, culated. field signal stren~xth at the humcan sc~,,.I-p was on the order of 10-18 Watts. Kamiya (1968) rejects the emr -theories of telep,,,,thy of e ss, e n U al 1 -%r t1le same arguments Burt. In his ~Olectroma~~netic Fiel~llq and. Life (1968), Presman reviews the com-nlete -of' -the _'s-11-ud`i_e_',q' "of'- "s"e-'n'sitivity and emissivity of electrom,~,gnetic radiation by livinp, o r.~j lie acknoiTledges bio-information transfer by emr fields, but is care not to deny the Tdhenomena while criticizing ~' -the an(l their methods. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 IT I -1 1P071Y BIOPT"YSIC171 1Q~60 :~-10976 It is in thLt`-~he fi~~lds E,,enerl-Ited by ELF brain ~,r-aves -.re first observed by Cohen. usink, a cryoll, ag-rietometer 5 cm fro-."Li the s1-10.1 cou-,,)led- with contact EEG- elect-rndes, Cohen found th~U, the brain emitted E 1f 6.,,, f iel(-Is of 2.5 - 10-8 puss, anC! later world SI(I _ oweO tha'] the skcletal mi,.scleq emitted 1 - 100 Hz dc fields of 1()-7 F'-)U~-'S. in 1975 Persinger hy-pothesized that the 7.8 Hz freauency associ,~ted TTith the first earth-ionos-ohere ~-Taveguide resonance is the Drim,ary carrier of tele- 'pathy. In ~.ddituion he hy.,~othesizes that margrietic fields should inhibit the -~)henomena, as we-1.1 as noting some slight iiest-eaFr'u- -pro-)ra~),ation differences. In addition, Persinr,er U has done some of the most- col-rorelhensive ex-,ierimentation aii.d research IM with res-)ect to t1he bi-nhycical effects of ETF and VL2 electromag-ne tic r'adiation. He re7)orts, the E'111 brain ~-.Tave field at 1 - 10 mV, m '~ in mid 1975, Blr~u calculate(I the- emitted. brain ~,Tave frequency field stren!:~t'L'i as ejxceedin.- the microvolt T,er meter level. ,, in wor1c comnleted. -in November 1975 '_)~d -!)ublishu Puthoff and TarF in M,-~rch 1976 discu..gq the ELF-tele-nathy hyl?otheses and reject them under the cons id er,-.,t ions then- t'ha-G' -Thile the E-,,Atenuation of the field strengths over very lonF, diatances 'Jere very low, ELF could not ac- count for the Drecognition exDeriences recorded in their remote viewin e77perimentl-'. Their second objection to ',,T,F/VLF concerned the (reporte dist,--.m channel ca-c-Icity of t band as 0.1 bits - sec-1 at meter -- ILI .- , - -C., ,I ces and 0.001 bit - sec at 4,000 I= range. The above authors ~,~,)arentl. 0.here to an only-one-psi phenomena mo~lel. .............. - ...- .......... This very brief history of the is~~ue -oncerning the hy-ootheses ~:)nd counter hy,)o-Flneses, regardinp,' nun-~~reco,,'Mitive lynsychic, T)henomena D is nro-,q,-~nted an introduction to the ques-'Gion which is discuss-Qd in more 0btail in tilis monogr,,).-,.,-)h. 9ome hi,-,torical -oriorities may h~,,ve been mi~-,sed in. this introduction but have been curr,,:,,cted in the text. Our monop-rpmh is -[,-he coll~~ction ol' the -Tor1c of many researchel~s over many years, the author has merely synthesized it ind therefore defers to all those mention--~d 'herein any claim to originality or -priority. _J.~Tiiotheses aopears on -'U-h.e net two A teclinic,-),l abstract of the I pages. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 BIOApp;gmed For Release 2000108107 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 3. 9T'JIT 17 ITY ~.YD To 1',tTj'r.1 -o,-.riour,, -ohononiona 1-ucb .-,,s cl--irvo~rj),ncD ozi~- -oro- co'gilition n.ro c:-,llod ions by -~~,ychic in Am-,rica- rhcr,--7,, thc -amc -,hc-- no--m-n- is bio--info-:,m,-tion nrimaril!lr in 7-1~,st -3m-o-n-~ -md +~hc )1- -,.).o1-a:-n- hao, be., n influoncod -~0,1,iot Union. In -~mrt, t1.11- -,tud~r o th~~ i a b77 T~Thatj 'it 'h.7~.c, bc~)n cl-ilod. Althou,-h in 1870 w-ms the te-5 1;-.1in0lOC,,`T t r,-,- 0 on,,,~uou7.~, por- contion~:, it-i-, ,)rcsont r-a-'aning, as'. -rpo,)ul~-,rly, and(,'-,-,,-.tood, i2 coin,~d by J?.T-1JLj.nc to d--scrib-- 1~,-,~Tchic ~~hcnomona c.ls non-,-,cnsor-,,r ~,,nd aT~bvsic,~,l. ~t tho- ti.71c, ":I]hinc inclue,-cd the --)op,,-,ibility of the being noc u d by y~-,,'- un'.Mm~T,. consory -,)crcc-,,)tion; u-non other considor- ations ho r-jcct~~, 1`ci:rt1,i scnsell beforo rn7~ -ohanomrna im~~-ir 'bc ch,-r~-.c'-ori zod ~~s r non--S~, 'n c, o ry or of scn-or7 ,Dorcc-:,)tion 4 ~-; 77c) ry 'o o r ;:~,) mu --l-mw o -=co-.-)tion is ino.-~..Ou,.to. Thi , -L.- inr-~ort,-nt -L-,-Lcc the thc introcuction of 1-aonoCTr-)1*)h t t1h:),t -~)nsorTr -.-)~)rcc-ptions to alil.-,-) i-.11 tho rcc,~~ion of --.-q soimli-tivity. It sh~~,,.ll b.-1, ohoT.-,71-i in t'lic ch,-.-ot--r tj`,,-,,t not 01,11, 7 t1horo -,c)-von-1 ro Of u 1"o c1r)ctro~,i-gnetic the of Y) ,7-cho-,-)h,7-!~,;ic-11 i~evc(-.l norm~),l Tao(~~,.o of ~,,onso,.',T -.)orc(,-otion ~,,bich facili4-1~,,tc, the ~Dl,~ctrori-,7nc t, 4 c ro.Di-mnscs. The b0t770-rn tho int-m-isity of r~- ctuniquluc .-md the c;ubj - c iv~) intcn1-1i-:-,77- of ros,--)oiv-'c ini t i ',),l 1 b-,,,- '7cbor ,-.nd 1J.-cl-11,111or in the ninotmD-nth conturv. In -on-cral, tho ~~,)nr~rtion incrcas,,d the of tho cti~-,aulu,-, incr--C~,cd. Tno ccrall,,~~,ry of t'llil-, T Statos, th,-,,t tho in sti-nauli numoric,"'l -,,rL-,lu,:) ~,,oy- i--rlnut intclisity. (3-1) d R, I:c,,, (jnd) Clf,~bcrl.-,, Daw) (3.2) L - 1~ 1 0,~ TIc c h n c.-,7 whcro c a con tmt s R Stirquluc~ ("l1'0 i Z) r lirqiil~--11 valuc, Of ,,.-,tiriu' ccns,-~tion Cr-~rr,-Pul con.-I-idorr-tion of th(-,~ lop-,,,..rith:-aic rl-..1,7tionshir b,~ t TT--)on sti~mulu,-- md res )o'Lao", indicat,11 th:,It 1) th~Dr,~- ir, no cuch nhcnomr-ma a 7,oro-intonsity stimulus, an'! 2),---ns,-d0icn b,-.,)lo7.T th-., (thr-s- hold) in thoo7-,-,tic;,ll, -~o,-,,, ible. 'Juch .~.-,,ub--conQsciou~~ r~ F~, ub 1 i --a i n:~l 'T conr, it ionin,- 11 o o of ~v.,,nts cm~--ciou,,7.1-- ui t to ca~ S:- v c 1~ 10 i c 1 Tlig, 2.1 3 P. k lop' r a -3 Appr~ ase C---IA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 r 24ff ~r Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 G71,NETiAL P7`RC-,_'P'PI01,T T' OP'_"T~'TCD IT _ I 7- intrln,~it-r h- 'br.-olutc J ch cvol s r-r; )on-~c 50% or ~,iorc) of t h ~D t i)'A int0n-tit-f V11 C f-ill., t th-rosT).ol0 i th- t 0 ~voll:r r~~-i-oons~ in ?Q~,5 of ti, r.-,~t +. r i.:-1S, . 11o~mlvor , t]-~, e-~'bso I ut --nso of those throhol(as I 'I 1~~ !7 c-n be c:-,11od into ou-,-)Fition ~.u,-_, to , Gur~._li,yi Clis-l-,ri'i)ution of individ-- U-110 AT-ri-,US ~-,tudico, sho7,7 th..-,.t in individwlt- the th7-,-,~hoTclc m~- v,).r, frorji -iuch ::~. 5 to 15 d.b fro--,~ the, coll1cti-TTC wo not.,-, t1a,-t t1lc --~o:-Ic sor'c of ool~ao t1.,r.,:D,-,1aold ~lt n0-rd C S -C, ic ~7-biliti or-qetliracs r-forrod to ~~scn-itiv6s. In t1o th~, intDn,.,)it,,, of 1, Ctil-aulu.,, the thrc~jhold 01 !~' .10V~--jt7T Of th.-,, -Aim.- F,;0n--tiQ1-1 is -.1r.10 --. function of th,-~ duration or ulurl. in ~onc~r.7,1, incro thl-, ~Iurl-:;--ion of the stimulus. lo~Tcr,- tho thr-~-;holrll for 'howovo-.-, ther-, i:-,- -)oint, cl-Ilod, t_?%.>~-heo b,1--yond. wbicb thc., dur.-t-ion tbo thrm~hole~ no the further. Th- combin.-' of 1.iff1c-cnti--l sOn',,itivity md dur,-~tion thrr~,-.,-hold -)h-1'_-no1-qcn~-1 r:-.r,,Dr contributo ho-u.~vor to r th,'M 5-15 db' g~,in in O-P -il-V individm, 1. Tho it -a is -uf _--ici~-,,nt to iiu-1cc the shoulO br) ~-~Mr)d th-t th-t i - if-',)., -)nc.-. 1001 Pi,- 2. 2 Ty-)ic,~l strongth- dur.-tion curve. 50 mV f."b'' fb'."6 Tinan Rol t i-7c., ~-Lso to t-ho nu:-.~ 3t ion o-l Cons- i-'L-,ivi y i s, 'h- th~~t tho to gi-von Cio,,nF~l -,.,rhich iriruor~-,cd in. noise incr,.-)-.u-,-0 -.3 thc,~ ,.-icluar root of th,1-1- nurabor of obcc T-vDt ions of th~~It igm Altho not incrr.-.sc tho, thr,...,Fhold. of scnsitivity b-ron~ it~.-i or -b~-,olutr~ ,,-lu:D, -;-o1-'1ti;-l FJui-.u_a--~tio,,.-1, --r-. th--, T)hc1,)omcn- th:-.t -jrovi,).cC ~-.. ctimulu.-,, io su-or~~ thrcshold, the riorc fr--ou(.,ntly,a-,~h,-~noiiil-.,nc~ h,.-,F~ bl--,(,,n obF~crvod. boforc), the it is to dot-Jct- !!7lacn ii-Yb,.;ddcd. in noi,-,,.- oi- distortion. (3-3) G_ 10 ~~Cg: T gic wh -0 r e, G,- C,-,-,,in in docibcls (Clb) sui'll-n-tion . ~1_) n Tot,-1 number Of oboc.)rvations 7mor con'si(I-or t -'t tborc :-.rr 31 ~~Iillio_n ~,:Dcon('J.,] -Oor Vo,-X. 'Th-,t is th,_~ theorctic-1 g in for s-o,-ti~,.l for 7. t~~ronty yon.r old, ~-.C_ult for 10 Hz sign, -1 . n 107 _cc -7 20 yccrc 6.2 lo8 (D 3,1) C c '7 r 20 rs 10 6.2-10 c 20 years n 7. 1o4 20 years ~,6y, We, 41, 1 Approved ease" -`~000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 q~r P7 1 TJTT! T],~C': -PLl JOIT G 13 7.rh~-,t is t11,-, 10 gT',-in fov th_~ zl,~~.Ult fro r ~J_ 0 3. 2) n 6.2- 1019 c x, JOU sl'~ c 6 2 - 10 16 ~,,:v C', f o - ~rlo, n 1?. 5 - 108 Gsr~! 84 db 3.3 tlnercfor~,,, i~_, ono of th-:2 equation 1-Thich rol,-,tc'i 7)cr- (,C-Otion to lo,-rning. Rcl-.v-zt to tolo-o(?,thy, -1lo-s j- ,nl-ls ;,hon in noif7,,c) 01_ue to cro7-d~. or the Tjorcontion of ~-jiF noi,-,,,~ cr~.-to)d b77- n,.,-;-.ur-1 or ~).rtlific-.l Ci~c~ln-,l hl_ivin,~,, field stren,.gth.-; t,h,-,n that u-~Don the f r --,, 9,u on C, 7-, i~,,l th-,M , -cts liko i-~lojmor~ in ,~,ct il- one ol'. t'hf-1' t1i`-_,~ -r)h--,nom-,-,-n,7,of "-'he rof o rc th', thr,--l G,ho 16~ o '1 7,- cn,-,~.- t ion c -~.nno t -nd.-dri-d of a numoricr~ll v_-,luo of 17 not on17 tru-- th~-,t th.-,, v,-:lu,---. o-L tho throF,,hol(-'.. --i- 13,, tho lnn~-tb of -p r o i-i-l -ill v--r,7- - 1,11~ w-1-1 f 7,rl i I i t 71T b77 'orcvious -nr:1-~_,!,,)nt,-1,tion. In -71iielh nr.,rc:Av~~d solr-1.77- b,,,-. i d b ~, bo ;-~. cut- .1 3,` o r i t i s ch-,~ngo don-'Ond~,,nt' ul-)On J,~-non~lont unon Vice ~,,Cldition, thor:,.~ ul,c th-C-T rc,,prO:-.)-_nt -,ro Com- ~,inglo ~,Asci.ctc Pro.7;c~nt:,tion o'l t-h--_ Ictimuli in ol Sorics ;Omotimc~s o-~-ol~ n~, rolo-non-~. 7-oforo 7-7-~ 11-ve thin- intro(~Uction to -Porc--otion it tb,-1-!i thC n.-`-uro o-f thr~.-.Shold~- ~~nd -k~crc,.)-ot- ions inclu~lcs tb.~., of 31-o,blil,iiin,-.1 cond.iLionin1-1. -,,or it is of' gro-~.t i-anor~-ncu t!)Ct 1-ubcor-.ciou1,1, occur,~j to -)ublii~ain-l -ti-,-iuli. If .Tr r ~ni,~mbcr t'),-A th~ of thr~,--hol("s I I- oi-l'--a b7r the v--r'-_-.l o-f:" -,, ;-~lubj,,,,ct, th-1) n~,turc of tho thr,--~Ohoc!O. i~- Ctc- tc,rrninod not 07' Wlq_:,-~thor or not the 5ul)jl-ct ir. o~f,_:;ctl~d by th-., oti;-,2uluF~,, but r-.thr,-r, if lli~) is con-lciou,- of it. It i,1 j-lo,.T -iC._J- -7CCo-,-)tT:~CJ th,-,t u c h o f m ~~- n br, Ili, vi o -r i E.~l 1~7.11 7' DCo'T1_1)c_1_oUi_1, h:) i-; not -cn,_)r:-,ll1 of how h~? do-~~ 7~fh;-t h- r nro -~ntc onlIT th-,D tile of tl)e icobcrZ. Tho -orobleni,-, c-u.-~s 1,orolftn to noto th-.t ro two school 'r~ of thou,uht, on~D V-]P-t ~,joon coii-ciousncoS, th~, m,--t,-:r of bcin,,~,, th7~ sorv,-.-,nt o-' b:=- tho otlinr to Coll f:!c I ou.1_1~10 L Lastly, as fq..r -,s t1;1_Js general introduction to senqation and -per- ception is concerned, it must be -noted that altho a given stimulus may be objectively claosified a.,-, tn some intensity or quality, tl'T-- no.ture of -oerce-gtion is subjective and as.~,ociative,. T.'or e-,--ample, in one recent tele-r)-atil ent, an im,-~P ry ex, -,) e r im -,e of a armer With a nitchf ork resembled to the ~4-Tent wl~o dre-u it, the riiythical figure of "the devil ho ~,Tever, 'the w1ioso culture differed from the agent's had. not in his vocobulary the notion or syimbol for "-Tevil,", but instead re- ceijTe~ the emotional asgociation of somethin,'r, relipoLis, ,)xid so drew instead a fir~ure of or,~osite meaning, ie, -t,he tabTet~l of Moses, still houever correctl~r "religous." (Targ ,~nJ Putboff) 9imi 1-rl_~T , in a F,,tud .7r re-olic,-tive of 11enfield, Sem---Jacob~.!en et al had -ol,-).ced 2652 electrodes in 82 surgical natients over a -period of ten years. Altho no resDonse ~-Tas elicited from 1065 clectroaes, eabout half of the remtiining electrodes (80'5/1587) produced sin,,~,Oar aiid discrete res-oonses. 0-1' inte-rest to us is thelt of the other half of thooe elect-- rodes eliciting resnonse~i, multi-nle associatioris were produced. For Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-0078"7ROO0500230002-2 r~:J071'T "T~" C C'jT) IDTG r I(V eloc`.-~oCeo elici`Ied visur~l resT?onses, of ~A.TI-.Iich only /11.2 vei unicuelt vi-lual, `,he 62 resno-n,-eEll -ere visu,?.l, 7rith t1he follow- ~_,Or 7' mooJ, motor, in- m".1t.-JI-ole in or~I.er of prevalence)! sens 9 vec,,a-'G,-JI-_ive, cp~ri~iovp.scular anC. con~-;ciousness. C on cidering, the oft men- tioneC,., iml,~ortvnce o-L iEu-~.~7ery in nsi the o-ipv)urtuitity for con- fu'-lion ~-Tnr. 2-mbi~,UitlT -.L7, rea,-1.ilv observed. (Sem-Jf1-,,cobcen an(~. :-)tvri 1971) I,et- ,.Is also -oentiori, in the nh.enorqiena o.` hot LqnJ -par ar7.c-xAc;-~,l coli', of ~-41hich mo-Ce Thei-o-.-o-re, there are -I*r,;-~,,.-- level,-, of diffe~i-lentiation concerning,- this Y)rocesl-,~,, first +,here -,~emsation, by -Tl~.Lich i.-m_ ,tlhall mean the object- ifiable nronert-ie-~~ o--L' Lnt-en~;ity anc! c 'juality; second there is ,,--ienls,~,t ion, t -p , -L Th i c h. ra a-v7 be uncoric-cio,'Ic, or consc.ious; third, there i,-! mercer. - on, by ~..I-bic'h -e mem~i I,ere, the comsciou~-~ a-P,i,enes,!3 of -,ens'-,tion; and fourth, there is in+Ier- re'p-tion an~L (.ecoC.,__n,7.of the ',I T r 3.2 j -)IOR"J. COT)ITTG Our hum,-jn. bodi-e-1- -),re an ensei-tible of mas-,-~es and energies, Ind our enviro,nmpnt !~s alno an en,,-,~emble of of variowi q u-alities and. enerp,-ies of vario~,_-~ frenu-.rcie,_,~-~ nr(~ inten,,ities. Thud-, we and the univeroe ,,)re :7--U'I')jec` -t`,c) the in+eraction-~ o" ma-,soes and energies, according to the lp,xc,, r),rF -io h v ~-, i cs . '.Then ~.,e are acted. unon by the univeroe 7-Te are im- bec'd_ed. in 7.,ie S,-,IT that in the environment is an stimulus, rhich may nroduce in uf:,~, a, 7,lnicb i,,i not necesa-arily an a~rareness Throu,,h the biolopical evolution di-!' -ectly 0-al-)endent i.,.--~on -ph-V,~;ical envi- ronmeilt, ~~ener,-.~Ilif,7ed and ,:)roncializeC, Irece,-)tors' have been created in o rg an i c, m - 17'~jCjj thru selection al.101-T :M OrgX' i-m to F.T)-o= riately re,,j-,)ond to 1"hat environmen'll- smd survive. 1"~l t b 0 TTe -hall !:boon. 01.i-cuss the v,-,rious r(-oe-,-.)tor 1~bysiologies anc! rqech,-),ni~ms, of su,,)rci-.ne im-mrIll-ance that ~The- U.Ine w~).rious mec'nanisms, have (7one t1heir interrjae0iqxy functiono, wInat is T)roduced..by the Sense rece-ot-or,-, is an informa-~-.ion o-c code iehich is a 1-ma-o of the stimulus that 1 7,,,-~,it is coC'.ed. in sensorIT i~l U -produced roce,,~- i about informed-ion w7hat 1~.ind o-J`.~ stimulv.c is 1,11ere and 111i0 r,,. I I) c h ,-he variable involved in to.-Jt`L-,-~ q-n.cl smell is, the concentration of a given ion or molecule, wl,ich on the c:u;-~ntuln bioc1hemical level il~, es,~,,entie,lly eleci.-ronic onc'~ therefore ,3. flmction of -.or-,qe electrojna.~,,netic frequency. Tn hearin;-; -nd toucliin.7, both IJ.Jiechanicall senoe.- there care t~~,To v,-.-,-iaIble._,,, the in-i;ewsity of the -ores,-,ure anC. tho frec-1,uency of bhe ch~an-e in h -a r e2s u r e "ir, ilar in electro ec, ti on VL,7', ure (infra-red z~xjrl. viojoy e ~ 3 ,~.r i c,~~ in intencit-I ,)ncl. 1)) tn Stimj).lur,, .1 0 V freou-Incv. "To ~ T , once a -It.imulus is :-m1Pert,).reS'h old, -a current is -enera-'Ged in that rece.1tor, caller. t7le -,ene-i~-ator -potential, ~~hich is -, -raded res-ponEDe I to the stim~lli. This gr~~cleC, -15h~J'~ is , w.riO.,ble. -i,.)oten-tial is then syn- al) t - I e(l. into 'I-he nervous sy,-,tem, ~,;`,~ose neurons cre,-).-',e an all-or- (Vi_ T_od.6;'-i-rj~j__TTu,,,I_e~r mo"el) such -none iDoten-Ilial of const.-xit voltp,,7e, that is bY t'I'le afferent neur(-)-,ir:,, is a cocle bas~7)J u-1pon the freq.uencv of i,,)a-r)ulse,-,- conveved b-K7- the neuron,(anr~_ this is su-~')renzely ~-n-)o `,-n or 'Une rea0~e-]-'s, uy)(~er, ~..inp-,),and not the vol' t of that s .n T I '~~ble v(~Ita,,,Tes soem i" 1 fn 0 u s, e . e m e n t _J o n t, lb J_.- -('or 110r~ v,?,ri ii brain- -ave -,)oter_'1-,i!,,l-S i!7, -~-,he su.-Ima]~j.on (:)-F tlte con.,~,` cant ,)otential --.Tw-.q'!,-er of cortical and irjte'--L of a VP,rIT -neurons. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 -00787ROO0500230002-2 For Release 2000/08/07 0~11~ ~7RDP96 jo~ ffp C u 15 Of the a-07~roXiM- . ,tel- ten to t-enty billion neurons in 'khe human bod.77-, o nly about C.1 billion n,re j,fferent sensory neuron,-,, ca.,.)a'ble of graded generator -Dotential~~. The two -,Drimary sources of hu-m,?-,n bio-information are vi-ion, ~fl)ich electrormp~,,netic radiation between the frequencies of 4 - 7 101~- 11z, anJ audition, Thich is mechanic--)l oscillationo between 30 Hz and 2~,000 Hz. The ilf?,ture of neuron,,,l res-)oni~~e ir, rW.ch that most nerves are tuned, eith iTi:-I -ely ),t- narroi,ill, to a. s~)ecific frequenc-7, such that when ,), neuron is activated -'-,he -Inecificity of the neurons -md u,sually, uniquely is ad~-r--s,,,jed Ath -i, s-pecific b0nd of frequencier" suclb that th,~' message encoded is the in-t;ensity of the stimulus actinF, u-non the al- ready freQuency-srecific neuron. In ad-lition, the brain, ~!here the affe rent si,.7no.ls have their destinat.ion, iE~ arranqed tonoto-oically; that 1,,~' ,'a F! "k,)ecific frequency (t_oYjo) is Toc~,ted in orly certnidn allo-,,,Table structures of -.,,,,)acoo (topo in the brain. Several ,,,uch tonoto~)ic ma-Tv)ing~,-3 hace been observeC., as -for instance the cochlear nerve, -m6 the central auditorv an,~.]_V7,e r in the See fig. ").1, in XHz f in ',~:H db 14. Q, mes 8 mm ~,5-3(~ db- 16.0 0''8 V 14.~5 ,10,6n db 0 1_~, aes 9.5 ,2 ~e o" b 0: --4.5 Sy 1 V i atci\ _0.es- - Agyrus Noi-T, altho the frequencies of the auditory ond visual stj imul i are reanecticely in the K117 and 100 THz ranges, the freguencies at which both the gene-ator and ,~,,ction potential;,~~ operal;e,~,~, are tens, to billion~,~ of timos frequent than the in.-.,nit stimuli. Thus,, the generator i-)otential,-,, ~-~hic'_;,, mav be ac.ded together, have no refractory ~oeriod, but a --oi'17e (I.,aretlGion of 1-2 mm-,ec is C,,.e facto limited to fi-,--inr frequencies no greater th,,.--,a 500 1-10 1000 HF/,. Similarly, the con,-toult v,)I-(IC-!p,e action notential,., have refractory -periods of about 1 msec and so are e.17o limil:ed to fi-,-inp, frequoncie,-, below 1000 Si,L,ice, v7, -e- ~-',all s].-io'T S .1r:)-;,er (Cf ch 5), that neurons firing below, -_,ay 500 to 250 H7. do so with inductive reac.16'ance, BLF electro- m,ng,netic fiel~,.s are created. Of im-~ort;7,1.nce to our ,-_-study of conccious- neos and tele-,patl,y, -=ctically all Fl,ensory in-.1forl'ilation i,,,3 created int( freauencios in the ELF range. The naturp off ~,,ensory trPnsduct,ion is tl.'Iis. a stimulus of a O:ivei intensit'y ,7~,c-U-,~~i .1-i-oon an affe-rezit nerve, ~' r., 1 i c', i i', -, -,, mei-.qbrance which conducts ions. The 1~-,.rger the intensity of t.1-le ~:timulu,,:~, the g e ~3 _great r is the membrxico area -,ctivated, Pnd -inco this a 1.~4.rgor flow of ions ane' electrono, thru that me:L-tibr,-),nco, this determines t-he am-o- r -,I -. . C~ -~, ~ li- U, , 0 .,~-ene litti.de o-1. the t'l-le gere ator -notential. The Lde f the, rator do _J_ ntial, once -~ynnqp i U Pri note ted (ei~[;Iier excitory or inhibitory), _-jii n e s the frequency of the action potential,,.j. See f ig '.A bel 0 T,,.T peak 100 out-'out 80 amplitude freq. of the impulses generatop per 40 poton ~ i aYO sec 011, 01. 0 Appr6vedp lli~~# GYdM7 : CIA-RDPbI9IB0"7RGV05002U002-2 Potential mV Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP9~-00767ROO0500230002-2 -1, 3 ITG R 10 _~- Y" IC S COD1 16 Inv e -,~ t i 2--,iono lh-nv- been the i-aui-ansi 0 f t1he in-- ;timul-i. -:.-o -~-,he froop.ioncy o-,lt-~ut for all ol" the onse Stevens hy-oothel-;i!ze.,-:~~ ,,-.cn,-3or7,1 tr,-n.~A iict ion -rocef~s:, f0110~,T 0 Q~ -I)OW(Ir la,T, ie f0 3.4 vllere fo ,),yn dync-.Ac to stimi~lus ,e rate. steat-ic dil:.-charF 0 4)"On ~-5-4 is re7.,ritton, 7-Te <~iee that t1his io i,,,iluply o. form of 106,r f o (n log x ± log a) ± b 3.5 the Weber-Fechner relating ~-,enral,-ion to stimulus, exc,---Dt here the relationchi-,~ i-i the frocuenc-~,r of neuronal out-)ut to the in -G On S j+V. Altho mo.-tl tran,~duction -nrocef~;,,,-co follo- -the po~Te-c la~- over a cer-IG-7in ran,,~e of ixi~~ut ,,,1Amuli, it has been hy-)othesized (Li--)ot7) that tho traxiscluc-',-ion better ~..Oscrived. by f0 t ~-Mh (hyl.)erbolic tangent) 3.6 lince , :).F~ Te ,~,Ihow, the x7re,,~-,to.-jt j-ii-,-%jO1-i`y Of outnut fro b riioncie-s b0_11-ITTT en, n.01 IT,,/, and 500 I-T z , come r-,iech,-).n1sm must -provide discrim7ination for all the messar!(,,o, oro~,T~-_ing V.iis ~_.,-iven banC, w.~jich bec~-.use of It"he extr,~raoly 10-1 T -Ic'requoncico, h,~:,,.v~D limitod, ch")."'Indl I p o n e n t which cr,nPcit-. In t' is ido-_nt if ion comes from the ex-v is ,,:~enieral,ly uninue for a given son,-;o -,-~oJality Of importo.11ce io that these. e-hibit valucc f?7onorally inCicqAG,4t_-,;;, of the oft V Cerences cluo to org,-~T ndividuclity. olbserved i)ronerty of ~Liff , . i is fia i A c=-,llary to tbir~~ -oul(~' loo -'~-iat there i,,:, prob,7,,bly no universally com-oilable froo -u,,~n-c7,7- or -avoforim Jictionary-for L.2nnomena. T-~.ble 3.1 iC, P.-n arranC_,,eviien`~-, OIL tho various observecl T)OWor l' W e,--,-,~ononts by Stevcns ancl. Li-~,etz, froro- ;:,, large nu-~aber of inve,~3ti.,-,atl,ion,s, com.,,~lote~,-T on. t-j'.10 since 1965. TABLE 3.1 -- Po-Tcr Law 'J',---)onon:.-.S 0.10 - 0.18 Vert-ox )otentiol1. () Cold on arm 00 li,-bt inten-,dtl'T -~V 1.0 Vi,-)lual len~,th 21 . corticc.1 )o-;-1_-ntial-1:1.05 --,qv. Of 14 subj. 0.33 50 tarlgot 1.11 -- 1.0,7 IT 0.52 Av. cort. -not. 2,00 1.1 1,1J,te noise cl.urauion U., vibr~7).-I',io.n on fin,(~-er1.1 Vocal effort sound 'pressure 'T- 1.1 Static -prc-sur 6 Sai-ile a" abovo ~j C on is, 1 c i n 50 ITI., 0-67 , 1.20 De-,)olarizanr, current Louc"Mo-'r" 3000 Ez tono for 0.6 S)mell - ho7)tianc 630 nm 0.67 De -,) c 1,,-),r ~_7,,:,,tion1.3 Finger -..,)aii current oi-.)tic nerve 550 nm 1.,4.-5 Heaviness- lifted 0,7 Projectled vi,,-aial 3-47 Citric acid. -one subject- --).rea 0. Inten0ity - lir,-1-it 1.5 ille-, ~~e war- th on arm 716 00735Intc=~i-;-,y - G-80 r-m 1~5 'l.actual ronghne's,- 0 'P~-,ctual hA-).rc1.nc----1.7 Forco of "'..,and, 8 " 0: Citric acid, or-O ?95 Subioct 0.39 3.5 "I'lectric s1loclj.~- current 0.0,75Ligh'; iivt-,onsit-y t1irour~:.i fin--ers, 620 nri Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 For Release 2000/OW87~ -RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 B R ",99fr,4 17 IT Alt'nou_-h the maximum firing rRte of a given sensory afferent or motor efferent neuron is limited to frequencies (usually) below 1000 Hl- either because of refractory noriod or spike duration, it is also understood that stimuli change ra-pidly, so that the actual signal is usually limited to only a limited number of waveforms in any given tim~- interval. The various codinp,/trq:nsducing orocesses provide several different modes wherein the frequency of neural discharges provide unique and. unambiguous info-.-mation about the stimulus. For exam--ole in phase coders (T-tyne) or latency-burst di2-oersion coders (D type~9 a (-7 1 ,1von neurons output frea -uency is relatively conctant over any giver long duration, lets say 120 impul-les -per second. The codingr occur's by the mecl-ianism that the discharges vary from their normal inters-oilce interv,al by only a. foiT tenths, of a milli-second, the information thus bein- a, code baood iu)on the -ohase or earlinc-so-latoness of a given spil. with reo-oect the the ave-(.~,ago into rs-o ili:e duration. Bullock, from w1lo the ebovo coding schema aro credited in(l.icatos that at least two additionral codin~_,s occur. one, a r)robabil it~T coder (P-ty-oe) which rroduces s-oikes in a. oua.-)~i-chance manner, and two, a burst coder (B-tlT'- which -oroducon, sri~~.es in clusters of varying number. (Szabo ond Fessatrc, Once a stimulus is su-nerthreshold., a -;ignal -orooeodo, into the brain structurcs by vario!,-s multi-oly-syna-pted afferent pathways. Once in the a-o-~)ronriato cerebral -:,,tructure the incoming information is Droccolsod ir mas,so, -)roducinp,, `lie nhenomona of avoragged cortical resnonses. It ha,s been. shown tha-,',, those aver,-)go corticnl potential-,-, hava almo,-It unicluo wavofonmo for tho. given aonsory in-out. The average -ootcntiallo voltage amplitude!---, vary unon the mechanism of whether or not the arnronri,,te neurons fire in phal,,,o. When neurons of 9, given con,-'tant voltmgc anOl given out-out frequency discharge, amplitude modulation (ie of voltage) is 'a functi-on of the phase differences betweor. those neuron,' - For examnlo, in ~: neuron firing at 60 Hz, there io one opiko every 1160 of'a r~oc, or 0.0167-sec. If another neuron, reardleos of its out-out frequency delivers to some co-rtical 1,),tructuro all ilroul3o that arrives simult-,~,,neously with. the above 60 Hz froquency, the two waveforms, much liko occonic tijes,crost toEether, ,u~anliflyinp, the volta,go of the thus aver cor4-iCal rosi-)onse. Ho,,.t.over,, shoulJ the I m9i - two (or three, or be out of nhase, varying dogrees of additivo or cubtr,,).ctive construction wiil occur in voltage aur~rplitudo. Consider then -that the mcsr;ago or meaning (not the information "s we ~jhall later sTjocif-17) i- function of several factors., tho ~-,,cnsory out--out- froononcy, all UCUa,117T under 1000 Hz; the nower functions of the Modalities, 7,,,icll discrii-linn.tos, but their rate of change, (that ia, -,roWth) thl, molalit7T, the am-olitude o-'' tho avoragod cortic;-.1 a function. of ~he -obasc of the incomine,, uoncioo,. The folloiTing, is then. vorv illu,-qinatin,,,-. Amrlituec modulation (AP is a function of nhaso. lHovevor, the time ratc_~ of chang-c of nhaso, that in it '- first doriveatioe, is de,91roes nor second, that is frc~quoncy, T-To"IT, in adc-7,ition, Tavc. ormn aro trnmoiont,, gro-ing and diminishing r ray) i d] 7T and th- froquoncy ealso changer- ,Tith re-rocct to time and the fi-st derivative of fr,)q:uonc7r is chant:,,. o,, -o trcuoncy nor timo, or as WO IM01-1 it, froaluencv- modi7lation (PPI). Therefore, the 'mossag-el i,-,. a function, of pl)a~-,o, the first deriv.,-1.tivo of T)I-aso, i~Liich is :: 11 requcnc~7, and tho cocorr! e.. I ~-_ivntivo o-f ha~,,o, ~!Ihich is, frequoncy modulatioll. Ao~ M 0, F3 3, AT T (m) (FR`1Q. (FM) Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 A ,f roved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA 0 r -RDP96-00787RO00500230~V-2 BI 1_1~ I C IS) COD INC. t,1 -lp'ic of ~-Amnlicity, co,-If j.ci,-~- ts, "lave been eliminp.tod or -.1o U, - I F 3.7 1-1 c)MIT C;'lV but it -1110!11e, , ~~_ -11~hot i on f rom '9(-1 c, or.'; t o o tho cocf-~-jcior_- o anv to rm ra ay b~) 7oro, limitin,,; that kc ,~~,gel to onl,' U one or two of the t!"rce c o-m --) o n -, n t A rD :10 All o--' the sensorv ondin,--, we hc;vc, ~7)-~on, o-,,- oo,), aro o' varirn,t-iation unon freqUo-ICIT CO.".inS, yet thorc Js, motlho-i- to tb 0 i co~linp),r,, -1hich illumin~7.tl- tbo na`,ure o-r nercelotion --,lost noi.7nantly. air MoCt 0~f_-' tho coding-.), T-r~ r,1--iUll exai'iine are continuous, t'i-.t if ul.) e m, . h~-vo value, -L",-o1-.i `,1,.c m~'.nimum to tho m=--imum for th,_).A-1 rrivon o r7T tl-lo:-o o~f olfaction, I-),n('_ T-)C)rh~,,-~,s zoMl.- otIlerz, 1-,."Aat havo yet 1~oen Ck tho to 23 -,0-ti-nts' (Iuring or Huph-~- o-' -~,l im.-')Ianter' in neurO; Ur,-.'0r7- tan c! ard i zz d- a--~ i,i os ~horic F3olution,-, of variou- o d o r ~? m uere `-,o -),ationtr~ mc! ros-'no-_riso.~~ ~Teico rocordod -1'-,-omth.~ 'i olfactory bulb, ancl_ r-my.-'(9.ala of tho con-1,cious u,b j :~ c - ~,s . Th,:,, rer,ults can orl.7,r b_- d.)Ccribo~-_ as revolution,"ry, -("Or wh.~A 11w))?ios qo.0. hick co- r corde'~. i worlmrr-.; '.-,~~cI found ~T~2- nto 7,-oocific, t I- '~ that is diF-,,croto frequo-mcio,c, ro,t',,er khan i-,TiCc of fl'oquencio Altho i~omr? 0~' t'he ines to o-ro thcn Ono (-'timulant, it could b3 !~Pi(~ in poner,-~,l th,-):'- O~qlV VOI~V F-"-!)ec1.':1c froquencic.1- we-re alloca'-d i c' o ~~ 0 r aT-L t o U,-).]- i t th ~D r es ult boirr., that, sorne T~rmsor~ for V(.,r~r our.-In- ac -~ccm.-a-'G:~ m~ aE-,, 0 -,'7 4 c as emisr.Jon or aboorption lines b _C C, it cm be said i-; evi(~onc6 for from c-ooctrLa. ITO cocic, of Tecole 3.2 list the a dictioncarIT.-I i'~CO fr,- malor fruquonc~r co-i-)onant s i n c (- To o -p~)r ~~econd, in a huT-rian olfactory bulb. (J.R. Hu,(,,-bes, et al) Table 3. 2 OLJ~actory rmcctr~,,J_ Linos Od o r Pnt M1 o n t- h o T_ i e 3q.3 46.0 51.6 57.3 pe"mormint 25.8 30. _~ 51.6 5-5-3 6519 68.5 7upor-ol 26.4 Y'. 3 5,0 . 6 51.6 a d o ~nn cormon lino,,.- occur at 70.8, 72.9, 73.9, 75.8 Me-, 70.q, with corn.'T)ononts hi.-.1hor 140 ILI!7~ vory rare. Lot u~7 concl&JO !:~,,,-,ctiori on so-.'Ir-,ory codin,' by showin, two i a r;' The Jrir1-,1-,, fic-uro #;.5 3,!).01TS lb-)-io outi,)ut frog -uency of bone joint po ',-il-ion reco-)tor~--;, -,Ind t'l-le second, tha out-- -)ut fr,,,quency of -a -aucclc r(-,Co-.-)tor. Altbough tho rocador is al"11cod. to verify, as -To lr')tor Cho-,.7, audition -_-,n(~ vision out-nut -.1-:roq.u,-.m_cioz~ do not orceed 5()0 TT7., -1c,113 "ollo- ,Tin- di7~gramsj aro addo~. cvidonce that no o-r2n,-,,ory out-1)ut u -D n C e, x 500 -H-7, im-nulr,es Tjore joint rece-otor Muscle load roce-otor im-ouloes Y)er 100 -Per soconJ second. 30 20 50 10 oo, '7___i50 1830 5 0 0.5 1.0 -'or)L~,ition loC310 load in Fr-.)-ms Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 A Proved For Release 2000108107 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 B Io~,Tyq IC BL-CCTROR ~~C -,,PTOR3 19 k Eloctrorece-ptors and the Acous-(,-ico-lateralis "),irstom. Althou~,,h it is DoDulearly nccopted that thoro are 'Live 7--,enscsg ie. smell, tas-te, touch, audition and vision, recent phy,,-;iological work has identified many additional sense modalities, including Dain, carbon-dioxid;~axid upocialized oloctroroceptors. Of intore,st to the tonic of sensation and -oorce-,)tion is the fact that a given -Physiologic identifief! sense organ maLy res-)ond to more than one innut sense modal- ity. For T)ros,ning the eye lightly croplf,-~~ visual I phos --)hone imngo is , ilTheroac cortain 1~ain and thermal roce.ptors in the ajkin respond as well to proE,,,-Jure. Additionally, pain may be T)erceivcd by injury in ,";.roas in the ol,-.in which are not innervated by either touch, pain or thermal racoptori-~,. In this Pectior, -To shall domonstrote the exi,o)-conco of c-r-ocializod oloctroroco-ptors, but it is our additional thosis, that all neurons and some slrnanoos are --loctroson,-;itive. Con,midor, for instance that that which wo call taste and smell io roolly a function of given concentrat- ions of ions, i.~Thich thom-,.clvos are electrical ch,?.r,,7os of isnocific nolarity (valonce) an(,. frocuency. I)imilarly, that -hich ,,ro call hear- ingr occurs - Tv~hon a moolaanical vibration act- iu,)on the cilia in tho organ of Corti, it i,-,; lblia s tro train mocLaanica,l onerp of the ,,ios cilia ~,,71iich croato, (infra-rod) which sti~-,iulatc:-, the ---).ud.itory neuron::); the o-occit'ic mec7l.pni~-~jm is called piezoelectric. Thermal roce-otoro ro-nond to Mho to a , 'but that w!,.ich we crall I 7heat" is s-,-)ocific ,,~lly infra~rod eloctromognotic raCiation. Finally 1,Tr-1 shall not belaboi the noint that vi~~Iion io, the resTponao ~o cloctrom;Dgnotic radiation in the '1;visi1,,)lo-lir,.ht11 Jclroquoncics. The Onocific eloctro-rocontor organs as described forowith arc all rove-).lod from research in ordinary and eloctro-SonSitive fish, However, since our thesis is s-pocifically olectromap:,netic roccrtion in tho ELF bando anJ the 25m to m band, the ro-ador keer in mind that these elecl;rorocontors- are T)p-.rt of the acoustico-lotora.lis of t,ho cochlea qnd lar canals in man havo evolved, emi-circu and also closolv ro-somblos the "acu-puncture -point systom" both shown 11 - P to be eloctrosonsi-1-i-,live. Leydig in 1851 had studied. the -~ystpm an d concluded a o=-jory function for the orgnns. Later, Schulze, in 1861, had hvi.)o- thooized that the cu.,-)ul,.-).o of the Sy~--,-tom -Toro ~-,,tiraulatod bly 1) water movom(.,n-',-j diroctor7. ,:~-ainst tho fish or am-Phibian, and 2), lo~-,T frequonc-c vibr,f--),'1-1ions (P,~ound) in the ,,Tator. Sand, in 1938 darnon~7,trat,'.~d that the am-pullae (of Loron7ini) ,,Tere in-fra-rod sensitive. In 1955 T-Tansol confirmed Send',- -o , . r1i: and extonded it to s",ow tho similarity wit'n mammalien thormo-recon-tors. Li.ssmeo-in, in 1951, had diocovered a low volta,-,e 0--330 H7, steady discharge from electric organs, ,:,nd later succeded in conaitioning a snoci-11c of fish to -,-Qicrovolt ELF fields. Dulloci?,- ot al, in 1961 hy-Dothocized that the s-pociali7,od oloctro-reco-otor orgnns i,roro derivatj of the latei-al line sonso organ,s. (FMSARD, 1914P Old.) The s-i)eciali7od lato,7.-al line orp,,,ans of i,Thich NT.0 '~~hall soon s,~)o,:dc occur in kntop-J-ration with the ordlnary lateral line, systems, that is, not in oubotitution. It shoii1d bo mentioned that .-i-pocios not colatain- ing the SLLO roo.nondod to eloctric~,l fio-I.Cloof mV iiitonsity in tho 1MF r Pngc . Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 Approved For Release 200'0/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 BIOPHYgICS ELPCT-ROR7CEPTORS 20 There aro three basic ty-ooo of lateral line org=s. The first T?no~ . th micro- are the ordinary L1,O, second Pnd firf~t orC.-er neuron-, ca., )_ T,ri villi, in -oneral only mochm_-iC11.llY -jenSitivo, 1..)o~,~Tovor, still ,,-)iozo- electric. Amoullao, vi,7, am~,.)ullao of lore-a-ini, are can,,.~.ls, ul-lually lcm long by lmm in -7-Jomotor, filled uith -,n -cidic i-qticoY)olfoaccharido,, and are directly connected to thl-, onitholial lavors. The wall rel-,~istanco of the canal is, 6M E2 - cm 2, with a ca.,.-)acitanco of -0.8 PF-cm-2 . The jolloy bowever lha~-, -n roo-istivity of 25-31 Q-cmq and a ~,,omno,sition thalt o c!h' but al is, in mM.kg--l H20, v-rios sora 7 natipIly 1 n n o r 2fa(2) 44~ Ca(2) and Mg(2), 50, '1(-l~ 580, TK(Y~ 12.5, C-nd uroa, 75 (MURRAY) Th,:D aam-oullae occur in many varioitos of fish ind amphibia, In groups or clust ,gcnoral the end organ 1;-) 10-115 jim in diamtor, with ors of 10750 amrjullao ~.)or orFan. The Jonsity of the organ-, range from 1 ?-80 - mm- ' an,~ mey number 2. total of 40,000 in any given species. Of spoci-Pic intero-,-~, -to us il,~ the iaml-)ullao res-)ond to field stren~: of 1-15 PV.M-i and only iff the inT)ut froquoncies are lo~-,r, that is in goner-)l, than 300 Hz, anfl most often, loss than 50 H2!. The tbird typo of lator~~,,l line organ is c7~,lled tuberous, and is found only in wea1zly electric fish. The tuborii are located in invLag- inc-tions below the o-oitholiuF& and -,,ur round C-1-ft bIT surportive colls. The tuborii ros-oonded to fields of 4-20 PV.m-1 of high frequency, usually up to 1000 specifically sVnchronous with the electric organ di-s- i charge of tliat fish or of clcct:ric fi.1h of the -,amo s-plecie. Figure 3.6 shows the compar~-,tivo nhysiolo,-7 of tho three receptor organs. Ordinarv lateral line oloctro-rccoil)tors are innorvat-d. by an U efferent neuron, the amT)uallao and tuborii are not. COCFI,-1,,1A AMPULL~E TUB_r'RII affer e nt, efferent Snecific oloctro-Sensitivity vas dcmonotrat,:_,d by DijI.Cgraaf and Kalmijn (1963, 1q66, 19'~1) in a series of oxporimonts om-ohasizingboth eloo~rolocation and conditionin- 01--imuli ph,-nomQna At firs-' they not 'iced thcat dogfi0h rosnondcd to a 5 Hz. lo,_5 v-m_1 field byua ti.-Titchin of the eyelids, intoroii~7,tinglv enough, whcn tho doo,fish were drol-My. (Altered States' rosoarchors~', ta note!) Lator they -.Loticod that when the ECG was monitgrod, the heart rato olowed from I Hz to 0.7 liz whon stimulated by 10-6 V-m-l fields. Late in 1()66 dogfish were trained to ceelc food with a 4xlO-5 V-m-l field. In all cas,~,-,, the rE,,sT)ons1-o to stimulil or conditioning coasold 1.~Thon the an~i-)ullary nervcs, were scctionc' even when the fi-ld stren.-th was r,~,dsod. 30 db (1000 X). In addition it was noticed th-AU the dypfi.sh naturally ecvoidod aroas lzhoro the field strongth iras 1- 0.1 mV-M- Three typos of ro_,,,non,,.,os to B fields wore noticed. The first reaction was 1r.11 t~titchinp,- 0f the body or qj)-oondogo, usually in response 1 2 1U to 10 - 1 V*M- fiolds, but soi-iiotimes, as low as 10- V-m-- . The second Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 p -00787ROO050023009?-2 mv,q~ For Release 2000",l 7 -0 . r JJ I Aipp 9 rosi,)onso ty,)o is pe eavanotaxis, turninp into or T)or-ncridiculax to the f iold. The third resnonso -1;V-n:D is galvano--narcosis, .~n immobilization of the test subject. FinalT)robf of s-oocific eloctros()nsitivity wal," nrovido~ by Kalmij. who ooqu-stero~.. a flatfish ',,)royl in sr-,.,,nd, and i--Ti-;-h other controls excluded viloual, mechanical or chemical clucs, yet the shark- and rpys wore able to locate tho flatfish. Extra. ',,'TC,irht i- ac',ded to thlo ovidon: 'r~Thon m, artifical current ~'r that of the flatfish -Lo -oroduced the s,-,mo location rocults.. Fipuro 3. 7 boloir i,,-, an ada,)tation of 111-~blo 2 ( in Kalmijn (1974), w1iich -olots tho of tho various species tested by numoroii.-) Puthors. Ti,,,o tv-r)oc of oloctrical onorp LIM(:) C s ~y par, t -L- were Present at the time of testing, one being field strength, in volts por motor (V'm-1) --~nd the other being current density in amT)eros per conti- meter spared (A-cm-2). Curve fitting rl-,veals that the relation be- tweon the two throchold -oaramotor is (3. 8 log Vom--l It= log A- 5.0 T`iguro 3.8below s1iowo that in sharks and rays, gonc~i' -ally consider,- woakly olectro sensitive, tb-c relation between current density and in put frequency rovoals that the threshold incroaso"~ as the froquoncy increases, a relation which ic ,,).l,,Jo observed in man (Cf. 3.6 3-9). 0 Volts per_ 2 meter -4 -6 -12 -1.1 -10 -9 -8 -7 --6 -5 -4 --3 2--- amDeres "oer centimeter squared 1 'g10 Although splocific oloctrorecontion has been demonstratod by Lioc- mann, Bullock, Kalmijn and others, of sDocific interest to us iO that the ampullac have boon d,~monotri,tod to b, ') widely rccol)tivo to other electrical and Darq,--oloctrical T)honomona. The reador is requested to study tho following closely, for i-rhat h,--iz boon dcmon-stratod in the axvoul-lao of fich h,,,.s also boon obOorvod in man, that is both wide and n irrow olectro-roc-non,,-,c. Hero the world is Drimarily duo to Murra,-1,T, sipr~cifically on the ampullae of Lorenzini. Our interest in this org~-m is duo to the fact that it il-D distributed in vort-abratoo, and its response to eloctrostimuli is a tonic, that is frequency coded message, ,,ffieroac the tub 0rii, found only in fish poscossing BOD, r0r;~)ondod with phasic, burst-disporsivc C!odings. Figures 3.9a to 3.9b below sho~,,r the following responses of a singlo unit of amn-ullao, In 3.9a the inT)ut n,,~rm-etor io voltage and pol-,,,rity. Notice that the organ has a dischorgo rato of about 30 Hz, P,nd the outnut froquoncy therefore codes -polarity and inton-ity. No tic Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-007i7ROO0500230002-2 T BIOPT Y3IC-)~ 22 1 Tj also the output frequonciec in are in the TUF r,,).ngo (3 3 I.,cHz) .Figuro #3 .10 shoT--.T~,i tho ro:~7)0 nso of the oamo unit to tcm-)cratu-~ (infr,a-rod), ~,,,rhilc figures 3.11 abc r(-,cord the ros-'Donse to prossupo , nd touch (vi7 th~) -oiczo,,)loctric of-i-oct), finally ar figure 3. 12 r o v,-.als the resnonso of nn am-oullarl ITor '-,an t o t h , apr 1 i c at i o, n 0 f a Coa woter -olution of variou.-, salinities. (It S~Iould b,-, noticed that tho concentration of the neural solutiono -,rc two to thr~,'C' tim, bhp.t of so,- Again, -,;Th,,),t is most ii-P,)o-rt,-),nt, horo, is the wide rp,rig(,) of of the nmq-puliary orc.,-an,,.,. FiP- snonse to clectrical stimuli outl-)ut 100 3.9 Re frequency im'nulses ner 7 second 50 251 0 - - ---- --- 10 15 20 25 stimulus in an o dal cathodal microvolts Fig. 3.10 401 1 imT,~ulses per 30 second 20 10 TemDerature Fig 16.5'C A- --16.OOC in. e .2.1 1'ressure :, 3 40 30 20 10 -- 4--min 0 Time Fig. 3112 SalinitY Change 30 of 20 frequency in 10 im-pulses 0 -per seconO. -10 (ie Hz) -.20 -30 80 90 100 110 120 % Sea water differoii-tial c"' m- " H-- Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 0 50 10 0- P96-00787ROO050023009?-2 BTAppTeved For Release 20M.,O$t th~q Roturning, to orccific oloctroroco tion, it observed -,t stimuli of duration 0.1 to 1.0 sccon~..s worc mos'offoctivo in electrorcs-oonne. , 7.-Tavoforms of the ebovo dur'~'.ti=2 P.re co..uivn.lcnt to 10 H7. to 1.0 H,7', froamcncios. Alco ob 'orvod tho phcnomcna that stimuli that worc (-,,i'thor too brief, or su,~,,tained for too long Were lo- L effective in producinF oloctrorc.,,roonce. Along t-ho 0,-inc line, it wo's shol,m that -Itimuli that wore oith or ~,mplitudc moduln.tod or frequency moduln,tod genvo rcsT,)onso whon the ficld st'rongths woro as low as 10 PV-m-1 Tho most effective fr1c)quency of frequency modulo.tion was 3 Hz. Lo-',- the ropdor rc,mombor tl,~is, for in tho noxt section, (on P.udition), it will bo shol...Tn -Gbo the auditory sense, again, hi'stol.(-)P~JOP. (]Orived fromtho LLO domonr3tra-L"co a T)ro-,,-)cnsit1 T to 0C10Cj'-'iVlY rosnon(~ to certain otimuli, if and only if that stimuli is either litudo or -~~r-ciuoncy modul,..,,tod. In adClition to tiho -)~)ovo ~)L,,ctrorocontiv~) chl,-~r:7,,c"oricj-'U-i('.,',, a -r)honorial~'-~,n;~~ of valuo '-o th~-., biofocdb,-.ck roso-.rcIlics occurs -k-,,hon tvTo oloctro,,"o-n',"itivo --T)('.,cios with electric orgr~n (BOD) woro connoctod ~'Tith cont-,),ct oloctroJ.-s. It was- obsorvod that 7:7hon the two fi,s,h of the ~-)Ocio' oach ~,,Tith tho :-I-amD blasic EOD froquoncy, were connoctod, both fish. we--o obEDorvod to chongo thoir BOD in ouch a mannc~ to Droduco dissimilar, that is diver '-(,nt EOD. ScIloich and Bullock indicate th~~t thi- '~jamming vvoidancc rosmonso" occurs so that each fish can dir,criminc),te its own noural -pattorno, such th.-).t confusion, ,),n(, , I thurc-Pore lc.,,-~- oclf control mgy bo avoiclod. Thi~D JAR ~-.ccurs only if tho EOP's aro within 15-20 Hz of oach fish' own EOD, ---,,nd i::; most nronounced whon the diffcr,,-)nce il-,- 3-5 Hz. This i-- related to the FM rosl)on 'oo to 3 Hz, '~-;inco tWO.fiGh. within 3-5 Hz of each othor will produco high P~nnlitudo 3-5 Hz modul'-'tion of each others EOD. The -phonomona of olectror-cce-ot ion h!7--11 boon studiod by the various -0sychologists, phy,ciolo,-iot-s -),nd biologiosto, ~'-Tho doom the plicnomon"). ,--).o nccosol-Iry for 1,ho ru*rviv,,)..l of the aquaric s-oocioo ob-served. T ho y c,-).I.l the nhonomonri. cloc-rrolocation ,)n.d c 1,Jctrocomm"In i cat ion, --3t a nerusal of thoir 1.)ibli,c,,rn,-)hics indicrtte -Fh~,-t none h1as cited or L-)tu.diod the bio-ohycical or - 'r)ara-),,Dlycliolo,,,,-ic!-.),I litcraturcs, and their conclusion -0 j~ TT ro tius ror).chod indo-r)ondently. In oloctroloc,)tJ 'on, for oxf~;rqnlo, in Eigcni-aannia, th-- m-ilosl bozic froci,uo,ncir 2.5o-6oO 11z, whereas femalos' 1"Tas 340-560 liz. Similar" I ad~Tcr,,'ary or -p 9M ~ roy may bo locat,-~d at distance thru c~lcctrorocoptio-, Ap'-~in, cort,,-),in curronlc, veloocitil.~.s in tho ocoanf.~ or con- tri-in qT)ocific life forms--,, and it has bcon domons-Gr"I.tod that scnsitivit, to current vclocit~or~ 7ts 1 W ass 2.5 x 16~-)m- coc-loxist. Anothor relort indicr.too that 10--) m,soc-T May be used conditioning stimulus. In o, ~-.!imilox ',:tudy, a 2 Pm vibration at 15 Hz recultod in a 50 Hz sign (.9ch7,Tart z) Thc r~MT)Ulln V - 'Y)Ocific~~.lly oluctrorec-, tive, have bocn ,-,hoT,Tn -I-,o havo. ovo2.,,,-cd ind-oondontly in Coverotl snocies of VCrtabrates. And, .-ltho the LLO aro found on.JN7- in wator dwollor:.,~, ovolution has, produced -t-,7,To orp;,-ino dorivod from th~) LLO. At onc, timc, olfaction, viF,,ion, ~1.nd certain norve,,~, ~-.,-'orc -oart of the Lztoral- yotoms. In m,,,,n, the vcs-tibulr~x cmalo (not uncoJncid1-nt,--),lly namod Amvill;~,,o by anatoi,,Iiots), and tho cochloa ~,,ro Ciroctly dosconded by n:qphibial T10. In -the next ~~oction wo 'o-h,--,,ll show thoo vory closo r~imil~,.rity boti,TOon the el~,,ctroroco-otivo aqmill.ary or&,,rnr,, in wator dwellers, and. the "Intl cocI11--a-L. orgf-~ns in m-nn. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 For Release 2000/08/0 CIA-RDP96-00767ROO0500230002-2 Bid"?9TV Tj~ IT IONI 24 3.4 AUDITION -.nd PqECHA~1.TO-R'1jCEPTIO,1\'! r,,oc,,,.lling, that J. Rhin,,.-,, h.C-,s indic~-,tcd that GESP is ultimatoly -oroccr-~od thru the contr,),l norvou.- 2yotom -1,nd that the acoustico- latorn.lils syslem nrocolcso,s -,omo cloctro-ro co-)t ion, it bohooves us to stud~T Pudition nnd th,_-.~ mochr~_Yio-roc=tive function.-,,, for it will be showy tb,at there aro rcm)on..~_~cs armlicablc to r1,11 son'-3ory modnlit-i Tho ocnr~litivity to ,.bound is in fact the f.---n1-,itivit7,r to moohanical vibr~.),ti'ons~,,ct u-o in tho rt7o,J--)hcrc. The inner oar is the sito) of this '~'("ou:"tico-mochanicol reco-otion, and thoso f~imili5-)_r with audition know thr~t the m-chimical vibr-tioms sot u,n,, r).ro rol,7~y_-d to the inner ocar by - ; , -,,n f all bone-., r,,. G,1~in-lilco mcmbr~mc, the tym-oanu!. then thru throo om, the mallous, tbe ircu,,, ?,nd the to the innor oar ~,Thich contain,.-- both the semicircular c~analo and the cochl'-)r, both of ~,Llhich innorv'-'to the oi,,~hth cranic.1 norvo. It h..as boon - b. (j 1,7n by von Boli:o--y, who won thc Nobel Prim for his work, that the procc1s,:11- of audition in.tlud,~,j that of bone conduction woll tho ro-,,~onso of the wholo body to mochcnc vibr.ations. And altho erudition is a o-)cci,-lz~.,d, sonso 6-cquostorod from ~;-purious vilorptioms, we chow 1~),tor how the whole orp '-,-n of the ski is r. ~,cind of moch?,mo-rccoptor, the rosult_- to "dormo-o-otics. In addition, the ol-,in is the -,ito of contact oloctro-rocontion, and it shall be -hol.m 1,;imilaritic,.7, bet-woon t,hooo v.-,riouc sense mod-Ilitic atod S7pecifically, the organ of audition the organ o Corti loc, in the center of the cochicar snir-.1c. Tho Org,-.m of Corti is ~~ layer of hair cells connoctod tothc basilox mcmbrmo ~'.Tb.ich conncc*!,-s directly to the oie--,hth norv(,,. Thoro ~,.rc about 15,000 hair coll,-, on the b'asilar ml-jmbranO -.nO.. -.i. tot~~,.l of -bout 15,000 nouron fibres in the cocloar norvc Tho,,)-o hair cells rango in -lizo from -bout 1-30 Pm, whicb. arc high froqu'l- cy roonon.sivo, to 275 pm, which arc loi,,T fr-oquoncy rcs~nons~vo. Of un- u,,,,u,-tl irtorost ir~ th,~),t thosc norv., fibro,-.- hrive affor,_nt nerve ending, tho there io no motor function to be, found, and in acidition the notontJ. ,,cross the hair cc)'Ll,,; in thu or,- of Corti i_- about 14Q mV. Since those coll,,-, arc 14.0 Pm in. length, tho field strcng~h represented i-ri t-ho or. an of Corti i 0 3.9 B dV -do-1 = l".4- 1.0. 103 Vm-1 1.4 -1(74-m The h,--.)ir c~:~llc in th---. org,_~.n of Corti 1-Clay thL: mochnnical vibr,'~.ti( u,ot uT) upon thom from the ctros G% tr n1in r1-',nctionE,, cp,.,u,-jod by thoir bcmd_~ a heat oot off by the friction then stimul_r,,tc1-1,, thru this oiozo,:)lcctric nrocoss, thc P'oner,-tor -Potcntials. Of intor,.st io th;l.t, u1,-.) to 60 Hz, the out-,)ut frc)quDncy rc,,37,)on0o m ox-,,-.,,..ct Rr,,tch of 'Uhc; input frequcmcy rosmonso. Abov,.) this :fr,~.~(,u,,.-,,ncy aruas in the cochlo,,). A 'm - 0 sipecific diot:-~ncei,, f rom the -orodilco corwolox, volloys ros -,)o-L ,i')1 for audition !,.t -..roqu~~ncios. In ar-1-dit-ion, th,~ three somi- circular c~-np.ls, ~,Thich rocry~,al)lc thr,-,,,-- mutr'.lly pondiculox half-loo.0 antcnn!-c,,, -~.r~o also innorv,,,,tc,,d by cwpul,-Io and microvilli wl'ich r0:_)Mond in process to mochanical b._,nding oct up by chang-1- in voloci+y and f-.ccoloration. Thoso oomicircul,~'x cpnalo t-.rc -.bout 1 cm in hoighth, and thuFJ mr~77 ~.')rovido oloc-`;rorc,c-Z,)t ion for," EPIR in t h i.-; wavolonpth. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 p ikc6For Release 2000/08/RT - Iql.~- ZDP96-00787RO00509?30002-2 .4)pf py Our intoro~- '!t in ~~Udi-."iorl froni th:-A '-~,cnsc modrlit-iosf rolatio shi-o to thL) 1- ~~ys-:om, but P,1,,-I,o from th~) fact that audition is'~ a sonoo mod.n.lity conccrnod wi-rh -'-he fruquoncy :Bind thc; intensity of - U the inDinging -;tirquli. Altho the :~nor,-~y intOnC;itIT by which audition is mc),-surod is U:-jUEtll7T Watts -,nor conti-jactor squarod (W -cm--2), the v~,riou~-! on;jrgy dimonsion~'i o-ro interch,,:),ngof~1blo, like motor,, into feet, and i t loo directly that the jloctro-s(:,,nsitiV-j-,y thro-ohold may be com-Puted dArCctly from the audil,ion throf'.1holds. (Cf 3.5 Since, wo h~-vo indicatcd, that audition is 5, sicin mombrl-no~ bonc conduction Dhonomona, and th;-~t t-horc, oxiot- several fori-,iulao ro- 1,q.tinp okin are..,-, to height and mass, ,-).nd th(.1, -,)ro-portion of bono m,,).ss to tot~-.l or,-'ani M M ~-' s, it is not surnrisin~-T.' -chat -t mathomr-ltical rol,,-),t ion ship )xists botwoon auditory thr',shold.- and physical body mol-,surom monto. Mastorl,:)Ion and Dintmond have ompirically nroduced the following 'j ro-D).tionshipo, Eq. 3. :~,hows that the lowest frequency ros.,Pondcd to is related to body mass, C-Ind that in addition, the high fr,.)quency threshold is a mathomatical function of the low froquoncy cu-"-off threshold. 3.10 109 flow + logm,~,- c 2.5 3.11 fh i ol-h 20 kHz x log flow Other Dhysiolopical aonoctFi of audition illuminate rrocosoos rolov,,),nt to extra, or as ono T)rofc)sc-,ionR]- calls it, ox-o-anded sc~nsory norcortion. Von Bckosy studiod t he auditory throoholds with respect to thruo vr~ria-blos; heredity, -,go, nnd real time. He found for insot.--n. that the -~udiograms of mombors, 7.,Tithin a f,)nily were significantly s-imilar, orhoreas -,n audiogrpria of som(.,ono not in that family differed as well significantly. Viz, a -oroof of the heredity of sonsory -Md norce-Ptual abilitics and rccnonsos. In ~,Adition it was found that with incroasing the e~hility to -norceivo sound froquoncicO '-~nd intonSitios w,?,-- attonuatod at the high frequency ros-,-)on,-,o b-,nd, but w,-,.s basicnlly unchm-ged ~,,t the low froquency cnd of the ,,,coust'ical spectrum. Of vcrlr onocific intero-ot 11-o -perception w'-~o von Bokesoy's observation of the following. Audiogrqms, i,,Toro ma(~I.o of subjects, threshold oonsitivi-Ilios at two ficQuoncios, 200 Hz and 1000 Hz, and observed for a duration of twonty minutclc. It w,--ts found thr~t the thro holds varied 5 to 15 db IjTith poriodicitics of 8 minuto's for the former ,)md 6~ minutes for the lattor. It would T)rove to be highly illumin- ating to di,-corn if each frequency h,-~d its o7,Tn periodicity of thros- hold soncitivy, for in addition, periods of 8 minutes and 6-1- minutes are in effect froquoncics of 1/480 seconds ,~nd 1/3'0 seconds, ,..,.nd it is well domonstrat"od that higher frequencies are h~-,,rmonicC of lower froquoncio-~, ,,jad wo may summize ultra-low froquoncy modulation or driving of higher frequency r~coustico-mech,,ino-olectro-,~-~--nsi-~,ivitio~c,,. In thi.,; ~-!oction we chall observe the v~~riouo response charl-ctuer- isticc of -the auditory system in order to ostf~blish the limit-' ! of the energy norcoivod. It has boon adopted as convention th-qt the root- mo,--n-oq~iaro threshold for Rudition is 0.0002 dynos.cm-2 at 2000 Hz, tho foquoncy of higrhost oonoitivity. However, von Bokooy h-.0 obsorvo~ son -itivity threshold-. of 0.00005 dynos.cm-2 at 2200 Hz. Therefore, while wo -,hall discuss stondard auditory threshold,.-, but ngain the reader is c-.utionod th,-~t the domon',Dtratod hum,~n perception throsholdo m,-,,y vary as much as 5 to 15 db below the 50% Po-oul-~~tion Gtnnd,~rd throahold. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 B_IOA-WbA1%d For Release 2000/08/OLT-i~IMXIRDP96-00787ROO0500230002-2 Li!~:o the eloctroroco-otivc sonoos (ELF, infra-rod, -nd vision), nudition i- org cnergy (orgo) is ,otonic, thlat i-~, its jon:jitivity of function of the froquoncy (tono) of the im-oingin,- :-)!timuli. Also, lili:o the oloQtrorocolotivo ~,,udition shows the -prol-)Orty of oxcitory ,-ind inhibitory ros-nonoo. Thcat i,-1, mo,-1,t ncuron,,,- havO - -base, "Th thatj if7; ..- _-,t-)J-.ic cl.icchargo rr~to, ~5o th,,~,t, ' ilo soric., ctinquli cr~uuo nn incro~~.sq in the dichnxgo r!,),toc, r:;omo stiv,.iuli c-).u~~_-) ~n inhibiti(, thc-,t io docrc-,so of th,, E;tf,.1-,ic d i 1-1, ch~-Irfrc r~it_-. Thi-- is P, very intor- "A-ling, -.1-J-YpOct of -n-.tion and porcontion, for tho -oorci-picnt i~-Iu,7,t be n r to put aw-,ro th.-I.t the inform,-~tion i,,,- "the abs-onc,:~ of information,", 0 it crudely, the T?orcinic.,nt i.-I required to be au-.rc not of the donut, but the holo. Figuro 3.13 bolow i.,,- the oft ro,,areluccd and now -,,tand,7~rd auditory int--nsity-froquoncy r~)s,)onso chart. The sound T)rosouro lovol i's given o loft hand in dynos-cm-2- and Joulo-,-, -por Isquaro motor por second on th ordin.--~to and (tont-Aivoly) Volts motor per squr~ro root of the froql-,,,- .iiocy (V .m-lHz-2L) on the right. It is conveni,.,nt to use J-m-~- ..-c-l- r,-~thor thcaa ~.,.7,qttcm-2 bccnul~;o wo should like to bu able to c-.1culato tho onargy in a given fr(,qu,_-.nc11r wavoforr.,i. (,~'oo the n-,-,xt soction for convOrcion fr).ctors. ) Figure 3.13 Auditory froquoncy--onorgy threshold roo-wnso.- -0,ain 0 thundei 6 ; 10 - 2! 6.6 symphor 4 10 - 4: 4.6 traffic 2 71 10 - 6 J 2.6 conver., 0.6 -2 ~ 10 _10 1.4 resoonse lo-4 inhibitory -12- 4 25 250 500 1000 2000 4000 Hz lor-- Joule-- froqul-ncy (T7z) log V ox-por-i CM2- M'2 O's O'c Addition,,il evidonco for tho coding of sonsory information into the E bolow, ~,Thich charts, tho frequency MF band c,-n bo soon in Figure 3.14 I of tho neural im.T)ulsos in r-0,11T)onso to,~a given stimulus, intensity input for nourono. W`ith froquoncy-o-oacific rocronsos. Notico thr,~t the hyper- bolic t,,~ngent (tanh X') growth ratc ~,;,-.tturlatos P.t about 450 Hz. nerve imnulses ner 500 second 400 300i 5 6 oo -1050 92,,700 Hz. 200 iUU! Approveo For Release 2000/0/8107 : CIA-RDP96-00787.RO005,0-0230002-2 log j*m-2 soc-1 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0