SG1 I SG1 I API &%W"!@2@ W 21-6 F110 SFC , R OFFICIAL ROUTING SLIP TO NAME AND ADDRESS DATE 2 1 <_ IN 3 4 bf 7) 6 ACTION' DIRECT REPLY PREPARE REPLY APPROVAL -- -DISPATCH RECOMMENDATION COMMENT FILE RETURN CONCURRENCE INFORMATION SIGNATURE Remarks: @F_ FOLD HERE TO RETUR __ @ROM, AnDEL-5, AND P"ONE NO. DATE I For Release 2003/03/28 - CIA -R"- 0999A -- - 21-6 T ID ENTIA c 1 FORM Use previous editions (40) 1-67ma- 237 SG1 SG1 the "old-boy net",3ystei" of hiring, in Which department heads (invariabl male) ask other departA"MitsoffoK rQCOMMendations. A study by a man- arement consultant firm, commissioned by the administration, found major dis- crimination against women (70% of those with salaries below the minimum set for their category by the consultant firm were women), and recommended pay increases that would amount to $350,000, if and when implemented. ("Soon," promises the university.) Myths. Trouble is, say the women at U. of M., even those innovations are often sidestepped by a recalcitrant ad- ministration. Grievance procedures are slow and cumbersome, and women find it extremely difficult to get the neces- sary data (such as salary figures) to sup- port their cases. Despite promises to do so, the university has granted back. pay because of discrimination in only one case. Although the school will make an effort to determine- whether some fac- ulty women are still underpaid for their present rank, it still refuses to consider whether they are underranked because of their sex. The biggest stumbling block, the women contend, is the sometimes un conscious discrimination evident in male attitudes. Now, when they think they find that kind of discrimination, the U. of M. women immediately challenge it, Part-Time Student Claire Jeannette, appointed to the university staff as 1. women's advocate," was in a classroom when a professor, in speaking of "the face that launched a thousand ships," commented, "Personally, I've never seen a piece of stuff that looked that good." Jeannette objected to the remark and the professor conceded, "You're right. I'm sorry, dear." ("I should have answered, 'Thanks, darling," says Jeannette.) When an economics profes- sor said, "Men work overtime because women make them," she demanded documentation, adding: "I suggest that you don't perpetuate myths unless you have the facts to back them tip." The battle has even been carried to the pages of the University Record, the official news organ of the university, which recently printed a poem submit- ted by James Crump Jr. of the Far East- ern Languages department: C, I think that I prefer tosee A chairperson who is womanly A nd, if the choice were up to me, A freshperson who's a comely she. Replied Meryl Johnson, a female re- search curator at 'Michigan's Kelsey Museum: Indeed we share Your appelite forgolden hair And sh apely figures slim and trim A nd do admire a comely him, Dut keep ourminds upon our work And tolerate each shapeless jerk Outranking us in paAporpia* For Who would demand we all be flowers. Magician And the Think Tank Sprawling over 70 acres of Menlo Park, Calif., the Stanford Research In- stitute is one of America's largest and best-known think tanks. Its staff of 2,600 highly trained specialists solves problems and does research in nearly every field of human endeavor for both Government and private industry. SRI also does highly classified research for the military, and has worked on coun- terinsurgency programs in Southeast Asia, explosives technology, chemical and bacteriological warfare and anti- ballistic-missile systems. For its ser- vices, SRI last year earned revenues of $70 million. Last week it became ap- parent that in addition to its other proj- ects, the institute has been seriously in- vestigating the so-called psychic powers of a questionable nightclub magician. SRI is not alone in investigating psy- chic phenomena. Indeed, the persis- tence and growth of that search in an age of science is testimony to the vi- tality of the concept. But until psychic researchers produce something more than nebulous evidence, skeptics will President Charles Anderson, who at first had opposed the project, ch.inged his mind after witnessing demonstrations by Geller. Later in December, an SRI physicist, Russell Targ, sent a letter to one of the foremost U.S. scientific journals proposing an article on the work of an SRI team engaged in psychic re- search. Targ said that the subjects with whom he had been working had ef- fected physical changes in laboratory instruments without touchiog them. Presumably, Targ was referring to such changes as increases in magnetometer readings and the disturbance of elec- tronic systems-all reported to TIME by a team member. The research sub- jects had also demonstrated remark- able perceptual skills, including te- lepathy. Working further with these men, Targ suggested, would enable SRI to understand psychical phenom- ena. Written on SRI, stationery-, the letter also bore the names of the other members of the investigating team: SRI Physicist Harold Puthoff, Kent State University Physics Pro- fessor William Franklin ajid former Astronaut Edgar Mitchell. Mitchell, who has retired from the astronaut corps and set up his own foundation to investigate psy- chic phenomena, eagerly confirmed some of the rumors during an inter- view last month with TImE, "I can as- sure you," he said, "that from [Charles] Anderson down, SRI views Uri Geller as legitimate. They find the results valid and are ready to stand on them." Said President An- derson last week: "Mr. Mitchell does not speak for SRI., and indeed the statement i@@ misleadirig. Mr. Gellev was provided to us as a subject for experimentation. Measurements were made in our laboratories, and the work will stand on its merits." News of the unusual activity at Menlo Park repched the Depa rtment of Defense, and investigators were soon on the scene. One of them was rdy Hy- man, a psychology professor from the University of Oregon who is used fre- quently by DOD as a consultant. Anoth- er was George Lawrence, DOD projects manager for the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). He was accom, panied to SRI by Robert Van de Castle,' University continue to scoff. That is precisely what they did when rumors began to emanate from Tylenlo Park last December. Two men, it seems, had been demonstrating strange and wondrous powers for SRI researchers. One of the men, a 25-year-old Israeli named Uri Geller, was apparently able to cornmunicatd by telepathy, cizatect and describe objects completely hidden Re4eaziem20QW0&28t: OWMDPIPS ments with his psychic energy. The word among staff members was that SRI a of Virginia psychologisa and longtin-te researcher in parapsy- chology. Van de Castle decided that Geller was "an interesting Subject for further study," but neither Lawrence nor Hyman was impressed. Af ter spend- ing a day with Geller and Physicists Targ and PLIthoff, Hyman was. in fact. incredulous, As Geller demonstrated ESP and t"M@68001P1u&ve or bend -029 bj9 e@ s vithout touching them) to the delight and excitement of Targ and ABBA EBAN GELLER U,d,, , cl,,d. SCIINCE Puthod, Ply'Man said that he was able vate homes and on the stage, perf-m- -more than 100 times fastel: than the to spot t PfOW Pa e it 0 , " ff J @A " ? I A 0:~MBJfi28r!JCMrRM74100909AU0 -A h i V ki ffl h 30ON002.**stor used in Oomputers. IBM' i d l Wh n eat. S ness of e e g t e net o . e t a c powe ing to psyc at s eve ollment re- s more, ler in some outright deceptions that first he was widely acclaimed-, he came quires only about one ten-tbousandth Targ and Puthoff apparently did not under suspicion when a group of psy- of the power necessary to run these tran- discern. chologists and computer experts from sistors; it gives off only a tiny fraction in one case, Geller asked Lawrence Hebrew University duplicated all of of the beat they radiate. And it is tran- to think of a number between one and his feats and called him a fraud. Even- sistor heat as much as switching time ten and to write it down, as large as pos- tually, Geller left the country in that limits a computer's skills. For when sible, on a pad. While Lawrence wrote, disgrace. transistors are packed closer together Geller made a show of concentrating Even so, SRI insists that its research- in order to speed up the flow of signals and covering his eyes with his hands. ers were not duped. "Whether the sub- between them, the risk of overheating But Hyman, carefully observing Geller, ject be a saint or a sinner," said an SRI is sharply increased. noticed that the Israelis open eyes were spokesman, "has nothing to do with our IBM's switch is based on a phenom- visible through his fingers. Thus Geller measurements concerning the so-called enon first predicted in 1962 by a Brit- was probably able to see the motion of psychical awareness of individuals." ish scientist named -Brian Josephson, Lawrence's arm as he wrote, and to cor- How objective those measurements who was only 22 at the time. While rectly identify the number, ten. Know- were may well become apparent this studying superconductivity,* the Cam- ing how to read arm 'movements,. week at a Columbia University collo- bridge graduate student: determined Hyman notes, is important to every quiurn in Manhattan, where Targ is mathematically that pairs of electrons magician. scheduled to report on his studies and would "tunnel" through material that Later, Geller caused a nearby com-- show a film of Geller in action. i is normally an electrical insulator if it pass needle to turn about five degrees. MARVIN LICHTNF* is thin enough aikd sand- wiched betweerCt*,61iuper- Lawrence, noting that Geller had moved his body and vibrated the floor, did the same, causing the needle to de- flect even more. Geller, startled, accused Lawrence of using trickery, and Targ in- sisted on examining the DOD man to see if he had magnets hidden in his cloth- ing. (He did not.) Hyman notes that Targ did not feel that it was necessary to search Geller. Hyman's impressions, were admittedly based on observations made on a day when normal testing rou- tine was not in effect Nevertheless, Hyman wrote in a letter to a friend, SRI's tests of Geller were performed --.with ."incredibI6 sloppiness"; the rec- i@ ords from previous days, which Targ @d Puthoff offered as proof of Geller's powers-,, were "the most uncontrolled and poorly recorded data I have ever josEpHSON encountered.- S*n-sat-ion. SRI continued to study Geller seriously for another three weeks Supercooled (for a total of six), filming his feats, pay- ing him a $100-a-day honorarium and providing him with an automobile and modern all expenses. digious After leaving SRI,* Geller volun- split-second teered to demonstrate his powers to through TIME'S editors. Last month he appeared with at the Time-Life Building in Manhattan is and projected thoughts and images, tively claimed to read minds and caused a fork can to bend-supposedly by using psychic in energy. After Geller left, Professional Magician James Randi, who had been "yes-no" present, duplicated each of his feats, ex- technology. plaining that any magician could per- be form them. The fork bending, said lems. A., CAMgRIDGE Computers The essential characteristic of all computers is speed. Their pro- memories can be probed with precision; they can race reams of complex equations astonishing agility. Their swift skill made possible by a battery of rela- simple devices, transistors that turn an electric current off and on as little as a billionth of a second. ' In effect, those switches speak the binary language of computer Their simple answers can combined to solve intricate prob- But fast as such combinations can Randi, was accomplished by sleight of be made, computer speed is often not conductors, If the flow of electrons through the insu]6- tor were kept below a cer- tain critical value, fie found, there would be no difference in voltage from on.- side of the insulator to the other. (At normal temperatures, an electric current never flows unless there is a voltage dif- ferentiall Josephson also predicted that if an external magnetic field were applied to the junction, a voltage drop would appear. Later verified by exper- iment, the so-called Joseph- son effect has beeii widely used to construct extremely sitive laboratory measur- sen ing devices, including a- mag- netometer that can detect flut-tuatiom in a magnetic field only one five-bil- lionth as strong as the earth's. But IBM scientists found a more practical use. They knew that they could produce a voltage drop across a Josephson junc- tion by applying a weak magnetic field; generating that field would require only a fraction of Ilie energy teq;.Iired to switch a trans;--r. Furthermore, tlje presence or absence of that voltage across a Josephson junction could be used to represent the same "yes" or"no" information conveyed by a tran@dstor. For competitive reasons, D3M will not reveal the precise chemistry of the lead alloys used in its junctions. In fact, the company is cautiously refraining hand; after distracting his audience, fast enough. The bi- machines strain from predicting when they will bt tmed Geller had simply bent it with his two to their limit to handle the demands of in practical computers; many design hands. SRI claims that it was aware that Geller had "detractors" before he ar- rived in California. Presumably the Cal- ifornia scientists knew that he had been something of a sensation in Israel, In 1970, TIME's Jerusalem Correspondent Marlin Levk*n rep§,rts 4 Og@r Np ip#- pearing beARP4 , I 1_ *The other psychic, a New York artist named Ingo Swann, is still being studied. space travel; they are also too slow to process in time the vast amount of rn@@- teorological data necessary to make the detailed and accurate five-day weather forecasts the U.S. Weather Service would like to achieve. Now help may be at hand. After U 9 t t1OJU6O_3ff 2 f A g trl-T lt i@ ,p ,e ope a, ec @b jro@ c sw:c@ 'ic th!c n e rried on an off in less than ten trillionths of a second problems must be overcome before computers can be built to operate at su- perconducting tcrtiperatures, Nonethe- less, IBM's laboratory triumph bnd con- tinuing research by the world's .@,trg@@st computer mamlfacturer sug-z-,ts ::@na high-speed, supercooled electronic ZfLgar in the future. *The disappearance of electrical resistance in cer- tain materials when they are cooled to within a few degrees of absolute zcro(-459.7* [7.).