d For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA4A%ff--9'*E9T000400030001-7 rwlu%; Covering the Period January 1974 througli February 1975 PERCEPTUAL AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES Two: Research Report HAROLD E. PUTHOFF and RUSSELL TARG Electronics and Sioengineering Laboratory Classification Determination Pending. Protect as though classified SECRET. Certain individual pages of this document are UNCLASSIFIED. However, the association and com- pilation of this material may indicate defense information, the unauthorized disclosure of which could reasonably be expected to cause serious damage to the national security; hence, an overall classification of SECRET is warranted. This document consists of 153 pages. STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE Menlo Park, California 94025 - U.S.A. Copy No ................ d For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-15PKIREF000400030001-7 qjqW Final Report December 1, 1975 Covering the Period January 1974 through February 1975 PERCEPTUAL AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES Part Two--Research Report By: Harold E. Puthoff and Russell Tal7g Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory SRI Project 3183 Classification Determination Pending. Protect as though classified SECRET. Approved by: Earle Jones, Director Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory Bonnar Cox, Executive Director Information Science and Engineering Division Certain individual pages of this document are UNCLASSIFIED. However, the association and compilation of this material may indicate defense information, the unauthorized disclosure of which could reasonably be expected to cause serious damage to the national security; hence, an overall classification of SECRET is warranted. §ECRET Approved For Release 2003 3/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Release 20030"OCRIEqbP79-00999AO00400030001-7 lic RESEARCIT REPORT Page Illustrations iii Tables iv I ABSTRACT 1 Ii PROGRAM RESULTS--APPLIED RESEARCH EFFORT 3 A. Remote Viewing 3 1. Long-Distance Remote Viewing: Sponsor-Designated Targets 3 (Exploratory Research) a. West Virginia Site (S3) 4 b. West Virginia Site (Sl) 6 C. Urals Site (Sl) 7 d. Summary 'of Exploratory Research 8 2. Long-Distance Remote Viewing: Sponsor-Designated Target 8 (Operational Target, Semipalatinsk, USSR) 3. Long-Distance Remote Viewing: SRI-Designated Targets 12 (Exploratory Research, Costa Rica Series) 4. Short-Distance Remote Viewing (Cipher Machine Analog) 15 5. Short-Distance Remote Viewing (Technology Series) 17 B. Detection of Secret Writing Target Material 27 III PROGRAM RESULTS--BASIC RESEARCH EFFORT A. Screening Tests 35 35 1. Remote Viewing of Natural Targets Under Standard Protocol 36 Conditions a . Subject Sl (Experienced) 38 b. Subject S4 (Learner/Controls) 40 C . Subjects S2 and S3 (Experienced) 46 d. Subjects S5 and S6 (Learner/Controls) 49 e . Sponsor Subjects (Learner/Controls) 49 f. Summary of Remote-Viewing Experiments (Standard 53 Protocol) 2. Four-State Electronic Random Number Generator 66 a. Machine Description 67 b. Data from Experiments 69 B. Identification of Measurable Characteristics Possessed by 76 Gifted Subjects 1. Medical Evaluation i 76 Approved For Release 2003S*C:R,E-TDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 Approved For ReleasUMMIA 951"EUP99AO00400030001-7 Page 2. Psychological- Evaluation 79 13. Evaluation by Clinical Psychologist Administering Tests -80 b. Evaluation by Chief Clinical Psvchologist 83 3. Neuropsychological Evaluation 88 C. Identification of Neurophysiological Correlates That Relate 94 to Paranormal Activity 1. Remote Stroh(? Experiment 97 2. Mid-Experiment Monitoring of Physiological Parameters During 103 Routine Experimentation in Remote Viewing D. Identification of the Nature of Paranormal. Phenomena and Energy 106 1. Experiments with Physical Apparatus 106 a. Experiments with Geiger Counter 106 1). Experiments with Laser-Monitored Torsion Pendulum 107 C. Experiments with Superconducting Differential Mag- 108 netonieter- (Gradiometer) d. Discussion of' Physical Perturbation Effects i13 2. Discussion of Possible "Mechanisms" in Remote Viewing 117 3. Communicat-iort Theory Approach to Channel Utilization 121 4. Soviet Efforts 129 5. C(Ynclusions 130 IV PROGRAM SUMMARY 132 REFERENCES 135 APPENDICES A. Remote Viewing Transcript for Subject S6, Learner/Control, A-1 First ExperinleW, B. Instructions to Subject: EEG Experiment B-1 C. Universal Randomization Protocol ii Approved For Releallftel/A.CZlfrE)OP999AO00400030001-7 *0 60 Approved For Releamp2i) /F3AO4ZgifVtrtpO999AO00400030001-7 vwt: an F_% fto ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Maps of West Virginia Site Drawn by Subject S3 2. Map and Detail of Site Drawn by Subject Sl 3. Artist's Rendering of Site 4. Costa Rica Site Drawings and Photographs 5. Abacus/Clock Drawings and Photograph 6. Video Terminal 7. Typewriter 8. Xerox Machine 9. Drill Press 10. Procedure for Card Sorting by Sequential Sampling 11. Swimming Pool Complex (Sl) 12. Pedestrian Overpass (S4) 13. Bicycle Shed (S4) 14. Tennis Court (S2) 15. Palo Alto City Hall (S3) 16. White's Plaza, Stanford University (S6) 17. Merry-Go-Round 18. Windmill 19. Four-State Random Number Generator Used in This Experiment 20. Data Summary for Subject S2 21. Drawings and Interpretations by Associative Visual Agnosia Patients 22. Shielded Room Used for EEG Experiments 23. Occipital EEG Frequency Spectra of Subject S4 24. Polygraph Data from Subject S4 25. Superconducting Differential Magnetometer (Gradiometer) 26. Gradiometer Data 27. Enhancement of Signal-to-Noise Ratio by Sequential Sampling Procedure 28. Operating Characteristic Curve for Sequential Sampling Procedure 29. Average Sample Number for Sequential Sampling Procedure iii Approved For ReleUNQUASCIff * ()0999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Release 2QD31T/A1-QA-fffSff 999AO00400030001-7 U N C. 551 TABLES 1. Subject, 'target Selection Procedure, and Figure Numbers for Tech- no:1j.-_1gy Series. 2. Rank. Ordering Match 4)1 Drawings to Target Locations (Blind Judging,, Te(-inology Series) 3. Critical Values of Sums of Ranks for Preferential Matching 4. The Probability of M Correct Guesses of N Distinct Ttems 5. Key for Secret Writing, Experiment 6. Raw DaLa Call Sheet for Secret Writing Experiment 7. Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target Selection for Subject Sl, Experienced. 8. Disrribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target Loc@ition for Subject S4, Learner/Control 9. Distribution of Rankings of Transcript-; Associated with Each Target Location for Subjects S2 and S3, Experienced 1-0. Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target Loc.@ition for Subjects S5 and S6, Learner/Control 11. Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target Location for Sponsor Subjects, Learner/Control 1-2. Suminary--Remote Viewing of Natural Targets 13. Four-State Electronic Random Number Generator Summary 14. Randomness Tests for Machine MI output during Successful Experimental Ser i-es t5. Randomness Tests for Machine M2 Output during Successful Fxperimental Series 1-6. Randomness Tests for Entire Machine Output During Successful Experi- Ment al Run 17. Subject S2 Selections on Machine Ml during Successful Experimental SE,ries 18. Subject S2 Selections on Machine M2 during Successful Experimental SerJes 19. Neur-opsvchology Test Battery 20. EEG Data for Subject S4 "I. Geiger Counter Experiment Summary 212. Five-Bit Code for AlDhanumeric Characters iv Approved For ReleatJ f(fa/ACDolFpFE3MD999AO00400030001-7 fto *J U_ Approved For Re1eLMef3 JNQ< StpffbP0999A000400030001-7 J-% *.0 I ABSTRACT As a result of exploratory research on human perception carried out in SRI's Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory, we initiated a program to investigate a perceptual channel whereby individuals can access by means of mental imagery and describe randomly chosen sites remote from their physical location. This ability appeared to be sufficiently well developed in certain individuals to allow them to at times describe cor- rectly--often in great detail--geographical or technical material, such as buildings, roads, laboratory apparatus, and the like. In this final report (Part Two--Research Report@), we document in detail the 12-month study at SRI of this human information-accessing capability which we call 11remote viewing," the characteristics of which appear to fall outside the range of well-understood perceptual or information-processing abilities. This phenomenon is one of a broad class of abilities of certain indivi- duals to access, by means of mental processes, and describe information sources blocked from ordinary perception and generally accepted as secure against access. The phenomenon we investigated most extensively was the ability of individuals to view remote geographical locations (up to several thousand kilometers away), given only coordinates (latitude and longitude) or a person at a location on whom to target. The development at SRI of suc- cessful experimental procedures to elicit this capability has evolved to the point where (a) visiting personnel of the sponsoring organization without any previous exposure to such concepts have performed well under controlled laboratory conditions (that is, generated target descriptions of sufficiently high quality to permit blind matching of descriptions to targets by independent judges), and (b) subjects trained over a two-year period have performed well under operational conditions (that is, provided data of operational significance later verified by independent sources). Our accumulated data thus indicate that both specially selected and un- selected persons can be assisted in developing remote perceptual abilities to a level of useful information transfer. The primary achievement of the SRI program was thus the elicitation of high-quality remote viewing by For summary, see Part One--Executive Summa I Approved For ReletMe/1,13A.P.Q. S4f IIED0999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Relea-'-"OI&LmLIA4S!iffILbBP999AO00400030001-7 VJTT individuals who agreed to act as sub:iects. In carrying out rhis, program we concentrated on what we considered to be our primary responsibility--to resolve under unambiguous conditions, the basic issue of whether this class of paranormal perception phenomenon exists. At all times the researchers and SRI management took measures to prevent sensory leakage and subliminal cuefrip, and to prevent deception, whether intentional or unintentional. All experiments were carried out under protocols in which target selection at the beginning of experiments and blind judging of results at the end of experiments were handled inde- pendently of the researchers involved in carrying out the experiments, taus assuring evaluations independent of the belief structures of both experimv@nters and judges. Thi, program was divided into two categories of approximately equal effort--appli-ed researc-h ind basic research. In Secti.on TT we summari,ze the resiilts of the applied research effort in which the operational utility of the above perceptual abilities was explored. In Section TIT we summarize the results of the basic research effort, which was directed toward. Aentification r)f the characteristics of individuals possessing such a.b--,.Iities and the determination of neurophysiological correlates and basic mechanisms involved in such functioning. With an eye toward selectiun of future subjects, individuals possessing a well-developed natural ability in the area under investigation underwent complete physical, psychological, and neuropsychological profiling, the results of which suggest some fivDotheses for developing a screening procedure. The program summary is presented in Section IV. With regard to understanding the phenomenon, the precise nature of Lhe information channel that couples remote locations is not yet under- stood. However, its general characteristics are compatible with both quantum theory and information theory as well as with recent developments in research on brain function. Therefore, our working assumpti-on is that the phenomenon of interest does not lie outside the purview of modern physics and with further- work will yield to analvsis and specificatlon. Uinally, it is concluded by the research contractor (SRI) that the development of experimental procedures and the accrual of experience in 2 Approved For Re1eaJJ IM/AC-ChlfrLZIY999AO00400030001-7 J'J' Approved For ReleaUNC3/L3jkSSIF4FE00999AO00400030001-7 three years of successful effort constitutes an asset that could be utilized in the future, both f6r operational needs and for training others in the development and use of the remote-sensing capability. II PROGRAM RESULTS--APPLIED RESEARCH EFFORT A. Remote Viewing As mentioned in the Abstract, the phenomenon we investigated most extensively was the ability of individuals to view remote geographical locations (up to several thousand kilometers away), given only coordinates (latitude and longitude) or a person at a location on whom to target. Individuals exhibiting this faculty include not only SRI participants but also visiting staff members of the sponsoring organization who par- ticipated as subjects so as to critique the protocol. As observed in the laboratory, the basic phenomenon appears to cover a range of subjective experiences variously referred to in the literature as autoscopy (in the medical literature); exteriorization or disassociation (psychological literature); simple clairvoyance, traveling clairvoyance, or out-of-body experience (parapsychological literature); or astral pro- jection (occult literature). We choose the term "remote viewing" as a neutral descriptive term free of occult assumptions or-bias as to the mechanisms involved. We begin our report in subsections 1 and 2 with experiments under the control of the sponsor. These experiments were designed to provide a vehicle whereby the sponsor could establish independently of SRI, some degree of confidence as to the existence of the long-distance remote viewing faculty. 1. Long-Distance Remote Viewin : Sponsor-Designated Targets (Exploratory Research) So as to subject the remote-viewing phenomena to a rigorous long-distance test under external control, a request for geographical coordinates of a site unknown to subject and experimenters was forwarded to the sponsor's group responsible for threat analysis in this area. In response, an SRI experimenter received a set of coordinates identifying 3 Approved For ReleaU UCLA W oulmr-c.00999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Releas UfWffA qSJ"E-1Y99A000400030001-7 what is hereafter referred to as the West Virginia Site. The SRI experi- mentE@r then carried out remote-viewing experiments with two subjects on a double-blind basis, that is, with target content blind to experimenter as well as to subjects. (Following the experiment both subjects claimed unfamiliarity with the West Virginia area.) The experiment had as its goal the determination of the utility of remote viewing under conditions approximating an operational scenario. a. West VirRinia Site (S3)* Date: 29 May 1973, 1634 to 1640 hours, Menlo Park, Cali- fornia. Protocol: Coordinates 3802345@'to 48"N, 79'25'00"W, described simply as being in West Virginia, were relayed to experimenter Dr. H.E. Puthoff by telephone, who then relayed this information to subject S3 to initiate experiment. No maps were permitted, and the subject was asked to give an immediate response. The session was recorded on video tape. The oral response is reproduced here from the tape: Th.is seems to be some sort of mounds or rolling hills. There is a city to the norch (I can see the taller buildings and some This seems to be. a strange place, somewhat like the lawris that one would find around a military base, but I get the impression that there are either some old hunkers around, or maybe this is a covered reservoir. There. must be a flagpole, some highways to the west, possibly a river over to the far east, to the south more city. The map in Figure l(a) was drawn by the subject. On the fol-lowing morning, S3 submitted a written report of asecond reading, dated 30 May 1973, 0735 to 0758 hour,,;, Mountain View, California: Cliffs to the east, fence to the north. There's a circular buiLding (a tower?), buildings to the south. Is this a former Nike base or somethLng like that? This is about as far as I cott.ld go without feedback, and perhaps guidance as to what was warl-ed. There is something strange about this area, but since t con't know particularly what to look for within the scope of the cloudy ability, it is extremely difficult to make decisions on what is there and what. is not. Imagination seems to get in the way. (For example, I seem to get the impression of something S3 identifies a subject. A key to numerical designations for subjects is available from the sponsor's Contracting Officer Technical Repre- sentative (COTR). 4 Approved For Releaijl%M/AC-C'rr-PEGOD999AO00400030001-7 al7rTv > tA tA m % Approved For Release 2003/03/10 CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 Do* ? . 0 5@ B0, 1@ =(413 (a) OVERVIEW (b) DETAIL FIGURE 1 MAPS OF WEST VIRGINIA SITE DRAWN BY SUBJECT S3 Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 me m Approved For ReleaU ffefA §fflPrt1&999A000400030001-7 underground, but I'm not surel) However, it is apparent that on first sighting, the general location was correctly spotted. The map in Figure l(b) also was drawn by the subject. b. West Virginia Site (Sl) As a backup test, the coordinates were given to a second subject, Sl. The task was presented to the second subject independently of the first subject, both to prevent collaboration and to prevent any sense of competition. Date: 1 June 1973, 1700 hours, Menlo Park, California. Protocol: Coordinates 38'23'45"to 48"N, 79'25'00"W were given (with no further description) by experimenter Dr. H.E. Puthoff to subject SL by telephone to initiate experiment. On the morning of 4 June 1973, Sl's written response (dated 2 June 1973, 1250 to 1350 hours, Lake Tahoe, California) was re- ceived in the mail: Looked at general area from altitude of about 1500 ft above highest terrain. On my left forward quadrant is a peak in a chain of mountains, elevation approximately 4996 ft above sea level. Slopes are greyish slate covered with variety of broad- leaf trees, vines, shrubbery, and undergrowth. I am facing about 3'to 5' west of north. Looking down the mountain to the right (east) side is a roadway--freeway, country style--curves then heads ENE to a fairly large city about 30 to 40 miles distant. This area was a battleground in civil war--low rolling hills, creeks, few lakes or reservoirs. There is a smaller town a little SE about 15 to 20 miles distant with small settlements, village type, very rural, scattered around. Look- ing across the peak, 2500 to 3000 ft mountains stretch out for a hundred or so miles. Area is essentially wooded. Some of the westerly slopes are eroded and gully washed--looks like strip mining, coal mainly. Weather at this time is cloudy, rainy. Temperature at my altitude about 54'F--high cumulo nimbus clouds to about 25,000 to 30,000 ft. Clear area, but turbulent, between that level and some cirro stratus at 46,000 ft. Air mass in that strip moving WNW to SE. 1318 hours--Perceived that peak area has large underground storage areas. Road comes up back side of mountains (west slopes), fairly well concealed, looks deliberately so. It's cut under trees where possible--would be very hard to detect flying over area. Looks like former missile site--bases for launchers still there, but area now houses record storage area, microfilm, file cabinets; as you go into underground area 6 Approved For Releaki NW'i-A Cr&Lf"SM0999A000400030001-7 I Wtww a-UN-1 Approved For Release 20035":RE-TDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 through aluminum rolled up doors, first areas filled with records, etc. Rooms about 100-ft long, 40-ft wide, 20-ft ceilings, with concrete supporting pilasters, flare-shaped. Temperature cool--fluorescent lighted. Personnel, Army 5th Corps Engineers. M/Sgt. Long on desk placard on grey steel desk--file cabinets security locked--combination locks, steel rods through eye bolts. Beyond these rooms, heading east, are several bays with computers, communication equipment, large maps, display type, overlays. Personnel, Army Signal Corps. Elevators. 1330 hours--Looked over general area from original location again--valleys quite hazy, lightning about 30 miles north along mountain ridge. Tempterature drop about 6'F, it's about 48'F. Looking for other significances: see warm air mass moving in from SW colliding with cool air mass about 100 miles ESE from my viewpoint. Air is very turbulent--tornado type; birds in my area seeking heavy cover. There is a fairly large river that I can see about 15 to 20 miles north and slightly west; runs NE then curves in wide valley running SW to NE; river then runs SE. Area to east: low rolling hills. Quite a few Civil War monuments. A marble colonnade type: 'In this area wasf-ought the battle of Lynchburg where many brave men of the Union and Confederate Armys (sic) fell. We dedicate this area to all peace loving people of the future--Daughters G.A.R., On a later date S1 was asked to return to the West Virginia site with the goal of obtaining information on code words, if possible. In response, S1 supplied the following information: Top of desk had papers labeled "Flytrap" and "Minerva". File cabinet on north wall labeled "Operation Pool..." (third word unreadable). Folders inside cabinet labeled "Cueball", "14 Ball", 114 Ball", "8 Ball", and "Rackup". Name of site vaguely seems like Hayfork or Haystack. Per- sonnel: Col. R.J. Hamilton, Maj. Gen. George R. Nash, Major John C. Calhoun (M. C. Urals Site (Sl) After obtaining a reading on the West Virginia Site, Sl volunteered that he had scanned the other side of the globe for a Communist Bloc equivalent and found one located in the Urals at 65'00'57"N, 59' 59'59"E, described as follows: Elevation, 6200 ft. Scrubby brush, tundra-type ground hummocks, rocky outcroppings, mountains with fairly steep slopes. Facing 7 Approved For Release 20035Arw RF-TDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Release 2003/OSF2%'.f K'ETP79-00999AO00400030001-7 nort:h, about 60 miles ground slopes to marshland. Mountain chain runs off to right about 35' east of north. Facing south, mountains run fairly north and south. Facing west, mountains drop down to foothills for 60 miles or so; some rivers running roughly north. Facing east, mountains are rather abrupt, dropping to rolling hills and to flat land. Area site under- ground, -reinforced concrete, doorways of steel of the roll-up type. Unusually high ratio of women to men, at least at night. 1. see some helipads, concrete. Light rail tracks run from pads to another set of rails that parallel the doors into the moun- tain. Thirty miles north (5* west of north) of the site is a rad.ar installation with one large (165 ft) dish and two small fast--track dishes. The two reports for the West Virginia Site, and the report for the Urals Site were verified by personnel in the sponsor organization as being substantially correct. The results of the evaluation are con- tained in a separate report filed with the COTR. d. Summarv of-Exploratory Research The observation of such unexpectedly high-quality descrip- tions early in our program led to a large-scale study of the phenomenon under secure double-blind conditions (i.e., target unknown to experimenters as well as subjects), with independent random target selection and blind judging. The results, presented later, provide strong evidence for the robustness of this phenomenon, one whereby complex remote stimuli can be detected by a human perceptual. modality of extreme sensitivity. Before discussing these results, however, we consider further examples of both operational and operational-analog experiments. 2. @Long-Distance Remote Viewing: Sp )r@sor7pe@_iSRa e Targjq ational Target--Semipalatinsk, USSR) To determine the utility of remote viewing under operational conditions, a long-distance remote viewing experiment was carried out on a sponsor-designated target of current interest, an unidentified research center at Semipalatinsk, USSR. This experiment, carried out in three phases, was under direct control of the COTR. To begin the experiment, the COTR furnished map coordinaLes in. degrees, minutes, and seconds. The only additional infor- mation provided was the designation of the target as an R&D test facility. The experimenters then closeted themselves with subject Sl, gave him the 8 Approved For Release 2003/05JEf-n-EITP79-00999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Release 2003/(9fC. MP79-00999AO00400030001-7 map coordinates and indicated the designation of the target as an R&D test facility. A remote-viewing experiment on the target was then carried out. This activity constituted Phase I of the experiment. Figure 2(a) shows the subject's graphic effort for building layout; Figure 2(b) shows the subject's particular attention to a multi- story gantry crane he observed at the site. Both results were obtained by the experimenters on a double-blind basis before exposure to any addi- tional COTR-held information, thus eliminating the possibility of cueing. These results were turned over to the client representatives for evalua- tion. For comparison an artist's rendering of the site as known to the COTR(but not to the experimenters until later) is shown in Figure 3(a), with crane detail shown in Figure 3(b). Were the results not promising, the experiment would have stopped at this point. Description of the multistory crane, however, a relatively unusual target item, was taken as indicative of possible target acquisi- tion. Therefore, Phase II was begun, defined by the subject being made 11witting" (of the client) by client representatives who introduced them- selves to the subject at that point; Phase II also included a second round of experimentation on the Semipa Latinsk site with direct participa- tion of client representatives in which further data were obtained and evaluated. As preparation for this phase, client representatives purposely kept themselves blind to all but general knowledge of the target site to minimize the possibility of cueing. The Phase II effort was focused on the generation of physical data that could be independently verified by other client resources, thus providing a calibration of the process. The end of Phase II gradually evolved into the first part of Phase III, the generation of unverifiable data concerning the Semipalatinsk site not available to the client, but of operational interest nonetheless. Several hours of tape transcript and a notebook full of drawings were generated over a two-week period. The data describing the Semipalatinsk site were evaluated by the sponsor, and are contained in a separate report. In general, several details concerning the salient technology of the Semipalatinsk site ap- peared to dovetail with data from other sources, and a number of specific 9 Approved For Release 2003/&ECRE-FTDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Releas'luffeMsswitV 99AO00400030001-7 r-3 C3 0 1 im4 OVA (a) SUBJECT EFFORT AT BUILDING LAYOUT (b) SUBJECT EFFORT AT CRANE CONSTRUCTION FIGURE 2 MAP AND DETAIL OF: SITE DRAWN BY SUBJECT Sl 10 Approved For ReleaseLML5/LOA(Yffl=099AO00400030001-7 I L; Approved For Release 200'4hE(! Mill DP79-00999AO00400030001-7 @z MET (a) TARGET SITE AOL (b) CRANE COMPARISON FIGURE 3 11 Approved For Release 20039 E fkfi-JRDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Relea-1 ?ML/A:!iS-Wl-Efy999AO00400030001-7 TJ N I.. large structural elements were correctly described. The results contained i -se a-L,--,ng ziol with the signal, but were nonetheless clearly differentiated 17 -rom Lne chance results that were generated by control subjects in compar- i.snn exT),-riments carried out by the COTR. Long-Distance Remote Viewing: SRI-Designated Targets (Explora- L.,aw '-Research. Losta Rica Series) i'lW (@XperiMeJlLal procedures of Subsections I and 2 were designed to provide a vehicle whereby the client could establish, independently of :3RI, som,, degree of conridence as to the existence of a long-distance re- mote viewing. faculty. Although the results were indicated to be positive, icom the standpoint of SRI personnel who could not participate in the i-vaLuation phase. it was considered necessary to supplement the above t@xperiments with a similar set under SRI control. Therefore, SRI-controlled experimenrs were undertaken to enable the experimenters to participate directly in the evaluation phase of the remote-viewing experiments. Two subjects (SI and S4) were asked to participate in a long- distance experiment focusing on a series of targets in Costa Rica. The @z.uh_iects said they had never been to Costa Rica. In this exper@Tllent, one of the experimenters (Dr. Puthoff) spent I.e.-Il (lays traveling through Costa Rica on a combination business/pleasure @:.ri_p. This information was all that was known to the subjects about the The experiment called for Dr. fluthorf @.raveler's itinerary. to keep a detailed record of his locat ion and activities, including photographs, 4@ac,h. oF --;even target davs at 1330 PDT. A total of 12 daily descriptions were coiiected before the traveler's return: six responses from SI, five t-esponses from S4, and one response from an SRI experimenter, wao acted "IS a !@;Ub@ect in one experiment on a da,Y in which S4 was not available and @_he oLher subject arrived late. -,ts il-hisr-rative value we consider first the single response submitted by the experimenter filling in as a subject. The response, a drawing submitted for a day in the middle of the series, is shown in ftgure 4 together with photographs taken at the site. Although Costa Rica i-s a mountainous country. the subject unexpectedly perceived the traveler at a bea@_h and ocean setting. With some misgivings, he described an Approved For Re leas- jej "u" I/*S64;FJfPD999AO00400030001-7 ,fWCb Approved For ReleaUNCIVA S(%fWED0999AO00400030001-7 AIRPORT IN SAN ANDRES, COLOMBIA, USED AS REMOTE VIEWING TARGET 0c" X/ SA-3183-20 FIGURE 4 AIRPORT IN SAN ANDRES, COLOMBIA, USED AS REMOTE VIEWING TARGET ALONG WITH SKETCH PRODUCED BY SUBJECT IN CALIFORNIA 13 Approved For ReleaUNIHAS.5if I'EiD999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Releasp fi%UG:V1Jk: SitfORM-LI999A000400030001-7 Mm t. - , ric airport on a sandy beach and an airstrip with the ocean at the end (correct). An airport building also was drawn, and shown to have a large rectangular @_lvernanv, (correct). Ine traveler had taken a one-day unplanned side trip L.o an oiis hore island and at the time of the experiment had just disem- barked Irom a plane at a small island airport as described, 4000 kilometers from SRI_ The sole discrepancy-was that the drawing showed a Quonset-hut type of building in place of the rectangular structure. flie. above description was chosen as an example to illustrate two Major points observed a number of times throughout the program. First, in opposit3on to what might be expected, a subject's description does not aecessazily portray what might reasonably be expected to be correct (an educateci or "safe" guess) but often runs counter to even the subject's own expectations. Second. individuals other than those with putative 'Vparanor-mal ability" are able to exhibit a remote viewing faculty. The remainin.g submissions provided further examples of excellent correspondences between target and response. (A target period of pool- side relaxation was identified, a drive through a tropical forest at the base of a truncated voicano was described as a drive through a jungle below a large bare table mountain, a hotel room target description, in- Cluding such detaiis as rug color, was correct, and so on.) So as to determine whether such matches were simply fortuitous, i.e., could rea- sonably be expected on tne basis of chance alone, when Dr. Puthoff re- 1-urned be was asked to blind match the 12 descriptions to the seven Carget locations. On the basis of this conservative evaluation procedure, which vastly underestimates thie statistical significance of the individual descriptions, five correct matches were obtained (two each of subjects Sl ;ind S4, and the single submission by the experimenter). This number of matches is significant aE D = 0.02 by exact binomial calculation.* ]'he probability ot a correct daily match by chance for any given tran- Script is p = 1/7. TrIerelore, the probability of at least five correct iflatches by chance out ot J-2 tries can be calculated from @2 12-i 0.02. 7 7 Approved For Releasteims 999AO00400030001-7 U"I, M: C t Wl S ff I f - 0 del Approved For Relea VWMASSff TED999AO00400030001-7 Therefore, this pilot study, completely under control of SRI, provided confirmatory data supporting that obtained under sponsor control, indi- cating the existence of an apparent long-distance remote viewing faculty. 4. Short-Range Remote Viewing (Cipher Machine Analog) As a further test of operational utility of the remote viewing faculty, the COTR tasked the contractors with an experiment designed to duplicate as closely as possible an operational situation of current interest, the remote viewing of an abacus-type device. During a trip to the East Coast, the experimenters were to proceed to New York, where they were to purchase locally an abacus to be used as a target in a remote viewing experiment. (The abacus was to constitute a target anal- ogous to a cipher machine of particular interest.) Following the purchase they were to contact a subject who lived there (S3) by telephone with a surprise request to come to the experimenters' hotel room later that day to participate in a remote-viewing experiment. The above steps were carried out in preparation for the experi- ment. In this case the experimenters knew what the target was, an ex- ception to the double-blind rule followed in all our other work. There- fore, while awaiting the subject's arrival, a preamble for the experiment was prerecorded by one of the experimenters (Targ) and carefully checked to ensure against verbal cueing: Hal and I have brought a present for you. We wandered around New York this morning and we bought an object. This object is of the type that one interacts with, and Hal will use it for its normal purpose. Today is Friday, September 26, 1974. As in all our remote viewing experiments, we'd like to ask you to describe the object as you see it rather than attempting to give the object a name. When the subject entered the hotel room, this instruction tape was played by one experimenter (R.T.) while the other experimenter (H.P.) took a large locked suitcase containing the target object into an adjacent room, locked the door, and removed the abacus, shown in Figure 5(a), actions verified earlier as being inaudible. Thus the only available cue was an upper bound on the size. The subject produced the outline drawing I of Figure 5(b) in approximately one minute. (The large purplish-silver object corresponds 1.5 Approved For ReleaUN(ObAS54FdFE00999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Release 2003/03/10 CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 Ti 1 1251261 2 &b I Z@A3 1 11.1 11 11 1 Q 1 14 115 11,511/ 11811 917@ 7 1 12212317744 1251261 2 &b I Z@ 3(1@ 3 60 6*y 2A MONTH tS 14 t (A 24 HOUKS 15 24 HOUR" x IROVR@60WMPI@- 60SKO*D$4M&uTr I WNUTE,60 SECONtS corvoss cit-do (a) ABACUS/CLOCK TARGET (b) SUBJECT S3 RESPONSES I AND Il (TECHNOLOGY SERIES) TO ABACUS/CLOCK TARGET He Described Target as "Game Box with Little Balls" SA-3183-1 FIGURE 5 Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 M Approved For ReleaU UQLA WREWD0999A000400030001-7 to the suitcase interior and is not taken to be evidential.) The experi- menter remaining with the subject asked for more detail, and the subject produced the drawing II of Figure 5(b), describing the object as a "game box with little balls." The entire experiment was tape recorded and extreme caution was taken to prevent cueing of any kind. The experiment took place in five minutes total time. Considering the high-strangeness factor of the target item, and essentially total lack of restriction on the possibilities as far as the subject was concerned, the correlation of subject drawings and target was taken as indicative of a potential utility for remote viewing of tech- nological targets, and resulted in a decision to experiment further in this area. After the target was shown to the subject, a short follow-up experiment was carried out to determine whether the position of the balls on the abacus could be determined by remote viewing, but this degree of resolution was found to be beyond the subject's capability. 5. Short-Range Remote Viewin&_@Ke@chnolo_gX_Series) So as to measure the resolution capability of the remote viewing phenomenon, a series of experiments targeting on remote laboratory equip- ment within the SRI complex was carried out. Thirteen experiments were carried out with five different sub- jects, two of whom were sponsor staff personnel. A subject was told that one of the experimenters would be sent by random protocol to a laboratory within the SRI complex and that he would interact with the equipment or apparatus at the location. It was further explained that the experimenter remaining with the subject was kept ignorant of the contents of the target pool to prevent cueing during questioning. (The remaining experimenter only knew that from time to time, on a random basis, previously used targets would be reinserted into the target pool to provide an opportunity for multiple responses to a given target, and that during sponsor visits the targets might be selected by sponsor staff personnel rather than by the established random protocol procedures.) The subject was asked to describe the target both verbally (tape recorded) and by means of drawings during the time-synchronized 15-minute interval in which the outbound experimenter interacted in an appropriate manner with the equipment in the 17 Approved For ReleYeWAYAW" ANAM-00999A000400030001-7 Approved For Releasa 999AO00400030001-7 U rreff t'-Irget area. In the 13 exneriments eight targets were used: a drill press, C0111put-!r-driven flight simulator (Link trainer), Xerox machine, video termina.1, chart recorder, tour-state random target generator (used in ,3(,-reeni-nV tests described I,ater), typewriter, and machine shop. Three oi these were used twice (drill press, video terminal, and typewriter) atid one %Xerox machine) came up three times. As an example of drawings generated by subjects, all of the subject outputs generated for the latter 1-hree (video terminal, LVDewriter, and Xerox machine) are shown in Figures 6. 7, ant-I 8. A summary of subject and target selection procedure is given 1xi Table I. As is apparem- from the illustrations alone, certain of the ex- periments provide circumsEantial evidence for an information channel of Useful bit rate. This includes experiments (Experiments 4 and 13) in 4 ic wn _h sponsor staff personnel DartiCiDated as subjects to observe the pr(wocol. I'o t)brain indet)etident objective judgment of the quality of the remote viewing of technological targets, various analyses based on blind judging were employed. M the first 7udq.Lng procedure, a judge was asked to blind-match tne drawiigs alone (i.e., without tape transcripts) to the targets. Multiple subject responses to a given target were stapled together. and (lius there were seven subiect-drawing response packets to be matched to Lhe seven different tar@_,ets for which drawings were made. (No drawings wpre made for the Link trainer.) The judge did not have access to our paotograpns of the target locations, used for demonstration only (as in Figures 6 through 8), but rather proceeded to each of the target locations by list. While standin@zy at each target location, the judge was required to rank. order the seven subject-drawing response I)ackets (presented in random order) on a scale one to seven (best to worst match), as shown i-!--i Table 2. The statistic of interest is the sum of ranks on the diagonal, Iower values indicating better matches. For seven targets, the sum of ranks could range from seven to fortv-nine. The Drobability that it given sum of rariks s or less will occur by chance is given by: is Approved For Rele=& F3(CIL3;N S(MME00999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 z > mn TARGET: VIDEO MONITOR FOR TEXT EDITING (TECHNOLOGY SERIES) L-33 61 SUBJECT (S4) DRAWING OF "BOX WITH LIGHT COMING OUT OF IT . . . PAINTED FLAT BLACK AND IN THE MIDDLE OF THE ROOM" SECOND SUBJECT (V2) SAW A COMPUTER TERMINAL WITH RELAY RACKS IN THE BACKGROUND SA-3183-8 FIGURE 6 DRAWING BY TWO SUBJECTS OF A VIDEO MONITOR TARGET Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 c 2 1 Approved For Releast)Fbdvh-%mw, LA.9rjqF%099A000400030001-7 TECHNOLOGY SERIES TYPEWRITER TARGET sa 6G V"t Vow - '4 M4Vj of^k? 144 9VK V*Vl k*VAVA ju%L "f".A SUBJECT S3 RESPONSE SUBJECT S4 RESPONSE TA-760525-5 FIGURE 7 DRAWINGS OF A TYPEWRITER TARGET BY TWO SUBJECTS 20 Approved For ReleasUWUA %Fj4f*D99A000400030001-7 Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 z > (A M TARGET LOCATION: XEROX MACHINE (TECHNOLOGY SERIES) W TA-760525-6 FIGURE 8 DRAWINGS BY THREE SUBJECTS (S2, S3, AND V3) FOR XEROX MACHINE TARGET TO ADD INTEREST TO TARGET LOCATION EXPERIMENTER WITH HIS HEAD BEING XEROXED z rl ll`@ > CA When subject (V3) was asked to describe the square at upper left, the subject said, "There was this predominent light source which might have been a window, and a working surface which might have been the sill, or a working surface or desk." Earlier the subject had said, Approve4'F6?P,Mgaf4V'2116~P0,4~ff:'E;IIR-WbVppga~MgA,b~"MoftoXy~*w." Shown at right. Approved For Relea TifliftUfff itB999AO00400030001-7 TABLE l SUBJECT AND TARGET SELECTION PROCEDURE FOR TECHNOLOGY SERIES Experiment Target Target Selection Procedure* Sub ect j- 1 Link trainer a SRI-S4 2 Video terminal a SRI-S4 3 Drill press a SRI-S4 4 Xerox machine b Sponsoi--Vl 5 Xerox machine b SRI-S2 6 Random number c SRI-S4 generator 7 Machine shop b SRI-S4 8 Typewriter b SRI-S4 9 Typewriter c SRI-S3 10 Chart recorder c SRI-S3 11 Xerox machine c SRI-S3 12 Drill press c SRI-S3 13 Video terminal c Sponsor-V2 *Target selection procedures a. Outbound SRI experimenter selects target site arbitrarily after leaving subject area. b. Visiting sponsor staff member selects target site arbitrarily after leaving subject area. C. Standard protocol, in which a target is issued to outbound experimenter by division director who selects the target by random number technique from a target pool stored in a secure safe. 22 Approved For ReleaU Jq(Ct3;N S(RYWED0999AO00400030001-7 Approved For ReleasVIAQLAUAFD~kl?0999AO00400030001-7 TABLE 2 RANK ORDERING MATCH OF SUBJECT-DBj@WING RESPONSE PACKETS TO TARGET LOCATIONS (BLIND JUDGING, TECHNOLOGY SERIES) Sub ect Subject Place Drawing @1@ace Drawing Visited Number ted Number Visi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 _ Video terminal 1 9 7 5 6 4 3 2 1 Random number generator 4 4 6 5 7 2 3 1 Xerox machine 6 6 1 2 5 7 4 3, Machine shop 5 2 1. 3 4 6 7 Drill press 7 3 5 1 2 4 6 Typewriter 3 7 5 6 1 2 4 Chart recorder 4 7 5 3 6 1 2 Note on judging procedure: When standing at target locations shown on left, each of the seven subject-drawing response packets (originally labeled in random order) are rank ordered one to seven (best to worst match) by the judge. Statisitic of interest is the sum of ranks on the diagonal, lower values indicating better matches (see text). The sum in this case (18) is significant at p < 0.04. 23 Approved For ReleaUse RQ A K!V999-0999AO00400030001-7 Approved For ReleaseLbNI&LOIOS&IfiSD99AO00400030001-7 s k n i-Nt. -1 Prob(s or less) = --l- (-I @ (i) ( Nn K n-l 't 7;;":o where s = obtained sum of ranks 114 = number of assignable ranks n = number of occasions on which rankings were made takes on values from --ero to the least positive integer k in (i-n)/n. Table 3 is a table to enable easy application of the above formula to those cases in which N = n. The sum in this case (1.8) is significant at p < 0.04. In tfle second judging procedure, another judge was given 12 subject-response packages, which included drawings and tape transcripts, and asked to blind match, without replacement, the 12 response packages to 12 target locations, which he visited. (The thirteenth location, the machine shop, included in the first judging, was left out of this judging by an oversight.) In the forced-choice matching without replacement, (that is, each response packet used only once), the judge obtained four direct hits, the Link trainer (Experiment 1), video terminal (Experiment :2), drill press (Experiment 3) and Xerox machine (Experiment 5). (The Link trainer, for which no drawings were made, was matched on the basis of tape-recorded transcript alone. It is a standard computer-controlled flight simulator that resembLes the cockpit of an aircraft. It was cramped quarters for tiie outbound experimenter who flew the trainer ac- cording to a printed flight plan book laid over his arm. The windows were frosted and transLucent. Subject S4 gave a description of the ex- perimenLer crowded into a very small space illuminated by gray diffuse light and with a long paper, such as a waiter's towel, over his arm. Although not unambiguous, the subject's description was nevertheless essentially devoid of incorrect statements.) As indicated by Table 4, the probability of obtaining by chance four direct hits out of 12 matches is p = 0.015; thus, this judging pro- cedure also indicates that, from a statistical standpoint, there is significant evidence of useful information transfer. In a third judging procedure the COTR arbitrarily selected the 24 Approved For Releas'%k'r'm"IL:Ll&.,SS-LEJ-E-0999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 TABLE 3 Critical Values of Sums of Ranks for Preferential Matching C z @n M Number of Probability (One-Tailed) that the Indicated Sum of Ranks or Less Would Occur by Chance Assignable - - --- .10 _0 _,0.025 '@@5 0.002 0.20 0 @5] 04T Ranks (N) 0. 01 0 0.001 ).0005 10-4 1 10-0 10-7 4 7 6 5 5 5 4 4 5 11 10 9 8 8 7 6 6 5 5 6 16 15 13 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 7 22 20 18 17 15 14 12 12 11 9 8 8 29 27 24 24 22 20 19 17 16 15 13 9 8 9 37 34 31 30 29 26 24 22 21 20 17 14 12 10 10 46 42 39 38 36 33 31 29 27 25 22 19 16 13 11 56 51 48 47 45 41 38 36 34 32 28 24 20, 17 12 67 61 58 56 54 49 47 43 41 39 5 30 25 22 This table applies only to those special cases in which the number of occasions on which objects are being ranked (n) is equal to the number of assignable ranks (N). Each entry represents the largest number that is significant at the indicated p-level. Source: R. L. Morrisl tA tA M Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 TABLE 4 The Probabilities of M Correct Guesses of N Distinct Items z > 4A CA M N 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 ... .5000 .3333 .3750 .36667 .36806 .36786 .367882 .367879 .367879 .3678794 .3678794 1 1.000 ... 1 . 5000 .3333 .37500 .36667 .36806 .367857 .367882 1 .367879 -3678795 1 .3678794 2 .5000 ... .2500 .16667 .18750 .18333 .184028 .183929 .183941 .1839396 .1839397 3 .1667 ... .08333 .05556 .06250 .061111 .061343 .061310 .06131@)7 .0613132 4 0417 ... .02083 .01389 015625 .015278 .015336 .0153274 .0153284 5 .00833 ... .00417 .003125 .003056 .0030671 .0030655 6 .00139 ... .000694 .000463 .000521 .0005093 .0005112 7 .00020 ... .000099 .000066 .0000744 .0000728 8 .000025 ... .000012 - 00000;')3 .0000093 9 .000003 ... .000001.4 .0000009 10 .000000 .0000001 11 .0000000 ... 12 .0000000 Source: N. Feller2 Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Release 20035:BC:RIE-TDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 data of Experiment 3 (drill press/S4) as a tast sponsor organization, blind as to the target taped narrative and drawings (Figure 9), was description alone, to correctly classify the tical boring machine." In general, it appears that use of case. An analyst of the and given only the subject's able, from the subject's target as a "man-sized ver- multiple-subject responses to a single target provides better signal-to-noise ratio than target iden- tification by a single individual. Further, our observation is that most of the correct information is of a nonanalytic nature pertaining to shape, form, color, and material rather than to function or name. That is, we often observe the correct description of basic elements and patterns coupled with incomplete or erroneous analysis of function. As a result, we have learned to urge our subjects simply to describe what they see as opposed to interpreting the perceived data. One should not infer that analytic functioning in the remote viewing mode is never observed, however, as indicated by codeword retrieval in the West Virginia Site experilrent discussed in Subsection 1-B above, and by the sponsor-staff-member-generated response of Figure 6. B. Detection of Secret Writing (SW) Target Material To determine whether documents containing secret writing (SW) could be differentiated from other documents, SRI carried out a double-blind experiment under sponsor control. Twenty-seven numbered envelopes con- taining target drawings of variable content and preparation, sealed and specially secured by the sponsor, were submitted to SRI researchers for sorting. The goal was the differentiation of the 12 envelopes containing the SW drawings from the envelopes containing either pencil drawings (6) or blanks (9). This distribution was the only datum given to researchers and subject. The key, shown in Table 5, remained under sponsor control until the experiment was completed and the data were submitted to the COTR. A series of sorting runs to detect SW material was carried out with SRI subject Sl. The series consisted of 24 runs through the 27 cards, choosing 12 cards each run, the goal being to choose the 1.2 SW cards. Thus, each run consisted of a sort into one of two binary channels, non- SW or SW, say (0,1). The numbered envelopes containing the target 27 Approved For Release 2001EJCRrAT.DP79-00999AO00400030001-7 031ffto - (&lWjQ-n0Q99A000400030001-7 Approved For ReleasiJO NC A ED BELT DRIVE FOR DRILL i>RESS (CAN BE SEEN ONLY FROM ABOVE MACHINE) FIGURE 9 SUBJECT (S4) DRAWING OF DRILL PRESS SHOWING BELT DRIVE, STOOL AND "VERTICAL GRAPH THAT GOES UP AND DOWN" Approved For Releasj IN jjfftQff99A000400030001 WlljrVq%St -7 TARGET: DRILL PRESS (TECHNOLOGY SERIES) Approved For Release 20035ftC:RIE-TDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 TABLE 5 KEY FOR SECRET WRITING EXPERIMENT (Kept blind to experimenters until experiment completion) Card No. Target Material Target Content I Pencil Large X 2 Pencil Small A 3 Pencil Large A 4 Blank Blank 5 Blank Blank 6 Pencil Large 0 7 Pencil Small x 8 Pencil Small o 9 Blank Blank 10 Blank Blank 11 CD-294 Small A 12 CD-294 Large X 13 CD-294 Large A 14 CD-294 Small o 15 Blank Blank 16 CD-294 Small x 17 Blank Blank 18 CD-294 Large 0 19 CD-175 Large 0 20 Blank Blank 21 CD-175 Large X 22 CD-175 Small A 23 Blank Blank 24 Blank Blank 25 CD-175 Small o 26 CD-175 Large A 27 CD-175 Small x 29 r- T Approved For Release 200$Al(~ID%&AtRDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Release "QQ :§@fflfrff 999AO00400030001-7 OTWEA material- were randomized before each run and Dlaced inside unnumbered C)paque envelopes betore being presented to the subject for sorting. 'I'lic, aT)i3ropriate ana'Lvsis technique for a binary sort (0,I) is the iiiethod known as sequential sampling.-@ The sequential method gives a rule of Drocedure for making one of three possible decisions for each cr'lrd toliowing a given binary sort: accept 1 as the bit being carried b.v the card; reject I as the bit being carried by the card (i.e., accept 0); or continue sampling of the card tinder consideration. The sequential sampiing procedure differs from fixed-length statistical analysis procedures in chat the number of sorts required to reach a final decision on a card bit. is not fixed before saMDling, but depends on the results accumulated with each sampling run. 'The primary advantage of the sequential sampling procedure as compared w4th the other methods is that, on the average, Lewer sorts per final decision are required for an equivalent degree of ri-tiabilitv. Ose ot the sequential sampling procedure requires the specification OF Daramerers that are determined on the basis of the following consid- erations. Assume that a labeling bit (0 or 1) is being carried by each card. i'rom the standiDoint of the sorter, the nrobability of correctly identifying the bit being carried is some value p, because of chance alone. An operative sensing channel could then be expected to alter the proba- bility of correct identification to a higher value p = p@ + Good psi lurictioning on a repetitive task is observed to result in 0.12, as reporue(i by RyzL. Therefore, let us assume a baseline psi parameter 0., 12. The question to be addressed in the case of sorting 12 SW cards from ,imong 27 cards is whether a given card is sorted into the SW channel at -i low rare D commensurate wita the hypothesis H 11) that the card in ques- tion is a non-SW card, or at a higher rate p, commensurate with the hy- pothesis H, that the card in auestion is indeed an SW card. The decision- making process requires rine specification of four parameters: (1) p,,: The probability of sorting incorrectly a non-SW (0) card ot-o Liie SW (1) channel. 1n the sort of 12 SW cards from among 27, -he probability of correctly sorting a non-SW (0) card into 30 Approved For Release f3fWIf jkSSJfIJEIV9AO00400030001-7 Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 UNCLASSIFIED the non-SW (0) channel is p p + @b = 15/27 + 0.12 = 0.676. The refore, the probability of a non-SW (0) card being incor- rec tly sorted into the SW (1) channel is 1 - p = 0.324 = po. (2) p1: The probability of sorting correctly an SW (1) card into the SW (1) channel. In the sort of 12 SW cards from among 27, the probability of correctly sorting an SW (1) card into the SW (1) channel is P1 = Pc + @b = 12/27 + 0.12 = 0.564. (3) a: The probability of rejecting a correct iden tification for a non -SW (0) card (designated in statistics as a Type I error). We shall take a = 0.1. (4) @: The probability of accepting an incorrect i dentification for an SW (1) card (designated in statistics as a Type II error). We shall take 0.1. (Lower values for a and result in increased accuracy, but at the ex- pense of requiring longer runs. Therefore, a compromise must be made between the desire to maximize reliability and to minimize redundancy.) With the parameters thus specified, the sequential sampling procedure provides for construction of a decision graph as shown in Figure 10. A cumulative record of sorts of a given card is compiled run by run until either the upper or lower limit line is reached, at which point a decision is made to label the card as 0 (non-SW) or 1 (SW). As indicated in Figure 10, during the 24 runs carried out, SW cards 13, 18, 21, 22, 25, 26, and 27 correctly emerged through the upper limit line to be labeled SW, along with pencil cards 1 and 2 and blank card 17, the latter three incorrectly. We note that five of the six CD-175 cards ended up correctly sorted. With regard to the lower limit line, pencil cards 3, 6, and 8, and blank cards 4, 20, and 23 correctly emerged through the lower limit line to be labeled non-SW, along with (incorrectly) SW cards 12, 16, and 19. Thus, of the 19 cards that emerged through the limit lines, 13 are correct. Although we cannot rule out the possibility of obtaining 13 correct choices out of 19 labelings by chance (p = 0.09 by 31 Approved For ReleaU WoL/A && W5 @ Fe Q6999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 m 14 12 z < (D Lu 10 < 0 cn z uj w D 0 8 W U) 2 w LL 6 0 co rn (r w Lu 2 4 m l-- W Z CD Lu m 2 < > < 0 -2 SW-22 SW-21 - SW-18 DECISION 1 P-1 9,1-0, ACCEPT -1- AS 014,24 THE BIT BEING - 5,7,0 - CARRIED B-1 7 11,15 DECISION 3 SW-25 - CONTINUE SW-27 0 SAMPLING P-2 P- 3 - SW-26 /0 B-4 SW-1 3 SW-16 /0 B-23 P-6 0 Sw-12 DECISION 2 B-20 ACCEPT "0" AS Ps -8 THE BIT BEING 0 CARRIED SW-19 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 RUN NUMBER. N UPPER AND LOWER LIMIT LINES GIVEN BY: 2;1 = d + SN, I zo = -d + SN, 0 Where 1 log - a di (1 -P Pi 0 log P (1 -P 0 1 1 - log P do (i -P Pi 0 log - Po III -P 1) 0-po) log (1-pl) S log 1310-P 0) Po (1 -P 1) TA-76058:2-23R FIGURE 10 PROCEDURE FOR CARD SORTING BY SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING Po = 0.324, p, = 0.564, a = 0.1, 0 = 0.1 BROKEN LINE SHOWS SAMO SAMPLING SEQUENCE FOR CARD NO. 25 Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Rele4&[qL3/L3AOSS4fliED0999AO00400030001-7 exact binomial calculation*), the result indicates a tendency toward cor- rect labeling that could be explored further. With an increased number of runs, the probabilities for a and @ errors can be reduced while still permitting a large percentage of labelings to be made. (For completeness we include the raw data call sheet as Table 6.) A second shorter series of 18 sorting runs through the 27 cards to choose the six pencil cards yielded chance results. Recognizing that the probability of a correct choice by chance is the probability that an SW card is sorted into the SW channel, or a non-SW card is sorted into the non-SW channel, we have p(corr) = 12 x 12 + 15 x 15 = 0.506. _@ _7 _@ _7 2-7 _@ _7 From this the probability of at least 13 correct choices by chance out of 19 tries can be calculated from 19 19! 19-i p (0*506) (0.494) 0.09 i=13 33 Approved For ReleaU halmr-LA&SI EtM999AO00400030001-7 Approved For ReleaTMif tl4.§t-rfP,7g-6999AO00400030001-7 ,rABLE 6 RAW D ATA CALL SHEET FOR SECRET WRTTING EXPERIMENT il'SE I;,ECT 12 PER RUN) C ar d Chosen I' P P I' B P P P B B SW SW SW SW B SW B SW SW B SW SW B B SW SW SW 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1.5 16 17 18 19 20 21. 22 23 24 25 26 27 lRun I x x x x x x x x x x x x 2 x x x x x x x x x x x x 3 x x x x x x x x x x x x 4 x x x x x x x x x X x x x x x x x x x x x x x 6 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 8 x x x Xr x x Y x x x x x 9 x x x x x x x x x x Y Ito x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x @12 x x x x x x x x x x '13 x X x x x x x x x x x ;14 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 16 x x x x x x x x x x x x 117 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x '?0 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x X x 122 x x x x x x x x 23 x x x x @ x x x x x x x x 24 x x x x x x x x x X X 34 Approved For Relea*J J40k/Alq;Qfff Eboh999AO00400030001-7 I -V fte fto U Approved For Relea UNCEMSTf ISO 999AO00400030001-7 III PROGRAM RESULTS--BASIC RESEARCH EFFORT In addition to experimentation carried out under conditions appropri- ate to assessing the operational utility of paranormal abilities, approx- imately 50 percent of the program effort was devoted to a basic research effort that included: (1) Identification of measurable characteristics possessed by gifted individuals, (2) Identification of neurophysiological correlates that relate to paranormal activities, (3) Identification of the nature of paranormal phenomena and energy. A. Screening Tests To meet the above objectives, the first prerequisite was the estab- lishment of criteria capable of differentiating individuals apparently gifted in paranormal functioning from those who were not. This pre- requisite was met by carrying out a series of screening tests under fixed protocol conditions. The tests were designed to ensure that all conven- tional communications channels were blocked, and that the outcomes could be sufficiently unambiguous to determine whether paranormal functioning occurred. Individuals gifted in certain areas of paranormal functioning could then be differentiated from those who were not on the basis of whether their results differed significantly from chance. Two experimental paradigms were utilized as screening tests on the basis that these tests had been useful for such purposes prior to this program (in the sense that certain apparently gifted individuals did exceedingly well in at least one of these tests, whereas the results of unselected volunteers did not differ significantly from chance expecta- tion). The tests were (a) the remote viewing of natural targets, and (b) the determination of the state of a four-state random target generator. The first type of test constitutes a so-called "free-response" paradigm in which the subject originates freely about contents of his awareness; furthermore, the channel in general may involve both direct perception of the remote site and perception of the mental contents of an observer at the site. In the second type of test, on the other hand, the target 35 Approved For ReleaseUNGiPAS-SbF*EBb9AO00400030001-7 Approved For Release 2003LO :-CLA 999AO00400030001-7 UNCIASSM96 is more abstract (an eiectronic state), the target is blind to all par- ticipants, and the subject's choice is precisely constrained. For the purpose of screening, a result is considered unambiguously paranormal it- the a priorl probability for the occurrence of the result 'hy chance, under the nutl hypothesis, is p -10-b . A result with p <10-2 is taken as strongly indicative of paranormal functioning, while result at D < 0.05 is taken as circumstantial evidence for paranormal ftinctioning but requiring further exploration before assessment can be considered secure. sub jects were caosen for the study, subjects Sl through S3 con- sidered gifted or experienced, subjects S4 through S6 acting as learners/ (ontrols. The dichotomy between gifted and learners/controls was based on the former group having been successful in other studies prior to this program ei.rher at SRI or elsewhere; the latter group being naive with regard to paranormal experimentation. An @,ffort_ at parity between the two groups was a factor in subject selection. Subject S5 (learner/control), a male, age 54, is matched by age and sex with experienced subject Sl, a male, age 55. Learner/control @@ubject S6, a female, age 34, is by age and background matched with ex- perienced subject S2. a male, age 31 (both are research analysts at SRi). 1,earner/control S4 (female, age 53) and experienced subject S3 (male, 41) are matched on Lne basis of similar artistic interests, back- i_@ge 4 ,grounds, and occupations ,Professional photographer and painter, re- spectiveLy). ltumoLe Viewing of Natural Targets Under a Uniform Standard 11n)Locol Observations described earlier in this report (Section II-A) ,aiggested. the hypothesis tqat it may be possible for a subject to access and describe, by means oL mental imagery, randomly chosen geographical sites located several rdles from the subject's position and demarcated by some appropriate means. An experimental series was therefore set up to test this hypothesis under rigorously controlled scientific conditions. The experiment: consisted of a series of double-blind tests with local rargets in the San Francisco Bay Area so that several independent judges Approved For Release, Yk:Sr!Jif itgf)999AO00400030001-7 i9MME Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 UNCLASSIFIED could visit the sites to establish documentation. The protocol was to closet the subject with an experimenter at SRI and at an agreed-on time to obtain from the subject a description of an undisclosed, remote site being visited by a target team. In each of the experiments one of the six program subjects served as remote-viewing subject, and SRI experimenters served as a target demarcation team at the remote location chosen in a double-blind protocol as follows. In each experiment a target location within 30-minute driving time from SRI was randomly chosen by SRI management from a list of targets kept blind to subject and experimenters and used without replacement. (A set of target locations clearly differentiated from each other had been chosen from a target-rich environment of more than 100 targets of the type used in the experimental series. Before the experimental series began, the Director of the Information Science and Engineering Division, not otherwise associated with the experiment, established the set of locations as the target pool. The target locations were printed on cards sealed and kept in the SRI Division office safe. They were available only with the personal assistance of the Division Director who issued a single randomly selected target card that constituted the traveling orders for that experiment.) In detail, to begin the experiment, the subject was closeted with an experimenter at SRI to wait 30 minutes before beginning a narrative description of the remote location. A second experimenter then obtained from the Division Director a target location from a set of traveling orders previously prepared and randomized by the Director and kept under his control. The target demarcation team, consisting of two to four SRI experimenters and, occasionally, sponsor staff personnel, then proceeded by automobile directly to the target without any communication with the subject or experimenter remaining behind. The experimenter remaining with the subject at SRI was in ignorance of both the particular target and the target pool so as to eliminate the possibility of subliminal cueing and to allow him freedom in questioning the subject to clarify his descriptions. The demarcation team remained at the target site for an agreed-on 15- 37 Approved For ReleaW U"An]FFD~E)gb999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Relea 13 12014MEA"ff reu 999AO00400030001-7 minute period following the 30 minutes allotted for travel.* During the observation period, the remote-viewing subject was asked to describe his LMDressions of the target site into a tape recorder and to make any draw- ings he thought appropriate. An informal comparison was then made when the demarcation team returned, and the subject was taken to the site to provide ieedback. .1. Subiect S1, (Experienced) To begin the. series, experienced subject Sl participated as a subiect in nine experiments. In general, SI's ability to describe correctiv buildings, docks, roads, gardens, and the like, including structural materials, cotor, ambience, and activity--sometimes in great detail.--indicated the functioning of a remote perceptual ability. None- theless, the descriptions contained inaccuracies as well as correct statements. A typical example is indicated by the subject's drawing in Figure 11 of one of the targets in which he correctly described a park- like area containing two pools of water: one rectangular, 60 x 89 ft (actual dimensions 75 x 100 ft); the other circular, diameter 120 ft (actual diameter 110 ft). He incorrectly indicated the function, however, as water filtration ratner than recreational swimming. As discussed earlier 4M connection with the technology series, we often observe es- sentiaLl-y correct descriptions of basic elements and patterns coupled .qith incomplete or erroneous analysis of function. As can be seen from his drawIng, he also included some elements, such as the tanks shown in Lhe upper right, that are not present at the target site. We also note -in apparent lett-right reversal, often observed in Daranormal perception experiments. "o obtain a numerical cvaluation of the accuracy of the reirioce-vLewing experiment, the experimental results were subjected to [ndependent judging on a blind basis by an SRI research analyst not 'I'he fi-r.,--;t subject (Sl) was allowed 30 minutes for his descriptions, but ir was found that he fatigued and had little comment after the first 15 minut,-_-@s. The viewin2 time was therefore reduced to 15 minutes for :-;ubjects S2 through S6. 38 Approved For ReleaiJMCP[uA-S;fw*iE)D999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Release 2003/03/10 CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 AV E. ELECT. TENNIS COURTS DIST. 76 7EJ 1000 z PLAY r) GROUNDS POOL HOUSE SERVICE CONCRETE BLOCK YARD > CA) FIRE tA STATION 'PICNIC.JAREA/ IPICN@CIAR @A M (a) (b) FIGURE 11 SWIMMING POOL COMPLEX AS REMOTE VIEWING TARGET (a) City map of target location, (b) Drawing by S1. TA-760525-1 C z > tA M Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 Approved For ReleasUffCVASSIlPtEID99AO00400030001-7 otherwise associated with the research. The subject's response packets, which contained the typed transcripts of the nine tape-recorded narratives along with any associated drawings, were unlabeled and presented in random order. While standing at each target location, visited in turn, the judge was required to blind rank order the nine packets on a scale of one to nine (best to worst match); the results are shown in Table 7. As mentioned in Section II-A-5, where this procedure was used in the judging of the tech- nology series, the statistic of interest is the sum of ranks assigned to the target-associated transcripts, lower values indicating better matches. For nine targets the sum of ranks could range from nine to eighty-one. The actual sum of this case, which included seven direct hits, was 16, a result significant at p = 2.9 x 10-5 by exact calculation. In experiments 3, 4, and 6 through 9, the subject was secured in a double-walled, copper-screen Faraday cage. The Faraday cage provides 120 dB attenuation for plane wave radio frequency radiation over a range of 15 kHz to I GHz. For magnetic fields the attenuation is 68 dB at 15 kHz and decreases to 3 dB at 60 Hz. The results of rank order judging (Table 7) indicates that the use of Faraday cage electrical shielding does not prevent high quality descriptions from being obtained. As a backup judging procedure, a panel of five additional SRI scientists not otherwise associated with the research were asked simply to blind match the unedited typed transcripts (with associated drawings) generated by the remote viewer, against the nine target locations which they independently visited in turn. The transcripts were, of course, unlabeled and presented in random order. A correct match consisted of a transcript of a given date being matched to the target of that date. instead of the expected number of one match each per judge, the number of correct matches obtained by the five judges was 7,'6, 5, 3, and 3, respectively. Thus, rather than the expected number of five correct matches from the judges, 24 such matches were obtained. b. Subject S4 (Learner/Control) Following the first series of nine experiments with exper- ienced subject Sl, a nine-target replication series was carried out with learner/control subject S4 who had no previous experience in paranormal functioning. 40 Approved For Rele4ANC3lL3*SS4-FIFB()0999AO00400030001-7 Approved For ReleaJJNIGL/A:SS*ltD7D999AO00400030001-7 TABLE 7 Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Transcripts Associated With Each Target Location for Experienced Subject (SI) Target Location Distance (km) Rank of Associated Transcript Hoover Tower, Stanford 3.4 1 Baylands Nature Preserve, Palo Alto 6.4 1 Radio Telescope, Portola Valley 6.4 1 Marina, Redwood City 6.8 1 Bridge Toll Plaza, Fremont 14.5 6 Drive-in Theatre, Palo Alto 5.1 1 Arts and Crafts Plaza, Menlo Park 1.9 1 Catholic Church, Portola Valley 8.5 3 Swimming Pool Complex, Palo Alto 3.4 1 Total sum of ranks 16 (p=2.gxlo-5) 41 Approved For ReleaselAt4r~/U-kA$LFAP99AO00400030001-7 Approved For ReleaVfWf 1A. SIS-MI-f -0999AO00400030001-7 Because ot rhis siihiert's artistic background, she was cap- able of drawing and descrihing visual images that she could not identify in any cognitive or analytic -sense, an asset in remote viewing. (Subjects are encotiraged to make orawings of anything they visualize and associate wiLh the reinote location. since drawings made by subjects are in general uture accurate Y-.han the. siihiprt's vprhql description.) When the target demarcation team went to q target Location which was a pedestrian overpass, for examole, the subject said that she saw "a kind of trough up in the air," whtch she indicated in the tipper part of her drawing in Figure 1.2. She went on to explain that "If you stand where they are standing vou will see something 'Like this." indicating the nested sauares at the bottom of Figure 12. As it turned ont, a judge standing where she indicated would have a view closely resembling what she had drawn, as can be seen from the accompanying photographs of the target location. hi anotfit@r- experiment, the subject described seeing Ilan ,,pen barn-like structure with a pitched roof." She also saw a "kind of ,Latted ,-;ide to the structure makin Light and dark bars on the wall.." 9 Her drawinsz. anct a photogranh of the associated bicycle s:ied target are s,hown in Figure 1.3. ,-ir the entire series of nine, the numerical. evaluation. hased on btind rank ordering of transrripts at each site was significant .-It p = i.8 x 10-6, and included five direct hits and four second ranks h-)r the target-associateal transcripts (see Table 8). Again, as a backup .-judging procedure, a panel of five addi- 1.@Iunai SkIl scientists not otherwise associated wit-.ri the research were asked simply to blind maLch the unedited typed transcripts, with associated drawings, generated by the remote viewer, against the nine target locations w1iich they independent1v visited in. turn. A correct match consisted of a transcrii)t ot a given date being matched to the target of that date. In- ,;1-'ead of the expected number of one match each Der judge, the number of correct matches obtained by the five iudges was 5, 3, 3, 2, and 2, re- spectiveJv. Tnus, rather than the expected number of five correct matches from the iudges, 15 surn matches were obtained. Approved For Releash f"OJ/JA-.%154#1-ff)999AO00400030001-7 'JAW" Approved For Relealj IM/Ac-thfpfeBP999AO00400030001-7 PEDESTRIAN OVERPASS TARGET 1* SA-3183-5 FIGURE 12 SUBJECT S4 DRAWING, DESCRIBED AS "SOME KIND OF DIAGONAL TROUGH UP IN THE AIR" 43 Approved For ReleaU fM/A4Mjf PLZBP999AO00400030001-7 410 ftf Approved For Releasq IMIRAQVqkCfe [F[E(UNA000400030001-7 DETAIL OF BICYCLE SHED SA-3183-1 9 FIGURE 13 SUBJECT S4 RESPONSE TO BICYCLE SHED TARGET DESCRIBED AS AN OPEN "PARN-LIKE BUILDING" WITH "SLATS ON THE SIDES" AND A "PITCHED 1100 F - 44 Approved For Releasq JED99AO00400030001-7 UNCEAS& 55917 f,@ICYCLE SHED TARGET Approved For ReleaU N3CAAS$4fif-9D999AO00400030001-7 TABLE 8 Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Transcripts Associated With Each Target Location for Learner Subject (S4) Target Location Distance (km) Rank of Associated Transcript Methodist Church, Palo Alto 1.9 1 Ness Auditorium, Menlo Park 0.2 1 Merry-Go-Round, Palo Alto 3.4 1 Parking Garage, Mountain View 8.1 2 SRI International Courtyard, 0.2 1 Menlo Park Bicycle Shed, Menlo Park 0.1 2 Railroad Trestle Bridge, Palo Alto 1.3 2 Pumpkin Patch, Menlo Park 1.3 1 Pedestrian Overpass, Palo Alto 5.0 2 Total sum of ranks 13 (p=1.8xlO-6 45 Approved For ReleaYe N294ASUFAR 0999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Releal- PJW(L3A S(MME00999AO00400030001-7 rf. M'%10 C. @ubjects S'Z and S3 (Experienced) Jilving, completed a series of 18 remote-viewing experiments, nine eacii with experienced subject Sl and learner/control subject S4, it was apparent that the prolected completion of an additional series of nine each for exuerienced sublects S2 and S,3 and learner/control subjects S5 ;uid S6 was beyond the limits imposed by funding and time available. There- fore, on a oest-effort basis, it was decided to complete four each with Vhe remaining subjects. To place the judging on a basis comparable to that: employed with Sl and S4. the four transcripts each of experienced subjects S2 and S3 were combined into a group of eight for rank order judging, to 1)e compared with the similarly combined results of the learner/control i;ubjects S5 and Sb. !1ie series with experienced subjects S2 and S3 provided a further example of the dichotomy between verbal and drawing responses ditring ati experiment in which two sponsor staff personnel (the COTR and ..ia associaLe) participaued as members of the target demarcation team, the COTR choosing the target. The target, a tennis court, is shown in Figure alono with the drawings generated by the subject (S2). In discussing 4, Lhe drawings, the subject: indicated that he was uncertain as to the action, hiit had the impression Lliat the demarcation team was located at a museum in a parLicular park. iii facL, the tennis court was located in that park abotit 100 vards from the indicated museum. Unce again we note the cnaracteristic (discussed earlier) of a resemblance between the target gite and certain gestalt elements of the subject" s response, especially as regaras the drawings, coupled with incomplete or erroneous analysis of Che significances. When rank ordering transcripts one through eight ;iL. the site, this transcript was ranked second. secono example from Lhis group, however, indicates the level of precision Lhat can be attained. The target location chosen by @he standard double-blind protocol was the Palo Alto City Hall. Subject S3 described a tall building with vertical columns and "set in" windows. (His sketch, together with the photograph of the site is shown in Yigure 15.) He said there was a fountain, "but I don't hear it." At the time ihe targr-t team was at Lae City Hall during the experiment, the fountain was not running. He also made an effort to draw a replica of the designs 4 r'; Approved For ReleaAAWDLA%4f 4-6-0999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 z > m '4 FIGURE 14 SUBJECT S2 DRAWINGS IN RESPONSE TO TENNIS COURT TARGET SA-3183-18 c z > tA m Approved For Release 2003/03/10 CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 TARGET-TENNIS COURTS c z ri ll`@ > m 00 Approved For Release 2003/03/10 CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 Sum. 13 6P 71. 1040 AMA. a wu I&&,. Ix"ab utz-hik, tub dt@t GvtA" VWA ivot W4. A. rdl .16uro-. LF 00SAL 64&+ wl apx. PA_ ----------- S xem, F_@ C3 0 ;A-3183-14 FIGURE 15 SUBJECT S3 RESPONSE TO CITY HALL TARGET Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 c z r) r@ > (A tA 7m m TARGET-PALO ALTO CITY HALL Approved For ReleLtNg;l"$$A-Ejka0999AO00400030001-7 in the pavement in front of the building, and correctly indicated the number of trees (four) in the sketch. For the entire series of eight, four each from S2 and S3, the numerical evaluation based on blind-rank ordering of transcripts at each site was significant at p = 3.8 x 10-4, and included three direct hits and three second ranks for the target-associated transcripts (see Table 9). d. -Subjects S5 and S6 (Learner/Control) To complete the series, four experiments each were carried out with learner/control subjects S5 and S6. The results in this case, taken as a group, did not differ significantly from chance. For the series of eight (judged as a group of seven since one target came up twice, once for each subject) the numer- ical evaluation based on blind-rank ordering of transcripts at each site was nonsignificant at p = 0.08, even though there were two direct hits and two second ranks out of the seven (see Table 10). One of the direct hits, which occurred with subject S6 on her first experiment, is an example of the "first-time effect" that has been rigorously explored and is well-known to experimenters in the field. 5 In the narrative, the subject began to describe a large square with a fountain. Two minutes into the experiment she recognized the location and correctly identified it by name (see Figure 16). It should be noted that in the area from which the target locations were drawn there are several other fountains, some of which were in the target pool as well. As an example of the style of the narratives generated during remote viewing experiments with a naive subject, and the part played by the ex- perimenter remaining with the subject in such a case, we have included the entire unedited text of this experiment as Appendix A. e. Sponsor Subjects (Learner/Control Two.sponsor staff personnel participated as subjects in five experiments so as to experience the protocols from the subjects' viewpoint. In this role they provide an additional calibration for this part of the program with regard to: 49 Approved For ReledYRAQW1 . ARAP-00999A000400030001-7 Approved For Release--Q11 fjffVFt?999AO00400030001-7 4Tq MA TABLE 9 M-siribution of Rankings Assigned to Transcripts Associated 'With Flach Target Location for Experienced Subjects (S2) and (S3) Rank of Distance Associated bject TargeL Location (km) Transcript '02 BARI' Station (Transit System), 16.1 Fremont S2 Shielded Room, SRI, Menlo Park 0.1 S2 Tennis Court, Palo Alto 3.4 ,32 @Golf Course Bridge, Stanford 3.4 S3 City Hall, Palo Alto 2.0 ,33 iMiniature Golf Course, Menlo 3.0 Par k S3 iKiosk in Park. Menlo Park 0.3 S3 jBaylands Natur-e Preserve, 6.4 [,,.ilo Alto 15otal sum of ranks 1 2 2 2 1 1 3 3 1-5 (p=3.8xlO-4 Approved For Release -BCWtlA- SlStp*FN99AO00400030001-7 Approved For Releau im/A "em, irroP999A000400030001-7 TABLE 10 Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Transcripts Associated With Each Target Location for Learner Subjects S5 and S6 Subject Target Location Distance (km) Rank of Associated Transcript S5 Pedestrian Overpass, Palo Alto 5.0 3 S5 Railroad Trestle Bridge, Palo 1.3 6 Alto S5 Windmill, Portola Valley 8.5 2 S5,S6 White Plaza, Stanford (2) 3.8 1 S6 Airport, Palo Alto 5.5 2 S6 Kiosk in Park, Menlo Park 0.3 5 S6 Boathouse, Stanford 4.0 1 Total sum of ranks 20 (p=0.08, NS) 51 Approved For Rele&tNCVbjkSS*Mffi)0999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 UNCLASSIFIED 0,%* SUBJECT DREW WHAT SHE CALLED "CURVY BENCHES" AND THEN ANNOUNCED CORRECTLY THAT THE PLACE WAS "WHITE PLAZA AT STANFORD" SA-3183-4 FIGURE 16 SUBJECT S6 DRAWING OF WHITE PLAZA, STANFORD UNIVERSITY 52 Approved For Releas (IOIEEO:Il~,~-RWIJCE;99AO00400030001-7 IJN ASSI WHITE PLAZA AT STANFORD UNIVERSITY Approved For Releau iWift"n MMV999AO00400030001-7 NC A (a) Indicating the level of proficiency that can be expected from unselected volunteers, and, (b) Providing sponsor personnel with firsthand experience against which the results contained in the report can be evaluated. The first sponsor staff member (V3) participated as a sub- ject in a three-experiment series. All three experiments contained ele- ments descriptive of the associated target locations, the quality of re- sponse increasing with practice. The third response is shown in Figure 17, where again, as in the results reported previously, the pattern ele- ments in the drawing appeared to be a closer match than the subject's interpretation of the target object as a cupola. The second sponsor staff member participated as a subject in two experiments. In his first experiment he generated one of the higher signal-to-noise results we have observed. He began his narrative "There is a red A-frame building and next to it is a large yellow thing (a tree --editor). Now further left there is another A-shape. It looks like a swing-set, but it is pushed down in a gully so I can't see the swings." (All correct--see Figure 18.) He then went on to describe a lock on the front door that he said "looks like it's made of laminated steel, so it must be a Master lock." (Also correct.) For the series of five, three from the first subject, two from the second, the numerical evaluation based on blind rank ordering of the transcripts at each site was significant at p = 0.017, and included three direct hits and one second rank for the target-associated transcripts (see Table 11). f. Summary of Remote-Viewing Experiments (Standard Protocol) The descriptions supplied by the subjects in the experi- ments involving remote viewing of natural targets, although containing in- accuracies, were sufficiently accurate to permit the judges to differen- tiate among various targets to the degree indicated. A summary tabulation of the statistical evaluations of these experiments, carried out under standard protocol, is presented in Table 12. The overall result, eval- uated conservatively on the basis of a judging procedure that ignores 53 Approved For Releaki NrfA MMU0999AO00400030001-7 0 IN 1%0 Approved For Release 2003/03/10 CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 > tA m 1974 t4iv RESPONSES OF VISITING SPONSOR SUBJECT V3 SA-3183-17 FIGURE 17 SUBJECT V3 DRAWING OF MERRY-GO-ROUND TARGET z > (A tA m Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 MERRY-GO-ROUND TARGET Approved For ReleasetANS;10 A-UPAI P99AO00400030001-7 WINDMILL TARGET. SPONSOR SUBJECT V2 CORRECTLY DESCRIBED "RED A-FRAME BUILDING WITH DECK, YELLOW TREE, A-FRAME SWING SET, AND GRAY TRANSFORMER," ALL SHOWN IN PICTURE. HE ALSO DESCRIBED "MASTER TYPE LOCK OF LAMINATED STEEL" WHICH IS ON FRONT DOOR OF WINDMILL (NOT SHOWN). FIGURE 18 55 F D eycNlqkoA S Approved For Releas T-UM99AO00400030001-7 Approved For Releas4)N4DtAW[PtEqD99AO00400030001-7 FABLE 11. Uistribution of Rankings Assigned to Transcripts Associated With Each Tar%@et Location for Visiting Sponsor Subjects V3 and V2 Subject Target Location V3 !Bridpe Over Stream, Menlo Park V3 oBaylands Nature Preserve, Palo Alto V3 IMerry-Go-Round, Palo Alto V2 lWindmill, Porrola Valley V2 Apartment Swimming Pool, Mountain View Total sum of ranks 'Rank Of Distance Associated (km) Transcript 0 3 3 6.4 2 3.4 1 8.5 1 9.1 3 8 (p=0.017) Approved For ReleasJlNrwLA4$ASJI-p~EoQ99AO00400030001-7 Approved For ReleasMGLA.%S-Wi-f-D999AO00400030001-7 TABLE 12 Summary--Remote Viewing of Natural Targets Experienced Subjects Subject No. Experiments p-value, rank order judging Sl 9 p = 2.9 x 10-5 S2 4 S3 18 4 p = 3.8 x 10- 4 Learner/Control Subjects Subject No. Experiments p-value, rank order judging S4 9 p = 1.8 x 10-6 S5 4 18 P = 0.08 (NS) S6 4 Sponsor Subjects Subject No. Experiments p-value, rank order judging V3 315 p = 0.017 V2 2 57 Approved For RelezuNg;/64tsgj-kjfvR0999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Relea-*UW tlA.SIS-PPIV-0999AO00400030001-7 _TTIMV transcript quality bevond that necessary to rank order the narratives (vastly underestimating the statistical significance of individual descriD- tions), clearly indicates the presence of an information channel of useful 6it rate. Furthermore, it appears that the primary difference between axperienced subjects and naive volunteers is not that the ].after never exhibit rhe faculty, but rather that their results are simply less reli- Able, more sporadic. Nonetheless, as described earlier, individual LranscriDts from the latter group of subjects number among some of the best obtained. Such observations indicate a hvpothesis that remote view- [Tig may r@e a latent and widely-distributed perceptual ability. l.'he following is quoted from a report on an analvsis of patterns observed in the remote viewing transcripts. This report was i3ubmitten to tne researchers by the judge responsible for the independent blind rank-order judging, an individual not otherwise associated with the research. These observations are based on a survey of the remote viewing f.rai-,scriprs from the SRI experiments. In tile process of judging celoptinR to match transcripts against targets on the basis t)f ihe information in the transcripts--some patterns and regu- larities in the transcript descriptions became evident, partic- tllarlv regarding individual styles in remote viewing, and in the perceptual form of the descriptions given by the subjects. Styies of Response. The transcripts were taken from several dif-Ferent subiects. Comparing the transcripts of one sub - lect witO those of another revealed that each person tended to focus 011 certain aspects of the remote target complex and exclude others, so that each had an individual pattern of response, like .i signature. Subject S3, for example, frequently responded with topographical descriptions, maps, and architectural features of the target loc;.itions. Subject S2 often focused on the behavior of the remor-e experimenter or the sequence of actions he carried out ;11: i-he target. The transcripts of subject S4, more than those of @lther subjects, had descriptions of the feel of the location, ."IfId experiential or sensory gestalts, e.g., light/dark elements in ilie scene; indoor/outdoor and enclosed/open distinctions. Prominent features of Sl's transcripts were detailed descriptions ()f what the target persons were concretely experiencing, seeing, M* doing, e.g., standing on asphalty blacktop overlooking water; looking ati a purple iris. The range of any individual subject's responses was wide, and anyone might draw a map, or describe the mood of the remote 58 Approved For ReleajJNIQLASIM ifiQ999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Relea u ffffA §SITT& 999AO00400030001-7 experimenter, but the consistency of each subject's overall approach suggests that just as individual descriptions of a directly viewed scene would differ, so these differences also occur in remote viewing processes. Nature of the descriptions. The concrete descriptions that appear most commonly in transcripts are at the level of sub- units of the overall scene. For example, when the target was a Xerox copy machine, the responses included (S2) a rolling object (the moving light),ordials and a cover that is lifted (S3), but the machine as a whole was not identified by name or function. In a few transcripts the subjects correctly identified and named the target. In the case of a computer terminal, the subject (V2) apparently mentally saw the terminal and the relay racks behind it. In the case of targets which were Hoover Tower and White Plaza, the subjects (Sl and S6, respectively) seemed to identify the locations through analysis of their initial images of the elements of the target. There were also occasional incorrect recognitions; gestalts that were incorrectly named, e.g., swimming pools in a park being identified as water storage tanks at a water filtration plant (Sl). Phenomenological descriptions, e.g., "motion past the ex- perimenter," and "red outlining blue," occurred occasionally, but were not frequent in the transcripts. The most common perceptual level was thus an intermediate one--the individual elements and items that comprise the target. This is suggestive of a scanning process that takes sample perceptions from within the overall environment. When the subjects tried to make sense out of these frag- mentary impressions, they often resorted to metaphors or constructed an image with a kind of perceptual inference. From a feeling of the target as an "august" and "solemn" building, the subject (S4) said it might be a library. It was a church. A pedestrian overpass above a freeway was described as a conduit (S4). A rapid transit station, ele- vated above the countryside, was associated with-an observatory (S2). When the remote experimenter climbed into a Link trainer, the subject said it was a small place, like a bathroom; perhaps he had locked himself in a closet. These responses seem to be the result of attempts to process partial information and occur similarly in other para- psychological experiments. When the subjects augmented the verbal transcripts with drawings or sketches, these often expressed the target elements more accurately than the verbal descriptions, and sometimes corresponded with the targets more clearly and precisely than the words of the transcript. 59 Approved For Rele+jpqg"i#30PSOZ*FqFEID0999AO00400030001-7 1@; a. Ft .01 Approved For Releasip-IfIll fr,5999AO00400030001-7 U1WfA:§tff The descriptions Riven by the subjects sometimes went beyond what Lhe remote experimenter experienced, at least consciously. @'or example, one subject (S4) described and drew a belt drive :it Ehe top of a dril--i press, which was not even visible to the reT-E-)te experimenter who was operating the machine. "urlously, objects in motion at the remote site were rarely meor--ioned in the transcript, e.g., trains crossing the rail- 1,08(1 trestle target were not described (S4), though the remote experimenter stood very close to them. Also, in a few casew@_ the subject descriptions were inaccurate regaraing size of structures. A 20 foot courtyard separating two buildings was described (Sl) as 200 feet wide, and a small @@hed was expanded to a barn-like structure (S4). _;Iiiid Judging of transcripts. The judging procedure involved oxamining the transcripts for a given experimental series and :i.ttp.mpring to match the transcripts with the correct targets on @he basis; of their correspondences. The transcripts varied from vorlerent and accurare descriptions to mixtures of correspondences "11C. 11011-Currespondences. Since a judge did not know a priori which elements of the descriptions were correct and incorrect, i-he Lask was comviicated, and transcripts often seemed plausiblv Vo rriatch more than one target. A confounding factor in these P.tudies is that manv target locations have similarities that @;eem alike at some level of perception. For example, a radio Lelescorie at the top of a hill, the observation deck of a Lower. and a jetty on the edge of a bay all match a transcript ,1e,,,cription of "Looking out over a long distance." A lake, .1 iountain, and a creek may all result in an image of water lor the subject. @n fjiV own judging, Lhe procedure that was most successful was Caretul, element by element comparison, testing each transcript _1ga!_nst every targeu. using the transcript descriptions and drawings as argumenus for or against assigning the transcript to .-I particular target. In most cases this resulted in either ,,i. (-@.ear conclusion or at least a ranking of probably matches, .ina these matches were subjected to statistical anslyses. A subjective viewpoint of the remote viewing process as --;tated in a report to the researchers by subject S3 likens the difficulties in remote viewing to those occurring in subliminal (low level) or tach- [sLoscoDic (high speed) viewing by ordinary sensory modalities. The following is quoted from his report. Current Status. Experimentation in viewing of remote targets ,)nt@u(,Led at SRI has provided data confirming the existence of .1 piranormai remote viewing ability. Several breakthroughs were oee@iea to uncover rne remote viewing possibilities. These have .Leciimulated and are reflected in previous clients' reports. If hre-tkthroughs have tended to expose such ability, subsequent 60 Approved For Releastf AMOO:J1 &. SIS-VPM-&99AO00400030001-7 MA.; 0. 0A Approved For Rele4-LiqL3/p3fkOC,!iifll71yO999AO00400030001-7 17 a. 0-t @%# quantitative analysis has also established the existence of certain qualitative problems that need to be resolved if remote viewing abilities are to move from a general to an operative category. The General Problem. Among the several subjects tested, dependable data resolvable from viewing targets at remote locations seem to have a signal-to-noise ratio in the range of approximately 25 to 75%. This percentage is an estimate and has differed between subjects and between experiments. In experimentation the emergence of even 25% accurate information does establish strategic implications; the occurrence of erroneous or super- fluous data in subject responses to the degree that it is currently observed, however, tends to obviate tactical or operational deployment of the discovered ability. For various reasons as described below, the emergence of erroneous data in subjects' responses to given targets has been given the working name of "'analytical overlay." Definition of Analytical Overlay. Accumulated responses from subjects' attempts to view distant targets indicates that the target often is actually viewed, but in some way the target also acts as a prompter for the spontaneous appearance of seemingly irrelevant data. This is especially obvious when the subject's drawing of the target is by observation specifically applicable to the target, but his interpetation, either verbally or in the form of mental image pictures, is far from the mark. Since verbalization, or imagery, presupposes mental analysis, it seems reasonable to assume that we are dealing with automatic analytical functions of some sort, and that hypothetically these are the source of the diluted or erroneous response. Analytical functions are associated with resolving, breaking down, and dissecting incoming information in terms of experience and memory. In sensory perception, this process takes place on an almost automatic basis and is governed by learned logical necessity. Since at the sensory level these processes are continuously taking place at sub-awareness levels, it is often forgotten that logical familiarity is a learned condition, governed by experi- ence applied to memory. This is easily demonstrable by presenting a person with some- thing he has never seen before. The analytical functions of the mind spontaneously output data-rich memories that assist in identification, either by similarity or differences, with the unfamiliar object. Further, in determining the nature of the unfamiliar object, the analytical processes, busily overlaying sequences of logical possibility, are prompted by sensory (tactile, visual, etc.) appreciation of the object. In this manner, the person eventually is able to logically place the unfamiliar object by means of his total fund of experience and knowledge. In terms of objective space, time, and matter, this entire procedure is anchored by a continual flow of sensory data about the object. A decision-making process buttressed by sensory 61 Approved For ReleUNCvL3APS64-F4frD0999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Releas TJ RaA. SM"My 99AO00400030001-7 i)ercepEion thus takes place. in rhe paranormal sense, however, ordinary sensory buttressing @s Absent since experimental safeguards ensure sensory separation -,f subject and target. The subject is therefore thrown back -3o.pl,v on the perception and possibilities inherent in the ,,,.nj@nown modes of acquiring information that are currently under -3tiAv. in such case, one of two things can now take place: er the subject can by paranormal modes inflow accurate i.niormation on a bit-Der-second basis sufficient to allow him @-o inake an accurate or semi-accurate decisional response as to !-hc c-haracter or nature of the target; or his response to the talget and experimenral situation is weak and irresolute or .)ei'iaT)s cHSDlaced, ar which time the content of multiple ana- tyiical processes seem to be selected. When this latter occurs, '.,t is identified as analytical overlay. .iOfia- Observations. J,t is safe to assume that in experiments where @_he response did not at all accord with the target, no psi func- tOok place and that mental functions of some other nature @@jete offered tip by a subject. -in examining research results, however, one consistency can easily be identified, this consis- ceticy giving rise to the term analytical overlay as contrasted 1_0 analytical error. Descriptors pertaining to the target can (A (en be Yound imbedded in the sub ject's response to a degree Oe@@-_)nd that expected by chance, even when the majority of the ,.e.,ponse appears to be involved with something else. Since .hl,,; is so, it seems relevant to hypothesize that the subject i-s oerceiving the target at some level of awareness sufficient --o prompt logical mental processing in the subject. The subject's T'e--oonse therefore Usually includes not only descriptors relevant :.o i-he target, but also other details coming out of the logical ;@nz,,_;ytical comparison doubtlessly going an as he tries to "recog- lti;e:e" the. target. ffii8 kind of situation is exactly one that might be expected where a person is treated to only a momentary glance at an unfam- Jar (-)bipct and then asked to determine what it was. A series of anzi:_YLical statements such as, "looks like this", or "looks like @_JiaL", or "it is similar to", will probably be volunteered by ifit experient deprived of a continuing sensory information inflow the object. Ulte sensory and parasensory situations thus Itoid in common certain structures that can be studied either in iht@ sensoxy or in Lne parasensory function. With regard to their differences, in ordinary sensory perception, ihe- decision-makinv response is held in place by continuous @@er;@;ory perception oi the object, and logical deduction and ,IecLsion depends upon the solidity provided by the sensory atitIties. In the Daranormal sense, however, we are indeed @isk.Lng the subject #to begin his perception at some as; yet unFriown point and work simultaneously toward both perception 1)f The object and decision as to what it is. 6 2 Approved For Releas UNCTA O.W Approved For Rele4-Liqelp3ftOIZSiflqEIY0999AO00400030001-7 %7 an F-% 40 Since descriptors pertaining to the target can almost always in some form be found imbedded in the subject's response, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that perception of the target is taking place, but in some unaccustomed modality. If this is so, as the data suggest, then the problem is not solely one of parasensory perception, but also one of conversion of the contents of the psi field into constructed form. Let us assume that a gifted subject is gifted because he can resolve psi-field signals into recognizable mental patterns, which are in turn then converted into experiential, logical sequences. This kind of conversion process resembles that which takes place in the semaphore system or that of Morse code. The thing that is missing in the psi-field conversion process would be, of course, familiarity with the signals emanating from the psi-field matrix. As experiments demonstrate, these signals typically emerge in an unaligned sequence along with the partly logical possibilities volunteered by the analytical process. That this is so is understandable if we observe that it is human nature to depress or suppress the unfamiliar in favor of the familiar; therefore such scattering of the unfamiliar data in favor of the memory-familiar takes place both in the sensory and parasensory functions. In the paranormal case, when the data are signal-wise sufficient to bypass analytical assistance fortuitously being provided by the catalyst of memory, the so-called psi phenomena can result in exceptionally good data. Otherwise, a mixture is obtained. Summary. Experimental results confirm the probability of abilities that permit identification and description of objects at locations at a distance. The simultaneous inflow of ex- traneous data termed analytical overlay seems to dilue the correctness of the overall response and detract from the oper- ational form of the remote viewing ability. Enough data about this difficulty has been gathered to establish that it is not necessarily a perceptual problem but in all probability a process problem concerned with the converting of the signal of the psi- field matrix into a correct analytical sequence. It seems reasonable to assume that could the process difficulties be resolved, then the analytical overlay would convert into a positive adjunct of the conversion process, rather than working against it. Any concept of utilizing remote viewing ability in an operational form has to entertain a minimum as well as a maximum criterion for proficiency. So far, in experimental expectation only the maximum possibility has been entertained. The entire onus of responsibility of achieving the maximum has lain in the ex- pectation of attaining precise information; whereas even minimal efficiency of target perception by the subject might yield enormous clues as to the nature of the target if reviewed by professionals concerned with such a target; the target itself may have no correlate within the subject's logical repertoire 63 Approved For ReleUMLAcSSIrR~EQ0999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Release 99AO00400030001-7 and wav not be correctly prompted via memorv. Tht_i.@. to achieve operational status, both changes in expec- ,:a-ion of the abilitv. as well as an increased familiarity with thu problems associated with analytical overlay may lead to ot increasing Dractical utilitV. "rom the view-point of the researchers, we do not yet have an. understanding ot the nature of the information-bearing signal that a subJect perceives. We know only that the subjects commonly report they perceive the signal visually as though looking at the object or place fcom a. posi tion in its immediate neighborhood. Furthermore, the subjects' perceptual viewpoint has mobility in that they are able to shift their iwint ot view to allow them to describe elements of a scene that would not be visible to an observer simply standing at ground level and de- .@;cribinlv, what he sees. (In particular, a subject often describes cor- rectly elements not visible to the target demarcation team.) Finally, motion. is in general not perceived; in fact, moving objects often are not ,-en at all even when nearby static objects are correctly identified. @ii comnating the remote-viewing, results (a so-called free- rpsponse task) with tfie random number generator results discussed in the next section. we note that from a statistical viewpoint a subject j@; more Likely to describe accuratelv a remote site, chosen at random ti-om nearby locations, than he is to select correctly one of four random i.aimbers. Uur experience with these phenomena lead us to consider that this difference in task performance may stem from fundamental signal-to- L10ise considerations. Two principal sources of noise in the system I - gination, both of which can give rise to .@pparentiy are memory and imap liteatai Pictures of _54rear-er clarity than the target to be perceived. In t.he random number Lask. a subiect can create a perfect mental picture of l.'Z]L'h of che four Dossibie outputs in his own imagination and then attempt Lo obtain the correct answer by a mental matching operation. In remote viewing, on the other hand, the subject is apparently more like to approach '@he_ task. with a blank mind as he attempts to perceive pictorial informa- tion 1-roin remote locations about which he may have no stored mental data. (Subjects SI, S3, and S4 were unfamiliar with the San Francisco Bay area at the start oi experimentation, their homes having been elsewhere.) 6,1 Approved For ReleaspiMtOf 1A. SIS-Pfl-f-0999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Re1etPNC/L3fiPSS+Jqf 00999AO00400030001-7 Finally, our observation-is that most of the correct infor- mation that subjects relate to us is of a nonanalytic nature pertaining to shape, form, color, and material rather than to function or name. That is, we often observe the correct description of basic elements and pat- terns coupled with incomplete or erroneous analysis of function. in consultation with Dr. Robert Ornstein of the Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute, San Francisco, and with Dr. Ralph Kiernan of the Department of Neurology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stan- ford, California, we have formed the tentative hypothesis, based on these observed characteristics, that remote viewing may involve a specialization characteristic of the brain's right hemisphere. This possibility, discussed in detail later, is derived from a variety of evidence from clinical and neurosurgical sources, which indicate that the two hemispheres of the human brain are specialized for different cognitive functions, the left hemisphere being predominantly active in verbal and other analytical func- tioning, the right hemisphere in spatial and other holistic processing. 6,7 Further research is necessary to elucidate the relation- ship between right hemispheric function and paranormal abilities. None- theless, we can say at this point that the remote viewing results of the group of subjects at SRI have characteristics in common with performance that require right hemispheric function. The similarities include the highly schematicized drawings of objects in a room or of remote scenes. Verbal identification of these drawings is often highly inaccurate and the drawings themselves are frequently left-right reversed relative to the target configuration. Further, written material generally is not cognized. These characteristics have been seen in left brain-injured patients and in callosal-sectioned patients. As a result of the above considerations, we have learned to urge our subjects simply to describe what they see as opposed to what they think they are looking at. We have learned that their unanalyzed perceptions are almost always a better guide to the true target than their interpretations of the perceived data. One should not infer that analytic functioning in the remote viewing mode is never observed, however, as indicated by codeword 65 Approved For ReIeU"GL" FURIED30999A000400030001-7 Approved For Relea TMCCA-SWIN 999AO00400030001-7 -Tetrieval- in the West VirpJnia Site experiment discussed in Subsection 1-b, earlier, the recognition of a computer terminal by the sponsor staff ivember in the technology series, and the recognition of Hoover Tower and 'Ahite Plaza by subjects Sl and S6, respectively, in the natural target S e r 1 e s 2 Four-State Flpctronic Random Target Generator Mis study provided an opportunity to determine whether the remote-sensing capabil-itv could be extended to the perception of the i-n.ternai state ot a plerp of electronic equipment. For this purpose, an automated experiment designed around a four-state electronic random target generator was initlated. The solid-state machine, manufactured by Aquarius Electronics- Mendocino, California, has no moving parts and provides no sensory cue to the user as to its target generation. determine. unambi,guosly whether a result was meaningful, the Following strategy was used. First, so as to discriminate against sub- ject strategies based on machine statistics, four machines were checked for departures from rnndomness by a statisticaL analysis of over 10,000 pre-eXDeriment trials, and only the three machines that showed no sig- oificant deDartures from randomness were used. Second, the subiects interacted with the machines to generate the data, the machines being interchanged at arbitrarv intervals without the subject's knowledge (to Interfere with Dossible learning strategies associated with even non- @iiltlnificant denartures from randomness). Third, for any subject whose -@icore was signiticant, the statistics of the machines during the successful experiment-were tabulated to ensure that the machines' Outputs had not departed from randomness in the period in which the significant result was obtained. Fourth., even in the absence of a deDarture from randomness, the optimum strategy as determined post hoc from the distribution of actual. machine outputs was comnared with subject strategy. Fifth, a subject generating a good score was asked to repeat the entire experiment one month later under continuous observation by an ex-Derimenter. Finally, 1he entire data analysis was carried out by an independent statistics group at SRI under the direction of Dr. Richard Singleton. 66 MwoktEbD999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Relea MEA/A 460 40 im ". I Approved For ReleaYNDLASSIf tOD999AO00400030001-7 a. Machine De@!cri:ptipn The machine configuration provides as a target one of four art slides (reproductions of paintings) chosen randomly (p = 1/4) by an electronic random target generator. The generator does not show its choice until the subject indicates his choice to the machine by pressing a button (yellow, green, blue, or red) associated with each art slide (see Figure 19). (The machine has four stable internal states. A 1.0- MHz square-wave oscillator sends pulses to an electronic "scale-of-four" counter which passes through each of its four states 250,000 times per second. The state of the counter is determined by the length of time the oscillator has run--that is, the time between subject choices.) As soon as the subject indicates his choice, the target slide is illuminated to provide visual and auditory (bell if correct) feedback as to the correctness or incorrectness of his choice. Until that time, both sub- ject and experimenter remain ignorant of the machine's choice, so the experiment is of the double-blind type. Five legends at the top of the machine face are illuminated one at a time with increasing correct choices (6, 8, 10, ...) to provide additional reinforcement. The machine choice, subject choice, cumulative trial number, and cumulative hit number are printed automatically on continuous fanfold paper tape. After trial number 25, the machine must be reset manually by depressing a RESET button. A methodological feature of the machine is that the choice of a target is not forced. That is, a subject may press a PASS button when he wishes not to guess, in which case the machine indicates what its choice was. The machine thus scores neither a hit nor a trial and then goes on to make its next selection. Thus, the subject does not have to guess at targets when he feels that he has no idea as to which to choose. Under the null hypothesis of random binomial choices with probability 1/4 and no learning, the probability of observing -< k successes in n trials is approximated by the probability of a normal distribution value, t, t -4 3n/16) , (k _ n 1)/ 67 Approved For ReleaUN4;"S(SAIPCE'mr-DO999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Release qS-TFn-0P99A000400030001-7 "N'lln"A FIGURE 19 FOUR-STATE RANDOM TARGET GENERATOR USED IN THIS EXPERIMENT ,An incorrect choice of tarqet is indicated. Two of the five "encouragement liqhts" at the top of the machine are illuminated. The printer to the riqht of the machme records data on fan-fold paper tape. @;,s Approved For Releaso 610M, 1 SISIPM0999AO00400030001-7 U F W%A A Approved For ReIeaSUNU:J1,A- 51S-JFff-[)999A000400030001-7 b. Data from Experiments Data were collected from subjects Sl through S6. Each sub- ject was asked to complete 100 25-trial runs (i.e., a total of 2500 trials each). The results are tabulated in Table 13. (One subject, S3, declined to complete the 2500-trial run, citing a lack of rapport with the machine and, hence, a lack of motivation for the task.) Of the six subjects, only one (S2) scored significantly above chance. For the 2500 trials, S2 averaged 29.36 hits/100 trials rather than the expected 25/100, a result whose a priori probability under the null hypothesis is p 3 x 10-7. His scores are plotted in Figure 20. TABLE 13 Four-State Electronic Random Target Generator Summary Subject Mean Score/100 Trials over 2500 Trials Binomial Probability Sl 25.76 0.22 S2 29.36 3 x 10-7 S3 24.67 (750 trials) 0.60 S4 25.76 0.22 S5 25.20 0.33 S2 27.88 4.8 x 10-4 All trials 26.47 1.1 x 10-5 (15,750 trials) The statistics of the machines during the successful run of subject S2 were tabulated for the entire 3483 machine transitions (2500 choices, 983 passes), both by machine and in total. The results, shown in Tables 14 through 16, indicate no significant departures from random expectation during the successful run, and therefore, the signifi- cant result cannot be attributed to machine malfunction. 69 Approved For ReleaU K"A nVUEQ999A000400030001-7 Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 C: z > M MACHINE M2 @-M 14 12 C: =1 10 z ca :3.C: 8 Lo C, 6 7E5 +., 4 :3 0 2 0 - 0 10 M2 . . ............... . . . . . + 3a + 2a a 2a 80 90 100 SA-4265-1 20 30 40 50 60 70 RUN NUMBER - 25 trials/run P = 1/4 per trial FIGURE 20 DATA SUMMARY FOR SUBJECT S2 2500-trial experiment with four-state electronic random number generator (significant at p = 3 x 10-7) Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 Approved For ReleUN(3/L;M§4fiEFDO999AO00400030001-7 TABLE 14 Randomness Tests for Machine Ml Output During Successful Experimental Series by Subject S2 (Runs 9 through 16 and 45 through 80) Buttons Number Binomial Yellow iGreen Blue - Red of Trials Chi-Square probability Transitions Y 96 79 88 92 355 1.789 > 0.50 To G 85 87 86 B8 346 0.058 >0.99 Fr B 0@m 85 82 90 B7 344 0.395 >0.90 R 91 91 83 92 357 0.591 >0.80 Initial states 8 14 9 13 44 2.364 >0.50 All states 365 353 356 372 1446 0.622 >0.80 Nondiagonal 1 261 252 257 267 1037 0.466 >0 90 transitions . Diagonal 96 87 90 92 365 0.468 >0 90 transitions . TABLE 15 Randomness Tests for Machine M2 Output During Successful Experimental Series by Subject S2 (Runs I through 8, 17 through 44, and 81 through 100) Buttons Number Binomial Yellow Green Blue - Red of Trials Chi-Square probability Transitions Y 108 120 111 124 463 1.458 > 0.50 To G TO 107 131 136 119 493 4.095 >0.20 From B @M 126 124 138 135 523 1.061 >0.70 1 R 118 115 140 129 502 3.100 >0.30 Initial states 16 15 13 12 56 0.714 >0.80 All states 475 505 538 519 2037 4.149 >0.20 Nondiagonal 351 359 387 378 1475 2.247 >0 50 transitions . Diagonal 108 131 138 129 506 3.960 >0.20 transitions 71 Approved For ReleUN"A~.~,kFF9)?-00999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Releasti"O'I"IX. @tjfftbrNA000400030001-7 NUL TABLE 16 RANDOMNESS TESTS FOR ENTIRE MACHINE OUTPUT DURING SUCCESSFUL, EXPERIMENTAL RUN Transtions Y To G From B om F0 R Initial states All states Nondiagonal transitions Diagonal transitions __@P_Binc'mi_al___' Buttons Number Chi-Square Tror robability Yellow ;reenlBlue IR7ed ia Is 204 199 199 216 818 0.944 > 0.80 192 218 222 207 839 2.578 > 0.30 211 206 228 222 867 1.397 > 0.70 209 206 223 221 859 1.009 > 0.70 24 29 22 25 100 1.040 > 0.70 840 858 894 891 3483 2.364 > 0.50 612 61-1. 644 645 2512 1.736 > 0.50 204 218 228 221 8 71 1.399 > 0.70 72 Approved For Re1easbMffl0999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Releasp ZQ01 /10-C RDP.Z 0999AO00400030001-7 -UNCYASMIE'D' higher IQ, which was a Lready covered before. Careful review of Uie Strong Vocational Interest Blank results, tabulating various scored categories and profile configuration, revealed nu patterD ctiat separated any group of subjects from any other group of subjects. This, however, is a multi-dimensional test with many variolDles and perhaps a more complex statistical analvsis, such as aTIA.1'YSiS of variants, may show some cluster's not visible to this exaf,,ii-ner. On the Bender Gestajt Visual Motor test, the simple hypothesis was made that the h_igher the ability to reproduce better designs, the more likely would be the person's ability to communicate by non-ordinary means. The Bender test results were ranked according to quality in form, Gestalt and accuracy, and the following ranks werC. obtained. From highest to lowest, subjects S4, S3, S6, S5, SI, and S2. No other evident material was reflected on the Bender designs. It appears to me thaL. according to most of the hypotheses I came up with, subjects S_@, S6 and S4 are the most likely candidates. The results of the Luscher and TAT tests, after careful examina- tiort, do not suggesi any systematic means for breaking this group of six into Lwo groups of three. However, on the TAT subjects S3, S6 and S_') appeared to this examiner to reflect more, spontaneity aTW childlike exuberance for living and there- fore might. be inferi@ec to possess more sensitivity or awareness to non-cognitive dimensions of experience; therefore, I think subjects S3, S6, an(! c,'4 are the most likely ones to have done the experiments well. I also note that those who couldn't apparently were learning how, and therefore apparently whatever thik@ ability is, it, Ls a learnable one--of course, if such com- munication does ex_i@;-,_ that should be true since we all come with, essentially the same basic equipment. J.E. Heenan, PhD Chief Clinical Psychologist Palo Alto Medical Clinic On a post hoc 1)as@s, we can examine the various hypotheses suggested by Dr. Heenan ana determine which ones tend to correlate with observable paranormal funct-Loning. However, given the small sample size, no significant conclusions can be drawn--rather, these points simply suggest hypotheses to be examined in future testing. On thc basis oz the remote viewing and random target generator experiments, experienced subjects Sl through S3 and learner/control S4 performed reliably in contrast to learner/control subjects S5 and S6. There were four tests w1i4ch tended to correlate with this partition in the sense that three of tne four successful subjects lacked a trait 86 Approved For ReleaU fWffA qC"TPflM999A000400030001-7 ftf fto 0 D3/J O..@ Approved For Rele owe /LA591PY96 0999AO00400030001-7 which was possessed by both of the unsuccessful subjects. These were the traits considered in Rorschach Hypothesis #5, MNPI Hypothesis #3, and WBIS Hypotheses #1 and #2; the four hypotheses suggested by Dr. Heenan were all counterindicated, that is, the responses suggested as probable for successful subjects were found to hold for the unsuccessful ones. On the basis of this small sample, therefore, one might consider investi- gating the following traits as potentially indicating a lesser ability in paranormal functioning: low anxiety index as indicated by low degree of shading response in the Rorschach, a high degree of interest in human interaction as measured by the Si score of the MMPT, an exceptionally high IQ (gifted range) as measured by the Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence Scale, and excellent visual motor coordination as reflected in the Block Design subtest of the Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence Scale. It must be emphasized, however, that although subjects scoring highest with regard to the above factors did least well in the tests of paranormal functioning, all sub- jects scored higher than the norm in these psychological factors, so it would be erroneous to extrapolate on the basis of these data that low scoring might indicate paranormal ability. It is simply that extremely high scores are observed to correlate negatively with success on the particular paranormal tasks investigated. Finally, we reiterate that the correlation as observed on the basis of such a small sample may be gratui- tous and should therefore only be considered as a basis for further hy- pothesis testing. 87 Approved For ReleMMEAS SIfFIrMO999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Releasp : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 UNOeUSSIFIED 3. Neuro sychological Evaluation Neuropsychological profiles on the six subjects were obtained by the administration of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Test Battery as well as other tests known to be sensitive to brain dysfunction. These tests have proven useful in predicting, for example, both the presence and location of brain damage in a variety of neurological diseases. Since, when no damage is present these tests also reflect abilities dependent on brain function, it was hoped that some meaningful pattern of test performance would emerge for the program subjects. The testing and evaluation was handled by Dr. Ralph Kiernan, Clinical Neuropsy- chologist, Department of Neurology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California. The following is his evaluation; All subjects were given the folowing tests: (1) Halstead Category Test (2) Tactual Performance Test (3) Speech Perception Test (4) Seashore -Rhythm Test (5) Finger Tapping Test (6) Trail Making Test (7) Knox Cube Test (8) Raven Pro'gressive Matrices (9) Verbal Concept Attainment Test (10) Buschke Memory Test (Il) Crooved Pegboard Tests Two additional tests were added after several subjects had been tested and were not administered to all subjects. These were: (12) The Gottschaldt Hidden-Figures Test (13) The spatial relations subtest of the SRA Primary Mental Abilities Test. A description of these tests along with subject scores is given in 'Fable 19. Since other psychological testing was completed previously on these same subjects at the Palo Alto Medical Clinic, the results of two of these tests (The Wechsler Adult In- telLisence Scale and the Benton Visual Retention Test) were consulted in the overall neuropsychological evaluation. Verv few of the results are common to all six subjects. In fact, the only ones that are common involve general 88 Approved For ReleaU JM/)kjgJVrM999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 z > 00 Q0 M Test TABLE 19. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY TEST BATTERY Scoring Description S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 s6 Y 0 Halstead Category Nonverbal test requiring abstraction of conceptual relationships. 7 14 33 26 6 28 15 15, Test Score: Total errors. SD 5 5 Tactual Performance Requires placement of 10 geometrically shaped blocks in their 1 11 4 14 7 Test correct locations on a formboard while blindfolded. 16.4 11.8 7.7 7.7 J1.4 6.9 1 . 6 3 . 4 8 Separate RT, LT, and bimanual trials. SD . . Score:Total time (minutes). - - Speech Perception Discrimination of nonword speech sounds. J 5.5 Test Score: Total error@. 4 2 0 2 5 3 SD S' IAAX 3 0 2.5 0 Seashore Rhythm Test Discrimination of nonverbal rhythms. Score: Number correct. 27 25 28 29 26 29 , 26 25.5 1 3 3 MAX 30 30 Finger Tapping Test Measure of finger oscillation rate for 10-second period, RT/LT RT/LT RT/LT RT/LT RT/LT RT/LT 50/43 44/39 both RT and LT hand trials. Score: Number taps per 10 seconds. 53/50 53/49 48/47 54/53 47/47 48/43 SD 6/6 11/10 Trail Making Test Requires connecting numbered circles in order from I to 25, 40 6 18 1 30 27 26 33 (Part A) Paper and pencil task. Score: Total times (seconds). 1 9 SD 11 9 Trail Making Test Requires connecting alphabetic and numbered circles by alterna- 56 50 55 50 54 53 P 62 79.5 (Part B) ting 1@A,2,B, and so on. Score: Total time (seconds). SD 16 31.0 P 13 13 Knox Cube Test Measure of attention span and immediate visual memory. 1-3 14 13 16 17 17 SD 4 Score: Number correct. MAX 18 18 35 42 R,,,.,, Progressive Nonverbal intelligence test involving spatial matrices. 39 53 49 55 60 54 SD 10 10 Matrices Score: Number correct. MAX 60 60 11 21 21 Verbal Concept Requires abstraction of verbal conceptual relationships. 22 24 27 23 21 24 SD 5 4 5 4 Attainment Test Score: Number correct. . . MAN 27 27 Buschke Memory Requires learning a 20-word list in a maximum of 12 trials with Total: Total/ List Test repetition of words omitted after each trial. Score: Maximum 14/20 17/20 18/20 19/20 20/20 20/20 18 !12 number words correctly remembered; List: Number words consIs- List: SD 3/2* tently remembered. 8/20 14/20 11/20 16/20 15/20 16/20 MAX 20/20 (8rrials)(7 Grooved Pegboard Requires insertion of 25 pegs in their holes in a pegboard. RT/LT RT/LT RT/LT RT/LT RT/LT RT/LT 11 61/66 70/7( Test Both RT and LT hand trials, Score: Total time (seconds). 76/74 69/70 58/67 59/67 72/70 48/50 SD 9/9 10/11 Spatial Relations Requires mental rotation and identification of figures rotated 0 28 28 Subtest of the PMA in two dimensions. Score: Number correct minus number of errors. 60 52 SD 14 14 Gottschaldt Hidden Requires tracing outline of simple figure hi,,@den within lines Poor Avg. V. goo d OuLst. Outst. Non e Figures Test of more complex figure. Score: Time and number correct. Ava ilable *Approximate; Y,Age <35; O,Age ,35. Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 Approved For ReleaU lot"A intelligence as measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. All subjects were in the bright average to very superior range of intelligence with full scale IQ's ranging from 116 to 134, the average IQ being 125. Performance IQ's tended to be slightly higher than Verbal IQ's (126 average ver- sus 123). All other test performances ranged widely from the mildly below average to the very superior range. A consistent pattern of test results does emerge, however, when four of the subjects are looked at In a single group. These four subjects are S3 through S6. All tests which depended heavily on spatial abilities were extremely well performed by these subjects. The block design subtest of the WAIS is the most sensitive subtest to brain injuries which disrupt spatial abilities. Although these subjects obtained excellent WAIS scores in general, their near-per- fect performances on this subtest are significantly better than most of the other subtest scores. The Tactual Per- formance Test (TPT) is also very sensitive to brain dys- function involving spatial abilities. This test was ex- tremely well performed by these subjects with three of them obtaining total times of 7.7 minutes or less. Times of less than eight minutes are very rarely achieved on this test. The TPT and block designs are two of the most sensi- tive tests to variations in spatial ability. A third test, the spatial relations subtest of the Primary Mental Abilities test, was given to only two of the four subjects in this group. Again, very superior scores (quotient scores greater than 130) were obtained by each. This test is not highly correlated with general intelligence, and high scores in- dicate special proficiency in visual-spatial ability. Two additional tests which appear to measure general ability but which depend upon visual-perceptual ability for their correct performance were performed in the superior range. These are the Raven's Progressive Matrices and the Gottschaldt Hidden Figures. Other test performances varied substantially among these four subjects. Three of the four had difficulty on the Category Test and on the Buschke Memory Test. No sensible interpre- tation of these results is readily apparent. The two remaining subjects, Sl and S2, were quite different in their test performances from the above group. S2, who obtained the second highest full scale IQ, did well on the spatial tests described above but not as well as any of the four above. His spatial abilities appeared to be less well developed than his verbal skills. Sl was even less like the group than S2. His spatial test performances were only average for his age, and the TPT and Gottschaldt tests were poorly performed. 90 Approved For Rele.UNro/L4S(SA-EdEO0999AO00400030001-7 2n[)31 Approved For Relea U NC TIA551 fW999AO00400030001-7 In summary, the single, most compelling conclusion from the test data is that six subjects studied are of significantly above-average intellectual ability. In addition, there is consistent evidence that four of the six subjects were parti- cularly proficient on measures of visual and tactual spatial ability. The performance of tests which measure this ability is most seriously impaired by lesions which involve the right, posterior cerebral hemisphere. There is more than presumptive evidence that normal performance of these tests is mediated by the right hemisphere. Therefore, at least four of the subjects obtained test results consistent with proficiency on these right hemisphere related tasks. It should be pointed out that this finding can be, at best, considered as a basis for hypothesis formation regarding paranormal ability. Verification of such hypotheses would depend on the results of future research. The test results for S2 are not in conflict with the above interpretation. Those obtained for Sl, however, are in conflict with this hypothesis and are not readily reconciled with it. As pointed out above, further research is necessary to elucidate the relationship between spatial abilities, the right hemisphere and paranormal abilities. Nonetheless, it can be said at this point that many of the tasks per- formed by the group of subjects at SRI have at least a superficial resemblance to performances which require right hemisphere function. The similarities include the highly schematicized drawings of objects in a room or of remote scenes. Verbal identification of these drawings is often highly inaccurate, and the drawings themselves are frequently left-right reversed relative to the target configuration. Further, written material is generally not cognized. These characteristics have been seen in left brain-injured patients and in callosal sectioned patients. More relevant, perhaps, than right hemisphere functioning per se are the resemblances to a class of functioning known as associative visual agnosia. Associative visual agnosia involves the inability of a patient to name or o 'therwise identify objects which he is capable of seeing. Such patients who do not have more generalized intellectual impairment are rare, and only a few have been described in the neuro- logical literature. Several of these patients have demon- strated the ability to copy with pencil and paper the pic- ture or object which they failed to name. It is this quality which impressed me as being similar to the remote viewing performances of the SRI subjects. In a recent review of such casesio five patients were found who had the ability to draw an object without being 91 Approved For Rele*jpfe/f 3&S("I"FE00999AO00400030001-7 MW S ftol Approved For Relea :-C1AjqP .00999AO00400030001-7 D REIA 5 5 1 r relY able to name it. 'These are the patients reported by Mack et al. (1975)10, Albert et al. (1975)11, Davidenkov (1956)12, Rubens and Benson (1971)13, and Lhermitte and Beauvois (1973)14. Dr,'iwings and attempted namings of pictured material for one of the patients in the studies is shown in Figure 21. In attempting to name an object, these patients would gen- erally produce inappropriate names which, nevertheless, rei-lected some visual form characteristics of the object j'n question. Thei --r-attempts seem forc.ed and made in,_2ie(@@-, mea.1 fashion to various characteristics of the picture -rather than to the picture as a whole. In similar fashion Tet'iber's patient (1975)1@) described the figure below as an apple with. a worm and wormholes in it. 000 The above description and many of those in the references cli..-,arly illustrate that the patient sees the object and is able to respond to at least some of its visual characteris- tics. Most of the drawings in the references are sufficiently complete so that aii observer would be able to name the object represented. Yet Lhe author of the drawing cannot do this. Thi.s type of defective performance was frequently seen in cht. SRI subjects when they were producing drawings in the remote viewing experiments. Two obvious differences exist, however, between the patients with associative visual agnosia and the SRf subjects. The SRI subjects are able to name objects appropriately when pictures are presented directly to the visual modality. The patients cannot do this, and, in addition, these patients have a variety of other visual disabilities. The latter difference is to be expected since the patients have substantial brain injury. The location of braiti damage in associative visual agnosia is fairl: well establ-ished. Two disconnections appear Y necessary in order to produce this symptom. One involves destruction of the Left visual area as evidenced by the right homomonous hemianopia invariably found in these patients. The second involves isolation of the right visual area from sDeech areas in the left hemisphere. This cai) be the result of extensive destruction of left visual association areas or of damage to the posterior portion of the corpus call-osum. The net. result of these injuries is that objects can 'be seen because ot visual input to the right hemisphere v-Lsual area but that they cannot be named because of isolation of this area from left hemisphere language areas. Use of these objects and the drawing of pictures of them (,an be accomplished because of intact pathways within the right hemisphere. 92 Approved For Re1eaJJ fq"/I& "fff EIY999AO00400030001-7 Vft* 0. ff--% *J ftf Approved For Releas LF INCT A 95-IFW-BP99AO00400030001-7 FIGURE 21 DRAWINGS AND INTERPRETATIONS BY ASSOCIATIVE VISUAL AGNOSIA PATIENTS Copies of line drawings. Patient was unable to identify any before copying. After making copy, his identifications were top left, key - "I still don't know"; top right, pig - "Could be a dog or any other animal"; bottom left, bird - "Could be a beach stump"; bottom right, locomotive - "A wagon or a car of some kind. The larger vehicle is being pulled by the smaller one." 93 Approved For ReleasJJNObArifAirptEcD99AO00400030001-7 Approved For Releas UNCTAMFITHY 99AO00400030001-7 It remains to speculate on tire meaning of the similarity between the patients described above and the SRI subjects. It should first be rioted that the similarities are more than superficial in that the verbal descriptions attempted by some of the SRI subjects bear a striking resemblance in kind to those of the patient shown in Figure 21. It is as if they are struggling with similar difficulties in verbal- izing the image which they can readily draw. in this regard the lateralization involved is consistent with other indica- tions of right hemisphere function in the SRI subjects. A highly speculative hypothesis is that during remote viewing the subjects "see" a grossly degraded image which is not distinct. enough to encode directly into a verbal label. Hence the piecemeal verbalization similar ro that found in patients; with associative visual agnosia. 1-n suirimary, i.t would appear that the neuropsychological data are compatible WiLh the hypotheses that (1) information received in a pUtatiVe remote viewing mode is processed piecemeal in pattern form (consistent with a low bit rate process but not necessarily requiring it) and (2) the errors arise in the processes ol attempted integration of the data into larger patterns directed toward verbal labeling. C. Identification of fleurophysiological Correlates That Relate to Paranormal Activities ThLs part of the prograni had as its goal the identification of neurophysiological correlates of paranormal activity. The existence of such correlates is hypothesized on the expectation that, in addition to obtaining Overt responses such as verbalizations or key presses from a subject, it should be possible to obtain objective evidence of informa- tion transfer by direct measurement of some physiological parameter of a subject. Kamiya, Lindsley, Pribram, Silverman, Walter, and others broughL Logether to discuss physiological methods to detect ESP function- ing, for example, have suggested that a whole range of electroencephalo- gram (LEG) responses--such as evoked potentials (EPs), spontaneous EEG, and the contingent negative variation (CNV)--might be sensitive indi- cators of the detection of remote stimuli not mediated by usual sensory processes.16 Th@e purpose of this part of the study was twofold: (a) to obtain infomaLion about the neurophysiological state associated with paranormal 94 Approved For Releas UMTA SSIFT C 0999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Rele4-1- FEI)0999AO00400030001-7 TiNau"'D kO S I 911-M activity in general, and (b) to determine whether physiological correlates could be used as an indicator of paranormal functioning, hopefully to provide indicators that differentiate between correct and incorrect responses to a paranormally applied stimulus so that an independently-determined bias factor could be applied during the generation of data by a subject. Early experimentation of this type was carried out by Douglas Dean at the Newark College of Engineering. In his search for physio- logical correlates of information transfer, he used the plethysmograph to measure changes in the blood volume in a finger, a sensitive indica- tor of autonomic nervous system functioning. 17 A plethysmographic measurement was made on the finger of a subject during paranormal communication experiments. A sender looked at randomly selected target cards consisting of names known to the subject, together with names unknown to him (selected at random from a telephone book). The names of the known people were contributed by the subject and were to be of emotional significance to him. Dean found significant changes in the chart recording of finger blood volume when the remote sender was looking at those names known to the subject as compared with those names randomly chosen. Two other early experiments using the physiological approach were also published. The first work by Tart 18 and the later work by Lloyd 19 both follow a similar pattern. Basically, a subject is closeted in an electrically shielded room while his EEG is recorded. Meanwhile, in another laboratory, a second person is stimulated from time to time, and the time for that stimulus is marked on the magnetic tape recording of the subject's EEG. The subject does not know when'the remote stimulus periods occur. At SRI three facilities are in use for the purpose described above. One is a standard EEG facility under the direction of Dr. Charles Rebert, Life Sciences Division. This facility consists of a visually opaque, acoustically and electrically shielded, double-walled steel, room, as shown in Figure 22, a Grass Model 5 polygraph, and an Ampex 95 Approved For Relek+NOUAS §Af JCf ()0999AO00400030001-7 WIT Approved For Relea-l-INCL19k:.SS-WIEV999AO00400030001-7 Ti it A SA-2613-14 FIGURE 22 SHIELDED ROOM USED FOR EEG EXPERIMENTS 96 Approved For ReleastypNIlASIS-f M&99AO00400030001-7 Approved For ReleaU NCIA SC54EM&MA000400030001-7 SP-300 magnetic tape recorder. The second facility is a standard EEG facility under the direction of Dr. Jerry Lukas, head of SRI's Sleep Studies program. This facility consists of two sound-isolated rooms with appropriate signal lead connections, an eight-channel polygraph for recording visually, and a magnetic tape/computer processing/printer readout that provides on-line processing of the polygraph data. In our configurationwe obtain a hardcopy printout of five-second averages of eight channels of polygraph information 15 minutes following a. 15-minute run. At present we monitor broad band alpha (7 to 14 11z) and beta (14 to 34 Hz) brainwave components from the left and right occipital regions, galvanic skin response, and two channels of plethysmograph data (blood volume and pulse height). The third facility is a smaller, semiportable four-channel polygraph with a GSR channel, reflected-light plethysmograph indicating blood volume/pulse height, one channel of unfiltered EEG activity, and a fourth EEG channel with zero-crossing digital filtering, The last permits percent-time measurements in any band, with upper and lower band edge settings in one-hertz increments. Two lines of investigation were pursued in the SRI program. The first was basic in nature, an effort to determine whether, in a re- peatable experiment under laboratory conditions, the remote viewing of a specific stimulus (strobe light in another laboratory) would provide any evidence of EEG correlates. The second involved mid-experiment monitoring of a number of physiological parameters during routine experimentation in remote viewing. 1. Remote Strobe Experiment The following is a description of the first line of experi- mentation, the remote viewing of a strobe light stimulus. With regard to choice of stimulus, it was noted that in previous work others had attempted, without success, to detect evoked potential changes in a subject's EEG in response to a single flash stimulus observed by another subject. 20 In a discussion of that experiment, Kamiya suggested that because of the unknown temporal characteristics of the information channel, it might be more appropriate to use repetitive bursts of light 97 Approved For ReleaU NcCIA S:SJEVMM999AO00400030001-7 .SAWISbD99AO00400030001-7 Approved For Re1eas4J*(2/tOPtd to increase the probablility of detecting information transfer. 21 There- fore, in our study we chose to use a stroboscopic flash train of ten seconds duration as the remote stimulus. In the design of the study, we assumed that the application of the remote stimulus would result in responses similar to those obtained under conditions of direct stimulation. For example, when an individual is stimulated with a low-frequency (< 30 Hz) flashing light, the EEG typically shows a decrease in the amplitude of the resting rhythm and a driving of the brain waves at the frequency of the flashes. 22 We hypo- thesized that if we stimul-ated one subject in this manner (a putative sender) the EEG of another subject in a remote room with no flash present (a receiver) might show changes in narrow band alpha (9 to 1I Hz) activity and possibly an EEG driving similar to that of the sender, either by coupling to the senders EEG, 23 or by coupling directly to the stimulus. We Informed (itir subject (S4) that at certain times a light was to be flashed in a sender's eyes in a distant room, and if the subject perceived that event, consciously or unconsciously, it might be evident from changes In his EEG output. The instriictions to the subject are in accordance with requirements governing activities with human subjects (see Appendix B). The receiver was seated in the visually opaque, acoustic-ally and electrically shielded double-walled steel- room shown in Figure 22. The sender was seated in room about seven meters from the receiver. A Grass PS-2 pbotostimulator placed about one meter in front of the sender was used to present flash trains of ten seconds duration. The receiver's EEG activity from the occipital region (Oz), referenced to linked mastoids, was amplified with a Grass 5P-1 preamplifier and associated driver amplifier with a bandpass of I to 120 Hz. The EEG data were recorded on magnetic tape with an Ampex SP 300 recorder. On each triat. a tone burst of fixed frequency was presented to both sender and receiver and was followed in one second by either a ten second train of flashes or a null flash interval presented to the sender. Thirty-six such trials were given in an experimental session, consisting 98 Approved For RelealUNColvA.S;SXWJBBb999AO00400030001-7 Approved For ReleaUf4ft/A.SSIff LZDD999AO00400030001-7 of 12 null trials--no flashes following the tone--12 trials of flashes at 6 fps and 12 trials of flashes at 16 fps, all randomly intermixed, determined by entries from a table of random numbers. Each of the trials generated an 11 second EEG epoch. The last 4 seconds of the epoch was selected for analysis to minimize the desynchronising action of the warning cue. This 4 second segment was subjected to Fourier analysis on a LINC 8 computer. Spectrum analyses gave no evidence of EEG driving in any receiver, although in control runs the receivers did exhibit driving when physically stimulated with the flashes. Data from seven sets of 36 trials each were collected from the subject on three separate days. This comprises all the data collected with this subject under the test conditions described above. The alpha band was identified from average spectra, then scores of average power and peak power were obtained from individual trials and subjected to statistical analysis. Figure 23 shows an overlay of the three averaged spectra from one of the subject's 36-trial runs, displaying differences in alph.1 activity for the three stimulus conditions. Mean values for the average power and peak power for each of the seven experimental sets are given in Table 20. The power measures were less in the 16 fps case than in the 0 fps in all seven peak-power measures and in six out of seven average-power measures. Note also the reduced effect in the case in which the subject was informed that no sender was present (Run 3). It seems that overall alpha production was reduced for this run in conjunction with the subject's expressed appre- hension about conducting the experiment without a sender. This is in contrast to the case (Run 7) in which the subject was not informed. Siegel's two-tailed t approximation to the nonparametric randomization test 24 was applied to the data from all sets, which in- cluded the two sessions in which the sender was removed. Average power on trials associated with the occurrence of 16 fps was significantly less (-24%) than when there were no flashes (t = 2.09, d.f. = 118, P < 0.04). 99 Approved For ReleaUlAUAnVD~FOQ999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Relea--D 1tffftbP99A000400030001-7 UMIAS ca I Lu 0 -rHREE CASES 0, 6 and 16 Hz flashes (12 trial averages) "A--2613-15 FIGURE 23 OCCIPITAL EEG FREQUENCY SPECTRA, 0 TO 20 Hz, OF SUBJECT S4 ACTING AS RECEIVER, SHOWING AMPLITUDE CHANGES IN THE 9 TO 11-Hz BAND AS A FUNCTION OF STROBE FREQUENCY 1,00 Approved For Releas "151"EEP99AO00400030001-7 tfffffA5 5 Hz 10 Hz 15 Hz C z C) Mn M Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 TABLE 20 EEG Data for Subject S4 Showing Average Power and Peak Power in the 9- to 11-111z Band, as a Function of Flash Frequency and Sender. (Each Table Entry is an Average Over 12 Trials) Flash Sender equency 0 Average Power 6 16 Peak Power 0 6 16 J.L. 94.8 84.1 76.8 357.7 329.2 289.6 R.T. 41.3 45.5 37.0 160.7 161.0 125.0 No Sender 25.1 35.7 28.2 87.5 95.7 81 7 (Subject . informed) J.L. 54.2 55.3 44.8 191.4 170.5 149.3 J.L. 56.8 50.9 32.8 240.6 178.0 104.6 R.T. 39.8 24.9 30.3 145.2 74.2 122.1 No Sender 86.0 53.0 52.1 318.1 180.6 202 3 (Subject not . informed) Averages 56.8 49.9 43.1 214.5 169.8 153.5 -12% -24Y. -21% -28% (P <.04) (P <.03) Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 Approved For ReleaU fM/A.MJfPE9D999AO00400030001-7 40 ftf The second measure, peak power, was also significantly less (-28%) in the 16 fps conditions than in the null condition (t = 2.16, d.f. = 118, P < 0.03). The average response in the 6 fps condition was in the same direction as that associated with 16 fps (-12% in average power, -21% in peak power) but the effect did not reach statistical significance. As part of the experimental protocol, the subject was asked to indicate a conscious assessment for each trial (via telegraph key) as to the nature of the stimulus; analysis showed these guesses to be at chance. Thus, arousal as evidenced by significant alpha blocking occurred only at the noncognitive level of physiological response. Hence, the experiment provided direct physiological (EEG) evidence of perception of remote stimuli even in the absence of overt cognitive response. Several control procedures were undertaken to determine if these results were produced by system artifacts or by subtle cueing of the subject. Low-level recordings were made from saline of 12 kQ resis- tance in place of the subject, with and without the introduction of 10-Hz, 50-@iV signals from a battery-operated generator. The standard experi- mental protocol was adhered to and spectral analysis of the results was carried out. There was no evidence in the spectra of activity associated with the flash frequencies, and the 10-Hz signal was not perturbed by the remote occurrence flicker. In another control prodecure, a 5-ft pair of leads was draped across the subject's chair (subject absent). The leads were connected to a Grass P-5 amplifier via its high-impedance input probe. The bandwidth was set 0.1 Hz to 30 KHz with a minimum gain of 200,000. The output of the amplifier was connected to one input of a C.A.'T. 400C "averager." Two-second sweeps, triggered at onset of the tone, were taken once every 13 seconds for approximately two hours, for about 550 samples. No difference in noise level between the fore period and the onset of flicker was observed. Finally, no sounds associated with flicker could be detected in the receiver's chamber. Three further experimental runs were carried out in the sleep lab under the direction of Dr. Lukas, this time with monitoring of 102 Approved For Releau rMCL/AWfDHM999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Rele4-L aftrj&OC !JifllEU0999AO00400030001-7 L7NVN=2_%4W right and left occipital regions. Each experiment consisted of 20 15-second trials, with 10 no-flash trials, and 10 16-Hz trials randomly intermixed. Reduction of alpha activity (arousal response) correlated with remote stimuli was observed as in previous experiments, but essen- tially only in the right hemisphere (average alpha reduction 16% in right hemisphere, 2% in left, during the 16-Hz trials as compared with the no-flash trials). This tends to support the hypothesis that para- normal functioning might involve right hemispheric specialization, but the sample is too small to provide confirmation without further work. In comparing the results of our work with that of others, we note that whereas in our experiments we used a remote light flash as a stimulus, Tart 18 in his work used an electrical shock to himself as sender, and Lloyd 19 simply told the sender to think of a red triangle each time a red warning light was illuminated within his view. Lloyd observed a consistent, evoked potential in his subjects; whereas in our experi- ments and in Tart's, a reduction in amplitude and a desynchronization of alpha was observed, an arousal response. (If a subject is resting in an alpha-dominant condition and he is then stimulated, for example in any direct manner, one will observe a decrease and desynchronization in alpha power.) We consider that these combined results thus provide evidence for the existence of noncognitive awareness of a remote stimulus, and the EEG procedures described appear to be sensitive techniques for detecting the occurrence of such information transfer, even in the absence of overt cognitive response, at least when used t o detect discrete arousing stimuli. 2. Mid-Experiment Monitoring of Physiological Parameters P@ @in Routine Experimentation in Remote Viewing In this series of experiments measurements were obtained during a random selection of seven remote viewing experiments. The subject was connected to the physiological recording instruments of the smaller, semiportable four-channel polygraph described above. Baseline and experimental measures of the following observables were made: 103 Approved For ReleUNd&bASSi"PF'RL'E'-DO0999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Release-i4ef A:§fff Vrff 999AO00400030001-7 U (1) Galvanic skin response (GSR) was recorded using. finger electrodes taped in place on second and fourth fingers (2) Blood volume/pulse height was recorded using a reflected-light plethysmograph (3) Unfittered EEG was recorded from the right occipital reg ion (4) Percent-time in alpha (8 to 12 Hz) was recorded on the @'ourth channel; the alpha filter was a sharp cutoff digital type with essentially zero-pass outside the prescribed bandpass limits. A sample chart record is shown in Figure 24. (Time runs from right to left.) The traces, top to bottom, are the unfiltered EEG, blood volume/ pulse height, GSR, and filtered (alpha) EEG. During the course of an experiment, the subject was asked to describe his perceptions as to the nature of the remote target. His comments were tape-recorded and noted on the polygraph, along with the time. A correLation was then attempted between those descriptions that were found to be UTliquely. correct and accurate, and the corresponding sections of polygraph recording. Seven experiments of this type were carried out. In our inves- tigations we did not find any significant correlations between the obseTved physiological parameters and the indicators of accuracy in the data. The failure L:() observe any physiological correlates of a putative "state" associated with paranormal functioning thus parallels the simJlar failure to observe any physiological correlates of the putative hypnotic state reported by others. In a survey of the major literature on hyponsis by Sarbin and Slagle, entitled "Hypnosis and 25 Psychophysiological Outcomes" , they cataloged experiments dealing with measurements of heart rate, hemodynamics and vasomotor functioning, genitourinary functions, gastrointestinal functions, endocrine and metabolic functions, cutaneous functions, dermal excretions, skin temperature, electrodermal changes, evoked potentials, spontaneous EEG activity, rapid eye movements, slow eye movements, optokinetic nystagmus, changes -104 Approved For ReleasamMG 999AO00400030001-7 XMtt1A-§Vf IVID Approved For Re1eaAJ14%/A.&.%jf tBD999AO00400030001-7 SA-3183-10 FIGURE 24 POLYGRAPH DATA Correct verbal description given during time interval tAB' 105 Approved For ReleasMC:LlA-S&kF4-i-ID999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Releasm,41A$5-kE~g-p999AO00400030001-7 in pupiLlary diameter, and ocular anatomy. Their conclusion is that "there is no evidence for a physiological process that could serve as an independent criterion of the postulated hypnotic state." Similarly, we found no evidence in the physiological processes that we monitored that could serve as an indicator of the postulated paranormal state beyond the general EEG arousal response observed for discrete stimulus conditions. D. Identification of the Nature of Paranormal Phenomena and Energy This portion of the program was devoted to efforts to understand the nature and scope of paranormal phenomena, including investigation of the Physicat laws underlying the phenomena. Experiments with Physical Apparatus a. 1@@eijments with Geiger Counter A series of experiments were conducted with subject Sl to determine whether a Geiger counter in the y-ray mode (i.e., beta shield in place) would register subject-directed efforts. The output of a Geiger counter,* fed into a Monsanto Model 1020 counter/timer, indicated that the background count due to cosmic rays was approximately 35 counts/minute. Experimental protocol required the subject to try to change the registered count by concen- tration on the Geiger counter probe from a distance of about 0.5 m. Each run consisted of 15 60-s trials, with 10-s separations between the trials. Preceding each run was a control run of equal duration. The resul.ts, shown in Table 21, indicate no effect of statistical significance, either in the mean or standard deviation of counts. Table 21 GEIGER 1COUITTER EXPERIMENT StRDIARY Control Runs Experimental Runs Run Mean Standard Deviation Mean Standard Deviation 1 36.07 5.73 35.33 6.00 2 34.87 6.23 33.87 7.27 3 '33.87 5.88 34.00 5.25 4 35.20 5.09 35.67 5.77 W OCDM Item No. CD V-700, Model No. 66, Electro-Neutronics, Inc., Oakland, California. 1-06 Approved For Release 200 /03X/O . §Jf7VJY0999A000400030001-7 U1 e S Approved For ReleUNCvL*SSAfAE00999AO00400030001-7 b. Experiments with Laser-Monitored Torsion Pendulum In this series of experiments we examined the possibility that a subject may be able to exert a physical influence on a remoLely located mechanical system. The target was a torsion pendulum suspended by a metal fiber inside a sealed glass bell jar. The pendulum consists of three 100-g balls arranged symmetrically at 120' angles on a 2-cm radius. The entire apparatus is shock mounted, and protected from air currents by the bell jar. The angular position of the pendulum is measured by means of an optical readout system. The system consists of a laser beam from a low-power argon laser* reflected from a small mirror on the pendulum onto a position-sensing silicon detector11.5 m from the pendulum. The detector yields an output voltage proportional to spot position. The output from the detector is monitored by a chart recorder'@, which provides a continuous sine wave record of pendulum position. The system exhibits a sensitivity of approximately 10prad. Under typical experimental conditions, random acoustical fluctuations drive the pendulum in its torsional normal mode of 10-s period to a level -100prad angular deviation. During control runs the pendulum executes harmonic motion with a maximum variation in amplitude of ±10% over an hour period. Sudden vibrational perturbations in the environ- ment (artifacts) produce oscillation of the pendulum in the vertical plane at 0.1 Hz. The subject is asked, as a mental task, to affect the pendulum motion, the results of which are available as feedback from the chart recorder. The subject is then encouraged to work with the pendulum from a distance of 1 m, observing effects being produced. If satisfied that there is a possibility of producing effects, the subject is removed to a room 22 m down the hall with three intervening office spaces to determine whether effects can be produced from a remote loca- tion. The subject is provided feedback at the remote location either by closed circuit video or by a second chart recorder in parallel with Spectra Physical Model 262. United Detector Technology Model SC/10. Brush Model Mark 200. 107 Approved For Re1eaJJ t44DL/AC-4M)*tE9~0999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Releas(UlVirChgSI"E-(U99AO00400030001-7 the recorder in the eDclosed target laboratorv. The remote aspect was instituted both to prevent artifactual effects from body heat, motion, and the like, and also Lo determine w'iether energy can be coupled via the remote-viewing channel to a remote location.* In an experiment, timing of subject efforts to increase or decrease oscillation amplitude are determinedbyan experimenter UtiliZing a randomization protocol described in Appendix C. Each ex- perimerit: lasts one hour and consists of six five-minute work periods altern;@tted with six five-minute rest periods. Although there appeared to be some evidence in pilot studies that a subject could, by concentration, increase or decrease pendulum motion on command, data taken in three controlled experiments produced 11 changes iri the correct direction out of 18 tries, a result nonsignificant at p = 0.24 by exact binomial. calculation. C. _Kxperiment-s with Superconducting Differential @ja_gnetomeLer (Gradiometer) One of Uie first psychoenergetically produced physical effects observed by SRI versonnel in early research (1972) was the appareut perturbation of a Josephson effect magnetometer. 27 The conditions of that pilot study, involving a few hours use of an instru- ment committed to other research, prevented a proper investigation. The number of data samples was too few to permit meaningful statistical analysis, and the lack ot readily available multiple recording equipment prevented investigation of possible "recorder only" effects. At the suggestion of the sponsor, a series of experiments was carried out using the superconducting second-derivative gradiometert shown :in Figure 25. Both experimental evidence and theoretical work indicate that distance may not be @1 strong iacLor in paranormal phenomena. See, for example, "Foundations of Paraphvsical, and Parapsychological Phenomena," by E.11. Walker, U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland.26 tDevelco Model 8805, Develco, Inc., Mountain View, California. 108 Approved For ReleasUlMlAf;64ffE-UP99AO00400030001-7 Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 UNCLASSIFIED FIGURE 25 SUPERCONDUCTING DIFFERENTIAL MAGNETOMETER 109 Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2003/03/10 : CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 UNCLASSIFIED 9;-isically, the gradiometer is a four-coil Josephson effect magnetometer device consisting of a pair of coil pairs wound so as to I)rovide a series connection of two opposing first-derivative gradiometers, yielding a second-derivative gradiometer (that is, a device sensitive "Illy to second- and higher-order derivative fields). As a result, the device is relatively insensitive to uniform fields and to uniform gradi- ents. This arrangement allows for sensitive measurement of fields from nearby sources while discriminating against relatively uniform magnetic fields produced by remote sources. The device is ordinarily used to measure magnetic fields originating from processes within the human body, @-;uch as action currents in the heart that produce magnetocardiograms. The sensitive tip of the instrument is simply placed near the body area oi interest. III our aPplication, however, the subject is located in an adjoining laboratorv at a distance of 4 m from the gradiometer probe. As a result the subject is located in a zone of relative insensitivity; I-Or example, standing Lip, sitting d-own, leaning forward, and arm and leg, movements produce no signals. From this location the subject is asked, as a mental, task, to alfect the probe. The results of his efforts are a.vailable to hi-m as feedback from three sources: an oscilloscope. a panel meter, and a chart recorder, the latter providing a permanent record. A protocot for subject participation was instituted as follows. The subject removes all metal objects from his clothing and body, land the effects of body movements are checked at the start of each ex- perimental period. The subject then works with the machine in a learning Tnode, observin.v, effects being produced, if any, via feedback from the instrumentation. Once satisfied that a possibility exists of producing effects on command under experimenter control, the experimenter announces the start of the experiments. A randomization. protocol (discussed in Appendix C) is then used to generate ten ON (subject activity) and OFF (subject no activity) periods of equal length (e.g., 25 s each as determined by the exnerimenter. Approved For Release 2003/03/10 CIA-RDP79-00999AO00400030001-7 'UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Releatf NW(L3A MfHSD0999AO00400030001-7 1111%0 The trace from the chart recording of a sample run (Run 1, Subject Sl) is shown in Figure 26. The randomly generated ON (activity) trials occurred in periods 2, 8, and 9. As observed, signals appear in each of these three periods. The signal appearing in period 9 was strong enough to cause loss of continuous tracking. This latter type of signal can be the result of an exceptionally strong flux change or an RF burst, whether subject-generated or artifactual*, and is handled on the basis of statistical correlation as discussed below. An artifact due to the passage of a truck in the parking lot adjacent to the laboratory (under continuous surveillance by the experimenter) is noted in period 6. The signals recorded in periods 2 and 8 correspond to an input of approxi- mately 1.6 x 10- 9 Gauss/cm2 (second derivative D 2Bz/az2), which is equiva- lent to approximately 3.5 x 10- 7 Gauss referred to one pickup coil. The interpretation of such observations must be subjected to careful analysis. For example, the emphasis on "corresponds to" is based on the following: although the probe is designed to register magnetic fields, and the simplest hypothesis is that an observed signal is such, in a task as potentially complex as willed perturbation effects one must be cautious about assigning a given observed effect to a specific cause. One can only conclude that generation of a magnetic field is the most probable cause, without presuming to identify a particular source. With regard to signal display, the signal was observed simultaneously on three recording devices at different stages of the electronics, and thus a "recorder only" effect can be considered low probability, although an electronics interference effect ahead of all display cannot be ruled out. We therefore treat the magnetic cause as tentative, although most probable, and concentrate our attention on-whether a correlation exLsts between system disturbances and subject efforts. Thirteen ten-trial runs were obtained with Sl. Each of the ten trials in the run lasted 50 seconds-;-, the activity/no-activity RF interference effects are sometimes in evidence due to noise bursts from other instrumentation. tWith the exception of the first run where 25-second trials were used. ill Approved For ReIeUI*Q/LM5j4F4Cf D0999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Release UffCf AS-STFIM 9AO00400030001-7 Hd co :f: CD ,IERIODS 10 9 7 6 4 3 2 BASELINE i-ND OFF (IN Q N UFF TRUCK UFF OFF OFF OFF ON OFF BASELINE START Approved For Release tfWLAIS-Sqf lfV9AO00400030001-7 Approved For ReleUWC34p3AOIZ!pfftE7D3O999AO00400030001-7 an 01% #AF command for each trial being identified by the randomization technique discussed in Appendix C. In the 13 x 10 = 130 trials, consisting of a random distribution of 64 activity and 66 no-activity periods, 63 events of signal-to-noise ratio greater than unity were observed. Of these 63 events, 42 were distributed among the activity periods, 21 among the no-activity periods, a correlation significant at the p 0.004 level. Subjects S2 and S6 also interacted with the device. Although subject efforts and observed perturbations sometimes coincided, activity was generally low and did not appear to be the signature of correlated activity under control. A controlled ten-trial run with Subjects S2 and two such runs with Subject S6 yielded nonsignificant results. We therefore conclude that for Subject Sl the observed number of precisely timed events in pilot work coupled with the statis- tically significant (p - 0.004) correlation between subject effort and signal output in controlled runs indicate a highly probable cause-effect relationship. Thus it appears that a subject can interact with a second derivative magnetic gradiometer of sensitivity on the order of 10-9 Gauss/cm.2 from a distance of 4 m. Further work would be required to determine the precise nature of the interaction, although given the equip- ment design the generation of a magnetic field is the most probable mechanism. A successful independent replication of this experiment has been carried out by Dr. Richard Jarrard, Geology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, using a single-coil cryogenic magnetometer.* The experiments, carried out with the subject in a room located 50 ft diagonally across a courtyard from the magnetometer room, resulted in events distributed across work and rest periods in ratio >3:1, re- spectively, paralleling our results. 28 d. Discussion of Physical Perturbation Effects One significance of the perturbation of remote sensitive equipment lies in the indication that the remote-sensing channel may Superconducting Technology Cryogenic Magnetometer. 113 Approved For Re1eUt*GjLAC6 64fiJ&D0999A000400030001-7 Approved For ReleastaWO tGOfJPrE9BP999AO00400030001-7 "IMMAftoftill 3 posse,s a bilateral aspect. That is, there is the Dossibility that an Information-bearing signal can be coupled from an individual to a re- mote iocation as well as in reverse, thus implying that the information channel under consideration may sustain information transfer in either direction. The above concept has a rigorous basis in quantum theory @a the so-called observer problem," the effect of an observer on experi- mental measurement. In quantum theory it is recognized that although i_'ie evotution of a physical system proceeds deterministically on the basis of" Schrodinger's equation (or its equivalent), the result of a calcula- on i _s not in general the prediction of a well-defined value for some experimental variable. Rather, it is the prediction of a range of possibi.iftles with a certain distribution of probabilities. In a q given nemsuremenr, however, some particular value for a variable is actually obtained, which implies that an additional event--so-called state vector 11011apse--must take place during the measurement process itself and in a manner that is unpreoictable except probabilistically. Analysis of i1he significance of this latter process leads inescapably to the conclusion that to the degree that consciousness is involved in observation and measure- ment (and it always is), to that degree consciousness must also be seen t.o interact with the plivsical environment and to participate in the collapse ()V the state vector. Efforts to extract quantum theory from this conclu- -;i.on by. for example, an infinite regression of measuring apparatus, have proved unsuccessful. These conclusions, arrived at by theorists such as Wigner, 9 imply the possibility of nontrivial coupling between ciinsciousness and quantum states of the physical environment at an extremeiy fundamental ievel. Such a realization has led to theories (it paranormal phenomena modeled on ttie basis of this so-called "ob- ,server Droblem" in quantum theory. )6 The phentimena implied by the observer problem are generally tinobservable on the gross macroscopic scale for statistical reasons. This is codified in the thermodynamic concept that for an isolated system. entropy (disorder) on the average increases, effectively masking the microscopic observer effects. It is just this requirement of Approved For Releai0ftOkiA.SSWIFDBb999AO00400030001-7 Approved For ReIeUM k,3,A-,c,,c.,FolftE7D0999AO00400030001-7 isolation, however, that can be expected to be weakened under conditions of efforts at paranormal perturbation via the remote-sensing channel, and it can be argued that observer effects would be maximally operative in just those situations where the intrusion'of consciousness as an ordering phenomenon could result in a significant local reversal of entropy increase. These considerations lead to the following series of conceptualizations or hypotheses around which future experiments can be designed. (1) Researchers in the area of willed pertur- bation effects appear to be plagued by results whose amplitudes have a signal-to-noise ratio near unity, regardless of the process or mechanism involved. This may indicate that, rather than simple perversity, what is being articulated by the experimental results is a coherence pheno- mena involving partial mobilization of system noise, as if the components of the noise spectrum had been brought into phase coherence, and thus the mag- nitude constraint. The subject would thus appear to act as a local negentropic (that is, entropy- decreasing) source. If true, it may be more advantageous as a practical matter to work with extremely noisy systems, rather than with highly constrained or organized systems, so as to maxi- mize possible effects due to the introduction of order. (2) Willed perturbation effects often appear to be more the result of coincidence that the effect of a well-defined cause. Again, rather than being the result of the perversity of nature, the ob- served goal-oriented synchronicity may indicate that physical systems are more easily manipulated 115 Approved For ReleUNd&bASSILM-DO0999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Release ZOQ 999AO00400030001-7 91 NUUHRO .tt i.ht-- wiobal tevel of boundary conditions and t'01lSLr'amt.s rather than at the level of mechan- iso. Mus, the apparency that a given result (iiaNi Ok- t----L11ained away by a coincidental but natural" event needs to be explored more fully. UnexpecLea but natural causes may be the effect oi a @@;tlri,(--, oi causal links, outside the defined @,@@-ne.r4lnry,utal boundaries but representing an un- ioreseeis ji-ne of leasc resistance. At worst, such c,qlls,ql iinks may in fact be unobservable in the (11 the hidden variables concept in quan- @..tjm theorv, but nevertheless act as instruments o I the W L! L. (31) Wilted perturbation effects appear to be iiii t-hisWi.,ily spontaneous; i.e., it is difficult @o evokc@ such effects "on cue," with the result @h@4t the phenomenon is often considered to not be .inder lpnoc control, and therelore not amenable com rti-IL i ed experimentation. This difficulty is so p-roT-iounced that it is likely that we are ,@bservjnv- some macroscopic anaiov oi a quantum i-ii_ aj-t event similarly unpredictable in i-iy:xe as a probability tunction. it the i@, correct, experimentation in this area -AmptV ItHeds Lo be treated in the manner ot, for weak photon experiments. (4) llo@4.-31bly related to Item (3), the more closely ollt@ aLLt--fflljLS to observe willed perturbation effects, ihe luss likely one is to see them, a factor con- :,iuiered -)N, matly to support hypotheses of poor 4,I)servaL. traud, and the like. To a sophis- i-icateo observer, however, simple dismissal does 11f) Approved For Releas 200 "fPVLDIY999AO00400030001-7 'ITMMA *IF *a Approved For Rele4-4-RL3lp31&OCSifii71y0999AO00400030001-7 17 16 J@% #AF not stand up under scrutiny. Invoking again the idea of a microscopic analog of a quantum transition, we may, as observers of delicate phenomena, be witnesses to observer effects generally associated with the uncertainty prin- ciple. Paradoxically, from the subject's view- point, the production of the phenomena may also be an observer effect, perturbing as it does the expected behavior of a piece of instrumentation. In this model the scrutiny of psychokinetic pheno- mena under laboratory conditions could in prin- ciple be considered to be a collective phenomena involving interfering observer effects in a manner known to occur at the microscopic quantum level. (5) Finally, it may be useful as a guiding prin- ciple to continually recognize that all of the phenomena we deal with in macroscopic psycho- energetics are totally permissible at the micro- scopic level within the framework of physics as presently understood. It is simply that time reversibility, tunneling through barriers, simul- taneous multiple-state occupation, and so on are generally unobservable as gross macroscopic phen- omena for statistical reasons only, as codified in the concept of increasing disorder (entropy). Therefore, it may be appropriate to consider an individual with psychokinetic abilities primarily as a source of ordering phenomena of sufficient magnitude so as to restructure the otherwise random statistics of the macroscopic environment. 2. Disscussion of Possible "Mechanisms" in Remote Viewing With regard to the wider problem of the remote-viewing channel itself, beyond the specific aspects of equipment perturbation via 117 Approved For ReleuNGL3APSf4fifli)0999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Relea-c~613Mtb:L/lA-.%604-0-D999AO00400030001-7 this channel there is considerable current interest in quantum theory -0,31 in the implicqti-ons brou.ght on by the observation of nonlocal correlation or "qijantum interconnectedness" (to use Bohm's term of distant parts of quantum systems of macroscopic dimensions. Bell's theorem 3emphasizes that no theory of reality compatible with quantum theory can require spatially separated events to be independent, but must permit interconnectedness of distant events in a manner that is "contrary" to "common.sense" concepts. 351,36 This prediction has been experimentally tested and confirmed in the recent experiments of, for M,31 example, Freedman and Clauser. E.H. Walker and 0. Costa de Beauregard, independently proposing theories of paranormal functioning based on ,,ILLantum concepts, argue that observer effects or>en the door to the possibititv of nontrivial, couoling between consciousness and the envlron- )aent, and that the nonlocalitv principle permits such coupling to tianscend spatial and tempora I barriers. 26,37 AM alternative hypor-hesis (that is, alternative to the -;pecifically quantum hvT)othesis) has been put forward by I.M. Kogan, C'hairman of the Bioinformation Section of the Moscow Board of the Popov Society, USSR. He is a Soviet engineer who until 1969 published t!xtensivelv in the open literature on the theorv of paranormal communi- cation. t8-41 His hypothesis is that information transfer under con- diLions of sensory shielding is mediated by extremely-low-frequency (ELF) olectromagnetic waves in the 300- to 1000-km region, a proposal which does not seem to be ruled our hy any obvious physical or biological facts. Experimental support for the hypothesis is claimed on the basis of: si-ower T..tian inverse-square attenuation, compatible with source-per- cipient distances lyin2 in the induction field range as onposed to the radiation field range; observed low bit rates (0.005 to 0.1 bit/s) compaEibte with the information-carrying capacity of ELF waves; apparent of ordinary electromagnetic shielding as an attenuator; and standard antenna calculations entailing biologically generated currents yielding resUitS compatible with observed signal-to-noise ratios. 1 -1 81 CIASSWISQ999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Relea_4023bb Approved For ReleaU NeCLIAMf4M999A000400030001-7 M. Persinger, Psychophysiology Laboratory, Laurentian UnLversity, Toronto, Canada, has narrowed the ELF hypothesis to the suggestion that the 7.8-Hz "Shumann waves", and their harmonics propagating along the earth-ionosphere waveguide duct, may be responsible. Such an hypothesis is compatible with driving by brain-wave currents, and leads to certain hypotheses, such as asymmetry between east-west and west-east propagation, preferred experimental times (midnight to 4'a. m. ) , and expected negative correlation between success and the U index (a measure of geo- magnetic disturbance throughout the world). Persinger claims initial support f or these f actors onthe beisis". of a literature search. 42,43 On the negative side with regard to a straightforward ELF interpretation as a blanket hypothesis are: (a) apparent real-time descriptions of remote activities in sufficient detail to require a channel capacity in all probability greater than that allowed by a conventional modulation of an ELF signal: (b) lack of a proposed mechanism for coding and decoding the information onto the proposed ELF carrier; and (c) apparent precognition data. The hypothesis must nonetheless remain open at this stage of research, since it is con- ceivable that counterindication (a) may eventually be circumvented on the basis that the apparent high bit rate results from a mixture of low- bit-rate input and high-bit-rate "filling in the blanks" from imagina- tion; counterindication (b) is common to a number of normal perceptual tasks and may therefore simply reflect a lack of sophistication on our part with regard to perceptual functioning; 44 and counterindication (c) may be accommodated by an ELF hypothesis if advanced waves as well as retarded waves are admitted. 27,45 Experimentation to determine whether the ELF hypothesis is viable can be carried out by the use of ELF sources as targets, by the study of parametric dependence on pro-- pagational directions and diurnal timing, and by the exploration of interference effects caused by creation of a high-intensity ELF environ- ment during experimentation, all of which are under consideration as part of a proposed follow-up program in our laboratory. 119 Approved For ReIejMC;kj" 51IR4kDO999A000400030001-7 Approved For Releat 3A S(MMED0999AO00400030001-7 The aoove arguments are not intended to indicate that we understand the precise nature of the information channel coupling remote events and human pereept4on. Rather. we intend only to show that modern theory is not without resources that can be broupht to bear on the pro- 6-Lems at hand, and it is our expectation that these problems will, with further work, vield to analysis and specification. 120 Approved For RelejANIGL*SSA-FJE700999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Rele.UNCvL*SSAfiED0999AO00400030001-7 3. Communication Theory Approach to Channel Utilization Independent of the mechanisms that may be involved in remote sensing, observation of the phenomenon implies the existence of an infor- mation channel in the information-theoretic sense. Since such channels are amenable to analysis on the basis of communication theory techniques, channel characteristics, such as bit rate, can be determined independent of a well-defined underlying theory in the sense that thermodynamic con- cepts can be applied to the analysis of systems independent of underlying mechanisms. Therefore, the collection of data under specified conditions permits headway to be made despite the formidable work that needs to be done to clarify the underlying bases of the phenomena. One useful application of the communication channel concept was the utilization of such a channel for error-free transmission of informa- tion by the use of redundancy coding. The experiment was carried out by Dr. Milan Ryzl, a chemist with the Institute of Biology of the Czecho- slovakian Academy of Science. He reasoned that a paranormal channel exhibits the attributes of a communication channel perturbed by noise, and that redundancy coding could be used to combat the effects of the noisy channel in a straightforward application of communication theory. 8 Ryzl had an assistant randomly select five groups of three decimal digits each. These 15 digits were then encoded into binary form and translated into a sequence of green and white cards sealed in opaque envelopes. With the use of a subject who has produced highly significant results with many contemporary researchers, 46-51 he was able, by means of redun- dant calling and an elaborate majority vote protocol, to correctly identify all 15 numbers, a result significant at p = 10-15. The experi- ment required 19,350 calls, averaging nine seconds per call. The hit rate for individual calls was 61.9 percent, 11,978 hits and 7,372 misses. 4-1 Note added in proof. It has been brought to our attention that a similar procedure was used to transmit without error the word "peace," in inter- national Morse Code; J.C. Carpenter "Toward the Effective Utilization of Enhanced Weak-Signal ESP Effects," presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, New York, Jan. 27, 1975. 121 Approved For RelegetArMAYAP& Al-UkP-00999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Releasq:Lop ,.,n "fPVLVJY999AO00400030001-7 J IN CCA d@scussed in the section on the random target generator, the bit rate is calculated from R = HW - 11,"W where H(x) is the uncertainty of the source message containing symbols with a priori probabilitv p it (x) pilog@pi .and HV(x) is the conditional entropy based on the a posteriori probabil- @ties that a received sisznal was actually transmitted, (X) P("J)1092PI(i) For the above run, with D. 1/2, p.( 0.619, and an average time of I nine seconds per choice. we have a source uncertainty H(x) = I bit and a Ca-1-cuiated bit rate 0.041 @--ts/symbol or RJT = 0.1')(146 bits/second. Since the 15-di J. git number (.49.8 bits) was actual'y transmitted at the rate of 2.9 x 10-4 bits Per second, an increase in bit rate by a factor of about 20 could be expected on the basis of a coding scheme more optimum t-han that used in the experiments. The actual bit rate is roughly the t observed in our random target generator experiment discussed .;ame as Lna earlier. A" exceiienE reaundancv coding technique for a communication channel is the sequentiai sampling procedure used earlier in Section II-B for the sorting of SW froni non-SW cards. In this application of the se- quentia-L sampling procedure, one would first express the message to be sent as a series of binarv digits, encoded, for example, as shown in ']'able 22. The sequential method then gives a rule of procedure for making on.e. of three possible decisions following the.receipt of each bit: @-LCCePL --L' as the bit being transmitted; reject 1 as the bit being transmitted Approved For Relea'@i'@& :S.Jff ll?EP999AO00400030001-7 @@-WEPEA Approved For ReleJANCW"SGSA-EJED0999AO00400030001-7 TABLE 22 Five-Bit Code for Alphanumeric Characters E 00000 Y 01000 T 11111 G,J 10111 N 00001 W 01001 R 11110 V 10110 1 00010 B 01010 0 11101 0 10101 A 00011 1 01011 S'X'Z 11100 2 10100 D 00100 3 01100 H 11011 4 10011 L 00101 5 01101 C,K.Q 11010 6 10010 F 00110 7 01110 P 11001 8 10001 U 00111 9 01111 M 11000 10000 Note: Alphabet characters listed in order of decreasing frequency in English text. See, for example, A. Sinkov, Elementary Cryptanalysis --A Mathematical Approach.52 (The low frequency letters, XSZ,K,Q, and J have been grouped with similar characters to provide space for numerics in a five-bit code.) In consideration of the uneven distribution of letter frequencies in English text, this code is chosen such that 0 and I have equal probability. (i.e., accept 0); or continue transmission of the bit under consideration. As discussed earlier, use of the sequential sampling procedure requires the specification of parameters that are determined on the basis of the following considerations. Assume that a message bit (0 or 1) is being transmitted. In the absence of a priori knowledge, we may assume equal probability (p = 0.5) for the two possibilities (0,I) if an encoding procedure like that of Table 22 is used. Therefore, from the standpoint of the receiver, the probability of correctly identifying the bit being transmitted is p = 0.5 because of chance alone. An operative remote 123 Approved For ReleWetUAM. UFFRAW-00999A000400030001-7 Approved For Releast)IM'A .9iSfFffDP99AO00400030001-7 sensing channel could then be expected to alter the probability of cor- i-e-ct identification to a value p = 0.5 + @, where the parameter @ satis- 1-;es 0 0.5. (The quantity may be positive or negative, depending Otl whetner the paranormal channel results in so-called psi-hitting, or psi- missing.) Good psi functioning on a repetitive task is observed to result Lo w@ 0.1.2, as reported by Ryzl. 4 Therefore, to indicate the design procedure, let us assume a baseline psi parameter 0, = 0.1 and design a coffimunication system on tnis basis. ,,e question to be addressed is whether, upon repeated trans- mission. a given message bit is labeled a "I" at a low rate p 0 commensurate with the hypothesis H ill that the bit in question is a "0", or at a higher rate PI commensurate with the hypothesis H 1 that the bit in question is indeed a "I". The decision making process requires the specification of four parameters: I'he probability of labeling incorrectly a "0" message !,it. as The probability of labeling correctly a 11011 as "I" is p = 0.5 + 0.6. Therefore, the probabililtv of labeling incorrectly a "0" as a "I" is p,: The probability of labeling correctly a 'T' message bit by p 0.5 + 0.6. a ive r I The probability of rejecting a correct identification Tor a "C)" (Type I error). We shall take a = 0.01. The probability of accepting an incorrect identification -,IT- (Type II error). We shall take 6 = 0.01. a With the parameters thus sDecified, the sequential sampling pro- ct@@dure. provides for construction of a decision graph as shown in Figure Tht@ equations for the upper and lower limit lines are, respectively, + s n --d + where %80999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Relea MTdIDL/A.R;FAJ*tL ,_O_V ftff 41@01 Approved For Release tfflqqetOp~g!it"E(D9AO00400030001-7 (n z < Lu 0 < 0 z (n LU COJ LU F- cn 2 LU (D LL < ow 0 Cr Lu Uj LU Z (D x LU < > F- 50 40 30 20 10 0 F- z < 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - DECISION 1 Accept "I" as the Bit Being Transmitted ECISION 3 Continue ransmission DECISION 2 Accept "0" as the Bit Being Transmitted 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 NUMBER OF TRIALS 80 TA-760525-8 FIGURE 27 ENHANCEMENT OF SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO BY SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING PROCEDURE (po = 0.4, P, = 0.6, ce = 0.01, 0 = 0.01) 125 Approved For ReleasJU(N)6kAq-VaFUP I E-D99AO00400030001-7 Approved For Releast tIY99AO00400030001-7 f fqff A. SSYP17L In 'ITId -Po -P, A cumulative record of receiver-generated responses to the target bit is Collipilea untii either the upper or lower limit line is reached, at which point a decision is made to accept 0 or I as the bit being transmitted. Channel reliabiiity (probability of correctly determining message oeing transmitted) as a function of operative psi parameter @ is plotted in Figure 28. As observed, the sequential sampling procedure c,an resuit in 90 percent or greater reliability with psi parameters of t.he order of EL few percent. Figure 29 indicates the average number of i.yials required to reach a decision on a given message bit. The average number of- trials falls oft rapidly as a function of increasing psi param- L-Lers @. ;jimlementation of the sequential sampling procedure requires ifie transmission of a message coded in binary digits. Therefore, the tanget space must consist of dichotomous elements such as the white and green cards used in the experiments by Ryzl. c,L)eraLion. a sequence corresponding to the target bit (0 or 1) is sent and the cumulative entries are made (Figure 27) until a decision is reached to accept either a 1 or 0 as the bit being transmitted. At a prearranged time, trie next sequence is begun and continues as above until the entire message has been received. A useful alternative. which rel-ieves the percipient of the burden of being aware of his self- contradiction from trial to trial, consists of cvcling through the entire woz,ssage repetitively, entering each response on -its associated graph oricil a decision has been reached on all message bits. I-om the results obtained in such experiments. the channel bit rate can be ascertained tor the system configuration under consideration. i 2J Approved For Release 99AO00400030001-7 I f NPUASSIF TF C LF Approved For Releas IcrhD99AO00400030001-7 1.0 CD L 0-E u 0.8 co 0 > :Llc -.- 0.6 M -0M 0cm 0.4 cu E _j - 'E 0.2 M Lu 0 (psi parameter) TA-760525-9 FIGURE 28 RELIABILITY CURVE FOR SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING PROCEDURE (po = 0.4, p, = 0.6, a = 0.01, 0.01) 127 Approved For ReleasUNC:LlAfMSIRK-&99AO00400030001-7 +0.4 +0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 Approved For Releas 11"Nolift X @Vrffu"AO00400030001-7 Q @ 40 LLJ z < 4- ` ')0 - , 4 c -3 uJ c) C3 ui < 40 Lu Cu cr 0 u- uj @:@GLJHF 29 AVERAGE SAMPLE NUMBER FOR SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING PROCEDURE (po = 0.4, p, = 0.6, 0,01, 0 = 0.01) 128 Approved For Release epNeLO"SRVREII"109AO00400030001-7 w +0.4 +0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 (psi parameter) Approved For ReleMW W1. ANAW-00999A000400030001-7 Furthermore, bit rates for other degrees of reliability (i.e., for other P09piq a, and @) can be estimated by construction of other decision curves over the same data base and thus provide a measure of the bit rate per degree of reliability. In summary, the procedures described here can provide a speci- fication of the characteristics of a remote sensing channel under well- defined conditions. These procedures also provide for a determination of the feasibility of such a channel for particular applications. 4. Soviet Efforts This discussion would be incomplete if we did not mention certain aspects of the current state of research in the USSR. Since the 1930s in the laboratory of L. Vasiliev (Leningrad Institute for Brain Research), there has been an interest in the use of paranormal communication as a method of influencing the behavior of a person at a distance. In Vasiliev's book Experiments in Mental Suggestion, 53 he makes it clear that the bulk of his laboratory's experiments were aimed at long-distance communication and what we would today call behavior modification; for example, putting people to sleep at a distance through hypnosis. The behavior modification type of experiment has been carried out in recent times by I.M. Kogan. He was concerned with three principal kinds of experiments: mental suggestion without hypnosis over short distances, in which the percipient attempts to identify an object; mental awakening over short distances, in which a subject is awakened from a hypnotic sleep at the "beamed" suggestion from the hypnotist; and long-range (intercity) paranormal communication. 39 ,Kogan's main interest has been to quantify the channel capacity of the paranormal channel. He finds that the bit rate decreases from 0.1 bits per second for laboratory experiments to 0.005 bits per second for his 1000-km intercity experiments. As indicated earlier, in the USSR serious consideration is given to the hypothesis that paranormal communication is mediated by extremely- low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic propagation. In general, the entire field of paranormal research in the USSR is part of a larger one concerned with the interaction between electromagnetic fields and living organisms. 54,55 129 U Approved For Releaserl&All @ ARAP-00999A000400030001-7 Approved For Releasp fWylh@ SltVPJ7E-t)999AO00400030001-7 ff -H @ At the first international Congress on Parapsychology and Psychotronics @ri Prague, czechoslovakia, in 1973, for example, Kholodov spoke at length about the- stiscentibilitv of living systems to extremely low-level ac and dc fields. He described conditioning effects on the behavior of fish from the aDpliI-car-ion of 1.0 to 100pW of RF to their tank. @)6 The USSR take 1-hese dar.a seriously in that-. the Soviet safety requirements for steady- State mic-rowave exposure set timits at 10 ijW/em'-, whereas the United 2 -'- i States has set a steady-state limit of 10 mW/cm . Kholodov spoke also about the nonthermal effects of mirrowaves on animals' central nervous systems. His experiments were very carefully carried out and are char- ---cteristic of a new dimension in paranormal. research both in the USSR @@ad elsewhere. ilie- increasing importance of this area in Soviet research was [ndicated recently when the Soviet Psychological Association issued an UaDrecedented position paper calling on the Soviet Academy of Sciences to step up efforts in this area. The Association recommended that the c.e-d-Ly formeci Psychological Institute within the Soviet Academy of Sciences a-,id- the Vsvchological Institute of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences review tne area and consicer the creation of a new laboratory within one of the institutes to study persons with unusual abilities. They also recommended a comprehensive evaluation of experiments and theory by the Academv of Sciences' Institute of Biophysics and Institute for the !'rnblems of 1riformation Transmission. Cone I asions "It i-3 the province of natural science to investigate nature, impartially and without prejudice." 59 Nowhere in scientific inquiry has this dictum met as great a chailenge as in the area of so-called para- normai perception, the detection or remote stimuli not mediated by the iisual seTisory processes. Such phenomena, although under scientific con- sideration for over a century, have historically been fraught with unre- tiabilitv and controversv, and validation of the phenomena by accepted scientific methodology has been slow in coming. Even so, a recent survey conducted by the British oublication New Scientist revealed that 67 Dercent j)i-nearl-v 1500 responding readers (the majority of whom are working 130 Approved For Release YNPUIA .9-S-I"LIUP99AO00400030001-7 Approved For ReleaU UCLA WFHD0999AO00400030001-7 scientists and technologists) considered paranormal perception to be an established fact or a likely possibility, and 88 percent held the investi- gation of paranormal perception to be a legitimate scientific under- taking- 60 A review of the literature reveals that although well-conducted experiments by reputable researchers yielding reproducible results were begun over a century ago (e.g., Sir William Crookes' study of D.D. Home, 1860s), 61,62 many consider the study of these phenomena as only recently emerging from the realm of quasi-science. One reason for this is that, despite experimental results, no satisfactory theoretical construct had been advanced to correlate data or to predict new experimental outcomes. Consequently, the area in question remained for a long time in the recipe state reminiscent of electrodynamics before the unification brought about by the work of Ampere, Faraday, and Maxwell. Since the early work, however, we have seen the development of quantum theory, information theory, and neurophysiological research, and these disciplines provide powerful conceptual tools that appear to bear directly on the issue. In fact, several leading physicists are now of the opinion that, contrary to "common sense" notions, these phenomena are not at all inconsistent with the framework of modern physics: the often-held view that observa- tions of this type are a priori incompatible with known laws is erroneous, such a concept being based on the naive realism prevalent before the development of quantum theory. In the emerging view it is accepted that research in this area can be conducted so as to uncover not just a catalog of interesting events, but rather patterns of cause-effect relationships of the type that lend themselves to analysis and hypothesis in the forms with which we are familiar in the physical sciences. Accordingly, we consider it important to continue data collection and to encourage others to do likewise; investigations such as those reported here need replication and extension under as wide a variety of rigorously controlled conditions as possible. 131 Approved For ReleaU UQLA WROD0999A000400030001-7 Approved For Re1easpFRMMT1&. S1S-fPH-E)999AO00400030001-7 tv %; a. FA V "ROGRAM SMOLARY As -i resuit of exploratory research on human perception carried out hi SRI's Electronics and Biopngineering Laboratorv, we initiated an inves- tAQati-ori of a Derceptua-1 @-hannel whereb)r individuals can access bv means tit mental imagery and describe. randomly-chosen remote sites located i-everal iniies or more 3wav. In this final reriort, we document the @;f:udv at SRI or- this human information-accessina cai)abilitv that we- call . @,tncit.e ,iewing., V q,_ - " the characteristics of which aDDear to fall outside the rnnge ot well-understood' perceptual or information-Drocessing abilities. NliS Dhenomenon is onc-. i)f a broad class of abilities of certain individuals Vo acces:3 bv means of mPnrq1 nrocessps and describe information sources ')iocked from ordinarv Derception and generally accepted as secure against :-;uch access. tndividuaiq exhibiting this facultv include not onlv SRI subjects, but visitins4 staff members of the stionsoring organization who @i,irLicipjted as subiects so as to critique the protocol. the program was divi(ted into two categories of approximately ecual I ied researcii @ind basic research. The applied research effort j_-xpfored the otieracionai utility of the above perceptual abilities. The L,a s i r-@,earch e-fort w@i-, U - rL t dirc-cted toward identi-Jr-ation of the charac- terisEics of individunis possessing such abilities and the determination 01 neuroDhysiological correlates and basic mechanisms involved in such i itic c ion i_ng. ThC phenomenon we Ji.nvestigated most extensively was the abilitv of l.ndividuals to view remoEe % geographical locations (up to several thousand IJ I c)metet-s awav-) , given only coordinates (latitude and longitude) or a OtIrl'-:011 Oil Whom to target We have worked with a number of individuals- itcludinv Sponsor personnei-, whose remote perceptual abilities have oe.en developed sufficienriv to allow them at times to describe correctly in great detai.i--q,eoRraDhicai or technical material, such as buildings, roads, laboratory apparatus, and the -;ike. ''he development at S&i of successful experimental procedures to elicit )-is cauabilitv has evolved to the roctint where (a) visiting personnel ,)f the sponsoring organization without any previous exposure to such Approved For Releas6t 4 Cot A9&ffftO999AO00400030001-7 Approved For ReJAN"A @UFFWPP-00999AO00400030001-7 concepts have performed well under controlled laboratory conditions (that is, generated target descriptions of sufficiently high quality to permit blind matching of descriptions to targets by independent judges), and (b) subjects trained over a two-year period have performed well under operational conditions (that is, provided data of operational significance later verified by independent sources). Our data thus indicate that both specially selected and unselected persons can be assisted in developing remote perceptual abilities to a level of useful information transfer. Furthermore, the data, accumulated from over 50 experiments with more than a half dozen subjects, indicates the following: a) the phen- omenon is not a sensitive function of distance over a several-km range and is still operative over a several thousand km range; b) Faraday cage shielding does not appear to degrade the quality or accuracy of perception; c) most of the correct information that subjects relate is of a nonanalytic nature pertaining to shape, form, color, and material rather than to func- tion or name--(this aspect suggests a hypothesis that information trans- mission under conditions of sensory shielding may be mediated primarily by the brain's right hemisphere); and d) the principal difference between experienced subjects and naive volunteers is not that the naive never exhibit the faculty, but rather that their results are simply less re- liable--(this observation suggests the hypothesis that remote viewing may be a latent and widely distributed though repressed perceptual ability). The primary achievement of the SRI program was thus the elicitation of high-quality remote viewing by individuals who agreed to act as sub- jects. Criticism of this claim could in principle be put forward on the basis of three potential flaws: (1) the study could involve naivete in protocol that permits various forms of cueing, intentional or unin- tentional; (2) the experiments discussed could be selected out of a larger pool of experiments of which many are of poorer quality; (3) data for the reported experiments could be edited to show only the matching ele- ments, the nonmatching elements being discarded. All three criticisms, however, are invalid. First, with regard to cueing, the use of double-blind protocols ensures that none of the persons in contact with the subject can be aware of the target. Second, selection 133 Approved For Re1eUaseN0rMk AVALER P-00999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Releas""Tl"V"IOtAWqPIEID99AO00400030001-7 u)_ experiments tor reporting did not take place, every experiment was c@ntered as Derformed on n master log and is included in the statistical- evaiuati.ons. Third, data associated. with a giVEM experiment remain un- edited: all data associated with an experiment are tape recorded and in- cinded unedited in the. dnra narkage to be judge@, evaluated, and so on. Ffnallv., the entire unedited file of tape recordings, transcripts. and drawings for everv experiment is available to the COTR and others in the scientific community tor tndenendent analysis. M@hotigh the precise nature of che information channel COUDIing remote events and human Derception is not yet understood, certain concepts in irtfo@mation theory, (itiAntum theorv, and neurophysiological research .i.ppear ro bear directly on the issue. Therefore, our working assumption Ls that the phenomenon of Interest is consistent with modern scientific Lhought. and can therefore be expected to Vield to the scientific method. @@t,_rther, it is recognizpd that commvinication theory provides powerful @-Clchnia@ies, siieh as the nse of redundancy coding to improve signal-to- a,'Ase ratin, which can be emptoyed to pursue special purpose application oC the remote sensing rhannel indeDendent of an anderstanding of the anderlyi-ng mechanisms. Zil`iallv, it is coneltided by the research contractors (SRI) that the d-avelopment of experimental procedures and the accrual of experience in L"iree years or successtul effort constitutes an asset that could be uLilized in the future both for ODerational needs and for training others 1-ri the- development and iisp of the remote-sensinir caDability. ' ' 'JlA- SIS&FM-E)999AO00400030001-7 Approved For ReleasWm Approved For ReleLMGLASSIfi&ErDbo999AO00400030001-7 REFERENCES 1. R. 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White, ed., pp. 522-542 (G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York, New York, 1974). 28. R. Jarrard, K. Corcoran, R. Mayfield, and R. Morris, "Psychokinesis Experiments with a Cryogenic Magnetometer," Research brief presented at. ,.he l8th Annual Convention of the Parapsychological Assoc., Santa Barbara, August 1975. 116 .Kff liZO99AO00400030001-7 Approved For Releasek M'C3/tOA0 Approved For Releau 'F'M'(bAWfMED0999AO00400030001-7 29. E.P. Wigner, "The Problem of Measurement," Am. J. Physics, Vol. 31, No. 1, p. 6 (1963). 30. J.J. Freedman and J.F. Clauser, "Experimental Test of Local Hidden Variable Theories," Phys. Rev. Letters, Vol. 28, p. 938 (3 April 1972). 31. J-F. Clauser and M.A. Horne, "Experimental Consequences of Objective Local Theories," Phys. Rev. D., Vol. 10, No. 2, p. 526 (15 July 1974). 32. D. Bohm and B. Hiley, "On the Intuitive Understanding of Non-locality as Implied by Quantum Theory," Preprint, Bi.rkbeck College, London, England (February 1974). 33. J.S. Bell, "On the Problem of Hidden Variables in Quantum Theory," Rev. Modern Physics, Vol. 38, No. 3, p. 447 (July 1966). 34. H. Stapp, "Theory of Reality," Lawrence-Berkeley Laboratory Report No. LBL-3837, University of California, Berkeley, California (April 1975). 35. A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, "Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete?," Phys. Rev.. Vol. 47, p. 777 (15 May 1935). 36. R.H. Dicke and J.P. Wittke, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, Chapter 7 (Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., Reading, Massachusetts, 1960). 37. 0. Costa de Beauregard, "Time Symmetry and Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics," Foundations of Physics (in press), Lecture delivered at the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science, February, 1974. 38. T.M. Kogan, "Is Telepathy Possible?" Radio Engineering, Vol. 21, No. 1, P. 75 (January 1966). 39. T.M. Kogan, "Telepathy, Hypotheses and Observations," Radio Engineer- ing, Vol. 22, No. 1, p. 141 (January 1967). 40. I.M. Kogan, "Information Theory Analysis of Telepathic Communication Experiments," Radio Engineering, Vol. 23, No. 3, p. 122 (March 1968). 41. I.M. Kogan, "The Information Theory Aspect of Telepathy," RAND pub- lication, p. 4145, Santa Monica, California (July 1969). 42. M.A. Persinger, "ELF Waves and ESP," NewHorizons Transactions of the Toronto_Society for Psychical Research, Vol. 1, No. 5 (January 1975). 137 Approved For ReleaU WQA 5($J-vCdl~*CEP0999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Releast JRff Yk SSI"E-IT99AO00400030001-7 @t.i. M.A. Persinger, The Paranormal, Part II: Mechanisms and Models, (M.S.S. ",Information Corp., New York, New York, 1974). 44. B. Julesz, Foundations of Cyclonean Perception (University of Chicago Fr-@s, Chicago, Iflinois, 1.971). 4'). G. Feinberg, "PrecoRnition--a Memory of Things Future?," Proc. Conf. on Quantum Physics and Paraps cholo Geneva, Switzerland (Para- y- , , @gy_ ps-chologv Foundation, New York, New York, 1975). 116. M. RyzI and J. Pratt, "A Repeated-Calling ESP Test with Sealed Cards," J. 0aransvchology, vot. 27, pp. 161-174 (1963). 7 M. RvzI and J. Pratt. "A Further Confirmation of Stabilized ESP "ei@ormance in a Selected Subject," J. Paraos)rcholog 27, y, vo 1. T)p_ 73-83 (1963). _'8. T. Pratt.. "Preliminary Experiments with a 'Borrowed' ESP Subiect," J. ,Amer. Soc. Psych. Res., vol. 42, pp. 333-345 (1964). ,A9. J. Pratt and J. Blom- "A Confirmatory Experiment with 'Borrowed' Out.@;tanding ESP Subi,ect," J. Amer. Soc. Psych. Res., vol. 42, pp. 381--388 (1964). 50. W.G. Roll and J.G. ?ratt, "An ESP Test with Aluminum Targets," J. Amer. 'Soc. Psych. Res., vol. 62, pp. 381-387 (1968). '51. J. Pratt. "A Decade of Research with a Selected ESP Subject: An Overview and Reappraisal of the Work with Pavel Stepanek," Proc. Amu'r. Soc. Psych. Res. vol. 30 (1973). 52. A. 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Smythies, ed., (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, England, 1967). 60. C. Evans, "Parapsychology--What the Questionnaire Revealed,".New Scientist, pp. 209 (January 25, 1973). 61. Alan Gauld, The Founders of Psychical Research (Schocken Books, New York, New York, 1968). 62. Wm. Crookes, Researches in the Phenomena of Spititualism, J. Burns, London, England, 1874. 63. R. Targ and H. Puthoff, "Information Transmission Under Conditions of Sensory Shielding," Nature, vol. 252, No. 5476, pp. 602-607 (October 18, 1974). 139 Approved For ReleiM(3i*S6if4f7CbO999AO00400030001-7 Approved For ReleaW WAA MAI fggQ0999AO00400030001-7 APPENDIX A Remote Viewing Transcript for Subject S6 Learner/Control, First Experiment Following is the unedited transcript of the first experiment with learner/control S6, an SRI volunteer, a mathematician in the computer science laboratory, without any previous experience in remote viewing. The target, determined by random procedure, was White's Plaza, a plaza with a fountain at Stanford University. The capitalized words are the experimenter's statements and questions. As is our standard protocol, the experiment with the subject is kept ignorant of the specific target visited as well as of the contents of the target pool. TODAY IS MONDAY, OCTOBER 7TH. IT IS 11:00 AND THIS IS A REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENT WITH RUSS TARG, S6, AND HAL PUTHOFF. IN THIS EXPERIMENT HAL WILL DRIVE TO A REMOTE SITE CHOSEN BY A RANDOM PROCESS, S6 WILL BE THE REMOTE VIEWER, AND RUSS TARG IS THE MONITOR (EXPERIMENTER). WE EXPECT THIS EXPERIMENT TO START AT TWENTY MINUTES AFTER ELEVEN AND RUN FOR FIFTEEN MINUTES. IT IS JUST ABOUT TWENTY MINUTES AFTER ELEVEN AND HAL SHOULD BE AT HIS TARGET LOCATION BY NOW. WHY DON'T YOU TELL ME WHAT KIND OF PICTURE YOU SEE AND WHAT YOU THINK HE MIGHT BE DOING OR EXPERIENCING. The first thing that came to mind was some sort of a large, square kind of a shape. Like Hal was in front of it. It was a ... not a building or something, it was a square. I don't know if it was a window, but something like that so that the bottom line of it was not at the ground. About where his waist was, at least. That's what it seemed to me. It seems outdoors somehow. Tree. DOES HAL SEEM TO BE LOOKING AT THAT SQUARE? I don't know. The first impression was that he wasn't, but I have a sense that whatever it was was something one might look A-1 Approved For ReleaVe N29AA, S51FAAR 0999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Relea-slQ8 V LVE?999AO00400030001-7 TJTqCtA55ff t. don't know if it would be a sign, but something that one wight I ook at. CAN YOU TELL IF IT IS ON THE GROUND OR VERTICAL? It .,@eeriied vertical. I Js,n't have a sense that it was part of anvthing particular. It tiiignt be on a building or part of a building, but I don't know. There was a tree outside, but I also got the impression of cement. &-,n't have the impression of very many people or traffic either. h@A.vf-@ the sense that he is sort of walking back and forth. I don't have any more explicit picture than that. CAN YOU MOVE INTO WHERE HE IS STANDING AND TRY TO SEE WHAT HE IS iioOiUNG AT? i picked up he was touching something-something rough. Maybe warm ana rough. Something possibly like cement. IT IS TWE-NTY-FOUR MINUTES AFTER ELEVEN. CAN YOU CHANGE YOUR POINT OF VIEW AND MOVE ABOVE THE SCENE SO YOU CAN GET A BIGGER PICTURE OF WHAT'S THERE? SiLL1 see some trees and some sort of pavement or something lik@.-, @Jat. Might be a courtyard. The thing that came to mind was ir might be one of the plazas at Stanford campus or something -@iki2 rhat, cement. Some kinds of' landscaping. i siid Stanford campus when I started to see some things in White but I think that is misleading. h,ve the sense that he's not moving around too much. That it's Iti ;i suiall area. J g@iess L'11 glo ahead and say it, but I'm afraid I'm just putting on "ijv i,mpressions from Stanford campus. I had the impression of .-i f:)unt-ain. There are two in the plaza, and it seemed that Hal was possibly near une. what they call Mem Claw. WHAT IS THAT? Approved For Relea-4,44464 ED L/ ASS Of E~0999AO00400030001-7 Approved For ReleaU f4 "/ASSI&FA999A000400030001-7 It's a fountain that looks rather like a claw. It's a black sculpture. And it has benches around it made of cement. ARE THERE ANY BUILDINGS AT THE PLACE YOU WERE LOOKING AT? ARE THERE ANY BUILDINGS? YOU DESCRIBED A KIND OF A COURTYARD. USUALLY AT SOME PLACES THERE SHOULD BE A BUILDING, LARGE OR SMALL THAT THE COURTYARD IS ABOUT. LOOK AT THE END OR THE SIDES OF THE COURTYARD. IS THERE ANYTHING TO BE SEEN? I have a sense that there are buildings. It's not solid buildings. I mean there are some around the periphery and I have a sense that none of them are very tall. Maybe mostly one story, maybe an occasional two-story one. DO YOU HAVE ANY BETTER IDEA OF WHAT YOUR SQUARE WAS THAT YOU SAW AT THE OUTSET? No. I could hazard different kinds of guesses. DOES IT SEEM PART OF THIS SCENE? it ... I think it could be. It could almost be a bulletin board or something with notices on it maybe. or something that people were expected to look at. Maybe a window with things in it that people were expected to look at. WHAT KIND OF TREES DO YOU SEE IN THIS PLACE? I don't know what kind they are. The impression was that they were shade trees and not terribly big. Maybe 12 feet of trunk and then a certain amount of branches above that. So that the branches have maybe a 12-foot diameter, or something. Not real big trees. NEW TREES RATHER THAN OLD TREES? Yeah, maybe five or ten years old, but not real old ones. IS THERE ANYTHING INTERESTING ABOUT THE PAVEMENT? No. It seems to be not terribly new or terribly old. Not very A-3 Approved For Re1eJUNrW"$5A11Ck "'Cc.P0999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Releas la-"E)ki;*IIrftIU99AO00400030001-7 @ J ON'C 551 in7eresting. There seems to be some bits of landscaping around. I i,j--tle patches of grass around the edges and peripheries. Maybe F--o-tiie. f lowers. But. not lush. ,011 SAW SOME BENChES. DO YOU WANT TO TELL ME ABOUT THEM? Well, that's my unsure feeling about this fountain. There was @@oiiie kind of benches of cement. Curved benches, it felt like. ,rh,N were of rouRh cement. 1WHAT DO YOU THINK HAL IS DOING WHILE HE IS THERE? 1. @4a%re a sense that ne is looking at things trying to project tih(-iii. Looking at different things and sort of walking back and )o@ffi not covering a whole lot of territory. Sometimes standing whiLe he looks around. I -Ust had the impression of him talking, and I almost sense that 1-t ,ias being recorded or something. I don't know if he has a recorder, but it it's not that, then he is saying something be,ause it needed to be remembered. ll:,3,i. HE'S JUST PROBABLY GETTING READY TO COME BACK. A-4 Approved For Releaso .9,54"EDP99AO00400030001-7 MMA Approved For Re1eL*WjkAoS 60 i6F7D0999AO00400030001-7 APPENDIX B INSTRUCTIONS TO SUBJECT: EEG EXPERDIENT* The purpose of these experiments is to determine whether stimuli (flashing lights, geographical locations, and so on) located in adjoining laboratories or at more distant locales can be perceived, even though the signals are so low due to intervening walls, distance, and the like, as ordinarily to be considered blocked from the visual modes of perception. In addition to obtaining oral responses, we will also from time to time be measuring physiological parameters with standard apparatus (for example, EEG) to determine whether there is evidence for subliminal perception as registered by physiological correlates, even in the absence of conscious perception. There is no risk associated with these tests, and the only discomfort expected is that attendant to sitting quietly in a darkened room for 30- minute test intervals. During the experimentation feel free to ask any questions that come to mind as to the procedures, purposes, results, and so on associated with the study. As with all our activity you are free to withdraw consent and to discontinue participation in the project at any time without prejudice. *This statement is required by the SRI Administration Manual Topic 812, "Requirements Governing Activities with Human Subjects." B-1 Approved For RelcUNr"$:$LFFHJ?-00999AO00400030001-7 Approved For Rele4N(3/L*SSAfJE700999AO00400030001-7 APPENDIX C UNIVERSAL RANDOMIZATION PROTOCOL It was deemed desirable in our work to establish a universal random- ization protocol independent of the particular experiment under considera- tion. The only exceptions were to be automated experiments where target selection is determined by radioactive decay or electronic randomization. The randomization procedure is designed around a ten-unit base, e.g., ten targets, ten work periods, and so on. A ten-digit sequence governing an experiment is blind to both experimenter and subject, and is uncovered by means of the following procedure. A three-page RAND Table of Random Digits (Table C-1) is entered to obtain a ten-digit sequence, the entrance point being determined by throws of a die,* the first 1, 2, or 3 deter- mining page, the next 1, 2, 3, or 4 determining column block, the follow- ing 1, 2, 3, or 4 determining row block, and the final throw determining from which of the first six rows in the block the ten-digit sequence is to be taken. An opaque card with a single-digit window is then moved across the row to uncover digits one at a time. If a multiplicity of targets exist, the digits 0 through 9 are employed directly. If a binary command is required (e.g., increase/decrease or activity/no activity) the parity of the digit (even or odd) is employed. *A technique found in control runs to produce a distribution of die faces differing nonsignificantly from chance expectation. C-1 Approved For ReleaU WoPhA MJ_Frop'@E P0999A000400030001-7 Approved For Release 2Weltl a: §l@ffil-b999A000400030001-7 U LA TABU C-I ;;h I e of Random Digits 1 -6 43 W 18 750 13 76 74 40 60 31 61 52 83 23 53 73 61 "1 2! A 17 q1 7h 83 15 86 78 40 94 15 35 85 69 95 86 09 16 11) 43 M4 44 82 66 55 83 76 49 73 50 58 34 72 55 95 31 79 57 "i "" '22 62 36 13 26 66 63 83 39 41 21 60 13 11 44 28 93 20 71 (H 4o 47 73 12 03 25 14 14 57 99 47 67 48 54 62 74 85 11 V) 56 31 28 72 14 06 39 31 04 61 83 45 91 99 15 46 98 22 85 il-l 20 84 82 31 41 70 17 31 17 91 40 27 72 27 79 51 62 10 07 -1 1 -Iii 67 28 75 38 60 52 93 41 58 29 98 38 80 20 12 51 07 94 PI I @) 6',2 63 60 64 51 61 79 71 40 68 49 99 48 3,3 68 07 64 13 -it 32 55 52 17 13 01 57 29 07 75 97 86 42 98 08 07 46 20 55 @)5 2-k59 71 YS 12 13 85 30 10 3-4 55 63 98 61 88 26 77 (30 68 45 7-3 2" 38 '-'2 42 93 01 65 99 05 70 48 25 06 77 75 71 63 99 97 5-1 31 19 99 23 58 16 36 11 50 69 25 41 6h 78 75 fit 5,- 57 (A 01 K6 21 01 18 08 52 45 88 88 80 78 35 26 79 13 - H 79 87 68 04 68 98 71 30 33 00 78 56 07 92 00 84 48 97 62 49 09 92 15 84 98 72 87 59 38 71 23 15 12 08 58 86 14 90 24 21 66 34 44 21 28 30 70 44 58 72 20 36 78 19 18 66 96 02 ki 59 54 28 33 22 65 59 03 26 18 86 94 97 51 35 14 77 99 @i9 13 83 95 4,) "1 16 85 76 09 12 89 35 40 48 07 25 58 61 49 '") 47 85 96 52 50 41 43 19 66 33 IS 68 13 46 85 09 53 72 82 116 15 59 50 09 27 42 97 29 18 79 89 32 94 48 86 39 25 42 11 29 62 16 65 83 62 96 61 24 68 48 44 91 51 02 44 12 61 94 38 12 63 97 52 91 71 02 01 72 65 94 20 50 42 59 68 98 35 05 61 14 @;-l 43 71 34 54 71 40 24 01 38 64 80 92 78 81 31 37 74 00 83 40 38. 88 27 09 83 41 13 33 A 29 24 60 28 75 66 62 69 54 67 h4 20 52 04 30 69 74 48 06 17 02 64 97 37 85 87 51 21 39 fi@ (14 19 90 11 bl 04 02 73 09 48 07 07 68 48 02 53 19 77 37 (14 89 45 23 Y7 44 45 99 04 30 15 99 54 50 83 77 84 61 15 11 f 13 98 94 1 b 52 79 51 06 31 12 14 89 22 31 31 3b 16 06 50 82 24 43 43 92 90 60 71 72 20 73 83 87 70 67 24 86 39 75 76 '16 ')9 05 52 44 70 69 32 52 55 73 54 74 37 59 95 63 23 95 55 09 11 97 48 03 97 30 38 67 01 07 27 79 32 17 79 42 12 17 69 ,7 j6 64 12 04 41' 58 97 83 64 65 12 84 83 34 07 49 32 80 98 tii 49 26 15 94 26 72 95 82 72 3 8 71 66 13 80 W 21 20 50 99 08 13 3 1 91 72 08 32 02 08 39 192 17 64 58 73 72 00 86 57 0 1 17 50 04 M 05 44 11 91) 57 23 82 74 64 61 48 75 23 29 '12 12 Ob 54 31 16 53 00 55 47 24 21 94 10 90 US 53 16 15 78 15 4 25 58 65 o7 30 44 70 10 :31 30 94 93 87 02 33 00 24 76 A6 A 52 62 47 18 55 22 94 91 20 73 09 70 24 72 61 96 66 28 ,'2 it 53 49 85 58 03 69 91 37 28 53 78 43 95 '26 65 43 78 51 ,ource. The RAND Corporation (',- 2 Approved For Releas":QlA. SIS-VFEI-M-1)999AO00400030001-7 1.c Approved For ReleiANrw"$C$A-EjkiQO999AO00400030001-7 TABLE C-1 (Continued) 07 42 85 88 63 96 02 38 89 36 97 92 94 12 20 86 43 19 44 85 35 37 92 79 22 28 90 65 50 13 40 56 83 32 22 40 48 69 11 22 10 98 22 28 07 10 92 o2 62 99 41 48 39 29 35 17 06 17 82 52 90 12 73 33 41 77 80 (A 24 46 93 04 06 64 76 24 99 04 10 99 63 00 21 29 90 23 51 06 87 74 76 86 93 93 00 84 97 80 75 04 40 77 98 63 82 48 -15 4 652 69 02 98 25 79 91 50 76 59 19 30 43 21 61 26 08 18 16 78 46 31 94 47 97 65 00 39 17 00 66 29 96 16 76 43 75 74 10 89 36 43 52 29 17 58 22 95 96 69 09 47 70 97 56 26 93 35 68 47 26 07 03 68 40 36 00 52 83 15 53 81 85 81 26 18 75 23 57 07 57 54 58 93 92 83 66 86 76 56 74 65 37 10 06 24 92 63 64 24 76 38 53 40 61 38 55 38 51 92 95 00 55 17 28 15 56 18 85 65 90 43 40 35 38 48 07 47 76 74 68 90 18 89 90 96 12 77 54 15 76 75 68 14 12 53 40 92 55 11 13 26 51 55 99 11 59 81 31 06 32 51 92 21 43 33 86 73 45 97 93 59 15 08 95 05 57 33 16 68 70 94 96 46 10 06 04 11 12 02 22 54 54 72 35 65 27 84 82 88 12 48 65 79 90 19 14 87 91 73 85 49 26 90 78 81 73 68 05 26 54 22 42 58 76 81 49 97 17 65 54 16 53 29 58 71 33 23 01 19 41 08 53 07 63 82 35 25 54 83 40 75 81 36 30 51 73 48 21 37 17 08 71 18 92 83 77 88 46 00 63 52 88 14 79 97 00 67 64 20 50 51 38 26 49 47 08 29 19 66 51 87 28 17 74 41 11 15 70 57 38 35 75 76 84 95 49 24 54 36 32 85 66 95 34 47 37 81 12 70 74 93 86 66 87 03 41 66 46 07 56 48 19 71 22 72 63 84 57 54 98 20 56 72 77 20 36 50 34 73 35 21 68 75 66 47 57 19 98 79 22 22 27 93 67 80 10 09 61 70 44 08 75 02 26 53 32 98 60 62 94 51 31 99 46 90 72 37 35 49 30 25 11 32 37,00 69 90 26 98 92 66 02 98 59 53 03 15 18 25 01 66 55 20 86 34 70 18 15 82 52 83 89 96 51 02 06 95 83 09 54 06 11 47 40 87 86 05 59 46 70 45 45 58 72 96 11 98 57 94 24 81 81 42 28 68 42 60 99 77 96 69 01 07 10 85 30 74 30 57 75 09 21 77 17 59 63 23 15 19'02 74 90 20 96 85 21 14 29 33 91 94 42 27 81 21 60 32 57 61 42 78 17 69 76 01 14 63 24 73 20 96 05 68 63 02 43 34 13 40 29 36 52 99 24 66 50 89 91 05 73 95 94 51 89 39 84 81 47 86 77 50 00 18 47 21 86 78 90 67 54 80 87 46 26 31 65 79 81 66 16 30 88 69 25 87 16 12 27 34 81 76 20 09 44 29 62 41 38 21 67 68 60 93 58 15 04 50 52 08 21 53 04 98 26 84 70 19 74 02 46 37 50 19 77 98 69 46 95 46 75 36 82 54 96 26 76 61 79 88 16 00 57 66 62 90 55 29 80 56 49 94 06 71 13 49 39 13 93 44 68 85 27 87 51 54 80 97 37 73 21 12 86 49 76 87 09 28 96 88 19 36 31 12 34 98 99 80 01 88 47 42 46 51 80 14 87 66 87 26 22 30 19 59 97 62 47 58 31 58 83 66 C-3 A C Aj_kAP Approved For Rele MITTV0 74 0999AO00400030001-7 L-~OOOCOOOVOOOV666(2!FP!N-9,SVIITOFWISBOJOU J0=1 POAoiddV 9Z 99 91 09 W@ 6Z 191 91 tt, 86 91 66 99 00 Z 0 6 E 01 9 L U I q(@ 14 9c E7 Oo 70 zz; tsi fii; st, I 1", 89 Oz 11 99 f1v LL 09 to 1@6 9W Z I SI 99 66 99 VS Lt (it P9 90 89 tt CL 16 01 Vi- RZ 96 86 99 E6 07 to OL 6(-, Of 1,6 10 44 96 ZO 61 88 6L F,9 K 11, fit, OZ 1,0 Z Z 00 F30 U S@- EL 017 OF 5 4 LO 09 9Z R R 9 V R L E t 8 C@ VZ 9H K V (@ 09 06 1 L q @-' 16 V6 1 W 91 4tj 1-9 Wi 7t, Lf, 0 V. $:L ?6 @: 11 6H !@l LR @i9 VV t,9 I t@, El 91 OZ K W 69 L C 176 19 10 FL I P VO SS LV go 87 61 19 1-, 1 6P 98 Of to ('V I I z @3L I I 10 WE LW 9o 7@ 9(@ 96 Z9 W, t-, I 99 99 tv t @11 91 W8 ZS 60 W'r4 (,@@ 40 9L LL 9! 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