PHYSICS, ENTROPY, AND PSYCHOKINESIS Harold Puthoff and Russell Targ Stanford Research Institute Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory To be presented at the Conference on Quantum Physics and Parapsychology Geneva, Switzerland, August 26-27, 1974 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 In this ps@per we present results of recent experiments at Stanford Research Institute which indicate anew that certain individuals are capable of producing physical effects in the environment by means of some as yet unidentified modality, generally referred to psychic or psychoenergetic. Such phenomena have of course been under scientific consideration for over a century. However, even a cursory review of the literature reveals that in spite of well-conducted experiments by reputable researchers yielding reproducible results (e.g., Sir William Crookes'study of D.D. Home, or von Reichenbach's researches as reported in The Dynamics , London, 1851), the study of these phenomena has never emerged from the realm of quasi- scientific speculation. One reason for this is:@that, in spite of experi- mental results, no satisfactory theoretical construct has to date been advanced to correlate data or predict new experimental outcomes. Consequently, the area in question remains in the recipe stage reminiscent of electrodynamics before the unification brought about by the work of Ampere, Faraday, and Maxwell. The overall goal of our research program is the determination of the laws underlying these phenomena. That is, our goal is not just to catalog interesting events, but rather to uncover patterns of cause-effect rglation- ships of the type that lend themselves to analysis and hypothesis in the form with which we are familiar in scientific study. The results presented here constitute for us a first step toward that goal, in that we are estab- lishing under known conditions a data base from which departures as a functica Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 of physical and psychological variables can be studied in future work. Our observations to date have led us to conclude that such phenomena can be studied under laboratory conditions. It is our expectation that with the sensitive instrumentation and powerful theoretical tools presently available, progress in'this field %vill be forthcoming. Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 :. CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001 -1 Magnetometer Observation (Pilot ExpeAment) One of the first psychoenergetically-produced physidal effects I observed by SRI personnel (H.P.) in early research (1972) was the appar perturbation of a superconductor-shielded Josephson effect magnetometer 'by a gifted subject, Mr. Ingo Swann.. Following is a fairly detailed jaccount of that first observation, since it reveals ra'_ number of aspect !of PK research that we consider to be of significanbe. This magnetometer is located in a well under a building and is shi :by 4-metal shielding, an aluminum container, copper shielding and, most timportant, a superconducting niobium shield. (See Fig. 1). The magnet ometer is of the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) :variety, which has an output voltage whose frequency is a measure of th .rate of change of magnetic field present. Before the experiment, a decaying magnetic field had been set up linside the magnetometer, and its decay with time provided a background t Ided @calibration signal that registered as aperiodic output on an x-y record6r, :the frequency of the output corresponding to the decay rate of the -6 tcalibration field (-10 Gauss). The system had been running for abouti .an hour with no noise. Mr. Swann was shown the setup and told that if lie were to affect the !magnetic field in the magnetometer, it would show up as a change in the, :Output recording, Then, to use his own description,r lie placed his atten- tion on-the interior-of the magnetometer-,-at-which-time, the-frequency of Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001 -1 Approved For Release 200.3/09/10 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001 -1 DEWAR p-METAL SHIELD FLOOR OF BUILDING CONCRETE CASING CONCRETE BLOCK 12" FIGURE I MAGNETOMETER HOUSING CONSTRUCTION Approved For Release 2003/09/10 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 Approved For Release 2003/09/10: CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 the output doubled for about two of the cycles or roughly thirty seconds. This is indicated by A in Eigure.2. Mr. Swann was next asked if he could stop the field change being indicated by the periodic,@output on.the recorder. He then apparently proceeded to do just that, as can be seen at B in the graph, for a period of roughly forty five seconds. He then it let go," at which time the output returned to normal (C). Upon inquiry as to what he had done, he explained that he had direct vision of the apparatus inside and that the act of looking at different parts seemed to him to be correlated with the different effects. As he described what he was doing, the recording again traced out a double frequency cycle (shown at D), as had occurred before. An atypical dip (E) in the recording took place then, and on questioning him about what was happening, he said he was looking at a new part, the niobium ball sitting in a cup. This ball was inert at the time, not being used in the magnetometer experiment. He was asked to refrain from thinking about the apparatus, and the normal pattern was then traced out for several minutes (continued on lower trace) while he was engaged in conversation on other subjects. At one point he started to discuss the magnetometer again, at which point the tracing went into a high frequency pattern, shown at F. At our request he stopped, and the observation was terminatt-d because Mr. Swann was tir ed from his effort. We then left the lab, while the apparatus was run for over an hour with no 'trace of noise or nonuniform activity,.as indicated in Figure 3, where the Approved For Release 2003/09/10: CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 z n LU 0 LU z F- LU cc M Approved For Release 2003/09/10 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1. 7 77 7 77 mm @7 .. . m .. m:: ... . . . . . 7 .. .. .... . . w. . . . ... . ... . . t t -7 ........... m m . ,@ 77n ... . .. -7 - 77 7= @ 7 .. .... .... .... .... .... .. .. nw, l t@7@ .. - XI t4 I q ... .... .... ... - T . . ... .... .... ... -': t all .... ... ... ... .. . . . 7@ .... .... .. t- .... ... .... .... .... .... tt tt . . .... .... .. - T a :7- - 144 :d d 0 POO . t i . ... .. .... .... ... it ti n S I ... . 'TJ 'fj 7 @ 7:. T , M To 7 'M t It RM 777 @= t; - . .. 7 7 T I n jg 4 Lj .. . ... . ... . ... lilt T t i NZ , - 7 = @@ .77 I M I A L . ... . ... . .. t T'I 10 -7 7 rl- 7 . ::: . ! m : .. ... ;:: . ... ; @:! . ... @::: . ... : N . . -77, -7@ @ t t +1 .. . .. . ... . 7@ " D z LU LU uj cr LU U- Approved For Release 2003/09/10 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 Approved For Release 2003/09/10: CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 top two traces show a continuing record following termination of the experi- ment. The third trace was takea some time later, the increase in the period indicating the reduced rate of magnetic field decay. At various times during this and the following day when similar data with Mr. Swann were taken, the experiment was observed by numerous other scientists. The conditions of this observation, involving as it did a few hours use of an instrument committed to other research, of course prevented a proper investigation. The number of data samples was too few to permit meaningful statistical analysis, and the lack of readily-available multiple recording equipments prevented investigation of possible "recorder only" effects. Therefore, the following longer term study with a similar device was undertaken. Approved For Release 2003/09/10: CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 Experiments with,a Superconducting Differential Magnetometer (Gradiometer) A series of experiments were carried out using a Develco Model 8805 superconducting second-derivative gradiometer manufactured by Develco, Inc., Mountain View, California. The assembled device is shown in Figure 4. Basically, the gradiometer is a four-coil Josephson effect magnet- ometer device consisting of a pair of coil pairs wound so as to provide a series connection of two opposing first-derivative gradiometers, yielding a second-derivative gradiometer (i.e., a device sensitive only to second and higher order derivative fields.) As a result, the device is relatively insensitive to uniform fields and to uniform gradients. This arrangement allows for sensitive measurement of fields from nearby sources while dis- criminating against relatively uniform magnetic fields produced by remote sources. The device is ordinarily used to measure magnetic fields originating from processes within the human body, such,-s action currents in the heart which produce magnetocardiograms. The sensitive tip of the instrument is simply placed near the body area of.interest. In ourapplication, however, the subject is located at a distance of four meters from.the gradiometer probe. As a result,the subject is located in a zone of relative insensitivity; e.g., standing up, sitting down, leaning forward, and arm and leg movements produce no signals. From this location the subject is asked, as a mental task, to affect the probe. The results of his efforts are available to him as feedback from three sources: an oscilloscope, a panel meter, and a chart recorder, the latter providing a permanent record. Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 '717 ulm LIN IMOV, FIGURE 4 SUPERCONDUCTING DIFFERENTIAL MAGNETOMETER Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 Approved For Release 2003109110 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 A protocol for subject participation was instituted as follows,: The subject removes all metal objects, and the effects of body movements are checked at the start of each experimental period. The subject then works with the machine in a learning mode, observing effects being produced, if any, via-feedback from the instrumentation. Once satisfied that,a possibility exists of producing effects on command under experimenter control, the experimenter announces the start of the experiment. A random- ization protocol (discussed in the Appendix) is then used to generate ten activity periods of equal length (e.g., twenty-five seconds) pre-deter- mined by the experimenter. A sample run with a second gifted subject, Mr. Patrick Price, is shown in Figure 5. The randomly-generated ON (activity) periods are Nos. 2, 8, and 9. As observed, signals appear in each of these three periods. TI.ie signal appearing in period 9 was strong enough to cause loss of continuous tVacking. This latter type of signal can be the result of an exceptionally strong flux change, or an RF burst whether subject-generated or artifactual, and are handled on the basis of statistical correlation as discussed below. An artifact due to the passage ofa truck in the parking lot adjacent to the laboratory (under continuous surveillance by the experimenter) is noted -9 in period 6. Each of the signals on scale corresponds to an input , 1.6 x 10 Gauss./cm2 (second derivative 1@2B 2), equivalent -to - 3.5 x 10 -7 Gauss . I z z referred to one pickup coil. RF interference effects are sometimes in evidence due to proximity to other instrumentation. Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 ON ON -77:7- H . .. ....... q OFF . .. .. .... . . TRUCK OFF ... ....... 037 . ........... OFF 71 Pr OF1? P.-Pi- P i.-T = ON l j@ q, ;-s ' OFF Figure 5 Gradiometer data. v.:T ELINS IA6 I START Approved For Release 2003/09/10 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 The interpretation of such observations must be subjected to careful analysis. For example, the emphasis on "corresponds tolf is based on the following: although the probe is designed to register magnetic fields, and the simplest hypothesis is that an observed signal is such, in a task as potentiallk complex as "psychokinesis", one must be cautious about assigning a given observed effect to a specific cause. Therefore, until further work with multiple measurement employing equally sensitive apparatus, one can only conclude that generation of a magnetic field is the most probable (cause. With regard to signal display, the signal was observed simultaneously on three recording devices, and thus a "recorder only" effect can be considered 'Low probability, although an electronics interference effect ahead of all display cannot be ruled out. We therefore treat the magnetic cause as tentative, although most probable, and concentrate our attention on whether a correlation exists between system disturbances and subject efforts. Thirteen ten-trial runs were obtained with Mr. Price. Each of the ten trials in the run lasted fifty seconds each, the activity/no acitivity command for each trial being generated by the randomization technique discussed in the Appendix. In the 13 x 10 = 130 trials, consisting of a random distribution of 64 activity and 66 no-activity periods, 63 events of sig4al-to-noise ratio > I were observed. Of these 63 events, 42 were distributed among the activity periods, 21 among the no-activity periods, * correlation significant at the p = 0.004 level. * With the exception of.the first run where 25-second trials were used. Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 Approved For- Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 We therelore'conclude that the observed number of precisely timed events in pilot work coupled with the statistically significant (p =; 0.004) correlation between subject effort and signal output in controlled runs indicate a highly probable cause-effect relationship. Thus it appears that a gifted subject can interact with a second derivative magnetic gradiometer -9 2, of sensitivity , 10 Gauss/cm from a distance of four meters. Further work would be required to determine absolutely the precise nature of the interaction, although given the equipment design the generation of a.,magnetic f:Leld is the most probable mechanism. Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 or 00190001-1 In this series of experiments we examinethe possibility that a subject may be able to exert a physical influence on a remotely located physical system. The target is a torsion pendulum suspended by a metal fiber inside a sealed glass bell jar. The pendulum consists of three 100 gram balls arranged syme.trically at 1200 angles on a 2 cm radius. The entire apparatus is shock mounted, and protected from air currents by the enclosing bell jar. The angular position of the pendulum is,measu.red by means of an optical readout system. The system consists of a laser beam from a lo. t power argon laser reflected from a small mirror on the pendulum onto a position sensing silicon detector tt 1.5 met ers from the pendulum. The' detector yields an output voltage proportional to spot position. The ttt output from the detector is monitored by a ebart recorder which provides The system exhibits a sensitivity of approximately 10 microradians. Under typical experimental conditions random accoustical fluctuations drive the pendulum in its torsional normal mode of 10 second period to a level -,:, 100 microradians angular deviation. During control runs the pendulum executes harmonic motion with a maximum variation in% amplitude of i 10 percent over an hour period. Sudden vibrational perturbations in the environment produce oscillation of the pendulum in the vertical plane ata frequency of I H,',,, as contrasted with the torsional mode in the horizontal plane at 0.1 Hz. t.Spectra Physics Model 262 tt United Detector Technology Model SIC-110 ttf, Brush Model Mark 200 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 Approved For Release 2003/09110 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 The subject is asked, as a mental task, to affect the pendulum motion, the results of which would be available as feedback from the chart recorder The subject is then encouraged to work with the pendulum from a distance of 1 meter, observing effectsbeing produced. If satisfied that there is a possibility of producing effects (typically following a week's activit @Y, a couple of hours per day),. an experiment is begun. As in other experiments, subject efforts to increase or decrease oscillation amplitude are determined by an experimenter utilizing the uni- versal randomization protocol described in (a). Each expe3@;Lment lasts one hour and consists of six 5-minute work periods alternated with six 5-minute rest periods. In later work, the subject is removed to a room 12 meters down the hall with three intervening office spaces to determine whether effects can be produced from a remote location. The subject is provided feedback at the remote location either by closed circuit video or by a second chart recorder in parallel with the recorder in the enclosed target laboratory. The remote aspect was instituted both to prevent artifactual effects from body heat, etc., and also to determine whether energy can be coupled -@ia the remote viewing channel to a remote location. Both experimental evidence and theoretical work indicate that distance may not be a strong factor in paranormal phenomena. See, for example, E.H. Walker "Properties of Hidden Variables in Quantum Theory: Impli- cations for Paraphysics? ., U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001 -1 Approved For Release 2003/09/10: FJ AMa PF c96-OfflKF -that a In pilot studies.we observed;'!'consi,e e evi e c gifted. subject located in the same room is able, by concentration, to increase or-decrease pendulum motion on command while sitting quietly one meter from the bell jar. The chaA-,e -to -baseline ratio is often 5:1 or be@tter so -the effects are not small. A sample chart showing a rest period followed by a decrease period is given in Figure Vibrational artifacts can be ruled out on the basis that when such i-aputs occur, a marked 1 11z oscillation signal due to vertical motion is superi mposed on the 0.1 Hz torsional motion. What is especially interesting are the decreases which -take the motion below that generally observed due to en- vironmental noise driving. Such observations indicate the application of a constraint which couples energy out of the pendulum motion. Similar ob- servations have been observed with the subject removed to the second location 12 meters away. Although less pronounced (change -to -base I ine ratios typically 2:1), the effect remains easily observable. The universal randdmization protocol is used throughout to deterrdne increase/decrease periods. Control run data are being collected to be sub- jected to the same analysis. Multiple recording is used throughout to rule out artifacts due to-recorder effects. Finally, an electrometer with the base of the bell jar serving as one electrode. is monitored to record acoustic vibration independently. Due to the potential significance of such findings, considerable data is being taken in order that the matter can be subjected to statistical analysis over a large sample involving hundreds of Nvork periods. A few hundred data samples have already been collected for this purpose, an the results will be published when available. Approved For Release 2003/09/10: CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 Approved For Release 2003/09./1 1 :t flu, t4 T' I I+ T7 A, '_ M t-T Z. + + @M' , W"I I -i 444 L @F M: a Tfl OV' W.41 4- + 4- T 4 -T IF __ - I 1 1. I +1 T "I .. M #T_ :+ 1. - ...-P_ _4z 4+:t 4 It NO iF I 4-g 1- 4i@i L44 L L E@11 4 i Lb =L-"- _7 ;+71 NT A H ---------- i'T 4 ftt i '41 t@J + Z4 7711 T FF t t.Lr 4 -4- !T4 [IT 4+ ji:'T tT 4L ;,;T J L HI: 311@ s -C 003/09/1 4A-_ E-i P_ rX4 C) U) 0 4j 04 0 4J Approved For Release 2003/09/10 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 Speculations Here we present some speculations about the nature of the paradoxes associated with psychoenergetically-produced physical phenomena. These ideas, fall into the category of intuition based on integration of obser vation over time. Thus, they are not.conclusions drawn from statistically significant data, but rather conceptualizations or hypotheses around which specific experiments can be designed. (1) Researchers in the area of psychokinesis appear to be plagued'. by results whose amplitudes have asignal-to-noise ratio near unity, re- .gardless of the process or mechanism involved. A number of our observa- ,tions indicate that, rather than simple perversity, what is being arti-, .culated is a coherence phenomena involving partial mobilization of .system noise, and thus the magnitude constraint That is, when a subject Js asked to inte'ract with an experimental setup one often first observes @a reduction in noise followed by a signal, as if the components of the ,noise spectrum had been brought into phase coherence. The subject thus appears to act as a local ne-entropic source. If true, it may be more advantageous as a practical matter to work with extremely noisy- systems, rather than with highly constrained or organized @systems, in order to maximize possible effects due to the introduction of order. (2) Psychokinetic phenomena often appear to be more the result of@, rather,,than coincidence than-,th.le effect o,f -.a- well -deflined-pau.5p Approved For Release 2003/09/10 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 .being the result of the perversity of nature, the observed goal-oriented C, synchronicity may indicate that physical systems are more easily manipu- lated at the global level of boundary conditions and constraints rather than at the level of mechanism. Thus, the apparency that a given desired result can be explained away by a coincidental but "natural event needs to be explored more fully. Unexpected but naturAl causes may be the effect of a series of causal links, outside the defined experimental boundaries but representing an unforseen line of least resistance. At worst, such causal links may in fact be unobservable in the sense of the hidden variables concept in quantum theory, but nevertheless, act as instruments of the will. (3) Psychokinetic phenomena appear to be intrinsic lly spontaneous; i.e., it is difficult to evoke psychokinetic phenomena/,,on cue", with the result that the phenomena is often considered to be not under good control, and therefore not amenable to-controlled experimentation. This difficulty is so pronounced that it is likely that we are observing some macroscopic analog of a quantum transition, an event similarly unpredictable in time except as a probability function. If the analogy is correct, experimentation in this area simply needs to be treated in the manner of, for example, weak photon experiments, (4) Possibly related to item (3), the more closely one attempts to observe psychokinetic phenomena, the less likely one is to see it, a V,.,Approv--i Forpelea 243/09/10 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 factor considered by many to support hypotheses of poor observation, fraud, etc. To a sophisticated observer, however, simple dismissal does not stand up under scrutiny. Invoking again the idea of a macroscopic analog of a quantum transition, we may, as observers of delicate phenomena, be witness to observer effects generally associated with the fincertainty principle. Paradoxically, from the subject's viewpoint, the production of the phenomena may also be an observer effect, perturbing as it does the expected behavior of a piece of instrumentation. In this model the scrutiny of psychokinetic phenomena under laboratory conditicns could in principle be considered to be a collective phenomena involving interfering observer effects in a manner known to occur at the microscopic quantum level. (5) Finally, we find it useful as a guiding principle to recognize that all of.the phenomena we deal with in.macroscopic psychoenergetics are totally permissible at the microscopic level within the framework of physics as presently understood. It is simply that time reversibility, tunneling through barriers, simultaneous multiple-state occupation., etc., are generally unobservable as gross macroscopic phenomena for statistical reasons.only, as codified in the concept of increasing disorder (entropy). Therefore, it may be appropriate to consider an individual with psychokinetic abilities primarily as a source of ordering phenomena of sufficient mag- nitude so as to restructure the otherwise random statistics of the macro- scopic environment. Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 APPENDIX Universal Randomization Protocol It was deemed desirable in our work to establish a universal randomi- zation protocol independent of the particular experiment under consideration. The only-exceptions were to be automated experiments where target selection is determined by radioactive decay or electronic randomization. The randomization procedure is designed around a ten-unit base, e.g,, ten targets, ten work periods, etc. A ten-digit sequence governing an experiment is blind to both experimenter and subject, and is uncovered by means of the following procedure. A three-page RAND Table of Random Digits (Table 1) is entered to obtain the ten-digit sequence, the entrance point t being determined by four throws of a die, the first 1, 2, or 3 determining page, the next 1, 2, 3, or 4 determining column block, and the final throw determining from which of the first six rows in the block the ten-digit sequence is to be taken. An opaque card with a single-digit window is then moved across the row to uncover digits one at a time. If a multiplicity of targets exist, the digits 0 through 9 are employed directly. If a binary command is required (e.g., increase/decrease or activity/no activity) the parity of the digit (even or odd) is employed. t A technique found in control runs to produce a distribution of die faces differing nonsignificantly from chance expectation. Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 Approved For Release 2003109110 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 Table of Random Digits CPYRGHT 11 16 43 63 IS 75 06 13 76 74 40 60 31 61 52 83 23 53 73 61 21 21 59 17 91 76 83 15 86 78 40 94 15 35 85 69 95 86 09 16 10 43 84 44 82 66 55 83 76 49 73 50 58 34 72 55 95 31 79 57 36 79 22 62 36 33 26 66 65 83 39 41 21 60 13 11 44 28 93 20 73 94 40 47 73 12 03 25 14 14 37 99 47 67 48 54 62 74 85 11 49 56 31 28 72 14 06 39 31 04 61 83 45 91 99 15 46 98 22 85 64 20 84 82 37 41 70 17 31 17 91 40 27 72 27 79 51 62 10 07 51 48 67 28 75 38 60 52 93 41 58 29 98 38 8D 20 12 51 07 94 99 75 62 63 60 64 51 61 79 71 40 68 49 99 48 33 88 07 64 13 71 32 55 52 17 13 01 57 29 07 75 97 86 42 98 08 07 46 20 55 65 28 59 71 98 12 13 85 30 10 34 55 63 98 61 88 26 77 60 68 17 26 45 73 27 38 22 42 93 01 65 99 05 70 48 25 06 77 75 71 95 63 99 97 54 31 19 99 25 58 16 38 11 50 69 25 41 68 78 75 61 55 57 64 04 86 21 01 18 08 52 45 88 88 80 78 35 26 79 13 78 13 79 87 68 04 68 98 71 30 33 00 78 56 07 92 00 84 48 97 62 49 09 92 15 84 98 72 87 59 38 71 23 15 12 08 58 86 14 90 24 21 66 34 44 21 28 30 70 44 58 72 20 36'78 19 18 66 96 02 16 97 59 54 28 33 22 65 59 03 26 18 86 94 97 51 35 14 77 99 59 13 83 95 42 71 16 85 76 09 12 89 35 40 48 07 25 58 61 49 29 47 85 96 52 50 41 43 19 66 33 IS 68 13 46 85 09 53 72 82 96 15 59 50 09 27 42 97 29 18 79 89 32 94 48 88 39 25 42 11 29 62 16 65 83 62 96 61 24 68 48 44 9i 51 02 44 12 61 94 38 12 63 97 52 91 71 02 01 72 65 94 20 50 42 59 68 98 35 05 61 14 54 43 71 34 54 71 40 24 01 38 64 80 92 78 81 31 37 74 00 -83 40 38 88 27 09 83 41 13 33 04 29 24 60 28 75 66 62 69 54 67 64 20 52 04 30 69 74 48 06 17 02 64 97 37 85 87 51 21 39 64 04 19 90 11 61 04 02 73 09 48 07 07 68 48 02 53 19 77 37 17 04 89 45 23 97 44 45 99 04 30 15 99 54 50 83 77 84 61 15 93 03 98 94 16 52 79 51 06 31 12 14 89 22 31 31 36 16 06 50 82 24 43 43 92 96 60 71 72 20 73 83 87 70 67 24 86 39 75 76 96 99 05 52 44 70 69 32 52 55 73 54 74 37 59 95 63 23 95 55 09 11 97 48 03 97 30 38 87 01 07 27 79 32 17 79 42 12 17 69 37 66 64 12 04 47 58 97 83 64 65 12 84 83 34 07 49 32 80 98 " 49 26 15 94 26 72 95 82 72 38 71 66 13 80 60 21 20 50 99 08 43 31 91 72 08 32 02 08 39 31 92 17 64 58 73 72 00 86 57 10 01 17 50 04 86 05 44 11 90 57 23 82 74 64 61 48 75 23 29 92 42 06 54 31 16 53 00 55 47 24 21 94 10 90 08 53 16 15 78 35 54 25 58 65 07 30 44 70 10 31 30 94 93 87 02 33 00 24 76 86 59 52 62 47 18 55 22 94 91 20 75 09 70 24 72 61 96 66 28 72 It 53 49 85 58 03 69 91 37 28 53 78 43 95 26 65 43 78 51 This table appears through the courtesy of The RAND Corporation and the McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. and is reprinted by permission from The Compleat Strategyst, by J. D. Williams, pp. 219-221 [44]. 1 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 CPYRGHT 07 42 85 88 63 96 02 38 89 36 97 92 94 12 20 86 43 19 44 85 35 37 92 79 22 28 90 65 50 13 40 56 83 32 22 40 48 69 11 22 10 98 22 28 07 10 92 02 62 99 41 48 39 29 35 17 06 17 82 52 90 12 73 33 41 77 80 61 24 46 93 04 06 64 76 24 99 04 10 99 63 00 21 29 90 23 51 06 87 74 76 86 93 93 00 84 97 80 75 04 40 77 98 63 82 48 45 46 52 69 02 98 25 79 91 50 76 59 19 30 43 21 61 26 08 18 16 78 46 31 94 47 97 65 00 39 17 00 66 29 96 16 76 43 75 74 10 89 36 43 52 29 17 58 22 95 96 69 09 47 70 97 56 26 93 35 68 47 26 07 03 68 40 36 00 52 83 15 53 81 85 81 26 18 75 23 57 07 57 54 58 93 92 83 66 86 76 56 74 65 37 10 06 24 92 63 64 24 76 38 54 72 35 65 27 53 07 63 82 35 53 40 61 38 55 38 51 92 95 00 84 82 88 12 48 25 54 83 40 75 55 17 28 15 56 18 85 65 90 43 65 79 90 19 14 81 36 30 51 73 40 35 38 48 07 47 76 74 68 90 87 91 73 85 49 48 21 37 17 08 18 89 90 96 12 77 54 15 76 75 26 90 78 81 73 71 18 92 83 77 68 14 12 53 40 92 55 11 13 26 68 05 26 54 22 88 46 00 63 52 51 55 99 11 59 81 31 06 32 51 42 58 76 81 49 88 14 79 97 00 92 21 43 33 86 73 45 97 93 59 97 17 65 54 16 67 64 20 50 51 15 08 95 05 57 33 16 68 70 94 53 29 58 71 33 38 26 49 47 08 96 46 10 06 04 11 12 02 22 54 23 01 19 41 08 29 19 66 51 87 28 17 74 41 11 15 70 57 38 35 75 76 84 95 49 24 54 36 32 85 66 95 34 47 37 81 12 70 74 93 86 66 87 03 41 66 46 07 56 48 19 71 22 72 63 84 57 54 98 20 56 72 77 20 36 50 34 73 35 21 68 75 66 47 57 19 98 79 22 22 27 93 67 80 10 09 61 70 44 08 75 02 26 53 32 98 60 62 94 51 31 99 46 90 72 37 35 49 30 25 11 32 37 00 69 90 26 98 92 66 02 98 59 53 03 15 IS 25 01 66 55 20 86 34 70 18 15 82 52 83 89 96 51 02 06 95 83 09 54 06 11 47 40 87 86 05 59 46 70 45 45 58 72 96 11 98 57 94 24 81 81 42 28 68 42 60 99 77 96 69 01 07 10 85 30 74 30 57 75 09 21 77 17 59 63 23 15 19 02 74 90 20 96 85 21 14 29 33 91 94 42 27 81 21 60 32 57 61 42 78 04 98 26 84 70 27 87 51 54 80 17 69 76 01 14 63 24 73 20 96 19 74 02 46 37 97 37 73 21 12 05 68 63 02 43 34 13 40 29 36 50 19 77 98 69 86 49 76 87 09 52 99 24 66 50 89 91 05 73 95 46 95 46 75 36 28 96 88 19 36 94 51 89 39 84 81 47 86 77 50 82 54 96 26 76 31 12 34 98 99 00 IS 47 21 86 78 90 67 54 89 61 79 88 16 00 80 01 88 47 42 187 46 26 31 65 79 81 66 16 30 57 66 62 90 55 46 51 80 14 87 88 69 25 87 16 12 27 34 81 76 29 80 56 49 94 66 87 26 22 30 20 09 44 29 62 41 38 21 67 68 06 71 13 49 39 19 59 97 62 47 60 93 58 15 04 50 52 08 21 53 13 93 44 68 85 58 31 58 83 66 2 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1 CPYRGHT 51 39 28 59 36 43 89 85 05 96 28 54 99 83 27 99 94 32 53 77 54 23 94 19 18 79 52 64 62 74 40 87 16 18 03 25 76 75 54 84 57 89 27 33 94 07 16 09 02 62 47 70 43 83 55 71 70 88 01 17 02 33 07 47 36 53 27 44 44 68 62 61 11 96 98 09 30 42 92 65 76 11 52 92 47 55 34 25 12 99 03 04 78 39 81 11 91 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22 40 89 49 58 19 09 55 80 35 33 00 69 26 90 69 24 89 74 43 53 89 62 35 08 16 22 75 69 29 55 21 66 38 86 06 80 41 18 61 22 56 50 24 75 00 25 87 90 18 21 99 12 62 28 14 80 11 91 92 49 43 82 07 72 60 84 66 97 32 71 02 52 82 12 10 47 4Z 75 22 65 62 03 46 84 00 21 00 48 63 65 52 21 52 42 84 55 47 45 60 20 24 62 69 41 41 29 80 47 63 27 97 55 49 23 90 65 00 61 70 09 43 30 91 67 35 16 63 27 31 07 30 00 97 04 36 09 96 15 77 95 55 27 34 56 16 57 88 81 40 54 35 71 36 89 19 56 90 38 14 76 05 30 51 50 69 12 56 94 42 00 97 70 44 81 42 04 40 86 49 34 82 23 58 43 78 46 88 23 80 13 92 07 87 61 12 31 19 28 08 07 75 30 40 73 58 52 08 00 22 08 39 53 70 43 37 88 03 41 72 04 20 49 44 34 62 79 88 19 02 46 16 66 72 06 01 61 94 37 69 96 77 01 94 40 29 70 04 20 93 87 76 77 76 07 03 74 20 16 13 65 98 96 28 43 10 91 73 44 58 29 88 09 52 88 21 64 44 65 87 06 64 49 47 84 66 99 56 18 12 36 24 83 66 66 14 89 45 92 73 88 95 04 60 77 34 65 11 20 38 12 38 62 96 56 30 47 42 59 64 21 48 29 54 22 02 00 23 36 71 52 06 87 38 01 52 18 81 94 91 55 13 76 10 39 02 00 66 99 13 41 72 75 21 71 56 71 90 60 54 98 44 18 15 29 59 60 76 52 25 3 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200190001-1