'70
612W.
31 October 1974
Progress Report No. 3
Covering the Period I April to I August 1974
Stanford Research Institute Project 3183
PERCEPTUAL AUGNIENTATION TECHNIQUES
by
Harold E. Puthoff
Russell Targ
Electronics and Bioenginecring Laboratory
Client Private
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CONTENTS
OBJECTIVE . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PROGRESS	DURING THE REPORTING PERIOD . . . . . . . . . .
A. Applied Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
	Remote Viewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
	(a) Project Atlas Remote Viewing . . . . . . .
	(b) Costa Rica Remote Viewing Experiment . . .
	(c) Local Targets witla Mid-Test Feedback . . .
	(d) Local Targets with Azimuth Bearing . . . .
B. Basic Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.	Criteria for the Determination of Gifted
	Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
	(a) Remote Viewing of Natural Targets . . . .
	(b) Line Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
	(c) Four-State Electronic Random Stimulus
	Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.	Identification of Measurable Characteristics
	Possessed by Gifted Subjects (201/1'0) . . . . . .
	(a) Medical Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . .
	(b) Psychological Evaluation . . . . . . . . .
	(c) Nouropsychological Evaluation . . . . . .
3.	Identification of Nieurophysiological
	Correlates Which Relate to Paranormal
	Activities (20%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
	(a) Bilateral EEG AleaSLIrcments--Remote Strobe
	Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
	(b) Pliysiological Correlates of Remote
	Viewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.	Identification of the Nature of Paranormal
	Phenomena and Energy (10"'.) . . . . . . . . . .
	(a) Universal Randomization Pi-otocol . . . . .
	(b) E'xperiments Witll I)CV01CO SL1J)0rC011dL1Cti11g
	Differential AlagiicLonieter (GradiolTietel-)
ii
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(c) Experiments with Laser-monitored
Torsion PCIICILI111111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
(d) EXPOrillIcAlts with Geicr Counter . . . . . 59
5. Basic Researcii Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Appendix 1--RANTDOiAE\,ESS TESTS OF FOUR-STATE ELECTRONIC RANDOM
STIMULUS GENERATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Appendix 2--PERSOINAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE USE OF THE
FOUR-STATE ELECTRONIC RANDOM STIMULUS GENERATOR 66
Appendix 3--SAMPM, OF RAW DATA-MEDICAL EVALUATION OF
. SUBJECT 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Appendix 4--PRELIAII.NiYRY NOTES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING . . . . 103
i JL 1
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I OBJECTIVE
The purpose of the program is to determine the characteristics of
those perceptual modalities through which individuals obtain information
about their environment, wherein such information is not presented to any
kno,,@n sense.
The program is divided into two categories of investigation of
approximately equal effort, applied research and basic research. The
purpose of the applied research effort is to explore experimentally the
potential for applications of perceptual abilities of interest, with
special attention given to accuracy and reliability. The purpose of the
basic research effort is to identify the characteristics of individuals
possessing such abilities, and to identify neurophysiological correlates
and basic mechanisms involved in such functioning.
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11 PROGRESS DURING THE REPORTING PERIOD
A Applied Research
1. Remote Viewing
(a) Project Atlas Remote Viewing
A reinote-viewing experiment has been carried out on a
client-designated target of interest, a European R&&D test facility. The
11
experiment, carried out in three phases, had as its goal the determina-
tion of the utility of remote-viewing under operational conditions.
In Phase 1, map coordinates were furnished to the experi-
menters, the only additional information provided being the designation
of the target as an R,','D test facility. The experimenters then carried
out a remote viewing experiment with Subject 1 on a double-blind basis.
The results of the experiment were turned over to client representatives
for data evaluation.
Figure 1 shows the level of detail for a sample early
effort at building layout, and Figure 2 shows the subject's first effort
at drawing a gantry crane he observed, both results being obtained on a
double-blind basis before exposure to client-held information. An artist's
conception of the site as known to the client (but not to contract per-
sonnel) prior to the experiment is shown in FigLIU0 3.
"umerical designations for subjects al.0 discussed ill Section 13.
2
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Were the results not promising, the experiment would have stopped
at this point. The reSUltS
were judged to be of sufficiently good quality,
ho%@.-cver. that Phase TI was entered in which the Subject was iiiade witting
by client representatives.
A second round of experimentation ensued with participation of client
representatives. The Phase II effort was focussed on the generation of
physical data which could be client-verified, providing a calibration in
the process. The end of Phase II gradually evolved into the first part of
Phase III,, the generation of unverifiable data not available to the client,
but of interest nonetheless. Evaluation of the data by the client is
under way.
(b) Costa Ricci Remote Viewing Experiment
Subjects 1 and 4 participated in a long-distance experiment
involving a Central American target series. In this experiment, one of
the experimenters (Dr. Puthoff) spent a week traveling through Costa Rica
on a combination business/pleasure trip. That is all that was known to
the subjects about the traveler's itinerary. The experiment called for
Dr. Puthoff to keop a detailed record of his location and activities,
including photographs, each day at 1330 PDT. Six daily responses were
obtained from Subject 1, five from Subject 4.
The results were of higrh quality and are presently being
evaluated in detail, containing as they did a large a1110Lint of material.
Samples of that data. are as follows.
Of the five daily responses obtained from Subject 4, two
were in good agreement, two had clements in common but were not clear
correspondences. and one was clearly a miss. In the first of the two
reasonably 't"'ood matches, Dr. PLIthOff %%LIS driVin,', ill I'L11,1ged t0rr@lin It
the, base of a volcano and the sub
Ject's respollse was "lar-C bare table,
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;:@01-11'Lain, jUn@,Je below, darl@ cool moist atmospiiere," a reasonable corre-
@,i)ondenco both with regard to topography and ambience. In the second
w,atch the subject submitted that all she got was a "picture of Dr. Puthoff
sitting in a beach chair by a pool," which was entirely correct. The
@ranscript data will be examined further to determine fine structure,
resolution, etc.
(c) Local Targets with Mid-Test Feedback
In this series of experiments, designed to give immediate
data to experimenters, a subject is asked to take part in a remote viewing
experiment under the following conditions.
The subject and two experimenters (one of whom was R.T.)
are in a first floor laboratory in Building 30 at SRI. A second experi-
menter M.P.) leaves the area and proceeds to a remote location of his
choosing. None of the experimenters with the subject knew of the remote
target location. II.P. and R.T. are in two-way radio communication via
wall@ie-talkie (a) to provide the experimenter at the target location real-
time data and (b) to give the subject immediate feedback after he has made
his assessment of the target. By this means the subject has,an opportunity
to learn -to separate real from imagined images. This is not considered
to be a demonstration-of-ability test, but rather a training stop on a
gradient scale of ability. In many of these experiments we moiritor
physiological correlates as discussed in Section B.3 (b). (Nine of these
experiments have been completed to date.. seven with the Measurements of
physiological correlates.)
The following is a sample of an experiment with SubjccC 4.
In this experiment we monitored physiological corrolaLes of the remote
vicwin,g activity.
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As is apparent in the following text, the sub,joct initially
had only a fragmentary picture of the remoto site, but with what we judge
to be a small amount of fe&dback, the subject was able to put images to-
gother into a correct description. Accompanyincr the verbal description
presented below is a photograph of the actual scene at the remote loca-
tion (Figure 4). The experimenter with the subject (R.T.) was as always,
I<Cpt i,rnorant of the target location to prevent guidance in the ques-
tioning. The capital letters signify walkie-talkie communication.
R.T.: It is now 12:35.
S-4: .... very strong diagonal....like a zigzag that goes this way,
vertically.
R.T.: S-4's FIRST IMPRESSION IS OF A VERY STRONG DIAGONAL ZIGZAG THAT'S
GOING VERTICALLY. OVER. (Talkino, on walkie talkie to II.P.)
1I.P.: THERE IS A STRONG ZIGZAG AT MY PLACE,, BUT IT IS NOT VERTICAL BUT
RATHER HORIZONTAL; BUT IF SHE IS LOOKING FROM THE AIR, THAT'S
EXACTLY WIIAT IT WOULD LOOK LIKE, OVER. '
R.T.: Can you tell what the zigzag is attached to? Whether it's part
of a building or a fence on the ground9
It. T. It's 12:41.
S-1: My head gets in the way now that lie's said that it's horizontal.
I usually think of a fence.
R. T. Why don't you go up and look down and view the w-hole thing f rom
above and see if you can get the whole gestalt of whore lie is.
S-4: ..... definitely a nonvegetation-almost no vegetation around.
It's mostly concrete and whatever that zigzag is--cithor water
or steel--shiny, zigzag,..definitely shiny.
1I.T. 7267, THE ZIGZAG IS A S111NY TIII1N-G WHE'THER IT'S STEEL OR
S-I: Water.
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@'JATER, WE CAN" T TELL. IT'S SHINY AND THERF'S V171ZY LITTLE
VEGETATION-NO VEGETATION' AROUND....
S-4: Most1v concrete. . .
11L.T. :IT'S MOSTLY CONCRETE...
S-4: lie's standing on concrete ....
II.T.: YOU'RE STANDING ON CONCRETE. OVER.
1-1. P. IT CERTAINLY IS TRUE THAT THIS IS SHINTY AND IN MY NEAR VICINITY
IT IS BARREN AND CONCRETE OR CONCRETE-COLORED EARTH. SHE SAID
THAT IT LOOKED LIKE STEEL OR WATER. CAN SHE MAKE THE DIFFERENTIA-
TION BET`A1EEN THE `11VO?
R.T.: Ile wants to know whether it looks more like steel or water.
S-4: It seems to have moveriont--that's why I would deduce that it,'s
water.
R.T.: What if you try to look at the whole thing.
S-4: I'm trying to get an eagle's eye view. That's a waterworks.
R.T.: Why does it look like a waterworks? In what way?
S-4: There seems to be a man-made layout of channels and connections
to conduct it.
R.T.: S-4 SEES MOVEMENT IN THE ZIGZAG THING, SO SHE THINKS THAT IT'S
WATER, AND A KIND OF LAYOUT OF CHANNELS AS THOUGH IT WAS A @LUN-
MADE WATERWORKS WITH WATER RUNNING IN ZIGZAG CHANNELS. OVER.
11. P. :THAT IS PRECISELY CORRECT. IT IS A ZIGZAG MAN-MADE CHANNEL WITH
CONCRE'TE SIDES. OVER.
S-4: I can't believe it.
The above is an excerpt from an early experiment, and is
typical, rather a sample of exceptionally good quality. That experiment
continued with four more site descriptions, three of which were of equal
quality.
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On(-, e\poriment of this nature has been carried out with
Subject 1, One With Subject. 2, two with Subject 3,, and five with Subject
'I. A number of descriptions were essentially free of error and with no
feedback other than verification following the remote viewer's description.
A complete analysis is 'to be carried out on these trans-
cripts following more experimentation. To date it appears that the
viewing is weak in the following areas: (a) perspective and dimension
are often distorted (an 8-foot tower is taken to be 50 feet tall, a 20-
foot separation between buildings may appear to be 100 feet, etc.), and
(b) written material generally cannot be read.
(d) Local Targets with Azimuth Bearing
In two remote viewing experiments, the second of which was
clearly correct from a descriptive standpoint, an effort was made to de-
termine whether in driving the subject around the area it would be possible
to determine the location of the target team by triangulation with a
bearing compass. The triano-ulation lines Nvere essentially uncorrelated
%,.,ith each other and with the target location, and therefore provided a
null result.
13. Basic Research
In addition to the testing of individuals under condition@ ,s which
yield data indicating the feasibility of the application of paranormal
abilities to operational needs, 50 percent of the effort is devoted to:
(1) Identification of measurable characteristics possessed by
gifted individuals (201ilo).
(2) Identification of neurophysiological correlates which
relate to paranormal activities (20'@).
GO Identification of the nature of par-,inorwal phenomena and
(_'Ilergy (10") .
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To meet these objectives four specific requirements must be fulfilled
during the course of experimentation: (1) establish and apply criteria
to differentiate between those for whom paranormal ability is considered
to be functional and those for whom it is not; (2) obtain sufficient
medical and psychological data -to establish baseline profiles against
which (a) one individual may be compared with another, and (b) an in-
dividual may be compared to himself at different times to determine
whether paranormal functioning occurs in an altered neurophysiological
state; (3) specific validation experiments must be conducted with suffi-
cient control to ensure that all conventional communication paths are
blocked, with outcomes sufficiently unambiguous to determine whether
paranormal functioning occurred; (4) obtain neurophysiological data during
experimentation to determine those correlates, if any, which relate to
paranormal activity.
In the following paragraphs, each of these items is considered in
turn and the progress to date reported. The milestone chart for the basic
research program is shown in Table 1. The work is progressing in accor-
dance with the schedule prepared for this program, and the remaining time
and funds are sufficient to meet all program objectives.
1. Criteria for the Determination of Gifted Individuals
One of the key issues in the program is the establishment of
criteria capable of differentiating individuals who are apparently gifted
in paranormal functioning from those who are not.
Three experimental paradigms were chosen to act as screening
tests on the basis that those tests had boon useful for SUCh Purposes
prior to this pro-ram (in the sense that certain apparently gifted in-
dividuals did exceedingly @%,ell on at least one of the tests, whereas the
results of unselocted volunteers di(I not diffor si[,,nificantly from c1lance
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Tz@ 11 L E I	
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L 3	
1. SOL LIP neurophyslological lab with computer														
procc,ssing dcbugged.														
2. @Ii'.A.I.S. testing of subjects by client														
3. 11oasure nouropliysiological correlates during
paranormal experimentation
a) paranormal EEG experiments		
V	
V											
b) other par anormal experimentation														
														
4. Wcr'l@! to determine nature of energies involved														
(gradicmeLer, etc.)														
5. 1',edical testing, including special testing														
														
6. Ncuropsychological testing														
														
7. Psychological.testing, including in-depth														
ntarvicw														
S. Correlate data and consider theoretical models													V	
														
9. Prepare final report														
														
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eNpectation) . rhe tests are Gi) remote viewing of natural targets,
(b) reproduction of simple line drawings hidden from the subject but
viewed by all experimenter, and (c) determination of the state of a four-
state electronic r'andom stimulus generator.
The first test constitutes a so-called "free-response" paradigni
in WhiCh the Subject originates freely about contents of his awareness;
furthermore, the channel in general may involve both direct perception
of the remote site and perception of the mental contents of an observer
at the site. The second test is more constrained than the first in that
the target information is more analytical or abstract., being associated
with a graphical representation of an item of interest rather than the
item itself, The third test is the most constrained in that the target
is blind to all participants in the experiment and the subject's choice
is precisely constrained. The details of these tests are given below.
For the purpose of screening, the criteria as to what constitutes
a paranormal result was chosen arbitrarily, viz:
For the purpose of screening a result is to
be considered paranormal if the a priori
probability for the occurrence of the result
by chance, under the null hypothesis, is
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P < 10
Although the above requirement is exceedingly strict by usual psycho-
L,
physiological standards, it is chosen here (a) because the controversial
nature of the subject requires strict handling, and (b) in our work and
elsewhere, a bimodal distribution has been observed empirically in which
subset of individuals particip, research produce re-
a ating in paranormal
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stilts at a level of statistical significance p 10 in comparison with
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the bulk of individuals Who cluster about the mean as expected. There-
fore. we base our criteria on an observable natural division into clearly
functional and nonfunctional categories.
L_
Six subjects have been chosen for the study to date, subjects
1.. 21, and 3 considered gifted, subjects 4, 5, and 6 acting as learners
or controls.
Subject 1 qualifies as a gifted subject on the basis of remote
viewing; subject 2 qualifies as gifted on the basis of the random generator
test; subject 3 is tentatively classed as gifted in remote viewing, al-
though not yet completing the screening series,, based on client evaluation
of highly successful remote-viewing, experiments carried out for the Client
-6
in the previous program, and also on the basis of meeting the p < 10
criterion in experimentation at another laboratory.
Subject 5 (learner/control), a male, age 54, is paired with
(rifted Subject 1, a male, age 55. Learner/control subject 6, a female,
age 34, is by age, background, and temperament paired With gifted subject
2, a male., age 31. Learner subject 4 (female, age 53) and gifted subject
3 (male, a--e 41) are paired on the basis of artistic occupations (pro-
fessional photographer and painter, respectively) and similar emotional
and psychological makeup.
Earlier in the program nine Subjects Were to be placed in three cate-
gories, three Subjects each: gifted subjects, learners, and controls.
However experience in the early part of the program indicated that
(a) a best effort Would require spending more time With fewer people,
and (b) the distinction between learners and controls Was arbitrary in
comparison with the distinction between these categories and that of
gifted subjects as defined above.
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(a) Remote Viewing of Natural Tarf,,ets
The first screening test is based on previous SRI research
results which indicate that it is possible for a subject to describe ran-
domly chosen geographical sites located several miles from the subject's
position and demarcated by some, appropriate means.
This experiment consists of a series of double-blind tests
involving local targets in the San Francisco Bay area which can be docu-
mented by independent judging. Target locations within 30 minutes driving
time from SRI are randomly chosen from a list of targets kept blind to
subject and experimenters and used without replaceinent.
To begin an experiment, an experimenter is closeted %,.-itli
a subject at SRI to wait 30 minutes to begin a narrative description of
the remote location. A second experimenter obtains a target location from
the tarpet pool and proceeds directly to the tar et without communicating
with the subject or experimenter remaining behind. The second experi-
menter remains at the target site for an agreed-upon 30-minute period
following the 30 minutes allotted for travel. During the observation
period, the remote viewing subject is asked to describe his impressions
of the target site into a tape recorder. A comparison is made when the
experimenter returns.
Following a series of nine experiments, the results are
subjected to independent judging on a blind basis by five SRI scientists
not otherwise associated with the research. The judges are asked to .
blind match locations, independently visited, against typed manuscripts
of tape-recorded narratives of the remote viewer. A -iven narrative can
be assigncd to more than one target location. A correct match requires
that a transcript of a given daCe be associated @,Ath the tar,,et of that
da L e. Probability calculations are on the basis of the a priori
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-ics of matches by chance, conservatively
probability of the obtained sei
ilssuillin', assignment without rcplacoment on the part of the judges.
As indicated in Report No. 1. Subject 1 has COMPICted thiS...
-10
sories, ObLaining a result si-nificant at the p = 8 X 10 level. Ex-
LI
perimentation is in progress with Subjects 2 and 4, two transcripts
havin,_,' been obtained from each to date.
(b) Line Drawings
A pool of. 50 simple line drawings of everyday objects has
been drawn, randomized,, and placed in a secure location.
During experimentation, experimenters and Subject are
separated by either an experimenter or subject entering a shielded room
so that from that time forward the subject is at all times visually,
acoustically, and electrically shielded from personnel and material at
tho, target location.
Following isolation a target is chosen by means of the
universal randomization protocol technique described in Section 4 (a),
used in this case to generate a two-digit number modulo 50. The subject's
task is then to reproduce with pen on paper the line drawing now displayed
at the target location.
Following a period of effort not to exceed half an hour,
the subject may either pass (when lie does not feel confident) or indicate
lie is ready to submit a drawing to the experimenters,, in \,.-hich case the
drawing is collected by ail experimenter before the subject is permitted
to see the target. The experiment is then repeated with replacement until
ten drawin-'s have been obtained from Clio subject.
To obtain an independenL evaluation of Clio correlation
betwoen Lar-eL and response data the exporimenLers submiL Llic, data for
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judging on a blind I)asis I)y Lwo sizi scionLists not otherwise associated
with the research. The jUdlt,"C'S are asked to match the response data \%!ith
the corresponding tarn-et da ta (without replacement).
Such exper iment Lit ion is presently in progress! a IILIIIII)Cr Of
drawings having been obtained from several of the subjects but have not
yet been submitted for judg
,ing.
(c) Four-Stato Electronic Random Stimulus Generator
The determination of the state of a four-state electronic
random stimulus renerator comprises the third screening test. The tar-et
is in the form of one of four art slides chosen randonily (p = 1/4) by an
electronic random generator. The generator does not indicate its choice
until the subject indicates his choice to the machine by pressing a bUtton
(See Fi-Ure 5). As soon as the subject indicates his choice, the target
slide is illuminated to provide visual and auditory (bell if correct)
feedback as to the correctness or incorrectness of his choic e. Until
that time both subject and experimenter remain igno-rant of the machine's
choi ce @so the experiment is of the double-blind type. Five legends at
the top of the machine face are illuminated one at a time with increasing
co rrect choices (6, 8, 10, ...) to provide additional reinforcement. The
machine choice, subject choice. cumulative trial number, and cumulative
hit number are recorded automatically on a printer. Followin- 'trial
number 25, the machine must be reset manually by depressing a RESET
button.
A methodological feaLure of the machine is that the choice
of a tar-et is not forced. That is, a subject may press a PASS bUttOll
\,Aiun lie wishes not to guess, in which case the machine indicates Miat its
choice was, and neither a hit nor a trial is scored by the machine., Miich
then -oes on to make its next selection. Thus tlICI SUbjC'Ct (IOCS 110t 11MIC
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Figure 5. ESP Teaching machine used ill this experiment. An
incorrect choice of target is indicated. Two of
tile five "encourage ment Ii ghts" at tile top of tile
machine are illuminated. The printer to tile right
of the machine records data on fan-fold paper tape.
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to g-tiess at targets when lie (toes not feel that lie has an idea as to which
to choose.
Under the null hypothesis of random binomial choices \,.,itli
probability 1/4 and no learning-, the pro'bability of observing >k successes
in n trials is approximated by the probability of a normal distribution
value
n
(k - 4 2) //Tn/ 16
For the purpose of screenintg, each subject is required to
complete 100 25-trial runs (i.e., a total of 2,500 trials). To date
Subjects 1, 2,, and 6 have completed this phase of the se.reening program,
and their results are tabulated in Table 2. Subject 4 has completed
2,100 trials with mean scores of 25.71 (p = 0.20).
Table 2
SCREETNI'NG DATA: FOUR-STATE ELECTRONIC RANDOM ST-IMULUS GENERATOR

Subject	Alean Score/100 Trials
Over 2,500 Trials	
Binomial Probability
1	25.76	0.22

2	
29.36	-7
3 X 10
6	25.40	0.33
On the basis of this test Subject 2, whose scores are
plotted in Figure 6, C[Lialifios as a gifted individual, having satisfied
t1le criterion of producing a result whose a priori probability under the
null hypothesis is 1) < 10- 6. Of further interest are this Subject's
pc--i-sonal observations of subjective experiences during- the screening test,
l)roseiited in Appendix 2.
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50
40
ul
0
0
,..I
1H 30
0
-P
0
+ 2 cr
20
10
0
0 10 20 30
RUN NUMER - 100 Trials/Run
p = I per trial
FIGURE 6 DATA SUNMIARY FOR SUBJECT 2
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2. Identification of Measurable Characteristics Possessed -by
Gif ted SUI)JOCtS (201,'0)
(a) Medical Evaluation
'I'he medical evaluation of program participants has been
assigned to the Palo Alto Medical Clinic. Coordination of the program is
bein.,; handled by Dr. Robert Armbruster, Director of the Clinic's Depart-
mont of Environmental Medicine. The Clinic, in turn, has subcontracted
certain special tests to the Stanford Medical Center, Stanford University.
One visual sensitivity test is being administered by the Bioengineering
Group of -the Electronics and Bioen-ineering Laboratory of SRI.
The testing procedures, outlined in Table 3., fall into
seven categories:
(1) General physical examination, including complete
medical and family history.
(2) Laboratory examinations, including SIM-12 panel
blood chemistries, protein electrophoresis,
blood lipid profile, urinalysis, serology, blood
type and factor, pulmonary function screening,
and 12-lead electrocardiogram.
(3) Neurological examination, including comprehen-
sive and electroencephalo-xam (sleeping and
routine).
(4) Audiometric examination, including comprehensive,
Bekesy bone conduction, speech discriminati.on,
and impedance bridcre test.
t@
(5) Ophthalmoloo-ist examination, including compre-
t@
hensive, card testing, peripheral field test,
muscle test, dilation funduscopo, and indirect
ophthalmoscopic and fUlICILIS examination.
(6) Special visual examinations, including electro-
rotino-ram, dark adaptation Lost, and visual
contrast sonsitivity.
(7) EMI brain scan.
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Z@11 , @,
d>
.0 / @;
0@11
K;,y
IZ- .0 Iz.
C7
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4-Completed
Sclicdu
led
Palo Alto Medical Clinic
-rstnln@
7, 8, experimenters
1 General Physical Examination
Complete medical
Family history
2. Laboratory Examinations
SMA-12 panel blood chemistries
Protein electrophoresis
Blood lipid profile
Urinalyses
Serology
Blood type and factor
Pulm'nary function screening
0
Electrocardiogram 12-lead
3. Neurological Examination
Comprehensive
Electroencephalogram, sleeping and routine
4. Audiometric Examination
Comprehensive
Bekesy bone conduction
Speech discrimination
Impedance bridge test
5. Opthalmologist Examination
Comprehensive
Card testing
Peripheral field test
Muscle test
Dilation funduscope
Indirect opthalmoscopic and fundus examination
6. Special Visual Examinations
Electroretinograni (Stanford Med.)
Dark adaptation test (Stanford Med.)
Visual contrast sensitivity (SRI)
7. EMI Brain Scan
Stanford Mcdicai Center 0 SRI
>
<
M
-n
0
M
U)
M
1%)
w
0
>
6
0
-4
00
4
-4
0
0
5
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As indicated in Table 3, medical testing is currently in
r o,( To date the return information is sparse, having to be collated
gre s s.
from several clinics before a compre lions iv e analysis can be completed.
'j'o provide an indication of the type of raw data that is to be collated,
a si,,iall sample of data obtained on Subject 1 is presented in Appendix 3.
As indicated, the EMI computerized brain scan reveals a slight enlarge-
m,ent of the entire right lateral ventricle, while the left appears normal
in size. An asymmetry in alpha development between left and right hemi-
spheres is also indicated. Also noted is some concern about the EKG sug-
gesting a coronary artery problem. The significance of these factors for
our interest will be developed under the direction of Dr. Armbruster and
made available to the client as available.
(b) Psvcholo-@ical Evaluation
The psychological evaluation of program participants con-
sists of both baseline personality evaluation, and of ongoing testing
.associated with daily experimentation. The collection of baseline data
(e.g., in-depth interview, W.A.I.S., etc.) is for the purpose of identi-
fying baseline characteristics possessed by gifted subjects. The onpoing
testing associated with daily experimentation Mood Adjective Chock-
lists) is for the purpose of identifying psychological correlates of
successful Versus Unsuccessful performance tasks.
(1) Baseline Data
The bulk of the baseline evaluation has been assigned
to the Palo Alto Medical Clinic'. Coordination of the prog,ram is being"
handled by Dr. J. E. Heenan, Chief Clinical Psychologist of the Department
of Psychiatry.
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The baseline evaluation, outlined in Table 4, con-
sists of
(1) In-depth interviews, including objective
events and subjective views relating to
the discovery and enhancement of paranormal
capacities; socioeconomic, cultural,
familial, religious environment; outstanding
peaks,, traumas; values, motivation, inter-
personal style.
(2) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (W.A.I.S.).
(3) Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory
(Im.- m. P. I . ) .
(4) Benton Visual Memory Test and Wechsler
Memory Scale.
(5) Thematic Apperception Test (T.A.T.) and
Rorschach projective tests.
(6) Bender Gestalt Test.
(7) Luscher color test.
(8) Strong Aptitude/Values Test.
(9) Cognitive Style Preference- Test.
As indicated in Table 4, the psychological testing
is well under way. There is of course, a considerable lag between
testing and results. To date, only a partial analysis of data from
Subject I is available. We present these data in Appendix 4 as a sample
of the type of analysis that will become available.
(2) Cop,-nitive Stvle Preference Test
In connection with tosting hypotheses associated with
hemisphoric specialization of the brain., Dr. RoberL Ornstein of the
Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of California, San
Francisco, has been brought into the program Lis a consultant.
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1@: k.
70@
Ta 1) 10 4
proved For Release 20OW -00787ROO0700100006-0
96
L 3, subjects;
L--/colltro 1 S; "7 experimenters.
Tr
x
ik@ w: ly
P
Y,
Kj
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e,
y
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@y Kj
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it
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01
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MP-W, U 0
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,F
"T
1 t 0 c (I i c a 1C1 ill i c
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In his capacity as COI-ISUltant, Dr. Ornstein has pro-
vide(i an instrument named the cognitive style Preference Test. This test
.,@@as developed for use in differentiating between individuals preforrin-
,-t StMICtUrCI-Orionted cognitive style as compared with a verbally oriented
eo,,,nitive style. For the purpose of the program, this instrument is ad-
ministered to determine whether individuals exhibitin.- paranormal func-
tionin- prefer, as a group, one style of cognitive functioning predoi,,ii-
nantly as compared with individuals in a control group. The test is
administered once to each individual. A sample of the test is included
below.
Preliminary results indicate some preference for a
verbally oriented cognitive style on the part of good subjects (Figure 7),
but further data are required before any significance is to be attached
to the results tabulated thus far.
Should a correlation of test results with paranormal
functioning be found, it would be appropriate in later work to determine
whether this test instrument would be useful as a screening device, i.e.,
to determine whether other individuals sharing the profile also exhibit
paranormal functioning.
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IINSTRUCXION'S TO SUBJECT: COCNITIVE STYLE PREIFERENCE T----ST
Please do not turn over the pages until I ask you to do so. On each
pa,re of this booklet there are sets of three items arranged in rows. Tv;o
oIf them are alike or fit together in some way. Your task is to select
which one is different and doesn't belon- with the other t-@,.o. The two
columns on the first pa-ge are samples. There are three designs or shapes
in each row. Each design has a word printed on it. In the first ro-.-,; of
the first column all the words are the same. Most people @,:ould say that
the first and second shapes go together and the third one doesn't belon-,r
11,'ould you agroe? (If not, explain.) Mark the third one with an X th@3n.
In the second row most people would say that the first one is different
and the last two go together. Do you agree? Then mark the first one
with an X.
In the third row the shapes are all the sairie, but the words HIORSEE
and SADDL_E -o together and the world FAULT doesn't belong. Do you agree?
(If not, o-x-plain.) Mark the third one with an X.
Which would you pick as the odd one in the 4th ro,,,i? [Color (2nd
one)]
In the 5th row you could choose either a word that doesn't ',--=long
or a shape that doesn't belong. Which is the odd word? (TROUT.) Which
is the odd shape? [the CIRCLE (DNJE)l Eith-a-r one of these a_ns,,-@-ers is
ri_-ht. Mark either one of -them.
The last row also has two possible right answers. V,`hich is the odd
word ? (SH IRT. ) Which is the odd shape? [The second one (DOG)] Mark
either one of them with an X.
On so-mc of these sets people find it easier or i-,ioro natural to pick
out the odd word, and one some they find it easier to pick out the odd
shape. Either way is correct. lVe v.!ant you to make your selections
%,.'hichover way seems mo@-,t coii-trortalle an-d natural to you. Mark onlv onco
in cacti ro\@.,, and go as fast as you col@'.- MN qUCSLions so far?
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The second colunin has more samples. 10ion I say begin, please mark
an odd i-,ioi,,iber in each row, and say "STOP 11 as soon as you finish this
sample colLimn. BEGIN.
(Clieck forced choices--)
Any questions? Then when I say "BEGIN" turn over the next page.
Work as fast as you can, and continue until you.have finished the booklet,
then say "STOP". Ready? BEGIN.
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F-1- F-1
@=b-n
Frwl-@I@ F1 bVI "1
N'\
30
000 11 r] C@O
Oc"IM calm Im 0
00 00 00
becovse wir-dow0 &or 0
0 0 0
00 00 00
P-JL -@L --- )
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PAGE"Y'
(0)
@@)
MISSING
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r--AIq
(3-
Gal=
h,.Ppy
G@ E>
32
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Approved For Release 2003/09/09 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700100006-0
	
	
	
k-y	
DIE
d& @5b
El Eb,
	
	
Edt	
33
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50
	
	10
	.
	
	
	
	
	
	30
	
	
	
	20
	
	
	10
	
	0
	10
	
Q)	
	
	
	
	20
	
	
	
	
	
	30
	
	
	
	
	
	40
	
	
	
0	
	50
Experimenters
FIGURE 7 SUMMARY ON COGNITIVE STYLE PREFERENCE
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(3) Alid-Testing
Ongoing testing associated with daily experimentation
i.s carried out to provide indicators as to the effects of mood and con-
ceptualization on success in experimentation. Conclusions will be drawn
-in the final stage of project effort.
"I (_,@ S t :Mood Adjective Checklist
C,W'Ce: Psycholotgy Department, Stanford University (Hypnosis Lab)
urpose: The Mood Adjective Checklist is one of a number of pre-
experiment, instruments designed to provide a measure of a
subject's feelings of the moment as he enters the experi-
mental situation. The purpose is to determine whether
measures of success in the experimental phase correlate
with pre-experiment mood indicators.
35 1
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MOOD ADJECTIVE CHECIMIST
'.-ich of the words in the follow-n- list describes fee-linps or mood.
E,
llc!ase use the list to dcscribe. your feelin-s at this moment. "ark
cacli word ziccordin(@ to these instructions:
T the word definitely describes ho,.., you feel at the moment vou read
circle 'he double check to the right of the word.
For e%amnle,
i L' the word is calm an,4 you are definitely fee!ina calm at the moment,
circle the double check as follo@-.,s:
calm V no
(This means you definit
(if J
feel calm at this utomen
If the word only slightly apPlies to your feelings at the moment, circle
the sin,-,Ie check as folloi..,s-
calm VV ? no (This means you feel
sl-i,,.htly calm at this
moment.
If the word is not clear to you or if you cannot decide whether or not
it describes your feelinps, circle the question mark as @ollows:
calm VV V ? no (This means vou cannot
decide T-!Ilether you are
calm or not.)
If you clearly decide that the word does not a-pply to your feelin.--s at
this morent, circle the no as follows:
calm VV V ? (This means you are sur
you are not calm at thi
moment.
@-Tork rapidly. Your first reaction is best. Vo rl@ (IoTrn the first column
before poing to the next. Please mark. all the v,,ords. This should ta!:e
only a few minutes.
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	Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700100006-0	
	0	Vv	v	?	no	cner(@etic	VV	V	?	no
	concentrating	vv	v	?	no	playful	vV	v	?	
										no
	drowsy	Vv	v	?	no	suspicious	vv	v	?	no
	affectionate	vv	v	?	no	startled				
							vv	v	?	no
	apprehensive	vv	v	?	no	reln-cd				
							Vv	V	?	no
	blue	VV	v	?	no	defiant	VV	V	?	
										no
	boastful	VVI	v	?	no	emaRed in				
	
elated					thougli t	Vv	V	?	no
		vv	v	?	no					
										
	active	Vv	v	?	no	T) le a s e d	vV	v	?	
										no
	nonchalant	Vv	v	?	no	tired				
							vv	v	?	no
	SI,
eptical	
Vv	
v	
?	
no	
'Fearful	
Vv	
V	
?	
										no
										
	shocked,	
vV	
V	
?	
no	
rn-retful	
VV	
V	
?	
										no
	calm,	vV	V	?	no	egotistic	Wv	V	?	no
	bold	vv	v	?	no	overjoyed	Vv	v	?	n o
	earnest	vv	v	?	no	vinrous	VV	V	?	no
	slu-gish	vV	v	?	no	17i t ty	vv	v	?	
										no
	forgivinf,	vV	v	?	no	serene	vv	V	?	
										no
	clutched up	vv	v	?	no	rebellious	Vv	V	?	
										no
	lonely	'vv	v	?	no	serious	vV	v	?	no
	c 0 CICY	vv	v	?	no	r-Tarmhearted	vv	v		no
	li,-,hthearted	vv		?	'no	insecure	vV	V	?	
										no
	quiet	vV	v	?	no	self-				
						centered	vv	@	?	no
						still	VV	V	?	no
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S(.,mantic Differential Checl<list
117 11, C SRI Urban and Social Systems Division
The Semantic Differential Checklist is one of a number of
PrO-experiment instruments designed to provide a moasure of
subject conCeptUalization about an experiment in which he is
about to participate.
The purpose is to determine whether
nleasures of success in the experiment correlate with pre-
exporiment conceptualization.
3j 8
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WROO0700100006-0
Approved For ReNw 'qQ
The purpose of this rating sheet is to obtain your candid reactions
r2@-ardin-, the conditions surrounding the experiment.
For eadh numbered item you will find a concept to be judged. You are.to
rn @.e each in order.
This is how you are to use the scales: If you feel that the concept
highly or closely related to one end of the scale, you should place your
checkmark as follows;
impractical V-1 practical
impractical I,--, practical
-f-4: your feelings on the concept are neutral, place your checkmark in the
,:,.-iddle space, etc.
Work at fairly high speed through this rating sheet. Do not puzzle over
C>
_Lndividual items. Give your first impressions, your immediate feelings about
-!--ach item.
Cotiditions surrounding experiment
1. good bad
2. unfriendly friendly
3. stimulating dull
4. positive negative
5. unhelpful helpful
6. right wroLiry
7.
8. unor.-anized
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	!S	
		disappointing
		
		
		
		
		
r
epared
p
		
		
		
. . . . . . . . . . .		
		
		
	- - - - -------	
		
		
		
		
		bad
		
		
	S @2	
		valuable
		
		
		
		dull
		
		
		
		negative
		
		
		
		active
		
		
		
		incapable
		
		
		
		unirmortant
		
	Un3 U,:,@ e Ul	
		successful
		
		unprepared
	p r	
		practical
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(c) Nouropsychological Evaluation
In addition to the ineasui,ement of the physiological com-
S Of t he neurological system covered in the medical evaluation, a
`_-Ul'()j)SVcholo(,'ical profile is bein obiainod by the administration of the
ad-lteitan Neuropsychology Test B-@7tcry, which includos the Category
@,@.,coo,nition Test, Tactual Performance Tost, Halstead-@'I'cpinan Aphasia
1-oen in- Test, and other appropriate neasures. This phase of the pro-rain
bein- handled by Dr. Donald Lim of Palo Alto Veteran's Administra-
s
@Jlon Hospital, who has personally consulted with Dr. Reitan on testing
;@roceclures and interpretation. The neuropsychological evaluation program
schedulcd for the first half of Septcmiber.
Identification of Neurophysiological Correlates Which Relate
ZD
to Paranormal Activities (201%
High on the list of prioritieS for the program is the identifi-
('@.--ion of nourophysiological correlates @cconipanying paranormal activity.
The purpose of this part of the study is twofold: (a) to obtain informa-
tj@on about the neurophysiological state --ssociated with paranorinal ac-
Livity in general, and (b) to obtain ind--'cators which differentiate be-
il correct and incorrect responses to a paranormally applied stimulus,
@
ee
so that an independently determined bias factor can be applied during the
goneration of data by the subject.
Two facilities are in use for the purposes described above.
Ono is a standard EEG facility under the -1irection of Dr. Jerry Lukas,
li,_,ad of SRI's Sleep Studies program. ThiS facility consists of two
.SoLlll([- i Sol ated rooms with appropriate si-al lead connections, all eight-
Channel polygraph for v isual recording, a:@d a magnetic Lape/computer
proce, ss ing/pr in ter readout which provides on-line processinp. of the poly-
@@.raph data. In our configuration we Obt,@_`:! a hardCOpy pl'iIltOUt Of 5-second
41
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@1%,,_?rages of eight channels of polygraph information 15 minutes following
15 minute run. At present we monitor broad alpha (7-14 11z) and beta
(1-1-34 11z) braini,@,ave components from the left and right occipital regions,
,,,alvanic skin response, and two channels of plethysmoffraph data (blood
volume and pulse height).
The second facility is a smaller semiportable, four-channel
poly-raph with a GSR channel, reflected-light plethysmograph indicating
blood volume/pulse height, one channel of unfiltered EEG activity, and
a fourth EEG channel with zero-crossing digital filtering. The last p r-
mits porcent-time measurements in any band, Nvith upper and lo@,.,er band
edge settings in 1-11z increments.
Considerable data have been obtained with both facilities. The
bulk of the data awaits further 'analysis which will occur at completion
of various series under way, However, several results have been obtained
vhich we describe below.
(a) Bilateral EEG Measurements--Remote Strobe Experiment
As discussed in Report No. 2, a variety of evidence from
clinical and neurosurgical sources indicates that the two hemispheres of
the human brain are specialized for different cognitive functions. The
left hemisphere is predominantly involved in verbal and other analytic
functioning, the right in spatial and other holistic processln@
In consultation with Dr. Robert Ornstein of the Langley
Porter Ncuropsychiatric Institute, an hypothesis was formed based on
certain observed characteri s tics that paranormal functioning might in-
volve right hemispheric specialization. To test this hypothesis, the
EEG remote stroboflash experiment, discussed in the orig-inal proposal and
in the paper attached to Report No. 1, was repeated with Subject I three
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Li,@.os in the sicep lab under the directioii of Dr. Lukas with monitoring
0i, ri,ht an(I left occipital regions. Each experiment consisted of twenty
1.0-Secolld trials@ with ten no-flash trials., and ten 16-11z trials randomly
tw'urmixcd. Reduction of alpha activity (arousal response) correlated
-.ith rei,,)ote stimuli was observed as in previous experiments, but esstn-
tially only ill the right hemisphere (average alpha reduction 16 percent
iii right hemisphere, 2 percent in left, durino, the 16-lIz trials as com-
pared with the no-flash trials). The trial-to-trial variation is larger
than in previous work, however, due to use of a wider-band filter for the
alpha band, and therefore the system is being modified before further
%%,ork.
(b) Physiological Correlat6s of Remote Viewing
In this series of experiments a subject takes part in a
remote viewing protocol as described in Section A.1 (c) (Remote Viewing
,,,Ath Feedback). In this case, however, the subject is connected to the
physiological recording instruments of the smaller semiportable four-
channel polygraph described above. Baseline and experimental measures
of the following observables are made: (1) galvanic skin response (GSR)
is recorded using finger electrodes taped in place on second and fourth
fingers; (2) blood volume/pulse height is recorded using a reflected-
light plethysmograph; (3) unfiltered EEG is recorded from the right
occipital region; (4) percent-time in alpha (8-12 11z) is recorded on the
fourth channel. The alpha filter is a sharp cutoff digital type with
essentially zero-pass outside the prescribed bandpass limits.
During the course of all experiment, the subject is asked
to describe his perceptions as to the nature of the remote target. His
comments are tape-recorded and noted on the polygraph, along with the
t i me. A correlation is then attempted between those descriptions which
,13
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,1)-'e found to be uniquely Correct and accurate, and the corresponding see-
rions of polygraph recording.
In Our investigations to date we have not found a strong
correlation between the observed physiological states and the Subjects'
descriptions.. Of the correlates being monitored, the one which seems the
i-,iost promising is the unfiltered EEG. In our preliminary analysis of the
data it appears that there is often an overall reduction in EEG power in
the 20-second period just before a subject renders a correct description.
Subsequent to this observation, we have learned that Ms. Janet Mitchell
at the American Society for Psychical Research made similar observations
in her work with Subject 3, also in remote viewing experiments. A sample
chart record is shown in Figure 8. (Time runs from right to left.)
The traces, top to bottom, are the unfiltered EEG., blood
volume/pulse height, GSR, and filtered (alpha) EEG. Protocol, verbal
Z'
description, and photograph of the location accompanying this chart are
given in Section A.1 (c).
Seven experiments of this type have been completed as a
pilot study. Upon completion of the analysis of these dataY any findings
will be tested under rigorous no-feedback conditions.
4. Identification of the Nature of Paranormal Phenomena and
Energy (10/10)
This portion of the program is devoted to efforts to understand
the nature and scope of paranormal phenomena, including investigation of
the physical and psychological laws underlying the phenomena, determina-
tion of the manner and degree to which known processes are mediated by
little understood or undiscovered mechanisms or energies, definition of
the precise nature of the channels involved, etc.
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Approved For Release 2003/09/09 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700100006-0
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
(a) PERCENT ALPHA IS sec INTEGRATION)		
. . .... ....			
---- --------
			
			
			
			
			
			
(b) GSR			
			
			-iJ
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
		
		
		
		
		
			
			
(c) PLETHYSMOGRAPH			
			
			
			
-7 _77			
			
			
			
			
14
(d) RAW EE
tAB.!
SA-3183-10
FIGURE 8 POLYGRAPH DATA
Correct verbal description given during tirne interval tAB*
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At tlli5 point in the effort three "Psychokinetic" tasks have
i),eon investi-ated beyond the pilot stage, and are reported below.
(a) Universal Randomization Protocol
It was deemed desirable in our work to establish a uni-
%,ersal randomization protocol independent of the particular experiment
U111C101' consideration. The only exceptions were to be automated experi-
ments where target selection is determined by radioactive decay or elec-
tronic randomization.
The randomization procedure is designed around a ten-unit
base, e.g., ten targets, ten work periods, etc. A ten-digit sequence
governing an experiment is blind to both experimenter and subject, and
is uncovered by means of the following procedure. A three-page RAND
'Fable of Random Digits (Table 5) is entered to obtain the ten-di-it
seq@ience,, the entrance point being determined by four throws of a die.,
the first 1. 2, or 3 determining page., the next 1, 2P 3, or 4 determining
column block, and the final throw determining from w-hich of the first six
rows in the block the ten-digit sequence is to be taken. An opaque card
with a single-digit window is then moved across the row to uncover digits
one at a time. If a multiplicity of targets exist, the digits 0 through
9 are employed directly. If a binary command is required (e.g., increase/
decrease or activity/no activity) the parity of the digit (even or odd)
is employed.
A technique found in control runs to produce a CliStribUtiOn Of Clio faCeS
differing nonsignificantly from chance expectation.
4 6
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	Table	5	
Table	of 1'Kandom LDigits
11 16 43 63 IS	75 06 13 76 74	61 52
40 60 31	83 23 53 73 61
21 21 59 17 91	76 83 15 86 78	'
40 94 15 35 85	69 95 86 09 16
10 43 84 44 82	66 55 83 76 49	73 50 58 34 72	55 95 31 79 57
36 79 22 62 36	33 26 66 65 83	39 41 21 60 13	11 44 28 93 20
73 94 40 47 73	12 03 25 14 14	57 99 47 67 48	54 62 74 85 It
49 56 31 28 72	14 06 39 31 04	61 83 45 91 99	15 46 98 22 85
64 20 84 82 37	41 70 17 31 17	91 40 27 72 27	79 51 62 10 07
51 48 67 23 75	38 60 52 93 41	58 29 98 38 80	20 12 51 07 94
99 75 62 63 60	64 51 61 79 71	40 68 49 99 48	33 88 07 64 13
71 32 55 52 17	13 01 57 29 07	75 97 86 42 98	08 07 46 20 55
65 28 59 71 98	12 13 85 30 10	34 55 63 98 61	88 26 77 60 6a
17 26 45 73 27	38 22 42 93 01	65 99 05 70 48	25 06 77 75 71
95 63 9997 54	31 19 99 25 58	16 38 11 50 69	25 41 68 78 75
61 55 57 64 04	86 21 01 13 08	52 45 88 88 80	78 35 26 79 13
78 13 79 87 68	04 68 98 71 30	33 00 78 56 07	92 00 84 48 97
62 49 09 92 15	84 98 72 87 59	38 71 23 15 12	08 58 86 14 90
Z4 21 66 34 44	21 28 30 70 44	58 72 20 36'78	19 18 66 96 02
16 97 59 54 28	33 22 65 59 03	26 18 86 94 97	51 35 14 77 99
59 13 83 95 42	71 16 85 76 09	12 89 35 40 48	07 25 58 61 49
29 47 85 96 52	50 41 43 19 66	33 18 68 13 46	85 09 53 72 82
96 15 59 50 09	27 42 97 29 18	79 89 32 94 48	66 39 25 42 11
29 62 16 65 83	6Z 96 61 24 68	48 44 91 51 OZ	44 12 61 94 33
12 63 97 52 91	71 02 01 72 65	94 20 50 42 59	-68 98 35 05 61
14 54 43 71 34	54 71 40 24 01	38 64 80 92 78	81 31 37 74 00
-
83 40 38 88 27	09 83 41 13 33	04 29 24 60 28	75 66 62 69 54
67 64 20 52 04	30 69 74 48 06	17 02 64 97 37	85 87 51 21 39
64 04 19 90 11	61 04 02 73 09	48 07 07 68 48	02 53 19 77 37
17 04 89 45 23	97 " 45 99 04	30 15 99 54 50	83 77 84 61 15
93 03 98 94 16	52 79 51 06 31	12 14 89 22 31	31 36 16 06 50
02 24 43 43 92	96 60 71 72 20	73 83 87 70 67	24 86 39 75 76
96 99 05 52 44	70 69 32 52 55	73 54 74 37 59	95 63 23 95 55
09 11 97 48 03	97 30 38 87 01	07 27 79 32 17	79 42 12 17 69
57 66 64 12 04	47 58 97 83 64	65 12 84 83 34	07 49 32 80 98
46 49 26 15 94	26 72 95 82 72	38 71 66 13 80	60 21 20 50 99
08 43 31 91 72	08 32 02 08 39	31 92 17 64 58	73 72 00 86 57
10 01 17 50 04	86 05 44 11 90	57 23 82 74 64	61 48 75 23 29
92 42 06 54 31	16 53 00 55 47	24 21 94 10 90	08 53 16 15 78
35 54 25 5B 65	07 30 44 70 10	31 30 94 93 87	02 33 00 24 76
86 59 52 62 47	18 55 22 94 91	20 75 09 70 24	72 61 96 66 23
72 11 53 49 85	56 03 69 91 37	28 53 78 43 95	26 65 43 78 51
* This table appears through the court	csy of The RAND Corporation and the
McGraw-Hill Book	Company, [tic. and is re	printed by permission	(rorn The Couipleat
Stratcgyst, by J. 1). Willnuis, pp. 219-221 L441.	
47
CPYRGHT
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HT
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07 42 85 88, 63 96 02 38 89 36 97 92 94 12 20 86 43 19 44 85
35 37 92 79 22 28 90 65 50 13 40 56 83 32 22 40 48 69 11 22
10 93 22 28 07 10 92 02 62 99 41 48 39 29 35 17 06 17 82 52
90 12 73 33 41 77 80 61 24 46 93 04 06 64 76 24 99 04 10 99
63 00 21 29 90 23 51 06 87 74 76 86 93 93 00 84 97 80 75 04
40 77 98 63 82 48 45 46 52 69 02 98 25 79 91 50 76 59 19 30
43 21 61 26 08 18 16 78 46 31 94 47 97 65 00 39 17 00 66 29
96 16 76 43 75 74 10 89 36 43 52 29 17 58 22 95 96 69 09 47
70 97 56 26 93 35 68 47 26 07 03 68 40 36 00 52 83 15 53 81.
85 81 26 18 75 23 57 07 57 54 58 93 92 83 66 86 76 56 74 65
37 10 06 24 92 63 64 24 76 38 54 72 35 65 27 53 07 63 82 35
53 40 61 38 55 38 51 92 95 00 84 82 88 12 48 25 54 83 40 75
55 17 28 15 56 18 85 65 90 43 65 79 90 19 14 81 36 30 51 73
40 35 38 48 07 47 76 74 68 90 87 91 73 85 49 48 21 37 17 08
IS 89 90 96 12 77 54 15 76 75 26 90 78 81 73 71 18 92 83 77
68 14 12 53 40 92 55 11 13 26 68 05 26 54 22 88 46 00 63 52
51 55 99 11 59 81 31 06 32 51 42 58 76 81 49 88 14 79 97 00
92 21 43 33 86 73 45 97 93 59 97 17 65 54 16 67 64 20 50 51
15 08 95 05 57 33 16 68 70 94 53 29 53 71 33 3S 26 49 47 08
96 46 10 06 04 11 12 02 22 54 23 01 19 41 08 29 19 66 51 87
28 17 74 41 11 15 70 57 38 35 75 76 84 95 49 24 154 36 32 85
66 95 34 47 37 81 12 70 74 93 86 66 87 03 41 66 46 07 56 43
19 71 22 72 63 84 57 54 98 20 56 72 77 20 36 50 34 73 35 21
68 75 66 47 57 19 98 79 22 22 27 93 67 80 10 09 61 70 44 08
75 02 26 53 32 98 60 62 94 51 31 99 4G 90 72 37 35 49 30 25
11 32 37 00 69 90 26 98 92 66 02 98 59 53 03 15 IS 25 01 66
55 20 86 34 70 IS 15 82 52 83 89 96 51 02 06 95 83 09 54 06
11 47 40 87 86 05 59 46 70 45 45 58 72 96 11 98 57 94 24 81
81 42 28 68 42 60 99 77-96 69 01 07 10 85 30 74 30 57 75 09
21 77 17 59 63 23 15 19 02 74 90 20 96 85 21 14 29 33 91 94
42 27 81 21 60 32 57 61 42 78 04 98 26 84 70 27 87 51 54 80
17 69 76 01 14 63 24 73 20 9G 19 74 02 46 37 97 37 73 21.12
05 68 63 02 43 34 13 40 29 36 50 19 77 98 69 86 49 76 87 09
52 99 24 66 50 89 91 05 73 95 46 95 46 75 36 28 96 88 19 36
94 51 89 39 84 81 47 86 77 50 8Z 54 96 26 76 31 12 34 98 99
00 IS 47 21 86 78 90 67 54 89 61 79 88 16 00 80 01 88 47 42
87 46 26 31 65 79 81 66 16 30 57 66 62 90 55 46 51 80 14 87
88 69 25 87 16 12 27 34 81 76 29 80 56 49 94 66 87 26 22 30
20 09 44 29 62 41 38 21 67 68 06 71 13 49 39 19 59 97 62 47
60 93 58 15 04 50 52 08 21 53 13 93 1+4 68 85 58 31 58 83 66
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CP `RGHT
.7c
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51 39 2B 59 36 43 89 85 05 96 28 54 99 83 27 99 94 32 53 77
54 23 94 19 18 79 52 64 62 74 40 87 16 18 03 25 76 75 54 84
57 89 27 33 94 07 16 09 02 62 47 70 43 83 55 71 70 88 01 17
02 33 07 47 36 53 27 44 44 68 62 61 11 96 98 09 30 42 92 65
76 11 52 92 47 55 34 25 12 99 03 04 78 39 81 11 91 60 92 67
63 31 28 18 86 29 08 52 01 01 26 46 05 05 01 31 73 11 89 38
27 63 22 15 70 34 27 45 64 26 01 76 42 59 59 69 29 38 98 75
06 33 56 21 11 44 01 45 25 67 11 76 25 48 06 02 65 15 29 12
64 14 28 76 76 21 35 88 87 73 31 73 63 16 95 11 52 36 42 13
28 43 62 54 68 75 23 57 53 70 97 15 54 87 06 52 23 92 18 31
09 52 28 38 55 85 97 31 58 88 31 18 14 96 72 .17 23 70 40 24
93 71 41 54 14 93 71 20 27 42 32 11 58 26 83 67 18 28 90 30
15 68 15 35 99 58 18 57 38 40 07 06 87 59 47 71 74 36 92 85
77 71 22 39 14 08 90 74 37 68 26 62 27 41 84 75 16 69 67 48
78 45 35 48 44 61 50 90 12 45 02 80 55 26 76 22 51 94 78 48
24 86 06 82 84 19 36 72 90 73 32 30 15 87 01 04 19 33 01 42
37 28 40 68 44 78 8& 75 72 76 26 33 95 69 09 39 33 14 21 01
35 48 85 24 73 37 63 43 25 69 95 27 40 95 09 81 01 24 24 13
51 59 55 99 09 35 22 34 49 91 24 27 53 96 32 09 77 79 83 00
90 66 03 51 71 30 02 19 11 20 36 11 64 21 Za 65 40 19 41 99
47 50 50 20 03 20 30 08 71 88 96 19 50 70 59 13 26 63 13 89
13 35 00 84 14 64 04 99 43 77 22 40 89 49 58 19 09 55 80 35
33 00 69 26 90 69 24 89 74 43 53 89 62 35 08 16 22 75 69 29
55 21 66 38 86 06 80 41 18 61 22 56 50 24 75 00 25 87 90 18
21 99 IZ 62 28 14 80 11 91 92 49 43 82 07 72 60 84 66 97 32
71 02 52 82 12 10 47 42 75 22 65 62 03 46 84 00 21 00 48 63
6.5 52 21 52 42 84 55 47 45 60 20 24 62 69 41 41 29 80 47 63
27 97 55 49 23 90 65 00 61 70 09 43 30 91 67 35 16 63 27 31
07 30 00 97 04 36 09 96 15 77 95 55 27 34 56 16 57 88 81 40
54 35 71 36 89 19 56 90 38 14 76 05 30 51 50 69 12 56 94 42
00 97 70 44 81 42 04 40 86 49 34 82 23 58 43 78 46 88 23 80
13 92 07 87 61 12 31 19 28 08 07 75 30 40 73 58 52 08 00 22
08 39 53 70 43 37 88 03 41 72 04 20 49 44 34 62 79 88 19 02
46 16 66 72 06 01 61 94 37 69 96 77 01 94 40 29 70 04 20 93
87 76 77 76 07 03 74 20 16 13 65 98 96 28 43 10 91 73 44 58
29 88 09 52 88 21 64 44 65 87 06 64 49 47 84 66 99 56 18 12
36 24 83 66 66 14 89 45 92 73 88 95 04 60 77 34 65 11 20 38
12 38 62 96 56 30 47 42 59 64 21 48 29 54 22 02 00 23 36 71
52 06 87 38 01 52 IS 81 94 91 55 13 76 10 39 02 00 66 99 13
41 72 75 21 71 56 71 90 60 54 98 44 18 15 29 59 60 76 52 25
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(b) Experiments Nvith Develco Superconducting Differential
M, ometer (Gradiometc
One of the first psychoenergeticall produced physical
y
-1 L(,,,Cts observed by SRI personnel in early research (1972) was the apparent
n of a Josephson effect magnetometer. The conditions of that
o 2.- t u r 1) a t i o
1)i1ot study,. involving a few hours use of in instrument committed to
ithor research, prevented a proper investigation. The number of data
u,,,,ples was too few to permit meaningful statistical analysis, and the
lack of readily available multiple recording equipment prevented investi-
of possible "recorder only" effects.
Therefore, at the suggestion of the client, a series of
experiments were carried out using a client-supplied Develco Model 8805
superconducting second-derivative gradiometer manufactured by Develco,
Inc., Mountain View, California. The assembled device is shown in Figure
9.
Basically, the gradiometer is a four-coil Josephson effect
magnetometer device consisting of a pair of coil pairs wound so as to
provide a series connection of two opposing first-derivative gradiometers,
iolding a second-derivative gradiometer (i.e., a device sensitive only
Y
to second and higher order derivative fields). As a result, the device
is relatively insensitive to uniform fields and to uniform gradients.
This arrangement allows for sensitive measurement of fields from nearby
sources %,,-hile discriminating against relatively uniform magnetic fields
produced by remote sources. The device is ordinarily used to measure
ma--netic fields originating from processes within the human bod , such as
y
action currents in the heart which produce magnotocardiograms. The sensi-
tive tip of the instrument is simply placed near the body area of interest.
In our application, however, the Subject is located at a
distance of four meters from the gradiometer probe. As a result the
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FIGURE 9 SUPE ITON DUCT ING DIFFERENTIAL MAGNETOMETER
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Approved For Release 2003/09/09 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700100006-0
Vi_
is located in a zone of relative insensitivity; e.g. standing
down, leaning forward. and arm and leg movements produce no
s From this location the subject is asked, as a mental task, to
.@i f-cL the probe. The results of his efforts are available to him as
@_.(Ihack from three sources: an oscilloscope, a panel meter, and a chart
-,.ccrder, the last providing a permanent record.
After initial difficulty with the instrument due to RF
i,ntorference effects, which required modification by the manufacturer,
;12,e -radiometer was available for use by the contractor from 10 June to
due in part to environ-
June. Some RF interference effects remained,
;@,_-ntal proximity to other instrumentation, but the device was usable
nonetheless.
Protocol for subject participation was instituted as fol-
ows. The subject removes all metal objects, and the effects of body
movements are checked at the start of each experimental period. The sub-
Ject then works with the machine in a learning mode, observing effects
being produced, if any, via feedback from the instrumentation. Once
satisfied that a possibility exists of producing effects on command under
experimenter control, the experimenter announces the start of the experi-
ment.' The universal randomization protocol (discussed in previous sec-
tion) is then used to generate ten activity/no activity periods of equal
length (e.g., 25 seconds) predetermined by the experimenter.
A sample run (Run 1, Subject 1) is shown in Figure 10.
The randomly generated ON (activity) periods are Nos. 2, 8, and 9. As
observed, signals appear in each of these three periods. The signal
appearing in period 9 was strong enough to cause loss of continuous
tracking. This latter type of signals can be the result of an excep-
tionally strong flux change, or an RY burst whether subject-onerated or
artifactual, and are handled on the basis of statistical correlation as
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		BASELINE
		END
		OFF
		
		ON
	
	
c	;@i ON
	
	
	
		OFF
		
		TRUCK
		
		OFF
		
		
		
		
		OFF
		
		
>		
		
>		
OFF
		OFF
		0 N
L
F	:
1 '1"	
- J:-
OFF
E		
BASELINE
	
.. ..............	STA R T
		
		
	
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An artifact due to the passage of a truck- in the
SCUSSOCI belOW-
lot adjacent to the laboratory (Linder continuous surveillance by
@!jo experimenter) is noted in period 6. Each of the signals on scale
-9 2 2 2
(,r,!.,i,(,sponds to an input -1.6 X 10 Gauss/cm (second derivative @ B
z z
-7
-Ach is equivalent to -3.5 X 10 Gauss referred to one pici@up coil.
The interpretation of such observations must be subjected
tk-) careful analysis. For example, the emphasis on "corresponds to" is
im-sed on the following: although the probe is designed to register mag-
ilc@,@ic fields, and the simplest hypothesis is that an observed signal is
in a task as potentially complex as "psychokinesis," one must be
cautious about assigning a given observed effect to a specific cause.
'I'lierefore, without multiple measurement employing equally sensitive
apparatus, which time and lack of instrument availability did not permit,
one can only conclude that generation of a magnetic field is the most
probable cause. With regard to signal display, the signal was observed
simultaneously on three recording devices, and thus a "recorder only"
effect can be considered low probability, although an electronics inter-
ference effect ahead of all display cannot be ruled out. We therefore
treat the magnetic cause as tentative, although most probable, and con-
centrate our attention on whethor a correlation exists between system
disturbances and subject efforts.
Subject 1 logged the most time in controlled runs, 13 ton-
trial runs. Each of the ton trials in the run lasted 50 seconds each,
the act iv ity/no-act ivity command for each trial being generated by the
universal randomization protocol technique. In the 13 X 10 = 130 trials.,
consisting of a random distribution of 64 activity and 66 no-activity
periods, 63 events of signal-to-noise ratio > 1 were observed. Of these
With the exception of the first run where 25-second trials Were USQd.
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z12 @%-ere, distributed amon,r the activity periods, 21 among tile
0 r:l
!:'-@LcLivity periods) a correlation significant at the p = 0.004 level.
Subjects 2 and 6 also interacted with the device. Al-
subject efforts and observed perturbations sometimes coincided,
,cOvity was gencrally low and did not appear to be that of a signature
()[ cc!rrelated activity under control. A controlled ten-trial run-with
libJect 2 and two such runs with Subject 6 yielded nonsignificar@t results.
Given the limited availability of the instrument and some-
hat noisy environment, from our best effort we nonetheless conclude that
Subject 1 the observed number of precisely timed events
in pilot Nvork
(.ouPled with the statistically significant (p = 0.004) correlation be-
_een subject effort and signal output in controlled runs indicate a
_Jg@hly probable cause-effect relationship. Thus it appears that a gifted
@':ub'Ject can interact with a second derivative magnetic gradiometer of
-9 2
sc-nsitivity -10 Gauss/cm from a distance of four meters. Further work
v,'ould be required to determine absolutely the precise nature of the inter-
action, although given the equipment design the generation of a magnetic
field is the most probable mechanism.
(c) Experiments with Laser-Monitored Torsion Pendulum
In this series of experiments we examine the possibility
that a subject may be able to exert a physical influence on a remotely
located physical system. The targlet is a torsion pendulum suspended by
a metal fiber inside a sealed glass bell jar. The pendulum consists of
three 100-gram balls arranged symmetrically at 120" angles on a 2-cm
radius. The entire apparatus is shock mounted, and protected from air
currents by the enclosing bell jar.
The angular position of the pondulum is measured by means
of an optical readout system. The system consists of a laser beam from
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reflected from a
silicon detector
.-.n output voltage pro)ortional
oiector is monitored
sine wave record of
small mirror on tlie pendulum
1.5 meters from the pendulum.
to spot position.
by a chart recorder which
pendulum position.
@.%-tem exhibits a sensitivity of approximately 10
typical experimental conditions random acoustical
the pendulum in its torsional normal mode of 10 second
-100 microradians angular deviation. During control
@NocuLes harmonic motion with a maximum variation in
@'I'Cont over in hour period. Sudden vibrational pertur-
".'-',-ironment produce oscillation of the pendulum in the
a frequency of 1 Hz, as contrasted with the torsional
plane at 0.1 11z.
.'.-e subject is asked, as a mental task, to affect the
the results of which would be available as feedbacl
rocorder. The subject is then encouraged to work with the
I dist-ance of 1 meter, observing effects being produced.
Chat there is a possibility of producing effects (typically
eek's activity, a couple of hours per day), an experiment
As
in other experiments, subject efforts to increase or
oscillation amplitude are determined b an experimenter utilizin-
y
universal randomization protocol described in (a). Each experiment
'@I)ectra Physics Madel 262.
Unitcd D(Aector Technology Model SC110.
I"rush Model Mark 200.
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one hour and consists of six 5-minute work periods alternated with
-211inuto rest periods.
In later work, the subject is removed to a room 12 meters
ulie hall with three intervening office spaces to determine whether
f.@ects can be produced from a remote location. The subject is provided
:@_.(.,dback at the remote location either by closed circuit video or by a
.,(,con([ chart recorder in parallel with the recorder in the enclosed tar-
laboratory. The remote aspect was instituted both to prevent arti-
C@-.ctual effects from body heat, etc., and also to determine whether energy
can be coupled with the remote viewing channel to a remote location.
In pilot studies we observed considerable evidence indi-
c.,.,,Ling- that agifted subject located in the same room is able, by con-
contration, to increase or decrease pendulum motion on command while sitting
quietly one meter from the bell jar. The change-to-baseline ratio is often
'i:l or better so the effects are not small. A sample chart showin- a rest
period followed by a decrease period is given in Figure 11.
Vibrational artifacts can be ruled out on the basis that
\,.-hen such inputs occur, a marked 1-Hz oscillation signal due to vertical
motion is superimposed on the 0.1-Hz torsional motion. Especially in-
torestin- are the decreases that take the motion below that generally
observed due to environmental noise driving. Such observations indicate
the application of a constraint which couples energy out of the pendulum
motion. Similar observations have been observed @@ith the subject removed
Both experimental evidence and theoretical work indicate that distance
may not be a strong factor in paranormal phenomena. See, for example
E. 11. Walker "Properties of Hidden \1ariables in Quantum Theory: 1111pli-
cations for Paraphysics," U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratories,
Abordeen Proving Ground, Maryland.
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apow jujjojsao@ zH 1-0 ol spuodsojjoo -uoiiuiaLA Dpn:jTjduie @m)2jvq
NOIIOlq M'I[I(IMHcl TI MdnOIa
9
CD
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co
co
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a)
a)
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0
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.ly, Ifiel@l
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second location 12 meters away. Although less pronounced (change-
@-;(@line ratios typically 2:1), the effect remains easily observable.
The universal randomization protocol is used throughout
a,
I-I Li-,@tcri,,iinc increase/decrese periods. Control run data are being col-
to be subjected to the same analysis. Multiplo recording is used
'Lln'Oug-hout to rule out artifacts due to recorder effects. Finally, an
!L@ctr
ometer with the base of the bell jar serving as one electrode is
T::onitored to record acoustic vibration independently. Due to the potential
ificance of such findings, considerable data are being taken in order
rl-,at Lhe matter can be subjected to statistical analysis over a large
'.':Uiple involving hundreds of work periods. A few hundred data samples
IlUve already been collected for this purpose, and the results will be
1vublishod when available.
(d) Experiments with Geiger Counter
As part of a continuing search for mechanisms involved in
paranormal phenomena, a series of experiments were bonducted with Subject
I to determine whether a Geiger counter in the Y-ray niode (i.e.,, beta
shield in place) would register subject-directed efforts.
The output of a Geiger counter, fed into a Monsanto Model
1020 counter/timer, indicates a background count due to cosmic rays -35
counts/minute. Experimental protocol requires the subject to try to
change the re.-istered count by concentration on the Geiger counter probe
from a distance -0.5 meters. Each run consists of fifteen 60-socond
trials, with 10-second separations between the trials. Preceding each
subject run is a control run of equal duration.
OMM Item No. CD V-700, Model No. 66, Elect VO-NOUtronics, Inc. , Oakland,
California.
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In four runs to date the results, shown in Table S@ indi-
cL,,tc no effect of statistical significance, either in the mean or standard
;,--@-intion of counts.
Table 6
GEIGER COUNTER EXPERIMENT
		Control Runs	Experimental Runs
	Run	Mean	standard Deviation	Mean	Standard Deviation
	1	36.07	5.73	35.33	6.00
	2	34.87	6.23	33.87	7.27
	3	33.87	5.S8	34.00	5.25
	4	35.20	5.09	35.67	5.77
3. Basic Research Summary
The basic research program to date has been spread over a number
of' subjects and over a number of activities, generating a considerable
amount of data. It'was deemed desirable in the first half of the research
pro-ram to cover as much material as possible in a horizontal development
to determine the best subjects and the fruitful directions for concentrated
effort in the second half of the program.
We intend to concentrate on analysis of the large amounts of
t@
data already obtained while subjects are involved in extramural medical
and psychological testing. Based on the findings, a few carefully-chosen
items will be culled for final specific testing following discussion with
client representatives.
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Appendix 1
RANDM1NESS TESTS OF FOUR-STATE ELECTRONIC RANDOM STIMULUS GENERATOR
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P	
	
	
	
	"'DO": STIMULUS GENERATOR
	
	
................	
	
	
	@-,"-State machine with each
	
	ndepondent of the past
	

q	objective, it should not
	
	
0 7C h,
-it significantly differs
	a rille ould be to select the
	
	--@4n- trial: if this strategy were to
	
C
(23 percent hits), we would
	
-7i e s
of the 111.1chine, under test.
:-7 I)LIrchased from Aquarius
-tensively tested for randomness.
-0 and the threQ machines finally
--n--.g establishod criteri
-a for randomness.
-. i,:, 7--n es wc, are guided in part by a knowledge
:-e o-f the four choice ke s or the pass key
y
z@zate is displayed; then a brief time
.ke y . -iine (but not
-e a n e a o state is established
::,v the instantaneous state of a ji<@ -spe d
le c coun. or. For the machino to be random, the times
C- i i th@- c0l-nzOr i'@' Oach of the four states must be precisely
t
r,.;; c- e distribution of outcomes will be biased. The first
:F
tcs- is zius based oi
-i tallying the nu-mber of occurrences of
of four szates.
ThiS tOSt Should detect a stable bias, yet may
s, bias. To tost for this second possibility we also tally
'S a ('jr@jtin@,
bution of 0Utc0I-.'-0s in elach group of 100 trials, then comput a
(lis
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(see below) for each --roup. Under the
ratio test statistic
IW-
pothosis of equal likelihood of th four st t s, those statistic
ately as chi-square with three degrees of
lLtes are distributed approxim
@!W
1,(Iedol"l and their Sum for III groups distributed approximately as chi-square
uhroc, Iii degrees of freedom. This test may also detect stable bias,
i@llu. is not as powerful for this purpose as the first test. Variable
of still a shorter period, if substantial, can be tested for by
"aliving the frequency with which the previous machine state is repeated;
iii ok-orall repeat ratio ("all") significantly above 0.25 is indicative of
f .
bias.
If for any reason the machine were to fail to sample the counter to
;.1stablish a new state, the previous machine state would be repeated. To
uf,@st for this possibility, we tally the number of repeats following the
,lepression of each key. A repeat ratio significantly greater than 0.25
..uuld be considered a danger signal.
s 1,
V.'c also tally the initial machine states following reset and the
Uransitions between states. In each case,, the number of occurrences of
each of the four possible outcomes should be approximately equal. When
repeats are deleted from the sequence of trials ("nondia(E.-onal transi-
Lions"), the four states should also be approximately equal in frequency.
In testing the null hypothesis of four equally likely outcomes of
a trial, a likelihood ratio test is used. The statistic
4
-2 n @n
(!in
Under the null hypothesis is distributed approximately as chi-square
with three dogrees of freedom, with rojection for large values of this
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St"'I is tic. The computer program used in testing randomness includes a
@Cor computing the probability of a chi-square value as lar-c,
Or iarger than that observed.
I ntesting the null h
t@ ypothesis that the probability of a repeat is
o.'25. the binomial probability of obtaining the observed number K or more
i-epeats in N trials is computed. For K greater than 1000, a normal dis-
tribution approximation is computed, assuming the statistic
K - 1/2 - 0.25 1--N-
N ) -V 3/16
to be approximately normal with mean zero and standard deviation one.
The typical test pattern used was six passes followed by 25 choices
of one color, repeating this for each of the four colors. In this way
each of the five keys other than rest were given approximately equal use.
Typically, 2000 to 6000 trials were made in each sitting. In the absence
of any unusual results in the randomness tests, a minimum of 10,000 trials
@%,cre made before using a machine with experimental subjects. With 10,000
trials", the expected fraction of repeats is 0.25 with a standard deviation
of 3/200 = 0.00866.
A sample computer listing of the results of randomness tests on
'Niachine 4 is included in Table A-1. Of the four machines tested three
were found Suitable for use in screening activity. The fourth machine
was returned to the manufacturer for adjustment.
'Xlexandor Mood,, Introduction to the Theory of Statistics (McGraw Hill,
New York, 1950).
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Table A-1.
RA,N-DoALN,L@,ss
	Buttons	IN u 11) cof		Bi 110111 i a I
	Yellow	Green	Blue	]led	Trials	Chi-Squarc	Probability
Initial states	107	116	113	128	464	1.996	0.57
Transitions	728	764	765	790	3.@047	2.573	0.46
	777	784	773	863	3@1197	6.745	0.08
	776	796	810	773	3,155	1.158	0.76
	787	852	803	805	3.7247	2.877	0.41
All states	3,175	3,312	3@264	3,359	13,110	5.667	0.18
Nondiagonal transitions	2 340	2,412	2,341	2,426	9
@.519	2.630	
0.45
	
Key	
N-Trials	
Repeats	
Ratio I	Binomial
Probability
Diagonal transitions	Yellow	2@1774	705	0.25/11	0.313
	Green	2@1755	674	0.2446	0.748
	Blue	2,761	706	0.2557	0.250
	Red	2,742	667	0.2433	0.793
	Pass	1,614	375	0.2323	0.953
	All	12,646	3@1127	0.2473	0.763
Note: Randomness in groups of 100 trials: Chi-square = 299.6141; D.F. = 345;
Probability = 0.9628.
CL
-n
0
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2)
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0
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0
(D
T
0
0
4
00
4
X
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
T
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Appendix 2
PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE USE OF THE FOUR-STATE
ELECTRONIC RANDOM STIMULUS GENERATOR
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Appendix 2
PERSO'NAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE USE OF THE FOUR-STATE
NDOM STIMULUS GENE
ELECTRONIC RAI RATOR
The following notes are based solely upon my experience and I there-
!',Dro make no claim that they are generalizable to other persons. Since I
''M Still learning about ESP phenomena, I am confident that additional
@.ork in this area will expand., modify, and refine the perceptual processes
(Ii-scussed below. While I have tried to describe these experimental
i-,,ocesses with as much precision as possible, the use of seemingly pre-
,,-;se language should not leave -the impression that the perceptions them-
sc@lves were equally precise. To the contrary, I found these perceptions
to be delicate, transient, and ephei-neral--and yet, at the same time--and
so,me@,,7hat surprisingly--unmistalcably real.
1. Perceptual Processes
Working with the ESP machine proved to be a venture into unfamiliar
per@_,eptual territory which functioned according to now and different rules.
It took some time (five hours or so with the ESP machine) to begin to
learn not only which percepiual processes would work but, equally im-
portant which would not work. There was clearly a learning process in
finding those delicate and subtle internal cues that would allow me to
make perceptually based choices. After approximately 1000 trials with
the EISP machine., five dominant perceptual modes emerged. Subsequent work
Prepared by a 6policy research analyst at SRI, who was a high-scoring@ sub-
ject (1) < 10 with the four-state electronic random stimulus generator.
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ichine seemed to essenti,
-illy expand and refine these perceptual
.1-od initially.
that cmero
s
@),:,roct Kno,@%,in- (Used
.,oximately 5 to 15 percent of the time)--
norceptual cue came as a gift" that I did not have to work for.
-L:3 not to say that this "cue" was always right, but when there was
cu perception of the appropriate response unmediated by any of the
cues described below, my chances of being right seemed quite high
75 percent of the time). Internally, this was simply the feeling
I should push one specific button and the knowing was almost im-
If it were not immediate then, typically, one of the other
,,.-ould be used.
,.losure Cues" (Used perhaps 75 percent of the time)--This cue mani-
.L,-_sted itself in a variety of ways; a sense of "fullness" with respect to
an internal anticipation of the bell ringing, a
Lt Particular button,
sense of "hardness" or "firmness" and a sense of being "locked into the
correct response. The validity of this cue could be tested by acting and
thinking Lis if I were going to push a particular button and then noting
4-,)o t to which these "closure cues" became present. This sense of
efton
active intentionality--both physically and psychologically--seems im-
portant in that it allowed me to sort out many real from imagined per-
ceptions. Also, this cue often gave a kind of veto power; i.e., it did
not necessarily assure me as to the right aniswer but it would tend to
tell me if I had picked the wrong one, i.e., I would not experience the
aforementioned cues.
Pattern Recognition (Negligible use initially, but then used approxi-
mately 75 percent of the time durin- Phase IV)--Although I used this
perceptual mode very infrequently during the initial stages of the
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-d the end. This was similar
imont, it emerged rather naturally towai
to the "direct 1@nowing" but not isolated to a single button; rather,
ilitre \vas a sense of the next two to three buttons that would be the
(,r-,t,rcct responses. These perceptual cues were obtained in a less objec-
L@I.vc/rational way and in more of a meditative state, highly concentrated
DL,@ without specific focus on a particular button. Interestingly, in
ISing, this perceptual process, I was able to go somewhat faster and have
--@reater access to all of the buttons in an equivalent way. Thus, this
-.:@ode had the advantage of loosening habituated perceptual patterns but
-it also made selections less amenable to conscious control and testing.
This process proved to be either highly accurate or highly inaccurate.
Accuracy seemed to be a function of the degree to which I could become
synchronized with the evolving pattern of machine selected Qhoices--and
it was easy to get out of phase/sequence with this pattern.
Rational Guessing (Used approximately 5 percent of the time)--Al-
though I virtually never did try to superimpose some rationally predicted
pattern upon the random, machine selection of buttonsP I would sometimes
temper my selections (very seldom for the better) by noting that one button
had come up too often for it to be likely on the next trial or, conversely,
it had come up so seldom that it should be given special consideration as
a likely possibility on the next trial. Again, although this was a
tempting strategy, I found that random processes were not amenable to
rational anticipations and my rational guesses seemed often to be wrong.
Tonsion/Vector Analysis (Used approximately 75 percent of the time)--
Here the cue was manifested as a sense of tension(s) pulling in one direc-
tion or another with the selection buttons as the locus for that tension.
The cue was also manifested as a feeling of "emptiness" and conversely as
a sense of "fullness." To describe this process further, it felt analogous
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to vector analysis in physics where, in sorting out competing tugs and
pulls. one finds the "dominant" vector; i.e. . the one with the strongest
pull" or the one that best "balances" the other vector tensions. Figure
A-1 illustrates this phenomenon.
Although the tonsion/voctor cues were very useful and among the most
reliable of all the cues, I found them to be at times quite misleading.
The source of confusion stemmed from the role of time as a variable rather
than a constant.in extrasensory reality (discussed in more detail under
Section 2, "Comments on Perceptual Processes"). If my assumptions as to
the temporal nature of my perceptions did not fit with the actual nature
of those perceptions, then the perceptions were quite misleading. (Re-
call that precognition refers here to a button that will be selected in
the future--typically the next trial.) The nine-cell matrix sho wn in
Figure A-2 may clarify the complexity of the perceptual process, the need
for discriminating.awareness and the possibility for. error. Out of nine
possible combinations of the assumed/actual.nature of perceptions, only
throe are matched or congruent and yield accurate understandings. Each
of these primary cases is discussed below:
~ Clairvoyant--Ilere the feeling which allows sorting and
selection is like that described in Figure A-1.
~ Precognitive--The feeling, sorting, and selection is like
that described in Figure A-1 with clairvoyance; the primary
difference being a shift in the time dimension to refer,
not to the present target of the machine, but to the one
to be selected next. To act on this perception I would
press the pass button to bring the future into the present
and then press the button that corresponded to my precog-
nitive perceptions.
~ Clairvoyant and Precognitive--The perception is of a pat-
torn of buttons, distributed thrOLIgh tiMC, that are and
will be selected by the machine--the "pattern" usually
consisted of two to three buttons. Again, the time vari-
able was most troublosome--typically with greater difficulty
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LIGHT PULLIUNBALANCED STRONG PULL OR, BALANCE
EMPTY
LIGHT PULL/
UNBALANCED
SA-2613-21
FIGURE A-1 ILLUSTRATION OF TENSIONNECTOR ANALYSIS IN OPERATION
With Button C being the one selected using these cues.
ACTUAL
NATURE OF PERCEPTIONS
ASSUMED
NATURE OF
PERCEPTIONS
			Clairvoyant
	Clairvoyant	Precognitive	and
			Precognitive
Clairvoyant	Correct	misperception	Misperception
	Perception		
Precognitive	misperception	Correct	Misperception
		Perception	
Clairvoyant			

and	
misperception	
Misperception	Correct

Precognitive			Perception
SA-2613-22
FIGURE A-2 MATRIX SHOWING CORRECT PERCEPTION AND MISPERCEPTION IN THE USE
OF TENSION/VECTOR CUES VIA THE INTERFACE BETWEEN ASSUMED AND
ACTUAL NATURE OF PERCEPTIONS
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in determining the order in which the buttons would appear
as targets and lesser difficulty in determining which
buttons were targets.
Confusion and error would arise when I assumed the tension/vector
perceptions were clairvoyant when in fact they were (say) clairvoyant
and precognitive. To explain how this felt, I refer back to Figure A-1.
If the actual sequence of correct answers were Buttons B and D, and if I
wore assuming the perceptions were clairvoyant only, then it was not un-
common to have the perception that the intervening button (C) was the
correct choice. The rationale for this perception'was that it felt like
a balance point between Buttons B (present target) and D (next target).
In retrospect, when I am more rationally aware of the room for error
in the use of this cue mechanism, I am somewhat surprised as to how useful
it was in operation.
It should be clear from the preceding descriptions that selections
were made by a variety of processes which were used sometimes in isola-
tion and oftentimes in combination. A typical sequence in the selection
process was: (1) check for "direct knowing" cues, if not there, then
(2) use "tension/vector" cues, then (3) make final selection with "clo-
sure cues.
2. Comments on Perceptual Processes
Rather than work rapidly, I chose to work deliberately, consciously,
and therefore slowly. I would typically take five to thirty seconds to
select a button--enough time to have a firm and conscious sense of my
internal cues and what I thought they meant. The typical sequence would
be as follows:
~ Clear mind and become quiet
~ Concentrate internal awareness
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~ Observe various cues
~ lZationally interact with cues to sort them out
~ Select a button and press it
~ integrate feedback from response
~ Clear mind and become quiet.
Except during "pattern recognition," when all buttons seemed equally
accessible, I found that the top two buttons on the machine were much
more accessible than the bottom two. Three plausible explanations emerge
to account for this. First (and least likely I think) is a psychological
predisposition against the bottom two buttons--perhaps because of the
color of the buttons or because of the pictures associated with the tar-
('ets. Second is the possibility that the circuitry of the ESP machine
in some way favors the top two buttons or obscures the bottom two. Third
(and most plausible to me) is the possibility that to the extent I used
the "tension/vector" cue, then the bottom two buttons would be without a
vector below them--making it more difficult to "bracket" the bottom two
buttons with this perceptual process. In later phases of the experiment,
I was more able to access the bottom two buttons and this seemed to corre-
spond with increasing use of the "pattern recognition" cues and the de-
creasing use of tension/vector cues.
The longer I worked with the ESP machine, the more apparent it be-
came thatY in an extrasensory perception reality, time becomes fluid.
In other words,,although the experiment was designed to test clairvoyance
(selecting the current target) only, I found that the perceptual cues
would oftentimes be equally applicable to precognition (selecting a
future target--usually the next one). Therefore, making a correct soloc-
tion required doing two things: first, finding the correct "pattern'' of
buttons that would be randomly selected by the machine (typically the
pattern consisted of two to three buttons), and socond, associating a
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time component with the buttons in that pattern. Stated differently, the
same cues discussed above held equally well for precognition or for
clairvoyance--so the problem of'making a selection was compounded by the
additional difficulty of having to determine whether a perceptual cue was
associated with the button that had already been selected by the machine
or the button that would be selected in the next or even subsequent trial.
I definitely felt that if I could consistently separate clairvoyant from
precognitive dimensions of identical cues, that I could substantially in-
crease the accuracy of overall scores.
The cues were not always consistent in their presence and meaning.
For example, I might be obtaining good results with the use of tension/
vector cues and then find them become ambiguous with a commensurate
decline in my score. Then I would rely more heavily upon other cues.
Or, the cues might work well for clairvoyant perceptions for a while but
then shift to operate for precognition-- then I would have to "recalibrate"
myself to the cue mechanisms. So, it was a fluid, dynamic perceptual
process which required flexibility and patience. Highly sitgnificant
scores and perceptions seemed to go in spurts of ten trials or so, then
I would fall back to a chance level until I could resynchronize myself
with the machine and the character of my perceptual cues.
I tend to agree with the notion that it might be more appropriate
to call these processes "extraconceptual perception" rather than "extra-
sensory perception." The perceptual cues wer e definitely present and
they had sensory dimensions even though they do not fit into our tradi-
tional sensory categories. Just "where" and "how" these sensory cues
were present is not clear to me--but these are essentially conceptual
rather than sensory issues.
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Problems in Perceptual Translation
basic problem in using the ESP machine was not so much the obtaining
o[ perceptual data as the translating of those data into sufficient in-
formation to allow the action of selecting the correct button. While the
act itself is so simple as to be trivial, the information processes
(gathering, filtering, dynamically translating) underlying that act seemed
to me very substantial. It is within this unseen and unrecorded portion
of the ESP testing process that most of the "action" takes place. From
this vantage point I would like to suggest two impediments that might
partially account for relatively low scores.
First, I am still not fluent in the "langluage" of extrasensory per-
ceptions-analogously, it is like hearing many separate commands in
Russian (or another unfamiliar language), each time spoken in slightly
different ways and with different intonations-and inflections. The call
for action may be Plearly heard but the translation of that command into
operational reality is an imprecise process until the language can be
better understood.
Second is the problem created by shifting back and forth between
rat.ional and intuitive knowledge processes during the course of the ex-
periment. In selecting a single button I would use intuitive knowledge
processes for perception and oftentimes, rational or semirational knowledge
processes to interpret those perceptions. This is not to say that the
rational component is absolutely necessary, but it did seem to be useful
for me. In any event, since the experiment covers thousands of trials
(button selections) it required thousands of translations from one
knowledge mode to another. Although the rational mode did seem helpful
for interpretation, it was also "costly" (i.e. , by shifting to .1 rational
mode, I could be thrown slightly off-balance in maintaining contact with
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the subtle and delicate intuitive processes--thoroby introducing an
additional element of ambiguity and error).
Related to the problem of differential knowledge processes is the
problem of having to translate between states of consciousness in order
to act upon extrasensory perceptions. LeShan analyzed the experiential
properties of what lie has termed Clairvoyant Reality and found that while
certain.events (such as telepathy, precognition, and clairvoyance) are
tv normal" to this reality, certain other events (such as being able to take
directed action toward a goal) are "paranormal." For me this was mani-
fested experientially as the feeling that when I obtain extrasensory per-
ceptions, I am so much a part of, and immersed in the Clairvoyant Reality
that in order to act, I must causally separate myself from the Clairvoyant
Reality and enter the dualistic, subject/object Reality' that LeShan terms
Sensory Reality." Encouragingly, the "pattern recognition" process
seemed to offer a means of both perception and action, which did not re-
quire the same degree of transfer between these subtly different states
of consciousness.
The preceding points suggest that one difficulty in testing and
assessing extrasensory perception may be the apparent need to translate
it into an output that is not isomorphic with the perceptions themselves--
a person must translate the perceptual "language" to a familiar form,
across rational and intuitive dimensions, and relatedly, from one state
of awareness to another. Is it possible, then, that our means for testing
ESP may not be highly congruent with the nature of the phenomcnon,, and
this may inherently reduce the significance of the test results that can
be obtained?
Lawrence LeShan, The Medium, the Mystic, and the Physicist (Viking Press,
New York, 197/1).
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of the ESP Process
suspect that, to an external observer, my work with the ESP machine
as fairly consistent scoring slightly above chance--the
appear
lien be made that a small amount of cxtrasonso
]_)@,-ical inference could t ry
@:,,.,coption was mixed with a substantial amount of pure guessing. Whi le
.X
ho -ing data may this inference, my awareness of
scoi. t-1 support the input
1@11ocoss does not. Consider the following: on the first run, a person
e t hits" out of 25 by pushing buttons at random; then on the
@ould 6
second run, he could get 6 T'hits" out of 25 by using extrasensory per-
"Option. To the statistician who looks only at the output, the scores
"@ro identical--they are no more than would occur by chance--and the logical
inference would be that the input processes were identical or at least
-,Jery similar. However alike they might appear externally, internally
they Could feel like quite different runs. In the second instance, the
chance level of scoring would be the result of an imporfect but operative
extrasensory perception process. Obviously, then, measurement of ESP by
statistical output alone obscures the nature.and extent of the extrasen-
sory input. A relatively modest score on the ESP machine can--I think--
substantially understate the amount of learning and perceptual development
that actually occurs. The foregoing is consistent with my impression that
my scores, though statistically significant, still did not reflect the
actual amount of learning that had occurred.
5. Supportive Mind Set
There emerged, after a time, what seemed to be a series of procondi-
tions to good performance in terms of mind sot. Those were:
A Iii.-I-h level of motivation seemed essential. The task of
pushing one of four buttons over thousands of trials COL11CI
be rather boring--enough to allow one's attention to wander.
With each trial, it was necessary to liave a high level of
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motivation to ensure adequate levels of concentration and
focused attention.
~ Although motivation concentration, and attention were im-
portant, it was also npcessary not to be too concerned with
the success or failure associated with each selection. if
I became "attached" to the outcome of a previous trial,
whether a success or a failure, it could divert a signifi-
cant amount of attention from the present trial. Therefore,
each trial must be separate/fresli/clear/unconditioned by
the actual success or failure of previous trials and separate
from the imagined successes or failures of upcoming trials.
~ A relatively stable, undisturbed emotional state also seems
important. I noticed the most substantial fluctuation in my
scores when I was emotionally stressed (angry, hassled, and
so on).
~ Feeling rested physically also seemed important. This was
particularly true if I were to work with the machine for an
hour or two--as this required a substantial amount of energy.
~ A positive attitude--a feeling that I could do well and could
always score at least at the chance level--was also important.
A corollary to this was that I found I did better when I "al-
ways liked myself" even if I did poorly. Self-deprecation
seemed to be a sure way of rapidly diminishing the accuracy
of the perceptual processes.
6. The Environment
There were attributes of the surrounding environment that seemed to
enhance the accuracy of my selections. The more significant factors
seemed to be the following:
0 It was helpful to have a relatively quiet working environment.
Or, if there were noises, to have them of a sort--fairly con-
stant ones that remained in the back-round--that could be
readily filtered out of my consciousness. My improssion was
that extornal sensory information--particularly sounds--could
readily overload/ov erride subtle and dolicate internal son-
sory information.
0 It also seemed to help to have low li-ht lovels--l would al-
ways turn out the overhoad lights in tile testing 1*00111.1
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experimented with closing my eyes to further reduce external
SenSO1'y stimulation and I found that this would increase the
sensitivity of sensory cues, but this increase in sensi-
tivity was offset by a lack of visually based feedback to
verify the accuracy of the selections. As a consequence,
chose to keep my eyes open.
I found it essential to work with the ESP machine by sitting
somewhat above it so that I could look down on the face of
the machine. For some reason, perceptual discrimination
seemed much more difficult when I would sit at a lower level
which placed the buttons in a plane more nearly horizontal
to my face and upper body.
7. Transferability of Processes
The perceptual learning gained in this experiment seemed generally
transferable to other situations where I might use ESP abilities, in
particular, telepathy, precognition, and clairvoyance. The inference is
that a process or faculty is being developed which has numerous applica-
tions in other situations which would rely upon ESP. Analogously, just
as jogging could exercise muscles to make a person more adept at playing
football, dancing, swimming, and the like, the use and development of
these "psychic" muscles seems to have some degree of transference to
other situations.
8. Conclusions
I found the experiment to be a very substantial learning experience
in which, I feel, I learned much more than was reflected in the scores.
It allowed me to begin to identify an ability which I presume was largely
latent within--never having had a prior opportunity for overt expression.
Finally, it suggests to me that this must be a common ability amoncr many
people that they simply do not recognize--primarily because they have
never had the Opportunity to explore it as a legitimate and "real"
phenomenon,
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Appendix 3
SAMPLE OF RAW DATA--MEDICAL EVALUATION OF SUBJECT 1
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Appendix 4
PRELIMINARY NOTES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
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