Approved For Release 2003/09/10 CIA-RDP96-00788ROO170021000
THE MONROE INSTITUTE'S HEMISYNC PROCESS
Hemisync is a patented auditory guidance system which is
said to employ the use of sound pulses to induce a frequency
following response (FFR) in the human brain. It is reported that
the Hemisync process can heighten selected awareness and
performance while creating a relaxed state. Hemisync is more
than this however, and an extensive evaluation is warranted.
Hemisync involves the physics of resonant entrainment, brain
waves and their relationship to the behavioral psychology of
consciousness, and the physiology of the brain.
The Physics of Entrainment:
Resonant entrainment of oscillating systems is a well
understood principle within the physical sciences. If a tuning
fork designed to produce a frequency of 440hz is struck, causing
it to oscillate, and then brought into the vicinity of another
440hz tuning fork the second tuning fork will begin to oscillate.
The first tuning fork is said to have entrained the second or
caused it to resonate. There are three basic rules of the
physics of entrainment. Resonate rule: For one oscillating
system to be capable of entraining another the second system must
be capable of achieving the same vibratory rate (oscillating
frequency). An oscillating 440hz tuning fork will not entrain a
300hz tuning fork because the second tuning fork will not vibrate
at 440hz. The second basic rule involves power. Power rule:
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
2
For one oscillating system to be capable of entraining another
the first must have sufficient power to overcome the homeostasis
of the second. In the case of the tuning fork example, the first
must be brought in close proximity to the second since the
effective radiated power of the first diminishes with:distance.
The third rule involves consistency. Consistency rule: For one
oscillating system to be capable of entraining another the first
must be at a constant or fixed frequency. The tuning fork is an
ideal example because it produces an oscillation of constant
frequency and amplitude. This ideal condition is called a
standing wave.
The physics of entrainment apply to biosystems as well.
What is of concern here are the electromagnetic properties called
brain waves. The electrochemical activity of the brain results
in the production of electromagnetic wave forms (brain waves)
which can be objectively measured with sensitive equipment.
Brain waves change frequencies based on neural activity within
the brain. Because neural activity is electrochemical, brain
function can be externally modified through the introduction of
specific chemicals (mind altering drugs) or by altering the
brain's magnetic environment (entrainment). Caffeine, nicotine,
and alcohol are mino@-altering drugs, whereas sunspots and
heterodyning radio and microwave frequencies are entrainment
environments. Beyond these obvious things the senses of Eight,
touch and hearing provide for easy access to the neural functions
of the brain. Each of these senses responds to wave form
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
activity within the surrounding environment and transmits
information to the brain by means of electron pulse stimulation.
The senses of taste and smell are generally not of practical use
in entrainment due to their inherent low rate of pulse
stimulation as well as the fact that their neural processing
centers are found in lower brain centers and entrainment of these
lower centers would have little effect on the rest of the brain.
The senses of sight, touch and hearing by their very nature
provide a fertile medium for entrainment of brain waves and,
therefore, neural brain function. Manipulation of sense specific
environments do in fact result in brain wave entrainment. A
strobe light flashing at 10hz will entrain brain waves to that
frequency.* When the brain's electromagnetic environment
entrains to the 10hz, resultant psychological behaviors are
evident. In a laboratory environment however, not every subject
entrains to the 10hz strobe signal. To resolve this dilemma one
must return to the basic rules of entrainment. For those
subjects who do not entrain to the 10hz it would appear that the
effective power level of the strobe signal at that frequency is
insufficient given the physiological homeostasis of the subject.
As in the case of the tuning forks, the electrochemical neuromas
(the brain) must be capable of resonating at the desired
entrainment frequency. Subjects who are displaying stable high
*Tests have been conducted using different colors of strobes.
Red seems to be the most effective color. Red stimulates more
neural traffic and therefore a higher level of electrical
activity which in turn saturates the brain's electromagnetic
environment with the strobe frequency.
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
4
amplitude brain waves at 26hz will tend to maintain homeostasis
even when exposed to the 10hz strobe.
What could cause such rigid stability? The brain responds
to both chemical and electrical stimulation environments. Those
environments are generally controlled by life's situations as
well as acts of will both conscious and subconscious. The rigid
26hz (beta) frequency may be the result of too much coffee,
experiment anxiety, or the willful act of "not letting this
strobe be in control." That's not to say that the subjects who
do get entrained are weak-willed. They have simply made the
willful decision to let themselves be entrained. Techniques have
been developed to overcome resistance to brain wave entrainment.
In the above case, the resistant subjects could be coached to try
and relax, given a sedative to break down the physiological
homeostasis, or the strobe frequency can initially be brought to
within 85% of the subjects state (26hz in this example) and then
slowly moved to the desired frequency (10hz in this example). By
bringing the strobe frequency within 85% of the subject's state,
its influential power (ability to entrain) is increased many
times. If the strobe frequency were, for example, 50% of the
subject's state it would not have any entrainment power and would
in fact act to maintain the subject's state as it resonates the
half wave (harmonic) of the subject's state. Other practices
such as humming (mantras, resonate tuning), autogenic training,
and/or biofeedback can also be used to break down the homeostasis
of resistant subjects (Tart,1975).
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
5
The strobe entrainment effect involves only one of the
sensory channels mentioned previously as being neural avenues
capable of transporting entrainment signals.. The kinesthetic
sense of touch is another. In one interesting experiment a
researcher set up a standing wave of a desired frequency in a
water bed. The resultant tactile signals were effective in
entraining the subject's brain waves to the selected frequency
(Houck, 1984). In the case of Hemisync, the sense of hearing
provides the neural avenues by which entrai.nment signals can be
introduced into the electromagnetic cranial environment. The
"frequency following response" of Hemisync is in fact the well
established principle of entrainment. Sound pulses are used to
entrain brain waves.
Brain Waves and the Behavioral Psychology of Consciousness:
One of the biggest criticisms of brain wave research is
characterized by the popular notion that one can't tell what a
person is thinking by measuring their brain wave patterns. By
way of analogy this is like saying that one can't tell what
infor-)iation is in a computer by simply measuring voltages present
at various points. There is probably some human resistance here
to others to being able to "get inside one's head" and to know
who one really is or what one is really thinking. A more
realistic approach here would be to use a telephone as an
analogy. A telephone has three "states of consciousness".
State one is standby - the telephone just sits there waiting to
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
6
be used. State two is ringing - the telephone is actively
soliciting attention. State three is talking - the telephone is
being used. All of these "states of consciousness" of the
telephone can be determined by measuring the line voltage of the
telephone wires. One does not have to have direct access to the
telephone itself to know what it is doing. If there are 48 volts
direct.current present on the wires then the phone is in state
one or standby. If there are 100 volts alternating current on
the.wires then the telephone is in state two or ringing. When
there is a modulated 10 volt direct current on the phone wires
then the telephone is in state three or being used (busy). These
telephone states of consciousness are discrete in that the
telephone can not be in more than one state at a time. It is
either waiting, ringing, or busy.
Measuring brain waves is somewhat similar to measuring
telephone line voltage. When, through the measurement of line
voltage, one determines the telephone is in use (state three)
this does not reveal what is being said over the telephone. The
same is true about brain waves. When, through the measurement
of brain wave frequencies and associative patterns, it is
detected that an individual is in REM sleep (dreaming) this does
not reveal the dream content. This can only be discovered if the
experimenter awakens the subject and asks him to describe his
dream.
But brain waves are more than just indicators of discrete
states of consciousness. They represent the electrochemical
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
7
environment through which perceived reality is manifest.
Perceived reality changes depending on the state of consciousness
of the perceiver (Tart,1975). Some states of consciousness
provide limited views of reality while others provide an expanded
awareness of reality. For the most part, states of consciousness
change in response to immediate socio-environmental surroundings.
(The psychologist would call these changes in ego states or
subpersonalities.) As mentioned before, states of consciousness
are subject to other influences as well. Such things as drugs
and sunspots can alter states of consciousness. Additionally,
all life forms appear to be subject to circadian and ultradian
rhythms (Rossi, 1986).* Specific states of consciousness can
also be learned as an adaptive behavior to demanding
circumstances (Green and Green, 1986).
Hemisync and the Physiology of the Brain:
Hemisync's frequency following response (FFR) is applied
through the use of a unique phenomena called binaural beats.
Unlike the gross effect of strobe entrainment described
previously, the FFR of Hemisync provides the user with access to
and control of highly specific discrete states of consciousness.
But before proceeding it is necessary to understand a little bit
about what binaural beats are and are not.
*Ultradian rhythms are psychophysiological processes involving
alternating autonomic and brain functions that have a 90 to 100
minute periodicity within the 24 hour circadian cycle.
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
When two signals of different frequencies are mixed together
what is known in electrophysics as a heterodyne effect takes
place. As a result of heterodyning a complex signal is produced
which includes both original frequencies, a signal at the sum of
the original frequencies, and a signal at the difference between
the original frequencies. To illustrate:
A mix of a signal of 100hz with a signal of 300hz will
heterodyne into a complex wave form which, when
examined contains signals at 100hz (original), 200hz
(difference), 300hz (original), and 400hz (sum).
The heterodyne effect is used in radio technology to tune in
various signals. In AM radio the incoming radio waves are
heterodyned with an internal tuneable oscillator. The resultant
difference between the two frequencies (called the beat frequency
oscillation) is modulated by the sound heard coming from the
radio. The heterodyne effect is a well understood principle in
physics. The beat frequency oscillations which are produced by
heterodyning signals are not the same as binaural beats. Beat
frequency oscillations in the audio range are usually the result
of electronically mixed (heterodyned) signals, are recordable by
a second device (tape recorder, oscilloscope, etc.), and can be
aurally detected with one ear. Binaural beats, on the other
hand, are not the result of electronically mixed signals, are not
recordable by device, and to be detected require the combined
action of both ears. Binaural beats exist as a consequence of
the interaction of perception within the brain (Oster, 1973).
Binaural beats were discovered in 1839 by a German
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788 ROO 1700210004-8
9
experimenter named H. W. Dove. The human ability to "hear"
binaural beats appears to be the result of evolutionary
adaptation. Many evolved species can detect binaural beats
because of their brain structure. The frequencies at which
binaural beats can be detected change depending on the size of
the species' cranium. In the human, binaural beats can be
detected when carrier waves are below about 1000hz (Oster, 1973).
Below 1000hz, the wave length of the signal is longer than the
diameter of the human skull. This being so, signals below 1000hz
curve around the skull by diffraction. The same effect can be
observed with radio wave propagation. Lower frequency (longer
wave length) radio waves (like AM radio) travel around the earth
over and in between mountains and structures. Higher frequency
(shorter wave length) radio waves (like FM and TV) travel in a
straight line and can't curve around the earth. Mountains and
structures block these high frequency signals. Because sound
frequencies below 1000hz curve around the skull, incoming signals
below 1000hz are heard by both ears.* But, due to the distance
between the ears, the brain "hears" the inputs from the ears as
out of phase with each other. As the.)sound wave passes around
the skull each ear gets a different portion of the wave. It is
this wave-form phase difference which allows for accurate
*In the case of signals above 1000hz the skull blocks the signal
from the lee side ear. The source of the sound is then
determined by the brain to be in the general direction of the
loud noise, there being little or no noise in the lee side ear.
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
10
location of sounds below 1000hz. Direction finding at higher
frequencies is less accurate than it is for frequencies below
1000hz, until about 8000hz when the pinna (external ear) becomes
effective as an aid to localization (Oster, 1973). Virtually all
animal sounds are below 1000hz. It is easy to imagine why higher
animals developed the ability to accurately detect the location
of each others' sounds.* The relevant issue here, however, is
that it is this innate ability of the brain to detect wave form
phase differences which gives rise to binaural beats. When
signals of two different frequencies are presented through
headphones, one frequency to one ear and another frequency to the
other ear, the signals do not heterodyne (as described before)
nor produce a beat frequency oscillation. What does happen is
the brain detects phase differences between these signals. Under
natural circumstances a detected phase difference would provide
directional information to the higher centers of the brain. But
with headphones on -- well, with headphones on there is a totally
different situation. Within the sound processing centers of the
brain, pulse stimulation provides relevant information to the
higher centers of the brain. In the case of a wave form phase
difference the electron pulse rate in one part of a sound
*As an interesting alternative, some birds are ventriloquial.
They produce bird song which conceals their true location by
presenting a false sonic local through wave form phase
alteration.
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
11
processing center is greater than in another. The differences in
electron pulse stimulation within the sound processing centers of
the brain are an anomaly. This anomaly (the difference in
electron pulse stimulation) comes and goes as the two different
frequency wave forms mesh in and out of phase. As a result of
these constantly increasing and decreasing differences in
electron pulse stimulation, an amplitude modulated standing wave
(the binaural beat) is generated within the sound processing
centers of the brain itself. It is this standing wave which acts
to entrain brain waves - the frequency following response (FFR)
of Hemisync. It is important to grasp the fact that no one ever
hears,binaural beats. The sound processing centers of the brain
only think something is heard. Additionally, the production of
an amplitude modulated standing wave is dependent on the ability
of the electrochemical cellular structure of brain tissues to
resonate. Brain tissues do resonate as evidenced by the
manifestation of electromagnetic brain waves. These brain waves
are generally confined to frequencies below about 30hz. The same
is true for binaural beats. Experimental subjects do not report
"hearing" binaural beats above about 30hz (Oster, 197,3).
Beyond the Basics:
The term Hemisync was chosen because many of the states of
consciousness available through this technology are the result of
wave forms of equal amplitude and frequency in both hemispheres
of the brain. The reason for this is physiological. Each ear is
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
12
"hard-wired" (so to speak) to both hemispheres of the brain
(Rosenzweig, 1961). Each hemisphere has its own olivary nucleus
(sound processing center) which receives signals from each ear.
In keeping with this physiological structure, when a binaural
beat is present there are actually two standing waves of equal
amplitude and frequency present, one in each hemisphere. The two
separate standing waves entrain each hemisphere to the same
frequency.
The complexities of an effective Hemisync signal are
amazing. Each state of consciousness is not represented by one
simple brain wave. Each state of consciousness involves a milieu
of inner mixing of wave forms. The reason for this lies in the
structure of the brain itself. Not only is the brain divided
into hemispheres, it is also divided vertically into the
cerebellum, the thalamus, the limbic system, and the cerebral
cortex. The cerebral cortex is further divided into such
functional areas as the frontal lobes, the parietal lobes, and
the occipital lobes. There are of course many other subdivisions
of the brain not mentioned here. The point is that for each
discrete state)of consciousness each area of the brain resonates
at a specific brain wave frequency because it preforms a
localized function (Luria, 1970). To entrain a particular state
of consciousness then, one must identify these complex wave forms
and mimic them through the use of binaural beats, multiplexed
carrier signals, and heterodyned binaural beats. This is the
Hemisync process.
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
13
The Monroe Institute has been identifying these states of
consciousness and developing Hemisync signals for almost two
decades. The process of developing effective Hemisync signals
has been as complex as the function of the brain itself. Under
laboratory conditions many subjects were tested for their
responses to binaural beats. Records were kept as to the effect
each binaural beat frequency had on these subjects. Then
binaural beats were mixed and records were again kept on the
subjects' responses. After many months (in some cases, years),
test results began to show population-wide similar responses to
specific mixes of binaural beats, which laid the foundation for
what is now called Hemisync (Monroe, 1982). The individual
binaural beats within these unique mixes entrained separate areas
of the brain to different frequencies, effectively producing
discrete states of consciousness. In the case of the state of
consciousness coined Focus 10 (mind awake, body asleep.) for
example, the cerebellum, which works below the level of
consciousness and deals with muscles and body functions, must be
entrained to a delta frequency. Under these conditions (a delta
brain wave within the cerebellum) the body is asleep. The "mind
awake" half of Focus 10 is achieved by entraining the cerebral
cortex to a low beta frequency. The subject's exposure to these
individual binaural beats is timed, introducing the delta
cerebellum signal first and later mixing in the low beta cerebral
cortex signal. The mixing of these two binaural beats produces a
complex Hemisync signal. This Focus 10 Hemisync signal also
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
14
seems to have a soothing entrainment effect on the limbic system
(brain's emotional center) as evidenced by the many subjects who
report that Focus 10 is a very pleasant experience. A subject is
said to have achieved Focus 10 when a new condition of
homeostasis is established (evidenced by appropriate brain wave
patterns) and the subject becomes unaware of the location of body
parts (hands, feet, etc.), still without losing consciousness
(falling asleep).
The Hemisync process is available outside the laboratory
through the use of prerecorded stereo cassette tapes and a
Hemisync synthesizer (Monroe, 1985). These tapes and the
synthesizer offer many Hemisync environments sometimes involving
the use of as many as six individual binaural beat frequencies.
Through the use of Hemisync audio tapes and the synthesizer one
can explore different states of consciousness, determine their
benefit, and learn to attain these states at will - without the
use of equipment.
The Cross Callosal Mediation Benefits of Hemisvnc:
Hemisync is but one tool )4hich is effective for the
attainment of desired states of consciousness. The disciplines
of psychodrama, Assagioli's psychosynthesis, yoga, and others are
all effective in breaking down the homeostasis of dysfunctional
states of consciousness and the establishment of new perspectives
of reality. Hemisync is unique in its contribution to brain
function. Hemisync can actually enhance the effectiveness of the
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
Approved For Release 2003109110 : CIA-RDP96-00788 ROO 1700210004-8
is
brain by enabling the user to mediate cross callosal connectivity
at designated brain wave frequencies.
The two cerebral hemispheres of the brain are like two
separate information processing modules. Both are complex
cognitive systems, both process information independently and in
parallel and their interaction is neither arbitrary nor
continuous (Zaidel, 1985). Because of this, states of
consciousness can be defined not only in terms of brain wave
frequency but also in terms of hemispheric specialization and/or
interaction. Some desired states of consciousness may require
facile inter-hemispheric integration, while others may call for a
unique hemispheric processing style (Zaidel, 1986). @One's
cognitive repertoire and therefore his ability to perceive
reality and deal with the everyday world is subject to his
ability to control his states of consciousness (including the
mediation of interhemispheric processing). As stated before,
states of consciousness are subject to change in response to
immediate socio-environmental surroundings as well as drugs and
sunspots. Hemispheric dominance in particular has an ultradian
periodicity (Rossi, 1986). Individuals can, however, learn to
control hemispheric dominance through the disciplines of
biofeedback, yogic breathing, and others (Budzynski, 1986). But
Hemisync is the only method of learning to control both
hemispheric specialization and/or interaction and brain wave
frequencies. The result of such control is the maximizing of the
effectiveness of the human brain, or, put another way, the
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
16
effective employment of appropriate states of consciousness to
state specific environments or situations.
Hemisync binaural beats can be generated to either
facilitate interhemispheric integration or facilitate left/right
hemispheric dominance. If a state of consciousness is desired
which requires interhemispheric processing, then conventional
Hemisync binaural beats are used. As explained previously, a
conventional binaural beat generates two amplitude modulated
standing waves, one in each hemisphere's olivary nucleus. Such
binaural beats will entrain both hemispheres to the same
frequency establishing equivalent electromagnetic environments
and maximizing interhemispheric neural communication (Edrington
and Panagiotides, 1984). The process is much like tuning
(impedance matching) oscillators. When two oscillators are tuned
to the same frequency information and energy pass freely between
them. With conventional Hemisync binaural beats the standing
waves are in phase and synchronous in both hemispheres (hence the
name Hemisync) and information passes freely between them.
Specific states of consciousness which are attainable with
conventional Hemisync binaural beats include -)hose states which
require cross callosal interhemispheric processing. The
following operant behaviors are suggested as requiring such
states of consciousness:
Learning Tasks (such as)
Foreign language
Music
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
17
Morse code
Therapeutics (such as)
Dyslexia
Retardation
Stroke
Performance Tasks (such as)
Sports
Chess (and other similar board games)
Creative problem solving
Computer programing
Remote viewing
If a state of consciousness is desired which requires
hemispheric specialization or dominance or hemispheric
entrainment to different brain waves, then unconventional
Hemisync binaural beats are used. An unconventional Hemisync
binaural beat is one in which the amplitude modulated standing
wave in one (selected) hemisphere is attenuated. This is
possible, fortunately, by virtue of the physiology of the brain.
The acoustic nerve fibers form each ear are unequally divided
between the I-p-mispheres. From each ear more nerve fibers (more
pulse stimulation) go to the opposing hemisphere than to the
local hemisphere (Luria, 1970). To attenuate a binaural beat
standing wave in the left hemisphere one must reduce the volume
of the Hemisync signal in the right ear. The converse is, of
course, also true. The reason this will reduce the standing wave
in the opposing hemisphere is because there are more nerve fibers
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
Approved For Release 2003/09/10: CIA-RDP96-00 788 ROO 1700210004-8
leading to the opposing hemisphere and the reduction in volume
(less pulse stimulation) will have more effect there. Through
the application of this same principle, Hemisync entrainment
amplJtude modulated standing waves of different frequencies can
be established in the different hemispheres. Specific states of
consciousness which are attainable with unconventional Hemisync
binaural beats include those states which require hemispheric
specialization or dominance. The following operant behaviors are
suggested as requiring such states of consciousness:
Learning Tasks (such as)
Elementary math (LH)
Grammar (LH)
Art (RH)
Performance Tasks (such as)
Accounting (LH)
Listening to music (RH)
Conclusion:
An extensive evaluation of Hemisync has shown that Hemisync
provides a highly selective entrainment vehicle within the brain
itself. The selectivity of this vehicle can provide the user
with a variety of states of consciousness and the fact that the
vehicle operates within the brain itself insures its
effectiveness.
The Monroe Institute can be contacted by writing to TMI,
Route 1, Box 175, Faber, VA 22938 or telephone (804) 361-1252.
Approved For Release 2003/09/10: CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8
Approved For Release 2003/09/10: CIA-RDP96-00788 ROO 1700210004-8
19
REFERENCES
Assagioli, R. Psychosynthesis. New York: Penguin Books, 1984
Budzynski, T. H. Clinical Applications of Non-Drug-Induced
States. Handbook of States of Consciousness. B. Wolman and M.
Ullman (Eds.). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1986.
Edrington, D. and Panagiotides, H. (1984). [EEG Response to
Auditory Stimuli]. Unpublished raw data.
Green, E. E. and Green, A. M. Biofeedback and States of
Consciousness. Handbook of States of Consciousness. B. Wolman
and M. Ullman (Eds.). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1986.
Houck, G. B. Entrainment Techniques. Unpublished research,
McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company, Huntington Beach, CA,
1984.
Luria, A. R. The Functional Organization of the Brain. Recent
Progress in Perception. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and
Company, 1970.
Monroe, R. A. The Hemisync Process. Monroe Institute Bulletin,
Nellysford, VA, 1982, #PR31380H.
Monroe, R. A. Hemisync Synthesizer. Breakthrough. Faber, VA:
Monroe Institute of Applied Sciences, 1985.
Oster, G. Auditory Beats in the Brain. Scientific American,
1973, (4)229, 94-102.
Rosenzweig, M. R. Auditory Localization. Perception:
Mechanisms and Models. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and
Company, 1961.
Rossi, E. L. Altered States of Consciousness in Everyday Life:
The Ultradian Rhythms. Handbook of States of Consciousness. B.
Wolman and M. Ullman (Eds.). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold,
1986.
Tart, C. T. States of Consciousness. New York: E. P. Dutton &
Co., Inc., 1975, 31, 72-73.
Zaidel, E. Academic Implications of Dual-Brain Theory. The Dual
Brain. New York: The Guilford Press, 1985.
Zaidel, E. Callosal Dynamics and Right Hemisphere Language. Two
Hemispheres - One Brain: Functions of the Corpus Callosum, 1986,
435-459.
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1700210004-8