186
TheJournal of Par4W"d For Release 2003/09/10 CIA-RDP96-00792RO00700MDfi@Alogy in the Ibero-American World 187
a high concentration of Spiritists whose beliefs threaten the estab-
lished Catholic dogmas. However, when he uses parapsychological
evidence of certain phenomena as a scientific backup to establish
facts, when this same evidence is still very controversial for many
parapsychologists, his position is untenable. Nonetheless, his work
has to be seen in the cultural and ideological background from
which he has w ked (Alvarado, 1991).
Another dim ion of Brazilian psychical rese is the work by
researchers with 'ritist orientation. One ex le is that con-
ducted by the engi and psychical research ernani Guimar-
4
des Andrade, who in 3 founded the Br " n,lnstitute of Psy-
chobiophysical Researc PP). The name s chosen to make it
clear that the Institute in ed to explor and physical
as well as purely psychical nomena. 0 of the most significant
things about this Institute is t it emerge in within the Spiritist
movement (Playfair, 1975). A ade, a iritist himself, has con-
A
ducted well-planned and dctail inv igations of reincarnation
cases along the lines of Ian Steve nA work. His poltergeist cases
are particularly interesting-for e e, the one published in a
monograph entitled 0 Poltergeist de G os (1984). These cases in-
volve very dramatic phenomena: a damage to furniture and
persons, apparitions of strange cre r nd spontaneous fires. In
evaluating and interpreting the ca An de leans toward the dis-
W,
carnate agencies hypothesis, sol es i ossible witchcraft com-
ponents (Alvarado, 1984b; A e, 19 Also, as Michel-Ange
Amorim (1990) has remarked ut And ad interpretation of the
cases:

r
Andrade interprets the difffent types of o4
1%
Zz	ces resent in this
o@
-
p-
,
case [the Guarulhos ,s case] #'supportive of a	w
rd view in the
Umbanda tradition. The PInbanda tradition has se	al million adher-
a' m'

ents especially in the b e'. It combines Africa
g@	
atholic, Indian,
ath


's
and Spiritist elements Id may be characterized as	latively extra-

I
e
a
\

o-B
ftholicism with ancient Afro-IB ilian sects. (p.
ecclesiastic of popul
199)
a	
I I
According t Am not only does Andrade inter, t s fcases
0 , fim p
along the Spiridis bu he also accepts the central - e% @s0 this
religion, such as t ex!stence of all sorts of spirits, like nd
WF _Xus a
b 7e to ract
Umulums. He a eliev s that the sorcerer is able ice
magic ithin th." erreiros (a place specialized in these pro ures)
to bar ss victim ccording to Quimbanda laws (the black magic side
of the b. .d[religion).
Conce ng Andrade's interpretation of the aforementioned case
of Guarulhos, Amorim (1990) also states:
Thus, he rejects the usual attributions of RSPK outbreaks to a living
agency. In defense of his position he points to the fact that a psycho-
logical examination of No@mia [a participant in the case], the most prob-
able RSPK agent, was conducted by two psychologists belonging to the
IBPP team. He states, "Mrs. No@mia didn't display any form of psychi-
cal abnormality that could justify viewing her as belonging to the 'psy-
'or I'
chokinetic agent of a poltergeist' category in co f rIT it with the theo-
ret al %atterns suggested by the current hypoZois.Ji He adds that
, P
his"mac i, K tests ... of her capacities were also@;ative. (p. 199)
'ut
t
Int out
It: is imp03Vt, however, to point o t to some extent the
his /as
cases investigateN Andrade an his as,, ates seem to reflect the
of z-li
influence of the , e @s an cultur@e of zilian society (Hess, 1990).
ffirsi
Andrade has also pN
ished one of first systematic treatises of
in Y
parapsyrhology 0' rt
(1967). A basic introdu
u
it
used in parapsychology, it
tistical model used in exper
There are other groups
scientific approach to psych'
E@L'
recently established ECLI
This 0
em Parapsicologia. This o
the or
one separate from the or
tic enta
Spiritist or Catholic enta
dPai
dParapsicologia Experimental
al of tb
of the quantitative method
a detailed description of the sta-
with ESP cards.
zil who are interested in a more
@arch. One of these groups is the
ituto de Investig-4-6es Cientificas
s to pursue a different approach,
0
a
h
onal approaches associated with
0
a
I
a
r
c
p
p
ical of most Brazilian research
c
0
f
0
s
t
alm
of
Francisco
@bh
Sao
to
n
v
s
i
t
0
centers. It received pport from thl , University
U
e
d pport
y
h
h
I
organize its first c ference in para chology, held in 1990, which
fer nce
c
0
0
y
g
i
a
s
w
included partici @ nts from the Uni sity as well as researchers
n
s
t
y
r'
c
0
e
5
from Argenti , Brazil, and Mexico e gr6up plans to conduct
up
g
r
i
n
its
experimental search that will be re@or , in its newjournal, called
e
0
p
tts
Accr
0
Revista B ra de Parapsicologia. Accor ident, Wel
gtoi
lington Z gari, it will include abstracts English as well as in
)sa
ts Eng
utrct
ran tion
Spanish. he journal will also include tran tions from major ex-
de
lisi
n
perime al and theoretical articles publish in the English-lan-
spu
guage urnals.
olved in Para
T re are also other groups involved in para ychology in Brazil
that are beyond the scope of this paper because of limitations of
space and because of our initial goal of evaluating Brazilian para-
psychology 'from the perspective of its impact on the lbero-Ameri-
can countries.
Argentina
For many years Argentina has been the top-ranking country in
Ibero-America in terms of experimental parapsychological research.
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Approved For Release 2003/09/10
188 The journal of Parapsychology
However, research has diminished in the last few years, partly be-
cause of the recent deaths of two of the leading contributors, J. Ri-
cardo Musso and Enrique Novillo Pauli.
Early research began in Argentina about the same time the Duke
University Laboratory was established in the United States. The
1930s witnessed one of the most important events in the history of
Argentine parapsychology. In 1931, the first institute of psychology
was established at the University of Buenos Aires. The institute in-
cluded paranormal psychology as one of the areas to be investigated
by the department. Parapsychology appeared to be joined to psy-
chology from the beginning. The chairman of the psychology de-
partment, Enrique Mouchet, was interested in clairvoyance research
and had come to the conclusion that it was necessary to include
paranormal psychology in the syllabus of courses offered by the de-
partment (Musso, 1973).
However, Argentinian researchers have had to struggle with the
traditional spiritualistic methodology that characterized the study of
psychical research in this country in the past. The research being
conducted in the young Duke Parapsychology Laboratory had a ma-
jor impact on the new generation of Argentinian researchers. The
move toward a more quantitative approach to the study of scientific
parapsychology was pioneered by a young engineer by the name of
Josd Ferndndez, who was teaching physics at the University of Bue-
nos Aires. Although Ferndndez belonged to a Spiritualist group
called ATMAN, he had been in search of an adequate methodology
to investigate the psychic phenomena manifested by mediums and
clairvoyants. He ho@ed to be able to apply statistical principles to the
responses given by the mediums. Ferndndez presented the results
of these experiments in 1941 to a meeting of the Sociedad Cientifica.
Argentina. Fernindez's efforts to introduce quantitative methodol-
ogy in Argentina had a major impact on the approaches that other
young researchers were to follow in establishing scientific parapsy-
chology there.
Another development during this period was the creation of the
Asociaci6n Argentina M6dica de Metapsfquica in 1946 by a group
of physicians headed by Orlando Canavesio. The aim of this society
was to evaluate the medical and legal status of parapsychology sci-
entifically and to promote its development in scientific circles as well
as to determine its proper classification, that is, to decide whether
the discipline belonged to psychology or physiology, or whether it
could be considered to be a new branch of science.
Canavesio himself wrote his doctoral thesis on a study of elec-
troencephalographic records of gifted4ubiects. This K9c1eV hL
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Parapsychology in the Ibero-American World 189
lished a journal called Revista Midica de Metapsiquica summarizing
the research of the society. Included among the articles published
in the journal was a study of the use of dowsers by the government
to find water in towns where the lack of water had become a hard-
ship for its inhabitants. During this period, the work of Canavesio
was important because of his connection to the government, a con-
nection that helped to legitimize parapsychological studies in Argen-
tina (Musso, 1973).
The creation of the Instituto de Psicopatologia Aplicada in 1948
by the Secretary of Public Health was another important develop-
ment. The aim of the government was to establish tight control over
the Spiritist activities in Argentina, which were considered to be a
social evil. More specifically, the aim was to control the exploitation
of people engaged in nonscientific practices such as healing, and so
on.
The Institute created a subsidiary, the Comit6 de Investigaciones
Metapsfquicas, which was assigned to conduct experimental research
with gifted subjects, specifically during mediumistic sessions. The
Committee intended to explore the medical and legal impli i
ications
of Spiritist practices, as well as to determine whether genuine para-
psychological phenomena were exhibited during these sessions by
the gifted subjects. The Committee was also interested in iiiicover-
ing negative factors that might induce mental illness, such as neu-
rosis, in the participants. More specifically, it seems that the real ob-
Jective of the Committee was to determine whether the promoters
of these mediumistic sessions were practicing medicine illegally
(Parra, 1989).
In 1949 Jos6 Ferndndez founded the Sociedad Argentina de
Parapsicologfa. Ferndndez, who was already known for his quanti-
tative approach to psychic phenomena, continued to promote the
statistical approach used by the Duke researchers. This approach
was reflected in the Society's main objective, which was to study and
investigate parapsychological phenomena with emphasis on the de-
velopment of statistical methods. By then Fernindez had received
from Rhine a copy of Extra-Sensory Perception After Sixty Years (Pratt,
Rhine, Smith, Stuart, & Greenwood, 1940). The book had a major
impact on Ferndndez, who applied Rhine's mathematical models to
his own research. Fermindez also circulated the book among his
friends (Musso, 1973).
The Society conducted the first serious experiments on clairvoy-
ance in Argentina using ESP cards and statistical procedures. The
study, with gifted subjects@ obtained significant results. Fernindez
ClA-RDP96-0W%2i#6dA%2V0*040-b these experiments in a pamphlet entitled
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190 TheJournal of Parapsychology Parapsychology in the Ibero-American World 191
Psicologia Experimental, The Society also conducted other experi-
ments such as the one with the well-known clairvoyant Conrado Cas-
tiglione. The study used the empty-chair technique similar to that
used with Ludwi Khan and with Gerard Croiset (Musso, 1973).
9
The first Instituto Argentino de Parapsicologia was established
in 1953. It brought together several men who represented the most
critical approach of the time, men such as Jos6 Ferndndez, Orlando
Canavesio, J. Ricardo Musso, and Naum Kreiman. The Institute was
organized to include a main scientific research department, along
with several sections, such as the medical-biological section and a
physics and mathematics section. The principles of the Institute re-
flected the critical approach their members followed in conducting
their research. One of these was to subject every hypothesis to sci-
entific examination, so that only those that would withstand the
most stringent tests would remain. In addition to the creation of the
Institute, this period of the 1950s was also characterized by a grow-
ing interest in publishing books on parapsychology. One of the first
systematic treatises on parapsychology in Spanish written by J. Ri-
cardo Musso (1954) was called En los Limites de la Psicologia: Desde el
Espiritismo hasta la Parapsicologia [On the Limits of Psychology: From
Spiritualism to Parapsychology]. Other developments included a pa-
per by Musso in 1957, which was published in a journal put out by
the ministry of education of the province of Buenos Aires. It was
the first time a paper on parapsychology had been published in a
government review. In addition, parapsychology was incorporated
as a course in five different universities. In 1960, Ricardo Musso was
awarded a professorship at Rosario University to teach parapsychol-
ogy, and, for the first time in' any country, a course in parapsycho-
logy was made a requirement for a doctoral degree in psychology
(Rueda,1989).
In 1962 the Institute conducted studies confirming the sheep-
goat effect, using primary-school children as subjects. The results
were published in the journal of Parapsychology (Mumo, 1965). Other
important experiments included "An ESP Drawing Experiment with
a High Scoring Subject," also published in the journal of Parapsychol-
ogy (Musso & Granero, 1973). Moreover, Musso and his wife and
colleague, Mirta Granero, conducted an international experiment
on long-distance ESP called the "Antarctic Experiment." Although
the results were not statistically significant they were important be-
cause the experiment involved subjects from twenty different coun-
tries (Musso, 1973, p. 168).
The expansion period of parapsychology was interrupted in
1966 when the then current Argentinian government was over-
Approved For Release 2003/09/10
thrown by a military coup; most state universities were forced to
eliminate the study from their curricula. In spite of the prevailing
negative conditions standing in the way of university status for the
subject, a new quarterly publication was founded. The Cuadernos de
Parapsicologia, perhaps the most important publication in the history
of Argentinian experimental parapsychology, took the responsibility
of disseminating a high level of academic parapsychology. Headed
by Naum Kreiman, it has been the most professional organ of sci-
entific parapsychology in Argentina to the present time.
Owing to the military takeover of the government that elimi-
nated most of the parapsychology courses offered at the state uni-
versities, parapsychology did not enjoy the same status at the begin-
ning of the 1970s as it had during the period of university
expansion of the 1960s. Some new developments during this period
kept the torch lit, however. Among the most important ones was the
creation of the Instituto de Parapsicologia in 1970. It is headed by
Naum Kreiman, a bio-statistician and a co-founder of the Instituto
Argentino de Parapsicologia in the 1950s. Kreiman has played a key
role in the development of the quantitative approach to the study
of parapsychology for the last 30 years. From 1964 to the present
he has conducted numerous original experiments as well as repli-
cations of some of the most important experiments conducted in
foreign countries. With the help of his wife and collaborator, Dora
Ivnisky, and Ladislao MArquez, he has conducted numerous exper-
iments that have been published in the Cuadernos. Among them are
exploratory testing with ESP cards (Kreiman & Ivnisky, 1964); ESP
using photographs as targets (Kreiman, 1965); the sheep-goat effect
in ESP (Kreiman, 1972); the effect of feedback on ESP (Kreiman &
Ivnisky, 1973); ESP and memory (Kreiman, 1975); memory and
precognition (Kreiman, 1978); psi and volition (Kreiman & Ivnisky,
1980); brain laterality and ESP (Kreiman, 1981); precognition of
human actions (Ivnisky & Kreiman, 1981); and remote viewing
(Kreiman, 1983).
Institute members such as Dora Ivnisky have done extensive
work in keeping the Argentinian parapsychological community in-
formed of activities around the world by translating numerous ex-
periments and theoretical papers from languages other than Span-
ish from the Journal of Parapsychology and elsewhere. The diligent
experimental work done by Kreiman since the 1950s and continuing
to the present time makes him one of the most important laboratory
researchers in Argentinian and Ibero-American parapsychology.
Another important development during this period was the cre-
f arapsychology at the Catholic University of
ClA-RDP96-00A,:W0568Y&d6b4W
192
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The journal of Parapsychology Parapsychology in the 1bero-Avwrican World 193
C6rdoba by the Catholic priest Enrique Novillo Pauli. One of the
principal activities of the Institute was to teach courses on parapsy-
chology in the school of psychology at the University. The staff of
the Institute also provided consultation and orientation to bishops,
priests, and families about phenomena such as poltergeists and
bleeding religious images. Unfortunately this institute recently
closed down after the death of Father Novillo.
Prior to the creation of the Institute, Novillo Pauli had been at
the Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man in North Car-
olina where he conducted some PK research with seeds as targets
under the auspices of the Organization of American States. Novfllo
Pauli presented the results of his experiments at the annual conven-
tion of the Parapsychological Association in 1972 (Novillo Pauli,
1973). During the period of his stay at the FRNM, he also prepared
a book on parapsychology entitled Los Fen6menos Parapsicol6gicos: Psi
en el Laboratorio (1975), which included reports of his PK studies.
The studies were also reported in the Spanish-language parapsycho-
logical journals Cuadernos de Parapsicolo& (1974) and Psi Comunica-
ewn (1976).
In spite of the marked decline since the 1970s, an important re-
cent development is the organization of a parapsychology confer-
ence in Argentina in 1987, the Primer Encuentro de Parapsicologia,
It was sponsored by the University of Salvador of Buenos Aires and
held under the direction of Enrique Novillo Pauli. Some of the top-
ics discussed at the conference were mental healing studies, altered
states of consciousness in relation to psi performance, and quantum
mechanics (Alvarado, 1989b). Soon afterward, Argentina suffered,
the loss of two of its most important pioneers, J, Ricardo Musso,
president of the Instituto Argentino de Parapsicologia. (which he di-
rected until his death in 1989) and, in the same year, Enrique Novi-
Ilo Pauli. Consequently, the activities of Musso's institute declined,
and the institute at the University of El Salvador headed by Enrique
Novillo Pauli closed down. Since then, the Institute@of Parapsychol-
ogy headed by Kreiman has remained as the most important source
of professional parapsychology in Argentina.
During the 1980s, parapsychology in Argentina was character-
ized by a marked decline in experimental activities. Most of the
work during this period was conducted by members of the Institute
of Parapsychology under Kreiman, who, as in previous years, main-
tained a constant interest in reporting original experiments, includ-
ing replications of foreign experimental works. They also continued
to publish regularly their quarterly journal, which contained trans-
lations of some of the most important research published in English.
Approved For Release 2003/09/10
Recently, a new parapsychology journal, the Revista Argentina de
Psicologfa Paranormal, has appeared. It is published by an indepen-
dent group of parapsychologists called LAPAS (Laboratory of Para-
psychology) and edited mainly by Alejandro Parra. judged by its
content, the journal seems to be a worthwhile addition to the cur-
rent efforts to keep the Argentinian audience well informed on
professional parapsychology. However, some of the experiments of
the researchers in this group have not been well received by other
Argentinian researchers, who consider the experiments to be flawed
(Kreiman, 1990; see also Alvarado, 1990). LAPAS has also started a
Spanish-language parapsychology information center. The Center is
building a computer data bank from which Spanish-speaking para-
gists may obtain information about a bibliography on para-
psycholo
psychology similar to the Parapsychology International Abstracts pub-
lished by Rhea White (Villanueva, 1990).
In addition to these recent developments, CSICOP has made its
way to Argentina. A former member of Naum Kreiman's research
group, Ladislao Mdrquez, has created an Argentinian version called
Centro Argentino Para la Investigaci6n y Refutaci6n de la Pseudo-
ciencia (CAIRP). The most important aims of CAIRP are to de-
nounce fraud and to promote a critical scientific assessment of the
claims made by pseudoscientists. The board of directors, headed by
Ladislao MArquez, also includes foreign members, Martin Gardner,
for instance.
The prospects for Argentinian parapsychology in the 1990s
seem less favorable than those of the booming period of previous
years. The present difficulties in the Argentinian economy have in-
creased for researchers, making it difficult for them to obtain funds
to support their research and publications.
In a recent survey conducted on the present status of parapsy-
chology in Argentina, Naum Kreiman reported that research has
decreased substantially over the last five years. Most of the recent
research reports have come from Kreiman's Institute of Parapsy-
chology. Educational activities in the field are almost nil except for
a course being offered at a small university calledejohn F. Kennedy
University (Kreiman & Ivnisky, 1989).
In a letter published in the Journal of Parapsychology, Jorge Villa-
nueva (1990) pointed out some of the major problems that Argen-
tinian researchers face at the present time. Among them are lack of
support from public and private institutions, lack of serious books
in Spanish to provide responsible information on the subject, and
lack of proper technology and other means to conduct sophisticated
research. Some of these problems, Villanueva suggests, may be di-
CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0700290004-6
194 TheJournal of ParaAmoved For Release 2003109110 9 IA-RDP96-00792RO00709AP@P"gy in the Ibero-American World 195
minished by increasing communication and collaboration with for- The theoretical ideas of Ralph U. Sierra are also interesting.
eign parapsychologists.
Early psychical research in Pilerto Rico was strongly influenced
by the nineteenth-century Spiritualist movement that had also
spread to other countries. Mevilumistic s6ances in which raps and
communication, with the spiri@ were common drew attention mostly
from people wit a religiol
It I is nfl,
th,
L p
in 1904 a more c kical
booklet Breve Tra de
toterapia, Morales con e ed
place without assumin the
possession as being a uggestion
nomena to our own syc ic
experiments made til t
force in our i at is c.
lifting a table, or b ng our
is und o r . He als
er our Co
Jr
er ou
cation could be x ained
dium and the tter.
interest.
ce that led Agapito Morales to publish
amination of these phenomena. In his
ipnotismo, Magnetismo, Espiritismo y Suges-
that all those occurrences could take
action of spirit agencies. He interpreted
and attributed paranormal phe-
faculties. He considered that all of the
ay demonstrate that there is an invisible
pable, for instance, of playing a guitar,
wn bodies. According to him this force
believed that mediumistic communi-
by qieans of telepathy between the me-
Another or influence in the formation of a more empirical
and critical a proach to parapsych\b@ogy was the work of Francisco
Ponte, a de tist who became presid6rit of the Puerto Rican Feder-
ation of Sp* itists. Ponte visited Europe, -in 1912 to familiarize him-
self with t e work of several Spiritualisti'cVenters, as well as psychi-
cal resea h centers. He had had the opp6.rtunity to participate in
_e@i
mediumi tic s6ances in Italy with famous ediums such as Lucia
Sordi a d Eusapia Palladino. During these 6ances he witnessed
manife tations of apparent telekinesis and terializations (Alva-
,@e
rado, 987; Ponte, 1914).
Later Ponte returned to Puerto Rico and tr*to reproduce the
same phenomena with local mediums. He reported\&ome of his find-
ings on materializations of body parts during s6ances to Walter
Franklin Prince, then Research Officer of the ASPR. Ponte's work
was important because of the critical and empirical approach he
brought to his research on s6ance phenomena (Alvarado, 1979a).
"This section on Puerto Rican parapsychology partly summarizes information
contained in an article by Alvarado (1979a).
Sierra, who was interested in the psychology of ESP, believed that
to develop telepathy it was necessary to develop first an internal
state of tranquility so that the electrical activity of the brain did not
interfere with the telepathic process (Sierra, 1966).
Some of the most important developments, however, took place
during the last two centuries. At the educational level, it is impor-
tant to note the work of Celinda Madera who, during the 1970s,
offered @ series of courses and lectures at different campuses of the
University of Puerto Rico. Madera's courses focused on the human-
-S
istic and t anspersonal aspects of psi he @erself had received train-
a
n
e
rs
0
sp
v
ing at Du e University's Parapsychol y Laboratory (Alvarado,
U
n
i
e
e
arapsycholo
1979ai.
4
In 1914, estor A. Rodriguez E udero, a lawyer, published a
7
es
or
fguezEcude
t
series of essa about parapsychol. gy and Spiritualism in his book
e
ss ot
aab ychol gy an(
as de i0s. J ssed great v
Los Camin@asid WS. He discussed great variety of paranormal phe-
m
H\n toh 1
isc wsow
nomeria. in in objective w to show that parapsychology dem
ini
s
onstrates the spi 'tual asp@ct man (Rodriguez Escudero, 1974).
th sp man (Rod
Another deve ent 1977 was the creation of the Instituto
er devep
gacjo es
n
OfL
de Investigaciones sic as at the University of Puerto Rico, May-
ag-Ciez campus. Four
@eftto conduct investigations in parapsychology
s i
and related areas, t n ltute carried out studies of various param-
eters of Kirlian phoi raph ya -id of the effects of hypnosis on ESP.
is
However, these r ( r n v e, tigations were never made available
sr
r
i@
for publication. uring is period Alfonso Martinez Taboas began
is
e
d
A
on- ur
he /e
p
P
ar
to publish a ne sletter Ex rando lo Paranormal, a semipopular mag-
r
a
0
nd
0
ne slett
P
va
r
a
d
0
azine later e ted by Carlos lvarado starting in 1976.
r'
0
s
eted b3 s'
v
Martine Taboas and Carl Alvarado wrote articles on parapsy-
C
ar
a
Taboas ra(
A
he Spa jsh 01
chology i@ Spanish for the Spa ish journal Psi Comunicaci6n; they
usr
na el
also p@bhsned in other journals. eir articles covered a wide range
@o ot(
Alvara
of topi s. Among these, Alvarado ote on experimental studies of
0
OBEs/0976), historical precedents f the so-called psychic discov-
f
precedents
'@urta8
in7
eries/behind the Iron Curtain (1978 the use of historical knowl-
(19
.0 (1979b), and onj. B. Rhine (198 Martinez Taboas published
B.Rhine(198
ed
a review of the problem of repeatability in parapsychology (1979),
critiques of psychological and physiological concepts of poltergeist
I research (1977, 1980, 1984; Martinez Taboas & Alvarado, 1981),
and a discussion of the concept of parsimony applied to parapsy-
chology (1983).
The work of Martinez Taboas and Alvarado has been very im-
portant in the effort to bridge the language barrier between the
Spanish researcher and the non-Spanish-speaking researcher. This
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