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Others argue that the phenomena provide evidence for a basic tenet n religion, that is, the existence of a nonphysical aspect of human beings (Rh~n between the visionaries' brains while in an altered state of consciousness. The authors do not necessary i i . s on 1953). The latter reminds us that religious studies and parapsychology shailowever, one wonders if such an explanat rience of the children in the common interest in the concept of survival of bodily death. insider the effect of practice, or previous expe It is conceivable that after having had months or Other writers hav di d hi h e scusse psyc enomena in relation to sPedtoduction ofthe phenomenon. c p ience of trance behaviour the children have learned a routine of religions such as Judaism (Bazak 1972) and Islam (Grunebaum ~ 1966) f , . exper , Iars o ts while in trance and have developed shared assumptions about the addition, there has been much attention paid to psychic phen ena in k Om t h ovemen a f the apparition pr sensibility to subtle sensory cues t Christian context such as those reported to occur around Cathol ic mystics absition or movements o This hronisms . C" saints (Thurston, 1952), and phenomena such as Marian apparitions (Freixejay be helpful to coordinate the phen+ena described as sync ' ' but it is the sort of d ence, 11L empirical evi 1985). More recently, the topic of parapsychology and religion has y ~ bebrijecture may not be substantiated b ' t before concluding that the 0 accoun 0 nt 0 discussed in a conference of the Parapsycholo gy Foundation (Shapin & C66risideration that we have to take i e to an ESP process. rs 0 1987) and is frequently considered in contemporary publications suchhenornena in question 04 may be explained by recou c iated with particular . so Christian Parapsychologist and the journal of Religion and Psychical Research. Two other presentersC*4 discussed psychic phenomena as 0 normal phenomena in,' talked about para 0 117, f One of the most recent contributions to the subject in question appeared in ~di,iduals. Father Reginaldo Thorel luded meritiotf 0 i nc Iq ion 0 Italian journal Quaderni di Parapsicologia (1989, Vol, 20, whole issue). The jour*e life of 0 St. Catherine of Siena. His discuss of people. Thorel f the hidden sins i l h d s t 0 e ge o e proceedings of a 1988 conference held at Bologna to discuss differeficombustibility, visions and know t now as in the past for aspects of the relationship of religion and parapsychology. In this report I Vtrgued that C*4 miracles are not considered so- importan more weight in ' in i v C" s vi4ues are rece g briefly summarize and comment on the contents of the proceedings. )urposes of canonization. The individual Father Andreas Resch presented an overview of ideas about psychuch processes. ena reported 0 around the 0 sati described a variety of phenom phenomena in the Catholic Church The covera e ran ed from th a ti iti R l . (b e a) c v o es r Giancar o g g the Fathers of the Church such as Tertullian to the 18th century activities Indian swami Sai Baba, who claims to be an Avatar. This included descriptions in ever H ow (L , Prospero Lambertini, known as Pope Benedict XIV. According to Resch psych)f phenomena such as materialization of objects and healings. omena. He ect of Sai Baba's phen t as h p enomena are of interest to the Church because they may foster worldviews kosati's opinion this is not the importan p tions that were reported to f orma the members of the Church that are different from conventional doctrine, or thtplaced more importance on the spiritual trans clude a short paper about i l n so oceedings a may manifest in ways consistent with Catholic beliefs (e.g., some cases bccur to people around Baba. The pr ps by Angelo Chiari. Readers al relationshi, a ariti d h Ii P l ons an ea ng). arapsycho pp ogy, says Resch, may be useful in terms (Baba's doctrine and interperson ut Sai Baba should consult b o studying the authenticity and causes of miraculous claims. This is a point thinterested in more in depth information a has been made before by other students of the subject when, for example, allaraldsson's (1987)00 recent book on the Subject. adio argued 0 Emilio Serv l issues - 0 attempt has been made to draw differences between 'true' mystical phenom6 The rest of the presenters dealt with conceptua I or transcenden- ' sica h t ap 0 y 0 from demonic' or human paranormal occurrences (e.g., Farges, 1920/1925).ihat psi phenomena are partly physical and partly nie ld the scientific method was Other presentations may be classified in two general groups: papers dealirkal. Since science C*4 deals with the physical wor rstanding of psi. Similarly, unde l 0 0 te with phenomena reported to occur around particular individuals and wik learly seen in , onsidered to be inadequate for a comp fdifferent levels of reality is c id l i ea o 0 conceptua 0 ssues. ergio Bernardi argued that the Eastern religions and philosophies- Psychic phenomena was seen as a natural In one of the most interesting papers of the conference Giorgio Gagliardi an( , Marco Margnelli summarized psychophysiological researches conducted wit1part of systems such as yoga. Alfonso di Nola rejected the five children that claim to have had visions of the Virgin Mary since 1981 a~ In contrast to the above mentioned papers 0 ted an objective and a t l u LL a s Medjugorje, Yugoslavia. One of the phenomena the children show is that 0'existence of a transcendental world. Instead he p0 rrences (including so , ' l occu synchronisms V or movements or gestures done at the same time by all childr6subjective reality- He suggested4) that all paranorma be explained by human psi faculties. ts) ma d i Th n 0 ur ng ecstasy. y e children have been subjected to a variety of tests whid 'called magical and miraculous eve ormal on the nt to study the paran ` . Di Nola criticized scientists who do not wa CL include visual and auditory evoked potential, galvanic skin response, heart anq rmal to justify religious respiration rate measures. In the author's views the research has demonstrated basis of prejudice,CL as well as those that use the parano rticles in the Quaderni h er a < that while the children claim to have their visionary experiences 'the brain k prejudice. This paper provides a good balance to the ot nscendental view of psychic phenomena. i d t 1l l i f l ra sensor a so an ated rom the environment, [and] the synchronisms do not seen that argue for a nonphysica y issues of the conference. th e to be caused by signals from the environment . . .' Some of the studies There was also a roundtable discussing ued that parapsy- s and ar g synchronisms focused on eye movements. Two children showed ni summarized the previous paper similar eye, Ferdinando Bersa phenomena in lain t to ex p mensions. One was the attemp . movements when they were seeing the apparition of Mary. Analyses of film chojogv presents two di bility that psi was the poss, h A er not showed that their eye movements coincided with each other within a variation of natural ways (i.e., as human faculties). inion some phenomena his o I l n m. p 200 to 500 milliseconds. Gagliardi and Margnelli interpret this to mean that indicated the existence of a spiritual rea 222 223 ,journal of the Societv./or Pvwhical Research I'Vol. 56, No. $Iv 19901 Now suggest: (1) other levels of reality (NDE's); (2) survival of death (ND REFERENCES mediumship); (3) independenceofthe physical body (OBEs, ESP, PK)- ai0,akJ (1972).Judaism and Psychic Phenomena. New York: Garrett- analogies with miracles (PK, mat,rializations, apports, healing). I irges -k (1925). Mystical Phenomena Compared with their Human and Diabolical Countereits. New York: f Benzinger. (First published in French, 1920.) outlined several explanatory model, OF Psychic Phenomena some 0 He a - - - , focused on supernatural and human causal processes. keixedo, S. (1985). Las Apariciones de El Escorial. Madrid: QuintL After Bersani's comments participants and observers discusse runebaum, G. E. von. (1966). The place of parapsychological phenomena in Islam. International related to the topic of the conference. For lack of space I will me A further issliournal of Parapsychology, 8, 264-280. these comments. Resch recognized the practical difficulties that ntion only twjaraldsson, F. (1987). 'Miracles are My Visiting Cards.'London: Century. in demonstrating divine intervention when trying to explain the Church fa(ang, A. (1894). Cock Lane and Common-Sense. London: Longmans, Green. Liverziani commented on the differences between mediumis miracles crov, 0. (1928). Levitation. London: Burns Oates & Washbourne. Fil' in'e, J. B. (1953). New World of the Mind. New York: William Sloane. levitations, as seen in D. D. Home and Joseph Cupertino. In tic and sairEpin, B., & Coly, L. (Eds.). (1987). Parapsychology, Philosophy and Religious Concepts. New York: produced levitations through the use of Psychic energy, his view Ho~ Parapsychology Foundation. W levitations were the product Ofhis spiritual energy. This is re while C . 'houless, R. H. (1977). 'Implications for religious studies.' In S. Krippner (Ed.), Advances in opertin( Parapsi,chological Research: 1. Psychokinesis. New York: Plenum Press, 175-190. (1928) attempts to distinguish the levitations of S mliniscent OfL,rOthurston. H. (1952). The Physical Phenomena of.Mysticism (J. H. Crehan, Ed.). London: Burns Oates. attempts aints and mediums. So C14 to establish different causal Processes Of Psychic phenomena C*4 interesting but unconvincing because no clear criteria are off ideas. Even if we admit differences of magnitude in t ered to sustain su explanation may be one of different social or psycholo he phenomena THE SPINELLI DATABASE example, a religious setting may provide a psychological s gical contexts. I,., a) personal responsibility in producing the phenomena) in w et (e-9-, no senset C*4 other phenomena manif hich levitations a by BETTY MARKW~ICK est in a stronger way than in other co conditions may be more psi ntexts. Sui -conducive than mediumistic seances or otNi I should like to offer some comments on Rick Berger's 'Note', in the October W contexts of Psi-functioning. The point is that we have to consider otq 1989journal, entitled 'A Critical Examination ofthe Spinelli Dissertation Data'. Possibilities before committing ourselves to explanations having i t nlTable and page numb,trs refer to that article and to Ernesto Spinelli's reply in the W for their support. I t 1e evide The contributors to this conference mention issues that have been repeatec same journal. discussed in the literature on the subject- Some show interest in anomalol phenomena reported to occur around particular individuals in a EFFECT SIZE AND HOMOGENEITY context. Others f . religiol I 00 ocus on how parapsychology shows the existence ofi nonphysical reality, a basic tenet of all religions. Dr. Berger expresses surprise that the effect sizes ofrandomly removed subsets practical use of parapsychology Still others argue for t4jo trials (Table 3) are virtually identical to the effect sizes of the original sets 0 , in distinguishing between human and supd (TabI 0 natural causal processes or in the authentication ofmiracles. But is tile bocly~sizc: e 1). Yet surely this would be expected by virtue of the definition of effect 0 C*4 knowledge ofparapsychology consistent and reliable enough to help us xpi for a given hit probability and hit rate, effect size is constant for large 0 these issues? The answer can hardly be a Positive one e dnUrnbers of trials. Or perhaps Berger's point is that the effect sizes for the 4) careful to avoid confusing ignorance of causal mecha - For one, we should ~ randomlN- removed subsets are too close to those of the original sets? We have: 0 transcendental realities or nonphysical Processes as nisms with evidence fo Observed hits, 1,500-trial sets 672 528 386 some members of th 12 parapsychological community are prone to do. We also have to recognize h0i Expected hits, 500-trial subscts 224 176 128.667 little we know about psi phenomena in naturalistic contexts such as the one ,Expected hits, 1,000-trial paired sets 448 352 257.333 L_ Observed hits, 500-trial subsets 221 167 125 LL involved in the literature on miracles. At this point the best we 0 speculate within reasonable limits and be aware that if parapsycholo c4n doi Deviations ±3 ±9 ±3.667 'D 9Y is goin Chi-square 0.0603 0.6903 0.1568 > to be meaningful f or issues such as the study of miracles or the influence The total chi-square is 0.9074, 3 df, p 0.82. This means tha CL religious environments on the manifestation ofpsychic phenomena it 0 will have t, obtaining a closer outcome in regard to effect size is 0.18-which is quite CL pay more attention to its subject matter as it occurs Outside of the laboratory. t the probability of '- able. unrernark . Instilulefor Parapsy,1tolo,,,), Box 6847 Durham, NC 27708 CiioicF, DISTRIBUTION MATRIX: DiSCREPANCIES U.S.A. Berger points out that five of the ten rows of the choice distribution matrix Table 6) show unequal numbers of targets sent and received, although the row 224 225