Approved For Release 2000108/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 ~ z ~ 26 JUNE 1984 Terrorism No. 1167 FEATURE SECTION U.S. TO FORTIFY PERSIA14 GULF EMBASSIES (Wall St Jrnl) Eduardo Lachica. 1 ONE REASON U.S. OFFICIALS ARE RELUCTANT... (U.S. News & Wrld Rept) 1 7 SUMMIT NATIONS EXPRESS RESOLVE ON TERRORISM, DEALINGS WITH SOVIETS (Wash Post) Lou Cannon 2 U.S. BUILDS 3RD WORLD ARMS AID (Wash Post) Fred Hiatt 2 U.S. MILITARY CREATES SECRET UNITS FOR USE IN SENSITIVE TASKS ABROAD (NY Times) Jeff Gertb and Philip Taubman 5 ITALY OPENS AN INQUIRY INTO A REPORT ON POPE (NY Times) 6 ADMINISTRATION DEBATING ANTITERRORIST MEASURES (NY Times) Leslie H. Gelb 7 TERRORIST BILL CALLED 'McCARTHY THROWBACK' (Wash Post) 8 REAGAN EXPECTED TO BID ALLIES ACT AGAINST TERRORISM (NY Times) Steven R. Weisman 9 U.S. SEEKS ALLIED ACCORD ON TERRORISM, MISSILES (Wash Post) Lou Cannon 10 GRADUATES TOLD OF 'NEW STRATEGY' FOR TERRORISM (Balt Sun) Michael J. Clark 11 U.S. POUND ILL PREPARED FOR TERRORISM (Wash Times) Bob Poos 11 WHERE WILL TERRORISTS STRIKE NEXT? (The Washingtonian) Bob Reiss 12 SECURITY A FACT OF LIFE IN WASHINGTON (Toronto Globe & Mail) William Johnson 18 CAPITOL SECURELY GREETING TOURISTS (Wash Post) Alison Muscatine 19 EXERCISE IN TERROR GOES WELL (Dallas Mng News) Mark Edgar 20 BOMB SCARE INTERRUPTS DRILL AT NUCLEAR PLANT IN WASH. (Phil Inq) 20 POLICE HQ A TERRORIST PUSHOVER--RICE (Chi Sun Times) Art Petacque & Hugh Hough 21 THE TERRORIST THREAT TO AMERICA (Rev of the News) 21 U.S. ACTS TO COMBAT TERRORISM AIMED AT OLYMPICS, BIG EVENTS (NY Trib) James T. Hackett 22 HARD LINE URGED ON GLOBAL TERRORISM (San Fran Chron) Kevin Leary 23 SOVIETS HAD CHANCE TO HELP PLAN SECURITY (San Jose Merc) Maline Hazle 24 INS CITES TERRORISM FEAR IN PROBE Or YUGOSLAV SMUGGLING (LA Times) Laurie Becklund 25 WHETHER FOREIGN NATIONS LIKE IT OR NOT,...(U.S. News & Wrld Rept) 25 FEAR OF TERRORISM... (Wall St Jrnl) 25 KILLING FOR THE GOLD (Soldier of Fortune) Kevin E. Steele 26 TOOLS OF TERROR (Soldier of Fortune) Bill Guthrie 30 DEATH IN THE AFTERNOON (Soldier of Fortune) Adrian Wbcer 31 Helen Young, Chief, Current News Brain 0 ' ft"n, Assistant Chief eq~;88R IMM r i s uIpping & Analysis Service, 695-2884 For spedopimmll F~118916W ANN arr ew Approved For Release 2000/08/07: CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- Zb JUNE 1964 U*S.-MEXICO BORDER WON'T BE TERRORISTS' ESCAPE ROUTE (LA Times) 33 Marjorie Miller ISRAELI INQUIRY FOR BENEFIT OF TERRORISTS, NOT MORALISTS (Wall St Jrnl) Eric M. Breindel 34 PROFESSOR LINKED To TERRORISM JAILED (Balt Sun) 34 VIOLENT LEFTISTS AIM TO TERRORIZE OLYMPIC GAMES (Wash Post) Jack Anderson 35 TERRORISM COMMON: KAPLAN (Toronto Globe & Mail) Jeff Sallot 35 AN INTERVIEW IN MEXICAN JAIL WITH A TERRORIST (Wash Post) Jack Anderson 36 'JOURNALIST' IS LINKED TO COSTA RICAN BLAST (Balt Sun) 36 DIPLOMATS & TERRORISM (For Svc irnl) 37 PLAYING EMBASSY CHESS (San Antonio Express-News) Glen W. Martin 38 U.S. ON ALERT FOR IRAN TERROR WAVE (NY Post) Niles Lathem & Uri Dan 39 BRITS BOOT KHOMEINI HIT SQUAD (NY Post) 39 LIBYAN ALLEGEDLY SOUGHT HIT MAN FROM FBI AGENT (Wash Post) Joe Pichirallo 40 TERRORISM CONTROLS ENDORSED (Wash Times) 40 CAN'T CLOSE BORDERS TO LIBYANS: U.S. (NY News) Joseph Volz and Barbara Rehm 40 QADHAFI'S NOT ALWAYS TO BLAME (wall St Jrnl) Jerrold D. Green and Augustus Richard Norton 41 LIBYAN THREAT TO BRITISH EXPATS (Manchester Guardian) 41 LIBYA MAY RESUME KILLINGS OF DISSIDENTS OVERSEAS (Wall St Jrnl) Youssef M. Ibrahim 42 AMERICANS IN BEIRUT THREATENED (Phil Inq) 43 EDITORIAL CARTOON (Omaha World-Herald) 43 THE TEN LESSONS OF LEBANON (R.O.A. Nat Sec Rept) 0. H. Rechtschaffen 44 MOVING AGAINST IRAN (Middle East Policy Survey) 46 25 INDICTED IN ISRAELI PROBE OF JEWISH TERRORIST GROUP (LA Times) Norman Kempster 47 ISRAELI GUILTY IN BOMB PLOT (Phil Inq) 48 JEWISH TERRORISTS USE ARMS STOLEN FROM ISRAELI ARMY (Louisville Courier-Jrnl) Michael Widlanski 48 A CASE OF TERROR FOR TERROR (Newsweek) Angus Deming49 w/Milan J. Kubic UNCERTAINTY Is THE BEST WAY TO TERRORIZE THE TERRORIST (Balt News- American) Marvin Leibstone 50 41HY IS THE WEST COVERING UP FOR AGcA?(Human Events) Exclusive In- terview with Claire Sterling 51 FROM THE HOPPER (Rev of the News) 55 VICTIMS OF THE 'DIRTY WARI(New Statesman) Duncan 56 Campbell BOOBY TRAPS AND BANK RAIDS (New Statesman) Duncan59 Campbell TERROR TACTICS (New Statesman) Duncan Campbell 61 PATTERNS OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM: 1982 (Def 63 & Econ) or Release 2000/08/07: CIA-PnPQA_nn7R.QDnnn-i nn,~,).nnn.4 w 1_~ Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 Z~rtulAlj t,011WN ZbJUNE I TERRORIST INCIDENTS 21 BOMBS TRIGGER FEARS OF MORE TO COME IN MIDWEST (Chi Trib) Douglas Frantz and Philip Wattley 75 THE MIDWEST HUNTS A BOMBER (Newsweek) 76 1 ANOTHER BOMB JOLTS VEGAS STRIP (Phil Inq) 76 U.S. SUSPECTS SOVIETS O.RDERED ENVOY BEATEN (LA Times) Robert Gillette 77 U.S. ASSAILS SOVIET ON ENVOY ASSAULT (NY Times) Stephen Engelberg 77 ISRAELI ATTACHE SHOT BY GUNMEN FROM CAR IN SUBURB OF CAIRO (Wash Post) 78 NINE BOMBS EXPLODE IN TWO COLOMBIAN CITIES (Wash Post) 78 COPS PROBING BOMB FACTORY (NY Post) 78 2 TERRORIZE CONSULATE (NY News) 78 -NEW PERIL FOR BEIRUT YANKS- (NY Post) 78 BOOKS TERRORISM OF WORDS (Wash Post) Oliver Banks 79 THE COMPLEXITIES OF TERRORISM (RUSI) Peter Janke 79 PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM (For Svc Jrnl) Michael F. Speers 80 BOOK ON COUNTERTERRORISTS DRAWS FLAK (USA Today) 81 THE U.S. GOVERNMENT RESPONSE TO TERRORISM: IN SEARCH OF AN EFFECTIVE STRATEGY (Air Univ Rev) Lt Col Richard Porter, USAF 81 EDITORIALS COMPUTER ON GUARD (Ft. Worth Star-Tele) 82 ANOTHER VIEW: SUBVERSIVES (Albany, NY Knickerbocker News) 82 TO TELL THE TRUTH (Wall St Jrnl) 83 TERRORISM 138 (The Nation) 84 AGAINST REAGAN TERRORISM BILLS (Phil Inq) 85 ISRAEL VS. THE GANGS (Wash Post) 85 Approved For Release 2000108/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 bVtUiAL EDITION -- TERRORISM WALL STREET JOURNAL 12 June 1984 Pg. 38 U.S. to Fortify Persian Gulf Embassies I mlllm~ U.S. Embassy at Abu DhabL Sto By EDUARN) LAcHICA ffReparterofTnL- WALL STREM J4WR'.1A1 WASHINGTON-The State Department is asking the Office of Management and Budget for $165 million over the next two fiscal years to redesign or build anew six or seven embassies in the Persian Gulf, where U.S. diplomats are exposed to maxi- mum terrorist danger, The new security program began even before the latest tensions in the gulf from the Iran-Iraq war. In December 1983, the U.S.-Embassy in Kuwait was wrecked by a terrorist who drove a dynamite-laden truck through the gates, killing three Kuwaiti employees and injuring 35 other persons. Around the world, the department has counted 45 separate acts of violence against its facilities and personnel since January. Urgently needed security measures have turned some of the remaining gulf missions into veritable fortresses. The one in Abu Dhabi looks like something out of "Beau Geste," with armed sentries in parapets. Pillboxes guard the wall corners. "Dragon's teeth," or concrete barriers, keep motor traffic a safe distance away. But this siege setting isn't bow the U.S. government likes its overseas missions to look. "Ideally, our embassies should physi- cally express the openness of American so. ciety," says Robert Lamb, assistant secre- tary of state for administration. "We can't conduct our business hiding behind sand- bags and concertina wire. I'd hate to see us go the way of the Russians who build their embassies to keep their people in and other people out." The department is inviting U.S. archi- tects to submit designs that can accom- plish the twin objectives of keeping its dip- lomats safe while maintaining certain aes- thetic standards that the U.S. has set for its official buildings overseas. Some architects, though, wonder whether this is possible. "The two aims are terribly irreconcilable. You can't have it both ways," says Edward Bassett, a se- nior partner of Skidmore, Owings & Mer- rill. The architectural profession is digging deep into its bag of design tricks but there's almost no stopping the trend to- wards 4'buflding bunkers," he says. Mr. Bassett, who has been advising the U,S. government on building design since 1947, says it's almost impossible to protect consulates that draw hundreds of visa seekers every day. What makes the prob- lem more challenging is the extent of the threat. "Even our diplomats in friendly countries aren't safe anymore." he adds. "With afl the insanity afoot in the world, architects are resigned to building castles again," he says. But even if he were to build a strongbox surrounded by 20-foot walls, that still couldn't protect against "a nut carrying a bomb in a sec- ond-hand Cessna." Some ideas that have been passed on to Mr. Lamb's office, however, could improve the security of embassies while retaining an illusion of openness. These include: -Constructing the buildings on ground higher than street level if climate and the need for public access require an open lay- out. The higher elevation could prevent truck-bombers from crashing into the walls. -Raising grassy mounds around the buildings to provide similar protection while giving the grounds a neat landscaped look. -Planting shade trees with dense fo- liage to block the view of important offices from the street. -Fencing the property with iron grill- work and firethorn shrubs. The layout is ~decorative but the thorny bush and the high fence could slow down an intruder long enough for security personnel to re- act. The State Department is also experi- menting with new ballistics-proof building material and hi gb -technology surveillance. Much of this work is still secret. Stuart Knoop, a vice president of Ou- dens & Knoop Architects, notes that de- signers are increasingly attuned to secu- rity needs. "We've a rich market in the corporate world," he confides. "Some buildings designed for the oil and auto in- destries are made to keep out industrial spies." Mr. Knoop is advising the State Depart- merit Oil finding new embassy sites. For 6 JUNE 19 U.S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT 18 June 1984 (12) Pg. 16 One reason U.S. officials are reluctant to send more Stinger antiaircraft mis- siles to Persian Gulf nations threat- ened by the Iran-Iraq War: They fear Security is so lax in some areas that the sophisticated weapons may fall into the hands of terrorists who would use them to shoot down civilian airliners. reasons of economy and convenience, the department uses many rented properties overseas. But the security threat is giving the department a new incentive to acquirt~ its own sites and build on them. The Beirut Embassy that was blown up in April 1983 with the loss of 47 lives was ill-suited for security. It was originally an apartment building. Little can be done about the historic buildings that U.S. diplomats occupy in London, Paris and Ottawa. "They are just too valuable to be ripped apart and re- built," Mr. Knoop says. Mr. Lamb says the department can't af- ford to relax. "The kind of threat keeps changing," he explains. In the late 1960s, terrorists targeted ambassadors and other principal officers. The Foreign Service re- acted by armoring ambassadors' cars and providing them with bodyguards. In the early 1970s, America's enemies switched tactics and started mailing letter bombs to embassies. That threat was curbed, but later in the decade mob violence became the major threat. U.S. missions in Tripoli, Islamabad and Tehran were overrun and illegally occupied. U.S. embassies now are easier to defend against mob attack, Some 1,200 Marines help guard overseas missions, and the de- partment is negotiating with the corps to augment this force. To prevent the capture of diplomatic secrets, paper files are being converted to computer memories that can be easily destroyed in the event of an em- bassy seizure. But with the early 1980s came the truck- bombing threat. The Beirut and Kuwait embassies were the major casualties. "We can counter each threat as it emerges but we can't tell what our ene- mies will think of next," Mr. Lamb ad- mits. Security doesn't come cheap. "We're al- ready spending nearly 1217,. of our entire administrative budget for security," Mr. Lamb says. The department already is au- thorized to spend $175 million for that pur- pose for the next fiscal year starting Oct. 1. That's 2517, more than similar provisions for the current year, Mr. Lamb adds. Annrnvpd For Rplparp 2000/08/07 - CIA-RnP9fi-()()7RRR()()()1 -5 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 iAL hDiTION -- TERRORISM -- WASHINGTON POST 10 June 1984 Pg. 26 7 Summit Nations Express Resolve On Terrorism, Dealings With Soviets In By Lou CAnnon washington Post staff writer LONDON, June 9-The western democracies patched up their polit- ical differences today and issued declarations opposing international terrorism and expressing "solidarity and resolve" in dealing with the So- viet Union. But both statements were blandly worded, and some diplomatic sources said the), represented a mild setback for host Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher on terrorism and for President Reagan, who had pushed for a firmer statement on East-West relations. On terrorism, the six industrial- ized western nations and Japan meeting here at their annual eco- nomic summit accepted U.S. and British contentions that state-sup- ported terrorism is an increasing problem. The declaration said the assembled nations "viewed with se- rious concern the increasing involve- ments of states and governments in acts, of terrorism, including the abuse of diplomatic immunity." This abuse has been a special British concern since April 27, when a British policewoman was killed by shots fired from the Libyan Embas- sy. Britain and Libya subsequently broke off diplomatic relations. But objections from the French, and to some degree from the Ital- ians, apparently blocked British pro- posals to exchange intelligence and technical information about terror. ists, pass new legislation dealing with international terrorism and agree to expel or exclude known terrorists, "including persons of diplomatic sta- tus involved in terrorism." All of these ideas were included in the seven-point declaration on ter- rorism issued today but the state- ment referred to these points not as agreements, but as "proposals which found support in the discussion." The international leaders also dis- cussed preemptive acts to prevent acts of terrorism, sources said, but is- sued no declaration because the is- sue is considered too sensitive for Public discussion. The French, who receive signifi- cant amounts of oil from Libya, re- portedly expressed the view that any public statement could serve as an invitation to acts of tetrorism. But they agreed to the compromise state- ment announced today by Thatcher, in which the seven nations "ex- pressed their resolve to combat this threat by every possible means, strengthening existing measures and developing effective new ones." On East-West relations, the Unit- ed States salvaged portions of a pro- posal that it had unsuccessfully sought to append to a BTitisb-spon- sored Declaration of Democratic Val- ues approved yesterday. The single-page statement today said that the aim of the allied na- tions was "security and the lowest possible level of forces." 64 We wish to see early and positive results in the various arms-control negotiations and the speedy resuinp- tion of those now suspended," the statement said. "The United States has offered to restart nuclear arms control talks, anywhere, at any time, without preconditions. We hope that the Soviet Union will act in a con- structive and positive way." A senior U.S. official said today that West German Chancellor Hel- mut Kohl and Thatcher had been supportive of Reagan in private dis- cussions when the U3. president said that continued deployment of the missiles was necessary unless the Soviets were willing to negotiate their removal or reduction. At a news conference following re- lease of the statement, Thatcher said, "It is the anticipation that we will complete the two-track decision on NATO [for negotiation and de- ployment] and deploy the missiles we agreed to deploy." The East-West statement also contained a phrase proposed by Ca- nadian Prime Minister Pierre Tru- deau saying, "We believe that East and West have important common interests in preserving peace . . " It CONTINUED NEXT PAGE WASHINGTON POST 10 June 84 (11) Pg.1 U.S. Btfflds 3rd World Arms Aid Defense Planners Emphasize Role Of 'Special Forces~ By Fred Hiatt wadwittork Poet SWI Writer The Peagan administration is sp. tematically laying the foundatiDn within the Pentagon for inem 1 9 military involvement in Third World conflicts, according to budget doc. uments and interviews with current and former officials. The new emphasis in many ways recalls the early 1960s, when Pres. ident John F. Kennedy commis. sioned the Green Berets to stop what he called "the Communist tide" in poor countries in Asia, Africa and lAtin America. Once again, the De. fense Department. W-beefing. dp -its Green, Berets and' other - aspedial for0m," troops trained to kill guer. &1as and to teach other armies to-do the same. . The increased U.S. role in what the Pentagon calls "counterinsurgen- cy," which has been advocated since 1982 in classified defense docu- ments, also is reflected in the 4w of ships and weapons being pur- chased, the netivork of overseas bases and military facilities being formed, the increase in U.S. military training overseas, the administra. tion's legislative proposals to lift re- otrictions on such training and the record U.S. share in the Third World arms market. Fuieling the new emphasis is the Reagan administration's conviction that President Jimmy Carter con- centrated too heavily on European and South Korean defense while ne- glecting what one former top official cafled "the nibbling and erosion at the edges." Fred C. Ikle, undersec- retary of defense for policy, said in a CONTINUED NEXT PAGE Approved For Release 2000/08/07: CIA-RDP%3-00788ROO0100330001-5 Approved For Release 2000108/07 : CIA7RDP96-00788ROO01 00330001-5 ARMS AID ... Continued recent interview that the current administration took office amid "growing concern in this coun .try with the spread of the communist empire into various outposts." I Top officials agreed that tbeirpol- icies echo those of the Kennedy ad- ministration in many ways, but they said they have placed more emphasis on training others to resist guerrilla movements than on using: U.S. forces. But if U.S. troops are needed, they said, the lessons of Vietnam will influence the troops' deployment. "The military as well as the civil- ian side in the administration rec- ognize the importance of having a coherent strategy of first, if at all possible, avoidin.- the possibility of US. combat forces being involved ... and second, should it be neces- sary, to make sure that an interven- tion should succeed," Ikle said. The emphasis on counterinsurgen- cy has created some unease within the Pentagon, where generals who came of age in Vietnam question the usefulness of U.S. power in what they call "low-intensity" conflicts. Few seem to dispute the administra- tion's characterization of Soviet aims--!'to put the West's access to petroleum and other strategic raw materials at risk," one official said recently. But many ask how much the U.S. military can do in places like El Salvador. Noel Koch, Defense Secretary Caspar W. Weinberger's top aide for special forces, said in a recent inter- view that there is a "shortfall ... in doctrinal development" for guerrilla wars. The newly formed Joint Spe- cial Operations Agency-which will report to the Joint Chiefs of Staff- is moving to correct that problem, be said. In the meantime, the administra- tion is not waiting to demonstrate its resolve to be more active in the Third World: :a The Pentagon requested $6.4 billion in foreign military aid this yiar, as against $2.4 billion in 1980, adcording to Pentagon officials. Ainong the major recipients of U.S. assistance are countries such as Pak., istan, which the Carter administra- tion held at arm's length because of concerns about nuclear proliferation EDITION -- TERRORISM 26 JUNE 19 WASHINGTON POST 11 June 1984 Pg.2 Correction. A report yesterday on mil- itary aid to the Third World should have said that, ac- cording to Congressional Re- search Service analyst Rich. ard F. Grimmett, the United States concluded a record $14.9 billion in arms-transfer agreements to developing countries in 1982. and human rights, . To ease the burden on poor coun- tries seeking arms, the administra- tion has offered grants instead of loans or has sought to ease lending terms. In 1982, it created the Special Defense Acquisition Fund, which stockpiles arms and equipment to allow quicker transfers, and in each succeeding year it has sought to in- crease the fund's size. In 1982, the United States transferred is record $14.9 billion worth of arms to Third World coun- tries, according to Congressional Re- search Service analyst Richard F. GFimmett. Last year the total fell to $9,5 billion, but the U.S. share of the Third World market nonetheless rose from 32 percent to 39 percent. "Carter believed that arms sales are basically immoral, and he dis- c9uraged official support," said re- tired Air Force Lt. Gen. James Ahmann, a Northrup Corp. execu- tive who until 1982 headed the De- fense Security Assistance Agency. 'That negativism on trying to help ojir friends and Allies has disap- peared." '.,_ * To permit more U.S., military t1aining, the Administration has pe s titioned Congress with mixed succes t~ scrape away what Ikle called "the liarnacles that restrict our ability to help our friends in the post-Vietnam ieriod." The administration bas sought permission to train foreign police and maritime forces; to send more than the current legal maximum of six military advisers to Tunisia, Leb-i anon, Yemen, Pakistan, Sudan, Hon- duras, Venezuela and elsewhere; to lower the amount it must charge for military training; and to send train- SUMMIT...Continued went on to endorse the "confidence- building" measures proposed by the United States that would improve communications between the super- powers and among their allies to re- duce the risk of surprise attack and accidental war. Thatcher issued a statement from the chair about the Iran-Iraq war that she said the other nations had agreed to, expressing the "hope and desire ... that both sides will cease their attack on each other and on the shipping of other states," and urging respect for the "principle of freedom of navigation." The statement voiced "deep con- c.ern at the mounting toll in human suffering, physical damage and bit- terness." The formal communique pledged coordination of oil resources to deal with any shortages arising from the Persian Gulf war. The communique also endorsed an international manned space sta- tion, which is planned by the United States, and took note of the "gener- ous and thoughtful invitation" by Reagan to the other summit nations that would allow them to use the re- sources of this station. "President Reagan's vision is a long-term partnership in the peace- ful use of space-a permanent, fully international space station built by the United States together with its friends and allies, and used by a nations as an operating environment in which to work and learn," said a U.S. official. ers to dictatorial countries like Uru. guay that have been off limit& 'It's precisely by bringing these people into the United States and letting them see how a democracy manages its military ... that you have a certain hope of affecting the political life in these countries," lkle said. 9 The Reagan administration has expanded previous plans to establish a network of bases and facilities around the world, The overseas mil- itary construction budget increased from $1.79 billion in fiscal year 1981 to a proposed $2.14 billion in fiscal 1985, with more increases forecast. The increase partly reflects imple- mentation of two Carter administra- CONTINUED NEXT PAGE Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RD096-00788ROO0100330001-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/07: CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 brhUIAL LDITIUN -- TERRORISM -- 2 ARMS AID...Continued tion plans, one for the Persian Gulf and one for stationing medium-range nuclear cruise missiles in Europe. But the Pentagon under Reagan has done more than Carter planned at the island of Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean and in Oman Moroc- co, Iceland, Japan, HonZ~, Tur. key and elsewhere. * The Army' late last year won permission to create a new "light" division, designed for quick deploy. ment to Third World hot spots. The Marines, the original Third World intervention force, have been strengthened and modernized. And the expansion of the Navy, partic- ularly the reactivation of four World War 11 battleships that would be of little use in a major conflict with the Soviet Union, is intended to increase U.S. "power projection" beyond U.S. bases. * The Navy's enthusiastic em- brace of the cruise missile program under the Reagan administration similarly will expand the military's reach into relatively undefended countries. The Navy intends to buy more than 4,0W of the long-range. slow-flying cruise missiles at mor( than $3 million each by 1992, includ. ing 3,200 in a non-nuclear versior. that would be of little use againsl the Soviet Union. The missiles will "permit a limit. ed, measured response as an expres- sion of U.S. will and determination without jeopardizing aircraft or pi- lots," Rear Adm. Stephen J. Hostet- tier, director of the joint cruise rnis- siles project, testified recently in Congress. e The administration has rein- forced its buildup with action: send- ing AWACS (Airborne Warning and Control System aircraft) to Africa to respond to crises in Chad and Sudan, shooting down Libyan jet-s in the Gulf of Sidra, stationing Marines in Lebanon, rotating thousands of troops through Honduras, invading Grenada. During the first three years of Reagan's term, the number of troops overseas increased by about 5 per- cent-from about 475,000 to almost 500,000. * The administration has favored covert action in Third World coun tries, unsuccessfully seeking to re- peal congressional restrictions on U.S. support for Angolan rebels mid successfully seeking to finance Ni- caraguan insurgents bent on over- throwing that country's leftist San- dinista government. "The administration has tried to reduce the asymmetry, the extent to which the Soviet Union can use all means-terrorist, covert, arms ship- ments, what have you-to topple governments or support govern- ments that are opposed by the peo- pie-while the Unied States would be left with a choice between vacat- ing the field, abandoning the friends of democracy, or getting into an all- out conflict," Ikle said. He was referring to covert war, but his comment also could be ap- plied to the most dramatic aspect of the administration's preparations for the Third World: the revitalization of the Green Berets and other spe- cial forces that went into a decline after Vietnam. Koch, principal dep- uty assistant secretary for interna- tional security affairs, has been charged with strengthening the spe- cial forces to combat what he sees as Soviet-inspired insurgencies. "I think Kennedy properly recog- nized that we were confronted with this kind of problem all over the world," he said recently. "Then the thing slid into what became Vietnam and sort of went to hell in a hand- basket, but it doesn't follow that the essential motive was faulty or the rationale behind it was faulty." In the two years ending next Oct. 1, the number of special operating forces in the Army will have grown by almost 50 percent, from a little more than 4,000 to almost 6,000, according to Army officials. The Army is adding a third Ranger com- mando battalion this year and a new Green Beret unit with a forward-de- ployed battalion in Okinawa, similar to those already stationed in Pana- ma and West Germany. The Navy formed a new team of commandos, known as Seals, and now is modernizing the Seals' equip- ment and buying them "special war- fare infiltration craft," Koch said recently. The Air Force agreed to buy 12 new MC130 Combat Talon airplanes, which can fly low at night and drop troops and equipment with 'UNE 1984 pinpoint accuracy. It was then told by Weinberger to buy nine more. The potential use of these special forces is not limited to guerrilla wars. The forces also are trained to defeat terrorists and to infiltrate enemy lines in conventional wars, blowing up radio stations, organizing fifth- column resistance groups and sab- otaging command centers. But they are being touted above all for their usefulness in fighting guerrilla wars and in teaching armies in Central America and elsewhere how to defeat guerrilla movements. "If we send in the 82nd Airborne or the Marines, we have taken over the war" Ahmann said. "In low-level conflict, whether that will. be really effective is questionable .... You need to help the indigenous forces do the job better and win the pop- ulation over, and for that you need guys trained to think about the three guys or seven guys creeping around at night trying to kill each other." Koch has urged Congress, the public and skeptics within the Pen- tagon to support more special forces. He frequently cites Soviet "Spet- anaz" special forces to make his case. "The threat posed by these forces- including the threat to the continen- tal United States-iB real, grave and itoo slowly being recognized," he tes- ~tified in Congress recently. j In response to prodding from the top, the Army in 1982 formed the ..1st Special Operations Command to coordinate its special forces activi- ties. The Air Force followed suit ~with its 23rd Air Force last year. 1rhen, at the beginning of 1984, the Uo'int Chiefs created the Joint Spe- icial Operations Agency to coordinate special forces activities and, re- ported)y, to manage the top-secret commando unit that draws people -from all four services. Despite the new structure, many generals would prefer to plan for larger, World War 11-style conflicth awhich tend to be cleaner," Ahmann said. Koch has complained in testi- mony that the services are stingy with promotions for special-forces operators. "It's a small constituency, and the conventional military is somewhat suspicious of it, in many cases for very good cause," Koch said in a re- CONTINUED NEXT PAGE 788ROO0100330001-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/07: CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 ~iFhUiAl, hDiTiUN -- NEW YORK TIMES 8 June 1984 Fig. U.S. Military Creates Secret Units For Use in Sensitive Tasks Abroad The following article is based on reporting by Jeff Gerth and Philip Taub- man and was written by Mr. Gerth. swial to The Nm York Times WASHINGTON, June 7 - The De- fense Department has created several secret commando units in recent years, and they have tried to rescue missing Americans in danger spots abroad, participated in the invasion of Grenada and supported Central Intelli- gence Agency covert operations in Cen- tral America, according to Administra- tion officials and members of Con- gress- The development of the elite units, which has extended the military's traditional concept of special forces, has raised concern in Congress, some lawmakers say. They say the worry is that the units might become a uni- formed version of the Central Intelli- gence Agency and be used to circum- vent Congressional restrictions and re- porting requirements on intelligence activities and the use of American forces in combat operations. But a senior intelligence official denied that such a risk existed. He said that although the new special opera- tions forces constituted a resource for intelligence operations, any suck, use of them would be directed by the C.I.A, and properly reported to Congress. Some of the units were created to fight terrorism but have acquired broadened mandates and training for missions against insurgencies in devel- oping countries in Central America, Af- rica and Asia, according to the Admin- istration officials and members of Con- gress. The training and activities of the units are highly classified. The growth of the units, Administra- tion officials said, stemmed from a general concern at senior levels in the Government that the United States needcd to improve its ability to use spe- cialized forms of force in situations in which the open exercise of power and the deployment of large numbers of men and weapons would be politically unacceptable. In a few instances, including opera- tions in Central America, these new units have worked in conjunction with C.I.A. covert activities, but they are not officially considered intelligence organizations, Some of the Congressional commit- tees that have Jurisdiction over intelli- gence and military matters, including the Armed Services and Intelligence committees in the House and Senate, are seeking clarification from the De- fense Department about the role of the- new units and their relationship to laws and regulations governing intelligence activities, Maj. Gen. Wesley H. Rice, the direc tor of the Joint Special Operations Agency, which provides high-level Pentagon planning and coordination for the units, told a House subcommit tee in April that he did not view his or ganizat~on "as an agency of interest to the intellig nce oversight committee." His rem 's disturbed some of the g members and staff of the intelligence committee, which has been trying to look into some of the organization's ac- tivities. 'Trying to Learn More' Senator Joseph R. Biden, Democrat of Delaware, a member of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, said in an interview: "We are aware of the existence of the special operations units but not sufficiently informed about their activities or their connec- tion to intelligence operations. We are trying to learn more." Much about the units remains secret, The Defense Depariment refused to provide information about the organi- zation, training or activities of the groups, and the military officers who direct them declined to be interviewed. But interviews with current and for- mer Defense Department and intelli- gence officials, members of Congress and staff members of key Congres- sional committees, disclosed these de- tails about the new units: C1 They operate under the direction of the Joint Special Operations Com- mand, centered at Fort Bragg in Fay- etteville, N.C. The command was created to coordinate United States counterterrorist activities in the wake of the failed 1980 mission to rescue Americans held hostage in Iran. The command, which is headed by Brig. Gen. Richard A. Scholtes, has a sepa- rate budget for the development and procurement of special assault weap- ons. it has a core force of elite troops who can be quickly supplemented with more traditional commando units from the military services, including the Army Special Forces, better known as the Green Berets, 41The special operations units and the command structureabove them have provided limited resources, both equip- ment and personnel, to the C,I.A. for its covert operations in Central America, according to an American official ARMS AID...Continued cent interview. "It basically conflicts with. standard doctrine, and there's a certain amount of discomfort that goes with that." But retired Adm. Robert L.J. Long, who headed the Pentagon in- vestigation of the Marine headquar- ters bombing in Beirut last October, said the military will have to adjust to "low-level" conflicts. "The United States as a super- power has become increasingly in- rapable arid impotent at this low end of the spectrum," Long said in a recent address. "This administration recognized that our problem is some- thing more than countering the So- viets on the plains of Germany. "It's only been recently that the true meaning of regional confronta tion hw~ been understood," he added. "This is an area we're going to bear more of. The interests of the United States and the free world are clearly at stake." familiar with the operations, Under the terms of a secret 1983 memo to Presi- dent Reagan from Defense Secretary C r affa,%W. Weinbber ~e the Pentagon e p1T to provi e a wide range ot logistical suppori and manpower to as- sist C.I.A. covert operations in Central America, including supporL of Nicara- guan rebels. The Senate and House in- telligence committees are investigat- ing whether this 'pentagon support al- lowed the C.I.A, to circumvent restric- tions, including a $24 million ceiling, on support for the rebels this year. q Some of the special operations com- mand units played a key but still largely secret role in the American in- vasion of Grenada last fall, according to American officials. The units, in- cluding Navy Sea Air and Land teams, known as SEAL's, infiltrated Grenada during the predawn hours before the landing of Marines and Army Rangers. They successfully carried out one ac- tion, safeguarding Grenada's Governor General, Sir Paul Scoon, but failed in two others, including an effort to knock the Grenada radio off the air, accord- ing to a Congressional report. At least four men were killed in these opera- tions, which remain officially classi- fied. qTbe corfimand's units tried to find missing or captured Americans in Lebanon in the last 18 months and as- sisted in the 1982 search for Brig. Gen. James L. Dozier, who was held hostage by Italian terrorists. As the Govern- ment'.9.1)-imary counterterrorist strike force, the units under the special opera- tion5 command have been deployed in other unspecified situations around the CONTINUED NEXT PAGE Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-F;&96-00788RO001 00330001-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 IAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984 SECRET UNITS ... Cont'd world when American citizens were in- volved in airplane hijackings and at- tacks on 'American embassies or diplo- mats and, will be involved in protecting against terrorist attacks at the Los An- geles Olympics. ' 4~' One unit, identifled as Navy SEAL Team Six, based at the Little Creek Naval Amphibious Base outside Nor- folk, Va., operates amid extraordina secrecy. Its members dress in civilig clotbc~ -, are permitted to have long hair and be'afds, and train at civilian instal- lations, including the Pinal County Air Park near Tucson, Ariz., which was a C.I.A. air base in the 1970's, according to former intelligence officials. When one team member was killed in a skydiving accident at the air park last year, his colleagues initially ordered doctors and nurses at St. Mary's Hospi- tal in Tucson not to turn over the body to the country medical examiner for "national security reasons," hospital .authorities said in a recent interview. Civilian skydivers at the air park were told not to take pictures of the team members, and employees were in- structed not to record their names. Pentagon Wanted Its Own Units Intelligence officials said the De- fense Department, impatient with the C.I.A.'s leading role in conductin g cov- ert operations, particularly paramili- tary activities, has pressed in recent years to establish its own units capable of directing and carrying out such operations. Starting in 1980, after the failure of the mission to rescue American hos- tages in Iran, the ArmV, under the di- rection of Gen. Edward C. Meyer, then chief of staff, created a small, secret intelligence organization called the In- telligence Support Activity, The group was formed without the knowledge of the Secretary of Defense, the Director of Central Intelligence -or Congress, according to intelligence of - ficials. Group's Original Mission Its original mission, according to for- mer Army officers familiar with its origin, was to collect intelligence to plan for special military operations such as the Iran rescue attempt. Eventually, however, the unit devel- oped the ability to conduct special operations and became involved in sup- porting C.I.A. covert activities in Cen- tral America, including aid to Nicara- guan rebels, according to intelligence officials. In the last few years, the Joint Spe- cial Operations Command has evolved beyond its original mandate of counter- ing terrorism to other kinds of special operations, according to American offi- cials familiar with its operations. As one official described it, the command "has become mostly a nighttime operation, with its own weapons pro- curement and research, as well as communications." Congress has carefully prescribed, through legislation and practice, the NEW YORK TIMES 12 June Iftly Opera an Inquhy Into a Report on Pope ROME, June ii (UPI) - The Rome sta ' F's office9pened an in- qL:4=y into how an American jour- a confidential'prosecu- ~~rv?ort ?n 1~e %anummmun W mew== Pope, the Italian news agency ANSA repowted. 7W journalist, Claire Sterling, cited the *sport in an article in The New York Times on Sunday. Ilse decision to Conduct the knuiry followed formal protests today by Ital- Ian lawyers actingon behalf of Serget reporting and oversight responsibilties for covert operations conducted by the C.I.A. The Intelligence Oversight Act of 1980 requires the executive branch to keep Congress "currently and fully in- formed" about intelligence activities. In addition, a 1981 executive,order on intelligence issued by President Rea. gan required agencies engaged in intel- ligence activities to cooperate with Congress. Limit on 'Special Activities' The executive order also limited "special activities," a synonym for covert activities, to the C.I.A- unless the President determined that another agency was better able to conduct such activities. The order, however, did not fully spell out the definition of "special ac- tivities . " National security experts and Congressional officials say there is some ambiguity over whether some types of commando operations car7led out by the Pentagon would fall within the definition of special activities. The staffs of the House Select Com- mittee on Intelligence, Armed Services Committee and the Appropriations subcommittee on defense have been seeking clarification about these Issues from the Defense Department, Law- makers and staff members said they were concemed about the somewhat ambiguous area - one staff member called it a "gray zone" -between mili- tary and intelligence operations. These sources also say they worry about a situation in which secret com. mando operations unknown to Con. gress might lead to open combat, draw- ing United States fo-ces into a wider conflict. Under the War Powers Act. Congress Must be informed about, and in some cases ultimately approve, the tise of American troops overseas in combat situations. It is unclear how the law applies to commando operations, The Defense Department has re- sponded to oversight inquiries by the Intelliaence Committee. but officials 1984 Pg. 9 Ivanoy Antonov, a Bulgarian airline of. " being hold in Italy on suspicion of complicity in the assassination at- tenillt., The New York Times said Bulgaria rm*ted Melunet All. Agca for the at- t=Pt On the POWs life as part of a plot to vMaken Poland's solidarity union movement. The same charge was M P0110d earlier by NBC News. WASENGTON, June 11 (AP) - The ft" Department refused comment today 00 JIMPorts, that tYe, Italian state proSecutor had concludbd that the as. sassination attempt on Pope John Paul 11 in.All was pan of a plot in which the BulgOrlau secret service played a Imy Xoie." say the Pentagon is less cooperative than the C.I.A. in discussing its opera. tions. Representative Joseph P. Addabbo, Democrat of Queens, chairman of the House Appropriations subcommittee on defense, said he hoped the existing Presidential directives, coupled with assurancesgiven to his subcommittee by Pentagon officials would provide guidelines for proper oversight. Mr. Addabbo and other officials said the as- surances were contained in classified responses by General Rice, the direc- -tor of the Joint Special Operations Agency, and other Pentagon officials to questions Posed during and after the April hearing. "Hopefully, we have the apparatus to know what they're up to," Mr. Ad. dabbo said. He added that he opposed the creation of a unifOr7ned C.I.A. "I think we have too much covert opera. tions already, as it is," he said, In a prepared statement in April be- fo- the defense subcommittee, Gen. eral Rice said the Joint Special Opera. tions Agency was organized to allow the Joint Chiefs Of Staff to better man- age special operations forces. The agency's organizational structure in- cludes a research and development division to provide items for use in anti- terrorism, unconventional warfare, Psychological operations and direct ac. tion activities, General Rice,s state- ment said. The organizational structure also in- cludes a support activities branch which provides "sensitive support" to other governmental agencies, includ- ing personnel, training, logistics, operational services, cover and opera- tional intelligence support, according to the written testimony. The Pentagon's current budget re- quest for special operations forces is about $500 million, according to data introduced at the heariM, Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-IRDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM NEW YORK TIMES 6 June 1984 Pg. 6 Administration Debating Antiterrorist Measures By LESLIE H. GELB SWiad to The.New York Times WASHINGTON, June 5 - Three and a half years after announcing that com- batting terrorism would be President Reagan's first national-security priori- ty, officials say a debate on the subject is still going on in the Administration and that it will be taken up at the eco- nomic summit conference this week. The British are said to have drafted a tough statement designed to show that the seven leaders at the meeting that opens Thursday in London are deter-. mined to do something about state- sponsored terrorism. Another reason the statement was drafted, according to a key Administration official, is that "They think we're serious about pre- emptive military attacks a.-ainst coun- tries supporting terrorism and they want to tryto head this off." Two months ago, President Reagan signed a two-and-a-half-page decision memorandum that officials called a foundation for a policy but not specific guidelines for action or specific com- mitments of new resources. As described by a range of Admin- stration officials, the document ap- proved an April 3 lists general princi- pies - including efforts to "dissuade" countries from sponsoring terrorism and the right "to defend ourselves" if victimized. But there is no discussion of how to do this, and no definition of state-sponsored terrorism. The Diplomatic Alternative Nor did the document dismiss diplo- matic efforts to organize countries against state-sponsored terrorism, as was done a decade ago against hijack- ings, beyond calling for working "as closely as possible" with other nations. Officials said an obstacle to such ef- forts is the fact that many nations are reJuctant to jeapordize economic ties with Iran, Syria, Libya and other na- tions, yet want to combat terrorism. Instead. according to the officials, the President's memorandum raises a whole series of questions for further study - principally, what additional resources are needed to gather intelli- gence on terrorist activities and how the United States should respond to dif- ferent kinds of terrorist attacks. At the conference discussion on the subject, officials said the British are expected to take the lead. Officials de- scribed the French as hesitant about is- suing a policy statement and the Ital- ians as reluctant to get too deeply in- volved given their important trade relationship with Libya. A senior official, commenting an some Administration-inspired news re- ports that there was now a new policy of taking pre-emptive and punitive ac- tion against terrorists, stated that the policy was essentially not new at all. Cooperation With Other Nations He said all it meant was that known terrorists would b,- arrested and that Washington should cooperate more with countries that have intelligence on terrorists, such as Britain, West Ger- many and Israel. Officials said the memorandum also stressed doing eveything "legally." This word was added to the final docu- ment, according to the sources, even after virtually all those involved in the interdepartnierital study reiected a recommenda ion by senior ~~entagon officials to authorize "hit squads" to kill terrorists and after the Central In- telligence Agency succeeded in remov- ing any language that might be con- strued as involving it in domestic spying. Robert C. McFarlane, the national security adviser; Vice Adm. John Poindexter, his deputy, and other sen- ior White House officials were said by knowledgeable officials to have fash- ioned the language of the document so that Mr. Reagan could be portrayed as taking strong action without his being committed to anything, especially any- thing that the Democrats in an election year could portrayas recklessness. 'Crossing the Line' The result, in the view of some in the State Department and the Central In- telligence Agency, is a document that means either "essentially doing better at what we've already been doing for several years now," as one said, "or crossing the line at some point with pre-emptive counter-force and military retaliation where hard evidence may belaclung." The potential for just such actions in agan Administration is a second Re precisely what makes the document at- tractive to a number of high-ranking Pentagon civilians and several senior officials as well. In a recent magazine interview, Wil- liam J. Casey, Director of Central In- telligence, cited Israeli action in strik- ing back at countries that aid terrorist attacks and continued," I think you will see more of that - retaliation against facilities connected with the country sponsoring the terrorists or retaliation that just hurts the interests of countries which sponsor terrorism." Issues of Conscience A close associate of Secretary Of State George P. Sbultz said the Secre- tary was "grappling with his con- science." The source said Mr. Shultz was in favor of using force, but was against what he said was the Israeli model of retaliating against the inno- cent along with the guilty - This official said Mr. Shultz's think- ing and that of the Administration would evolve in response to specific provocations in the future. "Some ter- rorist action will spark an Administra- tion reaction," the off icial said. To many officials connnected with this issue, the President's decision document represents at least a tempo- rary halt to three years of bureaucratic drift and high-level inattention to a problem the Administration leaders initially called their highest priority. Bombings in Lebanon By all accounts, the twin shocks that energized senior officials were the bombings of the American Embassy and the marine compound in Lebanon. The latter was followed by a spate of alarming intelligence reports to the ef- fect that terrorist groups - along with Iranian, Libyan and Syrian leaders - had come to the conclusion that terror- ism was working, that it was the way to break American will. Before a terrorist drove an explo- sive-laden truck into the Marine head- quarters at Beirut's airport, killing 241 American servicemen, Congress and the American public were uneasy with the American presence in Lebanon. Af- terward, as officials saw it, the politi- cal pressure to withdraw the marine5 became irresistible. It was at this point that senior offi- cials focussed on the interdepartmen- W studies that had been languishing for some time. Achievements Listed Since then, Administration officials maintained that three things have been accomplished: reorganization and new personnel that they hope will strengthen policy formulation and ac- tion; the reaching of an uneasy consen- sus about what is known and not known about the phenomenon of government- supported terrorism, and agreement on a series of small steps to improve coordination against terrorists within the United States and with other coun- tries. Officials said Mr. Shultz would soon name a new Director of the Office for Combatting Terrorism. Robert Oakley, a career diplomat and currently Am- bassador to Somalia, will replace Am- bassador Robert M. Sayre, another ca- reer Foreign Service officer. Mr. Shultz is said to hope that Mr. Oakley will energize what has been for many years a bureaucratic backwater. The office was established about 12 years ago as a response to a series of international aircraft hijackings and is responsible for coordinating the activi- ties of 26 different Government depart- Ments and agencies. In January, the Joint Chiefs of Staff quietly established a new agency to coordinate special forces operations and war plans against terrorists. Called the Joint Special Operations Agency, it is headed by Maj. Gen, Wes- ley H. Rice of the Marine Corps. . The C.I.A.'s main unit is called the Global Issues Staff - Created about 12 years ago as part of the Administra- tion's response to hijackings, it is a CONTINUED NEXT PAGE Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 UiAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1 WASHINGTON POST 6 June 1984 Pg. 19 Terrorist Bill Called 'McCarthv Tlyowhack' AssodaW Press Sen. Howard M. Metzenbaurn (D-Ohio) yesterday said a Reagan administration bill to combat terrorist groups would "trample on our human rights," and called the measure "a throwback to the McCarthy era." While Metzenbaurn told a Senate hearing that the bill was unconstitutional and unnecessary, even conservative Sens. Orrin G. Hatch (R-Utah) and Jeremiah Denton (R-Ala.), both supporters of the legislation, expressed concerns about.its sweeping language. The controversy was over one bill in a four-measure anti_terrorism package. It would allow the secretary of state to designate a list of international terrorist groups or countries, and subject Americans to prosecution if they provide active support. In a provision that upset Metzenbaurn the most, the bill would prohibit any defendant prosecuted under the measure to challenge, as part of his defense, the govern- ment's inclusion of a particular group or nation. Hatch told two Justice Department witnesses that the ANTITERRORIST MEASURES ...Continued counter-terrorist unit today that serves as the focal point for agency intelli- gence collection, analysis and covert action. Following the instructions of the new presidential directive, the interdepart- mental group led by the State Depart- ment is now reviewing whether addi- tional resources are needed. in the course of the recent policy re- view, the officjais said, members of the intelligence community generally shared the view that government -Sup- Ported terrorism was now a clear and established fact that required special treatment apart from group or individ- ual terrorism and that Moscow was at least indirectly involved. View of Soviet Role Few of the intelligence and policy- level officials interviewed argued that MOSCOW Was actively controlling, di- recting or directly supplying terrorist activities. The prevailing judgment was that Moscow does not like to under- take high-risk ventures that it cannot control, and that such are the hall- marks Of terrorism and terrorists. Robert H. Kupperman, an expert on terrorism at the Georgetown Center for Strategic and International Studies, summed Up the view often heard inside the Administration: "The Soviets sup- bill lacks criteria for the secretary of state to use when designating the terrorist groups. "You would not be averse to putting standards in?" Hatch asked Mark Richard, deputy assistant attorney general. 'That's correct," Richard Denton, chairman of the tee on security and terrorism, zenbaum, "The chairman h the Bill of Rights~" said. Senate Judiciary subcommit- repeatedly assured Met- Ls no interest in trampling on Denton said the bill 'needs some further polish," pointing out that it contains no requirement that the secretary consult with Congress before making his des- ignations. "We have no problem Richard said. An angry Metzenbaun McCarthy era," referring Carthy's 1950s hunt for Americans' civil liberties. port a general destabilization program through terrorists, but they're not going to get verv close" to actual ter- roristopirations- In 1993, officials said there were 71 major terrorist incidents probably sponsored and supported by govern- ments. The principal ones were said to be Iran, Syria, Libya, North Korea, and possibly Cuba and Iraq. The evidence, which comes from a wide net of intelligence agents and paid informants and varies greatly in qual- ity, is almost entirely circumstantial, but officials say they believe it is sub- tantial and convincing nonetheless. Four Bills Sent to congress The Administration's major move so far was to send four bills to Congress in April that are designed to help detect and prosecute those involved in inter- national terrorism. The legislative package embraced prison terms and fines for people assisting terrorists, re- wards for information, and language that would broaden existing laws against kidnapping, hijacking and sabotage. This was a direct outgrowth of the President's decision memoran- dum of early April. The memorandum also directed a continuation and expansion of meas- ures to protect American missions and people overseas and at home. . Intelligence operatives reported con- tinWng efforts to coordinate activities with anti-terrorist organizations in other gover=ents. with consulting with Congress," said, "It's a throwback to the to the late senator Joseph Mc- communists at the expense of Consideration is also being given to amending the Vienna Convention of 1961. This set out procedures for diplo- matic immunity. The idea would be to check presently immune diplomatic baggage for arms and explosives and towithdraw diplomatic privileges from countries supporting terrorism. Practical and Moral Problems Officials said that these represented all the specific ideas being discussed, and that further actions raise troubling practical and moral problems. Some officials, for example, say they see real difficulties in the fact that the decision memorandum does not define terrorism, yet calls for condemning it in all its forms. These officials said it could be argued that Administration support for the rebels fighting the Nica- raguan Govemment or Afghan guerril- las could be construed as a form of ter rorism. "One man's freedom fighter is another's terrorist," an official said. Other officials took strong exception to this, arguing that there was an im- portant difference between terrorism and insurgency. In general, they said that insurgent groups supported co- vertly by the United States did not en- ga5et tndis riminate acts of violence, an t' hese groups posed an alter- nate leadership for a country. To skeptical officials, this definition -of insurgency could apply to guerrillas fighting the American-backed Govern- ment of El Salvador as well. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-WP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 NEW YORK TIMES 6 June 1984 Pg. 1 REAGAN EXPECTED TO BID ALLIES ACT AGAINST TERRORISM President Reported Prepared to Join Mrs. Thatcher in Plea at Summit Talks By STEVEN R. WEISMAN SpmWtoTb0NewYKkTir0ft LONDON, June 5 - President Rea- gan and Prime Munster Margaret Thatcher conferred today amid indica- tions that they would press other West- mit- ern leaders this week for a com ment to improve efforts to combat ter- rorism. American and British officials said political issues in general could Over- shadow economic matters on the offi- cigilagenda. They said that during mealtime dis cussions the leaders would Pay Particu 'attention to relations with the ar l Soviet Union and the crisis in the Per- sian Gulf resulting from air attacks in the war between Iran and Iraq. Cooperation Is Sought Mrs. Thatcher, the host of the eco- nomic conference of major industrial democracies, has been interested in a public statement condemning terror- ism ever since a British police officer was killed in April by gunfire from in- side the Libyan Embassy. A senior Reagan Administration Offi- cial said today that Mr. Reagan would join Mrs. Thatcher in trying to per- suade other leaders at the confi~rence that more can be done to share intelli- gence information on the whereabouts of known terrorists. He said there was also a need for Western countries to in- crese the resources used to combat ter- rorism. Mr. Reagan, who arrived here from Dublin last night, spent the fifth day of his 10-day European trip largely out of publicview. He and his wife, Nancy, had lunch with Queen Elizabeth 11 W the Duke of Edinburgh. at Buckingham Palace and dinner with Mrs. Thatcher. Frustration in Washington An Administration official, discuss- ing terrorism, said today that them was frustration in Washingtm about the lack of cooperation among Westem allies even as terrorist acts have UVI crtiased. American allies. he said, are rehic- tant to share information with the United States because they prefer to act alone and because they fear that in- formation given to Washington might bedisclosed. Became of objections from France and offiercountries, the official said, participants at the conference' may well not say anything significant about terTorism even if informal agreements are reached. But he said Mr. Reagan hoped something concrete could be de- cided, even if it is not disclosed. "We really want to get on with a pro- cess that leads to results," the official said, asking not to b6 identified. But he added there would In "no U.S.- or Brit- ish-led harangue" on the subject. French officials have belittled the idea of addressing terrorism in the elaborate surroundings of a summit conference and are considered likely to oppose any sort of public statement on thesubject. Mrs. Thatcher, meanwhile, was said by British officials to be interested in establishing a "diplomatic blacklist" prohibiting diplomats charged with harboring terrorists, or other abuses from being allowed into other coun- tries. British officials said Mrs. Thatcher, who will determine the conference agenda, expects relations with the Soviet Union will also be reviewed by the leaders. She was said to have wel- comed Mr. Reagan's conciliatory com- ments toward Moscow in his speech to the Irish Parliament Monday. Presidential aides said Mr. Reagan was also pleased at the reaction to the speech. In it, he reiterated that he was ready to negotiate with the Soviet Union and suggested a new willingness to discuss the Soviet demand for a re- nunciation of the use of force by West- ern allies. The initial reaction from Moscow to Mr. Reagan's speech has been nega- tive. The Administration official who asked not to be identified said today that Mr. Reagan was disappointed but not surprised by the reaction. "It's con- sistent with what they've been saying for three or four months," he said, add- ing that the reaction was not "alarm- ing.1p In general, the official said, the West- ern allies have come to feel that the Soviet Union is in a state of leadership transition and introspection as it strug- les over how to deal with the West. Te Russians are also thought to be un- certain because of t4e American elec- tion, he said. Soviet internal politics are expected to be discussed at the London meeting, the official said. But fie added that he expected no change in the consensus that the West should not try bold initia- tives now to revive the nuclear arms control negotiations that have, been deadlocked and cut off. Relations With Soviet Discussed An American official said tonight iv ifter the dinner between Mr. Reagan and Mrs. Thatcher that the two leaders had discussed relations with the Soviet Union at some length. He said they had had a talk that was "theoretical and theological" in nature on how to induce Moscow to return to nuclear arms talks. The official said the two leaders both felt Moscow was now "frustrated" be- cause of failures in its economy and be- cause of renewed willingness in the West to rebuild its military. on economic matters, Mrs. Thatcher has let it be known that she is increas- ingly concerned about high interest rates and budget deficits in the United States. At a news conference last week, she suggested she would raise these sub- jects at the conference and also at her separate meeting with Mr. Reagan today. She told reporters that deficit spending and high interest rates violate the principles of I 'Prudent banking." A British official said tonight,that at the dinner with Mr. Reagan, Mrs. Thatcher raised the economic issues there was no intention to "put but that the President in the docket'? at the con- ference on the deficit or other such issues. He also said Mrs. Thatcher had thanked the President for his com- ments in Ireland this week denouncing terrorism i,n Northern Ireland. The Prime Minister also discussed Central America with Mr. Reagan, ac- cording to the officials, and counseled "caution" on recent United States ac- tions, in particular the mining of Nica- raguan harbors by insurgents acting with the assistance of the Central Intel- ligenceAgency. Little Criticism Expected In general, British officials and aides to other participants at the meeting say they do not expect criticism of Mr. Reagan to be as strong at this confer- ence as it has been in the past. They, say that Mr. Reagan long ago, proved himself adept atrrrying diffi e cult questioning about e subject by asserting amiably that he is working hard to bring interest rates and deficits down and that in any case the world economy has improved greatly in the lastfewyears. , Administration aides said again today that they expected very little trouble from allies at the conference, and indeed they view recent favorable economic trends as vindicating Admin- istration policies. In another development today, Sec- retary of State George P. Shultz met briefly here today with Defense Secre- tary Moshe Arens of Israel. Larry Speakes, the White House spokesman, said they discussed the situation 'in the Persian Gulf and Lebanon and other matters. Mr. Speakes and other officials said that Mr. Shultz was to have met last. week with Mr. Areris in WashingtOn but that the meeting had to be put btf be- cause the Secretary was tied up v4th other matters. The spokesman gave nd further details of the discusO Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RQP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 brLUIAL hViTiUN -- TERRORISM 26 JUNE 19 WASHINGTON POST 6 June 1984 Pg. 18 Administration Hoping to Keep Pressure on Soviets U.S., Seeks Allied Accord on Terromm , By Lou Cannon wasbuirwo pod Stan WrKa LONDON, June 5-The U.S. diplomats and State Reagan Depart- administratior4 eagerment officials initially to obtain a reacted favor- show of western unityably to the meeting and and keep the commu- pmssure on the Soviets,nique, but officials traveling is struggling with to convince U.S. alliesReagan have been cautious to reaffirm about the basic goals of the prospects for a breakthrough the Atlantic Alli- in anoe and also condemnthe negotiations. Today's international remarks terrorism, according were the toughest yet from to U.S. and Eu- a White ropean officials. House official. These officials predictedOn the terrorism issue a that the senior six western industrialBritish official said tonight, nations and "We Japan, which meet most certainly intend to here this week at raise the their annual economicissue of terrorism and have summit, some would reaffirm the very specific ideas, especially NATO commit- when ment to deploy intermediate-rangethey [the terrorists) operate under a nuclear weapons in diplomatic cloak, but I'm Europe in an not able to effort to convince say precisely what will the Soviets to re- come out of it turn to nuclear arms at the summit .... We're talks. trying to But there was pessimismopen up the whole international among ap- U.S. and British officialsproach." on whether France and Italy wouldThe official said he believed agree to pub- that lic condemnation of British Prime Minister Margaret "state supported terrorism." OfficialsThatcher would address the say there is even issue no less unity on U.S. matter what the other nations policy in Central did, America, which PresidentThe senior U.S. official Reagan called views as an essentialThatcher "our ace in the element of hole," U.S.-Soviet conflict.meaning that she could be relied Nevertheless, a seniorupon to make a statement U.S. official even if said that Reagan intendsthe other nations would to press his not go views on Central Americaalong. in private meetings later this "The ... president wants week with the a full other government leaders.discussion of terrorism, including This official, expressingstate-supported terrorism," growing the U.S. White House skepticismofficial said. "Clearly that Nic- not everyone is aragua is willing prepared to go as far as to halt its "subver- we go." sion" in El Salvador The issue was discussed and move to tonight peaceful resolution by Reagan and Thatcher at of differences a private with the United States,meeting at 10 Downing SL, said that the but none primary accomplishmentof the U.S. officials accompanying of Secre- tary of State George Reagan, including national P. Shultzs visit security to Managua Friday affairs adviser Robert C. was to demon- McFaflane, strate that the Unitedwas present. White House States is will- sources ing to talk to Nicaragua.were unable to say whether The U.S. any official described agreement was reached. the statement is- sued by the NicaraguanU.S. officials say that junta after even Shultz departed as Thatcher is less concerned "deserving of the than the Pulitzer Prize in United States on the issue fiction." of "state- The statement bad supported terrorism" the emphasized phrase the that Nicaragua ismillingReagan administration uses to discuss to de- U.S. security concerns,scribe international acts but insisted of violence that a third nation fostered by Libya or Iran. participate in spondent fwther meetings. The British, spurred by the killing Misgiles of a London policewoman who was shot from the Libyan Embassy in April, would Eke the summit to re- affirm adherence to the 1961 Vienna Convention governing the privileges of diplomatic immunity. What they especially want is to prevent the as- signment of diolornats to western nations who have been expeUed from other countries for unacceptable be- havior. A senior U.S. official said that he expected, even if a public statement is not issued, that the seven nations would informally agree to a greater exchange of intelligence information and to the commitment of additional financial resources to combat terror- ISM. On April 13, in the wake of the shooting at the Libyan Embassy here, White House spokesman Larry Speakes said, "Terrorism is a prob- lem for all nations, and this govern- ment will work as closely as possible with governments-particularly oth- er similarly threatened democra- cies-to deal with it." On April 26, the president sent a package of four antiterrorism bflls to Congress that would make the tak. ing of hostages a federal offense, out- law airline sabotage, provide rewards for information on terrorist activity and prohibit the training and sup- port of terrorists. I On another issue, U.S. officials discounted a published report that the United States was considering sharing its strategic oil reserves with other western nations because of a threatened cutoff 'of oil supplies from the Persian Gulf. A senior of- ficial said that the only agreement the seven nations have at this point is that they would not go to the spot market to obtain oil because this would force a sharp increase in oil prices. Washington Post London corre Michael Getler contrib. uted to this report. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RiDe96-00788ROO0100330001-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 UIAL EDITION -- BALTIMORE SUN 24 May 1984 Pg. D-1 Graduates told of 'new strate9V for terrorism k-Abw RISM -- 2 WASHINGTON TIMES 21 May 1984 Pg. 2 U.S. found 0 ill prepared for terrorism By ?Mchael J. Clark By Bob Poos Anne Arundel Bureau of The Sun THE WASHINGTON TIMES ANNAPOLIS - A lesson gleaned from the terrorist bombing that killed 241 Americans in The Soviet Union's terrorism " policy " Beirut last October has led to will "play an ever increasing a factor" in new strategy of preemptive strikes against and the United terrorist groups in Soviet-U relations S certain situations, the chief . of naval operations . , States is ill-equipped to deal with it:' a told a graduating class of 993 retired senior Navy admiral midshipmen yes- states terday. . Addressing the 134th graduating The Soviets' policies that class at the result in U.S. Naval Academy, Adm. James confrontations and terrorism, D. Watkins "have said, "We cannot stand idly by remained remarkably stable and let any small over the group of fanatics bend the will years:'he said. and break the spirit of an entire nation. . . ." The four-star admiral, a 1949 academy grad- uate who is the nation's top-rankingThe Soviets employ guerrilla naval offi- warfare cer, said he helped devise a involving political or religious new strategy to minor- combat terrorists following the ities and the United States, bombing in said the off i. Lebanon, and he came to the conclusioncer, who spoke at a seminar that of the "there can be moral justificationHudson Institute on the condition to preempt a that probable terrorist attack." he not be named. He cautioned that using military force The Vietnamese invasion of against terrorist sites where Kampuc- bombs are made or against countries that supply hea (formerly Cambodia) and materials and terrorist money to terrorists should be Lklutics in Lebanon were "a last resort" af- instances in which Soviet policy has been somewhat ter diplomatic Initiatives and he said. political and eco- effective nomic sanctions are tried. , Before undertaking such a military attack, he said, the United States must believe there is "a reasonable hope of success" The invasion will permit and "we must the Soviets foresee more good than evil as to maintain a "high profile a result of our role in actions " Southeast Asia, which they have no Suc~ a military action should intention of relinquishing:' have the goal of he said. deterring aggressors from takingTerrorist tactics in Lebanon other actions were against Americans, and "we shouldultimately successful in work to forcing the U.S. make terrorist acts so counterproductivemilitary to retire from that and country, he costly, or seem so costly, that said. potential perpe- trators will think twice before One region, the speaker contended, conducting, or in threatening to conduct, terroristwhich the Soviets have only acts," Admiral partly suc- Watkins said. ceeded in establishing a presence is The graduation, staged on the Southern Africa. The admiral football field did not of the U.S. Navy-Marine Corps say but it is general knowledge Memorial Stadi- that um, was the prelude "to the mainSouth Africa is responsible event ahead for keeping - that's the fleet," said Academythe Soviets either out of Superinten- or off balance dent Rear Admiral Charles R. Jn that area. Larson. .Among the midshipmen graduating,The Kremlin has learned yester- the wisdom day before a crowd of 15,000 of "using surrogates or 'Paladins' parents, friends as and admirers, 811 were commissionedithey're now being calledand as Navy will contin- ensigns, 165 were sworn in as IUMAY S.." ..4der in using Marine Corps sec- them," he ond lieutenants, four will becomepredicted, Air Force sec- ond lieutenants and seven foreignThe United States must improve nationals will its become officers in their countries'special counter-insurgency navies. Six forces graduates had physical disabilities"which have been neglected which pre- in the past" vented them from receiving a and upgrade its capabilities commission. in human The cost to taxpayers to educateintelligence (HUMINT) gathering each grauu- to ating midshipman was $117,000, cope with guerrillas, he academy offi- said. cials said. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RD046-00788ROO0100330001-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 DrEUIAl- LvliluA -- TtKIKURiSM -- 26 JUNE 1984 THE WASHINGTONIAN JUNE 1984 Pages 93-181 %lerewiff Terrorists StrikeNext As the Concrete Barriers Go Up All Over Washington, Terrorism Experts Say the Question No Longer Is Will Terrorists Hit Washington, But When and Where By Bob ReL% ith mounting horror, Larry Smith viewed the destruction. Thirty minutes earlier he had been getting into bed at his Alexandria home when the phone rang. "There's been a bombing at the Capitol," the operator told Smith, the Senate's ser- geant at arms. It was November 7, 1983. Now, as he stood amid the rubble, he saw the Capitol-non-nally a symbol of solidity and permanence-as an "utter mess. " "I felt sick," he remembers. "I felt like someone had bombed my own home. " The blast had exploded from behind a seat in the hallway outside the Senate chamber, shattering and blowing off the doors of the Republican cloak- room and the office of Senate Minority Leader Robert Byrd 25 feet away. Debris flew into the face of the marble bust of Teddy Roosevelt. Glass and marble bits slashed and shredded portraits of Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun. Chan- delier glass sprayed Adlai Stevenson. The explosion was so powerful that it dispersed down three corridors, leaving a 250-foot path of destruction. "Any- thing that wasn't a wall gave," says Smith. "On a busy day, this corridor is so crowded it's hard to walk through. Had we been in session, we would have lost people, without question. People would have been blinded by flying glass. " Only a few days earlier, Smith had Bob Reiss is a widely published author whose upcoming novel, Divine Assassin, concerns terrorism in Washington. presented Majority Leader Howard Baker and Minority Leader Robert Byrd with a study concluding that security in the Senate needed to be tightened. New measures had been scheduled to be pre- sented to party caucuses three days after the explosion. "I felt like I'd been waiting for it to happen," Smith says, "but it was dif- ficult to sell that to members of Congress when nothing had happened yet." Today the bombed corridor is closed to visitors. Almost 30 more metal de- tectors have been installed at the Capitol and nearby congressional office build- ings. Women's bags are searched con- stantly. Color-coded passes are now re- quired for people who work in the Cap- itol-red or yellow for staffers and aides, green for media, blue for lobbyists. Bulletproof metal plates have been in- stalled in the backs of the House mem- bers' chairs. Concrete barriers seal the parking lot. At night, after visitors have left, Capitol police regularly stage mock rescue attempts in the buildings. But Larry Smith is still worried. Standing before the blast site, where a raised platform surrounds the damaged wall like three sides of a coffin, he is asked if he feels the new security pre- cautions are adequate. He answers with an unhappy shake of the head: "I have a feeling it's going to happen again." Smith is not alone. As the summer of 1984 approaches, legislators and law-en- forcement authorities are occupied with anti-terrorist preparations as never be- fore. Security armies are assembling at the sites of the Democratic and Repub- lican National Conventions, as well as at the Olympic Games in Los Angeles and the World's Fair in New Orleans. "Washington is a particularly good target," says Dr. Yonah Alexander, anti- terrorism expert and fellow at the Georgetown Center for Strategic and In- ternational Studies. "There is no ques- tion that we will see more violence." Says Michael Ledeen, a fon-ner spe- cial adviser to Secretary of State Alex- ander Haig and consultant on terrorism to the Pentagon, "The question isn't whether it will happen here. The ques- tion is why it hasn't happened yet." And so in ways both subtle and overt, the expectation of terrorism incorporates itself into the lives of Washingtonians at all levels. The President issues a policy directive calling for an "active defense against terrorism," including rewards of up to $500,000 for information on ter- rorists, as well as the creation of FBI and CIA paramilitary squads. Alabama Sen- ator Jeremiah Denton introduces a bill that would make terrorism a federal crime punishable by death if innocent victims are killed. A new 50-man FBI "hostage squad" demonstrates anti-terrorist tac- tics for reporters at the Quantico Marine base. All four divisions of the armed services train troops to "cope with ter- rorist incidents within this country," says a Pentagon spokesman. More signs: The Army commissions Dr. Robert Kupperman of the George- town Center for Strategic and Interna- tional Studies to write a report on "low- intensity conflict," which is what social scientists call terrorism. EPA security personnel request a talk on explosives. Approved For Release 2000/08/07: CIA-FMP96-00788ROO01 0033LIMUSD NEXT PAGE Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001 SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1 and Lieutenant Jeff Altmire, who heads the bomb squad at Fort McNair, sends a staffer to pass out material entitled "Letter and Parcel Bomb Recognition Points. " Chief James Powell of the Cap- itol police speculates that someday an iron fence may be necessary around the Capitol-the last fence was torn down in 1873. Pennsylvania Avenue is closed during an evening rush hour when three suitcases are spotted on the sidewalk near the White House, Only clothing is found inside. The heightened awareness of terror- ism is most noticeable at government buildings, from the White House, Cap- itol, and State Department, where con- crete barriers have been erected to dis- courage car-bomb attacks, to the Pentagon, where tunnels under the build- ing have been closed for security rea- sons. Now it is rippling outward, touch- ing the everyday lives of many more Washingtonians. Cab driver Tom Sahr complains, "I used to hang around the Senate parking lot and cruise for passengers. Now I can't get in. " Chris Vestal, a newsletter pub- lisher who reports on the Hill, says, "When I go to the Capitol, guards want to see my purse every ten seconds. " A ten-year-old boy on the Washington-New York train asks another passenger, "You're from Washington? Will terror- ists blow up the White House?" And Judith St. Ledger-Roty, an attorney, re- calls a recent day when she walked by the Soviet Embassy on 16th Street, no- ticed a man talking to a guard at the gate, and thought about how easy it would be for a terrorist to attack the building. "It struck me," she says, "that suddenly there were thoughts in my everyday rou- tine that terrorists can and do exist in this country. " "Terrorism begins with the perception that it exists," says Yonah Alexander. "if you think it's here, it's already al- tering your life." Larry Smith agrees: "The terrorists have had a degree of suc- cess. They're forcing us to conduct our lives differently." As summer approaches, do Washing- tonians occupy a twilight zone between terrorism as a form of nightly television entertainment and the real possibility of an explosion at Metro Center? Terrorists have existed globally for dec- ades without launching wholesale as- saults on Washington. Why the big con- cern now? The answer, experts say, lies in the evolution of terrorism itself. No longer a product of isolated attacks, terrorism is now recognized as an outgrowth of the last 30 years of superpower confronta- tion. It is the warfare of the future. The future is here. For years, social scientists have said that in the nuclear age, the superpowers would avoid direct confrontation as too catastrophic. Instead, the major powers would support smaller countries in little "proxy" wars around the world. Now anti-terrorism experts fear the proxy wars will be carried back to Washington in the form of bombings and assassinations by terrorists doing the bidding of their governments. The biggest concern of terrorist- "The terrorists have had a degree of success," says Larry Smith, the Senate's sergeant at arms. "They're forcing us to conduct our fives differently." watchers in the US is no longer the Weather Underground or other Ameri- can radical groups, but pro-Khomeini Iranians and pro-Qadaffi Libyans, many of whom enter the country across the Canadian border. Kupperman, as well as sources at the FBI and local law-enforce- ment agencies, confirms the presence of large numbers of them in this country. "For the first time," says Kupperman, "the infrastructure is here that will sup- port a terrorist operation. No terrorism occurs without surveillance beforehand. I'm talking about serious professional, politically oriented groups that are well financed. "The suicidal drivers are only cannon fodder in these deals, "My guess is you're going to see a bomb against the State Department. As- sassination attempts against individuals are also likely," says Kupperman. "In the nuclear age, the name of the game is not missile against missile," adds Yonah Alexander. "The name of the game is acts of terror conducted by ded- icated small groups that are supported by governments. " The key phrase of the new terrorism is "supported by governments." Says Kupperman, co-author of Terrorism: Threat, Reality, Response, "In the mid- '70s and late '70s, there was a lot of state-supported terrorism. For example, the Soviets provided training, weapons, and forged travel documents to terrorists. Libya provided safe haven for the Pop- ular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and encouraged Carlos (the legendary Venezuelan-born terrorist) to pull off op- erations. In no case did the country di- rectly manage the event. "But today you have state-managed terrorism. Which means that a national- level intelligence agency, the Syrian or Iranian government, trains individuals, designs and engineers a bomb, does the counterintelligence work, executes an at- tack, and lies back and denies it. You can't deal with it in court, and you're impotent to deal with it directly." The first two Washingtonians to die from state-managed terrorism were Or- lando Letelier, the exiled Chilean de- fense minister, and Ronni Moffitt, a co- worker at the Institute of Policy Studies. In 1976 they were murdered by a bomb, later traced by the FBI to the Chilean secret police. Four years later, during the overthrow of the Shah of Iran, Ali Akbar Tabatabai, an anti-Khomeini Iranian, was gunned down outside his Bethesda home by a man disguised as a postman. The gunman escaped. Asked if the United States also en- gages in renegade warfare, Kupperman responds, "Not as much as we used to," and criticizes the emasculation of the CIA during the Carter administration. But critics of the Reagan administration charge that covert training and aid to the anti- government contras in Nicaragua is as much a form of state-supported terrorism as Libya's backing of the PLO. They also contend that the covert wars are out of control and won't stop until the warring parties agree to ban support for terrorists. In the meantime, the renegade war con- tinues to escalate, which means the risks for the US are getting higher. Saul Lan- dau, a fellow at the Institute for Policy Studies and a friend of the murdered Le- telier, explains: "When the US govern- ment goes into the Middle East and the guns of the New Jersey blow away a village of Lebanese people or the CIA bombs or mines harbors in Central America, hitting at people who can't get back at you, sometimes the only re- sponse is terrorism," he says. "I con- sider terrorism a terrible thing. But if you operate a state as a terrorist entity and wreak terror on other people, it is ulti- mately logical that they're going to get back at you the only way they can." That's in line with a recent statement by Iran's ambassador to the United Na- tions, Said Rajaie Khorassani. When asked if he thought Middle Eastern op- ponents of US policy would resort to terrorism in America, he said, "It de- pends probably on how far you go." The purpose of most terrorist acts, however, is not retaliation for US foreign policy. Terrorism is an effective weapon for both pragmatic revolutionaries and fanatics. It provokes criticism of a gov- eminent that can't protect its citizens from it. It focuses world attention on issues that otherwise might be ignored, partic- ularly if it occurs in a city with the in- Approved For Release 2000/08/07: CIA-RB096-00788ROO01 003300COSTINUED NEXT PAGE Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 -rPkA-A1j 12,I)Ii-LUIN 1EKKUKILiM Z6 JUNE L984 ternational visibility of Washington. It can also legitimize, in some minds, the terrorists' position. Considering the devastating weapons available, a small band of terrorists can cause extensive death and destruction, making them the great equalizer in con- frontations between superpowers and weaker nations. Because media attention on terTorists is immediate and global, one well-planned act can have tremendous impact. And, points out Kupperman in his report to the Army, there is the matter of America's inexperience and relative naivet6 when it comes to coping with professional terrorists. "This nation, unlike others in the Western alliance, has no internal con- sensus on how to respond . . : and has no common philosophical basis for ac- cepting the high costs, in lives, mate- rials, pride, and power, of occasional failure in dealing with terrorism," he writes. "We have no internationally rec- ognized commitment to firm retributive deterrence to such violence. " Asked what "no internal consensus on how to respond" means, Kupperman cites a lack of coordination and preparedness among military and law-enforcement agencies. To a foreign group aware of these problems, the US becomes a more attractive target. A case in point: To combat the ter- rorism of the Red Brigades, the Italian government formed an anti-terrorist squad, which in 1978 alone tracked down and jailed thousands of suspected ter- rorists. By comparison, it was only re- cently that Ronald Reagan began push- ing for the formation of the FBI and CIA counter-terrorist squads, a proposal that is likely to come under fire in Congress. "Terrorists have not hit us yet because they are afraid," says Pentagon consult- ant Ledeen. "But [the US withdrawal from Lebanon] will encourage them. They will draw the conclusion that the best way to get your way with the United States is to kill a certain number of Amer- icans, and after a while, the US does what you want it to do. In a city hit by terrorists, fear can quickly spread outward to friends and co-work- ers of victims. Saul Landau remembers how his life changed in the fall of 1976. Landau had arrived at work one Sep- tember morning when his wife phoned. She told him that on her way down Mas- sachusetts Avenue, she had witnessed the worst accident she had ever seen. "The car was still smoking. There were still flames, there was blood all over the place, she told me," he recalls. "She was so upset. I said, 'Well, I'm sorry. That sounds terrible.' We hung up." A few minutes later, Landau received a call from the receptionist at the Institute for Policy Studies. What his wife had seen was not an accident, but the after- math of the murder of Landau's co- workers. The late-model Chevelle in which they were riding was blown up by a radio-detonated bomb as the car reached Sheridan Circle. Letelier's legs were sheared off in the blast; Moffitt drowned from blood dripping into her lungs. In the days and months following the killings, as the FBI's investigation pro- ceeded, fear stalked the Institute. "I was terrified," says Landau. "I learned to live with fear. "When I put my key in the ignition sometimes, my hand trembled. I had to use my left hand to steady my right. I had the urge to check my car every day- and my house. Everyone at the Institute was terrified. If they had the audacity to kill in the nation's capital, half a mile from the White House, what wouldn't they do? "There were other Chileans in the building-they were also exiles-in- cluding Mrs. Letelier. Several people urged the director to get the Chileans out of the building. Some fellows left. One said that when he signed up at the In- stitute, it wasn't a death trip he had in mind. "I sat with my back to the wall looking at people coming in, " Landau continues. "My sense of peripheral vision im- proved. I'm not saying there was any real danger. But wefelt there was. What the bombing told us was that anybody could have been in the front seat with Orlando. It happened to be Ronni Mof- fitt. We had to understand that the mere fact of associating with someone could make you a victim of state terrorism." Landau goes on. "There were threats, letters and calls- 'You all deserve what that Commie spy got.' Click. Like many fellows at the Institute, I had dreams. People chasing me. I elude all but one. Or my house is surrounded, and I man- age to figure out a way to escape, except there's always that one person left. "The worst dream was right after- wards. It kept recurring. It was of Or- lando as a ventriloquist's dummy. Sitting on somebody's legs, flopping. Smiling that dummy smile. Just the mouth open- ing, but no words were coming out." Eight years later, Landau no longer has the dummy dream but says he oc- casionally has the dream about people chasing him. Kirby Jones also learned to live with fear. Today he's a public-relations man at the World Bank, but in 1975 he was starting Alamar Associates, a firm that introduced American businesses to Cuba. That was also the year he interviewed Fidel Castro for CBS, helped set up George McGovern's trip to Cuba, and co-authored the book With Fidel. It was also the year the death threats started. "We're going to do to you what hap- pened to Ch6 Guevara," a voice would say. Then the line would go dead. Jones recalls how the FBI advised him to start his car every day. "They told me never to wash my car. If someone plants a bomb on your car, they can't replace the dirt. So if you have a dirty car, you can more easily check it out at night and in the morning. "They said that when I start the car, I should always have the doors open. Many of the injuries come from con- CONTINUED NUT PAGE Annrnvpd For Rplparp 2()()()/()R/()7 State Department," says Dr. Robert Kupperman of the Georgetown Center for Strategic and nternational f Studies. "Assassination attempts against individuals are also Rely." Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 Terrorism Continuedfrom page 9.5 CIAL hDiTiUN -- TEaRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984 cussions. Open all the doors so the blast would go out, they told me. Keep your legs out of the car when you start it, if you can. And when you're starting it, put a briefcase between your chest and the steering wheel. "The threats made me nervous, but there was nothing I could do about them. I remember a photographer came to the house for a magazine, I asked him not to take pictures of my kids' faces. Or if there was a knock at the door at night, a neighbor coming over unexpectedly, I'd worry about who it was." The specter of terrorism extends beyond its impact on individuals. It can change the way a city lives. Michael Ledeen remembers what it was like to live in Rome during the Red Brigade's reign of terror. "Rome is a city built around outdoor places. People gather in piazzas and talk and drink coffee and play. The first thing that happened was that people went in- doors; the piazzas emptied out, mostly in the evenings, but also during the day. The second change was that an edge came over the city. In normal times, Rome is garrulous and friendly. But conversa- tions became much shorter. You didn't -h. Peo- wander around the streets as mue ple tended to go outside, do what they had to do, and get in again. It lasted several years, until the Red Brigade was shut down." I have my own images of how terror- ism can affect a city. While researching a novel on terrorism, I traveled to Italy and Israel, two countries that are very familiar with it. Three scenes stick in my mind: m In Rome and Milan, soldiers with submachine guns guarded government buildings, synagogues, and a Greek Or- thodox church. I noticed that the soldiers kept their fingers on the triggers at all times. But what struck me most was that pedestrians seemed to pay no attention. The scene was that normal. m In Jerusalem one afternoon, I sat on a bus-station bench. Suddenly, I noticed the passengers on my right scurrying away from the bench. Then those on my left. I looked up to see a soldier directing me away, too. A police jeep roared into the lot; the buses pulled away from the curb. I asked the soldier what was going on, and he pointed to a crumpled paper bag eight feet behind me by a pay phone. It was a plain brown paper bag, the kind you carry sandwiches in. There had been no bomb threat, but the mere presence of an unclaimed paper bag cleared the area. A half-eaten sandwich was found inside. n The bus I used while in Jerusalem was the Number 18 bus. it travels from the student dormitories on the outskirts of the city past the Yad Vashem mon- ument to Jews killed in World War 11, through the downtown area and near the expensive La Roma Hotel and the Old City. Some of my relatives used this bus to get to school; a friend working on a book took it often while doing her re- search. While riding the bus, I some- You didn't wander around the streets as much. People tended to :go outside, do what they had to do, and get in again. h times would imagine what would appen ul if a bomb went off in it, partic arly at th rush hour, when it was packed wi shop n pers, tourists, and schoolchildre .I vis 0 ualized seats ripped from the fl or, a child's shoe lying on the street. One day after I left Israel, terrorists blew up the Number 18 bus. in one 24-hour period at the beginning of the recent Easter weekend, terrorist bombings shook two Western capitals. Here in Washington, a powerful explo- sive placed under a couch tore apart the officers' club at the Washington Navy Yard. No one was injured in the blast, which occurred shortly before 2 AM on Good Friday. A previously unknown group, calling itself the Guerrilla Re- sistance Movement, said the bombing was a protest against US policy in Cen- tral America. Several hours later, a bomb hidden in a briefcase at London's busy Heathrow Airport was detonated by a timer, injur- ing 25 people, five of whom had to be hospitalized. An anarchist group called the Angry Brigade claimed credit for the blast, but British police continue to in- vestigate links to Libyan terrorists. The bombings were indicative of the levels of terrorism in the two cities. Lon- don has been the site of indiscriminate bombings, such as the one that rocked Harrod's, the famous department store, during the holiday shopping season last year. But so far, Washington has been spared the kind of wholesale violence inflicted on other cities. In addition to the Capitol bombing, the FBI investigated four other terrorist incidents in Washington last year, all of which were directed against institutions rather than individuals. A group calling itself the Armed Resistance Unit took Approved For Release 2000/08/07 credit for explosions at the National War College at Fort McNair last April and at a computer complex at the Navy Yard last July. An unknown Philippine ter- rorist group ignited two fire bombs near the front of the Philippine Chancery. In the fourth incident, the Jewish Defense League claimed responsibility for a bombing that caused minor damage at the Aeroflot office here. Some terrorism experts contend that the threat from squads of professional Middle Eastern terrorists is being ex- aggerated, and statistics, at least, bear them out. Of the 31 terTorist incidents reported in the US last year, none were attributed to Libyan or Iranian organi- zations, according to the FBI. In fact, two-thirds of them were linked by the FBI to Latin American groups. One expert who downplays the threat from Middle Eastern terrorists is Neil Ko h, deputy assistant defense secre- tary, who is in charge of the Pentagon policy on terrorism. He points out that despite what most people think, terror- Ism is not a mindless activity; it's a stra- tegic weapon based on calculated deci- sions. Government-sponsored terrorists, he goes on, would have to have a very powerful motivation to stage mur- derous attacks in America and risk US retaliation. Other experts aren't as sure that an attack on a Metro train or National Airport or a department store is so implausible. That is clearly the trend of terrorism, Briga- dier General P. Neal Scheidel, chief of the Air Force security police, recently said that five years ago, 80 percent of terrorist attacks were on property, and 20 percent were on people, "But now it's 50-50." Professional terrorists, says one law-enforcement official, know that blowing up empty buildings will get at- tention but that it is indiscriminate mur- der that causes terror, and maybe a re- examination of policy. It is just that kind of terrorism that the administration's counter-terrorist strat- egy is aimed at. Reagan's policy direc- tive, which will become a legislative pro- posal, supports the principle of striking at terrorists abroad and staging reprisal raids in response to terrorism here or against Americans overseas. It repre- sents the first time the US has taken an aggressive anti-terrorist stance as a mat- ter of national policy. That, in turn, raises the stakes in the renegade war. So law- enforcement agencies, from the DC po- lice to the Capitol police to the FBI, continue to step up their anti-terrorist training. On March 9, FBI Director William Webster unveiled the Bureau's new "Hostage Rescue Team" at Quantico. The squad, two years in the developing, 788R0001nnn3nnnC0NTINUED NEXT PAGE Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 LjL Zui-I.Lull -_ ILAMUPLIbi-I -- ZO JUINh 1~064 has trained with US military and Euro- pean anti-terrorist forces. According to Webster, it is designed to deal with "a major-scale terrorist incident" and will be standing by at the Summer Olympics, the presidential nominating conventions, and the World's Fair. During the demonstration for report- ers, agents in black jumpsuits acted out scenarios. They slid down ropes from helicopters to "rescue" hostages in a mock bank. Marksmen with live bullets "killed" cardboard terrorists at the far end of a shooting range, It was a dem- onstration of what the FBI calls "sur- gical shooting," because sitting next to the make-believe terrorists was Assistant FBI Director Oliver Revell. In another scenario, agents broke into "Tire City"' a roofless, seven-room "house" made of sand-filled tires. Once inside, they shot more "terrorists" and rescued more hostages. Other preparations include "gam- ing, " the acting out of terrorist incidents. "We have simulated hijackings," ex- plains Wayne Gilbert, who is in charge of the FBI's terrorism section. "We rri~ight do it at night when planes are available. United Airlines might say, 'You need a DC-10? We have one sitting at Dulles until ten tomorrow morning."' Members of the squad are presented with different scenarios, In some, the terrorists claim to have a nuclear explo- sive. In others, an official of a big com- pany or the government is held hostage. Or the agents are told that there has been an explosion. "Sometimes the hostages are ou own people," says Gilbert. "So e imes they're from the military.. e and women. We brief them ahead f time to In some scenarios, the terrorists claim to have a nuclear explosive. In others, an official is held hostage. tell them what to expect. They're going to be treated badly; told when to go to the bathroom. They may be fed inade- quately or get lousy food. They'll be harassed and shouted at. When there's a rescue, they have to be prepare or ex- plosions, gas, and firing. " Were a terrorist incident to occur, the command post would be Room 5005 in the FBI Building, a quieter but no less graphic embodiment of preparations in the war on terrorists. It even looks like a war room. Beneath clocks showinu dif- ferent time zones and across from maps of Washington and local airporis are the two banks of desks of the Emergency Operations Center, The upper tier %k ould be manned by the FBI's top people, such as Webster, Revell, or Gilbert. The semicircular banks have direct lines to the White House, the US attorney gen- eral's office. the Pentagon, the State De- partment, and FBI field offices. There are computers on which agents can cjIll up data on terrorist groups, plus police monitors, television monitors, and a glassed-in meeting room. On a recent day, a prepared hijacking log could be seen hanging on the wall. Empty slots are to be filled in if a hi- jacking occurs. The slots are labeled "Scheduled route," "Air carrier," "Number of crew members," "Weap- ons," and "Demands." There is one other prepared log-it's for nuclear extortion. Nuclear extortion is a major concern of the FBI. It has happened only once in the US-in 1979, when an employee at a nuclear plant in Wilmington, North Carolina, threatened to release uranium oxide into the atmosphere if he wasn't given $100,000. He was arrested, but law-enforcement officials realize the po- tential for more incidents. Playing a key role in any nuclear-ex- tortion case would be a highly secretive group called the Nuclear Emergency Search Team (NEST). Technically under the jurisdiction of the Department of En- ergy, NEST is made up of energy-phys- icists, explosive and electronic experts, and other scientists and technicians. It was NEST members who, during the 1976 bicentennial celebration, drove around Washington in unmarked vans and checked radiation levels at federal build- ings. A year earlier, NEST personnel dressed as businessmen conducted a ra- diation search at the Union Oil Company of California after a threat was received there. The detection devices were hidden in briefcases. In both cases, the team found nothing. In addition to the bicentennial inves- tigations, NEST has been used twice to check out nuclear threats in Washin gton. In 1976 they investigated a van parked outside the White House after someone received a tip that it contained a nuclear explosive. Inside they found a 50-gallon oil drum holding a ticking recorder. And in 1978 the team was called in when someone sent a package containing a brown substance to a congressional of- fice with a note saying it was radioactive. The substance was dirt. Today, about 30 NEST experts work out of Andrews Air Force Base. In the event of a nuclear threat, they would be contacted by the FBI and would have to be ready to leave the base within two hours. Even before the November bombing, Capitol police were staging their own terrorist scenarios in the Capitol at night when no tourists were around and Con- gress wasn't in session. Although au- thorities are reluctant to reveal details, at least one of the simulated terrorist at- tacks involved the seizure of the Senate chamber. As part of their training. mem- bers of the Emergency Response Team practice traversing the Capitol with ropes and swinging down on windows. "They're expert shots with special weapons," says Chief Powell. "They've done a lot of training in Maryland, away from the general public, to keep down panic. " The biggest attempt to coordinate hos- tage-situation tactics in Washington oc- curred two years ago when the DC police organized Operation Speelunk, built around the takeover of a Metro train. In this operation, an escaping bank robber took hostages on a Metro train, but the situation was similar to what it would be in a terrorist takeover. "We were trying to find out how well we could interface all the agencies involved," says Lieu- tenant George Bradford, who organized the scenario. In addition to the DC po- lice, the FBI, Secret Service, transit po- lice, the telephone company, PEPCO, the Department of Highways, and Metro officials participated. The operation would later serve as the model the various agen- cies followed in December 1982, when an anti-nuclear activist threatened to blow up the Washington Monument. He was killed during the incident. The experts say that kind of coordi- nation is crucial in dealing with urban terrorism. Kupperman, in his report to the Army, points out that "while ama- teurs may continue to rely on the time- tested tactics of terrorism like skyjack- ing, the imaginative professional terror- ist has a number of avenues open for future attack: m "Attacks on the infrastructure of metropolitan areas (electric or gas net- works, communications, or computer fa- cilities), with a level of disruption be- yond the capabilities of the local police or the National Guard. n "Threats to thousands of people with agents of mass destruction such as nu- clear explosives, chemical, biological, CONTINUED NEXT PAGE Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-R[3096-00788ROO0100330001-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 EDITION 26 4 "The media are a terrorists best friend. Terrorists are the super-entertainers of our time." or radiological weapons. m "Subtle exploitation of contentious political issues such as the anti-nuclear and environmental movements.- At the heart of any anti-terrorism prep- aration lies a dilemma: How do you bal- ance security needs with the need to maintain a free society? "What we're doing here is a balancing act," says Larry Smith, who, ironically, is sitting beneath a portrait of Andrew Jackson, the President who opened up the White House to three miles of hand- shaking visitors after his election. "This building must be open to the public. It's their building. They come to see their legislature at work." Already there has been backlash to the security measures at the Capitol, Rep- resentative Don Edwards of California, The conflict between security and freedom in itself represents a victory for terrorists. chairman of the House Judiciary Sub- committee on Constitutional Rights, told his staff to refuse to provide any infor- mation other than name, employer, and Social Security number in filling out ap- plications for the new security passes. He objected to requests that staffers also reveal weight, color of hair and eyes, and home address. Smith acknowledges that there has been friction between Cap- itol police officers and Senate staffers over the regular checks for passes. "We feel bad about it, a'ngry, " he says, noting that some security measures have been modified as a result of the complaints. Says Steve Van Cleave, an Atlanta- based security consultant for multina- tional corporations, "In order to totally defend against terrorism, you'd have to hermetically seal the White House, When you deal with terror, you deal with con- centric circles of defense, alert zones, something to cause a bomb to explode in the perimeter." "All the advantages lie with the at- tacker in terrorism," he adds. "To de- fend against it, you'd have to form an environment that's totally unacceptable to people in a free society." The conflict between security and freedom in itself represents a victory for terrorists. Writes Ray Cline, former dep- uty director for the CIA, "The first phase in terrorism . . . tends to erect an invis- ible barrier of noncooperation between people and their government. It an- nounces to a nation and the world that war has been declared on the government by shadowy and dangerous opposing forces. " The media have their own role in all this. In articles like this one, the media "lend credence to a hypothetical situation." Savlz Peter Caram, former head of the Ter- rorist Intelligence Planning Section of the Port Authority of New York. "Since terror is aimed at the media and not the victim, success is always defined in terms of media coverage," adds political scientist Raymond Tanter of the University of Michigan. "An is no way in the West you could oi h . e. media coverage because you'r ealing in a free society." Walter Laqueur, chairman of the In ternational Research Council of the Cen ter for Strategic and international Stud- ies, offers a more succinct appraisal: "The media are a terrorist's best friend. Ter- rorists are the super-entertainers/of our time. " Critics of press specula *&Zalout ter- rorism in Washington 'Plnot out that ter- rorism has historically/been cyclical. They note that the Capit6l was first bombed in 1915, that the group that claimed re- sponsibility for the recent Capitol bomb- ing linked themselves in their commu- niqu6 with Puerto Rican Nationalists who tried to kill President Harry Truman on November 1, 1950. And they generally agree with Chief Powell of the Capitol police, who says, "We aren't any more concerned today about terrorism than we were five years ago. We were always concerned, and that concern hasn't changed. " But the nature of terrorism has changed. And judging from the administration's counter-terrorist strategy, our approach to it is changing, too; now it is viewed more as a form of warfare rather than as street crime with political overtones. As terrorism spreads worldwide, there is, in the words of Ray Cline, "an increasing lack of distinction between war and peace. " And, says Dr. Kupperman, there may be a greater danger. "Contemporary ter- rorism has become a tactic of strategic value . . . with large-scale conventional or nuclear warfare the likely conse- quence of failing to cope at the molecular level of violence." The freedom from terrorist attack that Americans once enjoyed is believed to be coming to an end. We need to learn more about a war in which we are tar- geted. Without information on the dan- ger, there's no preparation. Without preparation, there's deadly surprise. El 17 Approved For Release 2000/08/07: CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 b-FtUIAL hDiTION -- TERRORISM -- 26 10RIONTO aDBE & MAM 9 May 1984 Pg. 8 Assassinations not forgotten Security a fact of life in'Washington ftill"WAM41OHNSOM aft"andmocerres"Nam WASHINGTON -The funereal assassinated presi M114 G'arliekl, Abraham Um:oh, William McKinley, John Kennedy -, Sim an immediacy to secutity procedures in Wash. ington that make them familiar tam of everyday fille. To the White House domaM"= President, 4 to entel the ICapitol. seat of the Congress. am must walk through a metal detector frame, and one's briefcase, purse or bag must be searched. A tape recoida mun be played for a security agent to demonstrate it does not disguise a bomb. Most pres6den" in this century have been the objects of assassi- notion pliots. Ronald Reagan was three months into his Mency when' he ~ viot = by a woulkl-be assassin's bulleL Last November, a bomb went off during the night in a Senate corrider. No am was injured,- but the property damage was exten- sWe. since thm sec4;~ proce. durift at the Capitol 6 been tightened further. Accordi to Ha G .0 the pitd .Po. 0 number, of en. to doe' tof."werv nine to two. The public is no kriger permitted to drive through the grounds - access is allowed only by permit. The now of traffic in so around the was reroutewdi so it can be controlled. Separate entrances were established for = W. the general public and e . ~ public. is subjected, to metal . dmect6rs, X-rays and searches of parcels and begs. Most corridors are off-limits. igurnalists,.M... and habit. Val-vi sitors, such as lobbylsts, must always ay identifica- tion'cards, which include a pic- ture. This is in* of most govem ment office buildings in Washing- ton. Around the Capitol, the White House, the State Department and some other buildings, "flower boxes" of whitewashed concrete were installed so as to make it difficult to crash onto the grounds with a truck or car, possibly load. ed with explosives. - Asked yesterday about security Iprocedures for the White House, a special agent in the Secret ser. vice's Office of Public Affill's declined to describe any whatso- ever. "If we discussed our procck. dures, they wouldn't be effective any more," he said But there have 6en published reports that ground-to-air mis. siles have been installed discreet. 1y around the white House to protect it from possible air at. tack. On the ground, marked or Unmarked cars and vans are always parked On the streets surroundin t§e the White House. Some Of m Contain German Shepherd dogs, which will some- times start to bark as one strolls past. Getting a highly coveted White House press pass requires secur- ity clearance by the Secret Ser- vice that takes months and, ac- cording to a press officer at the State Department, costs the Government $10,M0 each time. A foreign journalist also requires also a security clearance by the State Department at a similar cost. According to the same press officer, one police body will not accept the security clearance of the other. Whenever the President - or even a presidential candidate - is travelling in public areas, the Secret Service can be rough and curt in orded I to Ing peop e not osi move, and cl ng off elevators and corridors which will be pw sed by the person they are guar#. ing. 1. In the age of terrorism, anyone and everyone must be considered a potential assassin. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 Dump trucks loaded Ydth sand are parked near White House gate on earlier scare. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM 2 WASHINGTON POST 1 June 1984 Pg. IC Capitol Securely Greeting Tourists By Alison Muscatine %V93hIngton MtStaff WdOr Stricter security measures put:in place at, the U.S. Capitol and congressional office buildings after a bomb explosion last fall have slowed the pace of the approximately 3 mi&n people, who pass through them each year and caused vabdri- vers to grumble, but there is general ac of the inconvenience, according to security-.9ifi, cials. An intricate identification system now requires journalists, lobbyists and staff members to'Wear color-coded passes at all -times and metal detec. tors are in use at every entrance to the Capitol and adjacent office buildings. "The publicity is the biggest deterrent [against attacks] says Jack Russ,,the sergeant at arms of the U.S. House of Representatives, who oversees security of the House side'of the Capitol. "And there has been so much publicity about it." Harry Grevey, deputy chief of the 1,222-mem- ber Capitol HUI police force, said there has been no increase in the number'of weapons confis- cated since the tighter security took effect. About 125 weapons are confiscated each year, according to security officials, who said most of the weap- on8 are taken from people who forget they are carrying a gun. Most tourists are first-time visitors to the Cap- itol and are unaware that the security measures are new. own Groups of high school students loaded d with cameras can be wen patiently handing over their wares to policemen as they pas through metal detectors outside the House and Senate galleries, where picture-taking has always been forbidden. Evan at the main entrances of the Capitol, tourists seem willing to oblige police requests to search purses and pass through metal detectors. 'it doesn't bother me," said a man who came from Pennsylvania for the Memorial Day week- end with his family. "It's just like going through the airport." The 20,000-plus people whose government-re- lated jobs take them to the Hill and the 4,000 journalists who cover them are complaining less, according to police, about the inconvenience of purse and briefcase inspection at every entrance and the -lines at the metal detectors, which have grown with the advent4 the tourist season. "Overall I think iVs working fairly well," say# Larry E. Smith, the Senate sergeant at arihs.4 "There are occasional problems but there is: a greater acceptance on the part'of staff and Iob- byista." The stiffer security adds about 16 minutes to what used to be an av erage 45-minute tour of the Capitol, but most tourists have been very co- operative, according to Tom Not- tingliam, the Capitol's chief of tour guides. He said that tourism in the Capitol has dropped by about 10,000 visitors a month, but the decrease is not necessarily correlated to the de- lays resulting from increased secu- rity. "Everybody is willing to conform because they know it is something that has to be done," Nottingham said, adding that most tourists have become accustomed to metal detec- tors and bag searches in airports. After the November bombing, which caused $265,000 in damage but no injuries, there- were com- plaints about police behaving aggres- sively, occasionally even with mem- bers of Congress. Sen. Daniel Patrick Moynihan (D-N.Y.) was confronted by a police officer who raised his gun at him, and Senate Majority Leader Howard Baker (R-Tenn.) was prevented tem- porarily from attending a GOP fund- raising event in the Senat6,caucus Yoom because a police officer did not -recognize him. "Generally, most senators have ac- cepted our mistakes with a sense of humor and have been supportive of what we're trying to do," Smith said. One congressional staff member said last week that the biggest incon- venience is that the new staff passes are too large to fit in a wallet and therefore "can't be used on weekends as identification for cashing checks." The increased security included changing traffic patterns to direct the flow away from the Capitol, and requiring taxis to discharge pass'en- gers at the Capitol's side entrances. The taxi rules draw constant moans from cab drivers, who are given no time to linger and therefore lose chances to pick up new passengers. . Concrete barriers, which serve as flower pots and look similar to those now placed at several entrances to the White. House, were installed to prevent terrorists from trying to ram the building with a truck bomb. Bullet-proof metal was installed in 198 the backs of all chairs on the floor of the chamber in the House of Rep- resentatives. Initially, the new security rules limited reporters' access to members of Congress outside the second-floor chambers, but that was changed af- ter complaints to the sergeants at arms. Smith agreed to allow report- ers in the corridor outside the Sen- ate chamber, a favorite place. to catch senators for comments after they vote, for a 60-day trial period. He said last week that the experi- ment had been successful and he sees no reason to discontinue it. As for the Hill police, security of- ficials say their training is adequate protection against terrorists and po- tential bombings. "We have one of the best bomb units on the East Coast," said one security official, ask- ing not to be identified. "And we also have a great hostage negotiation team;" A team of specially trained dogs is used to sniff-search buildings for bombs before major events. Security at the Capitol also had been increased following a 1971 bombing-again with no injuries. In 1975, a $4 million surveillance sys- tem with 100 television cameras was installed throughout the Capitol and its subterranean walkways. At that time X-ray machines were placed at d there was it rule 10 entrances an that briefcases had to be checked. Hill deputy police chief Grevey said that additional security mea- sures are going to be put into effect, but he would not disclose what they are. Despite the new measures, some Hill veterans believe the system re- lies more on symbolism and public- ity than on the efficiency of metal detectors and the identification pass- es. Frankly, I think it's a joke," said one Virginia congressional staff member who has worked on the Hill since. 1969. "1 could think of 10 ways to get into the building without a pass if I really wanted to." The staff aide said the main im- provement resulting from the new security system is that there are few- er "crazies coming by our office." His office is located near an entrance to Independence Avenue where several police offi Icers and an X-ray machine are now located. 19 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO0100330001-5 ltt