SG1A Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Reactions of the Central Nervous System to Peripheral Effects of Low-Intensity EHF Emission Natalia N. Lebedeva Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the USSR Academy.of Sciences Abstract The study of reactions of human CNS to peripheral effects of EHF emission, created by therapeutic apparatus Yav-1 (the wave length is 7.1 mm) revealed restructuring of the space-time organization of biopotentials of the brain cortex of a healthy individual which indicate development of a non-specific activation reaction in the cortex. The study of sensory indication of EHF field with these parameters showed that it is can be reliably detected at the sensory level by 80% of the subjects. Introduction In -the process of study of reactions of living systems with a different level of organization to millimeter waves, non-thermal (informational) effects were discovered [1-3). The distance from the place affected by the emission to the location of appearance of the biological reaction may be hundreds and thousands times larger than the distance at which the emission decreases one order of mag- nitude. This fact demonstrates participation of the nervous system in perception of millimeter-range emission by living organisms. There is a wide-spread opinion that biological effects of EMF are realized in humans at a subsensory level. However, in the recent years there is interest to their sensory detection in the 1 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 form of radiosound, magnetophosphenesf or skin sensations [4-9]- Changes in EEG to EMF effects were most often observed in the f orm of an increase in the slow waves and spindle-shape oscillations in reptiles, pigeons, rats, rabbits, monkeys, and humans (10-12]. We have not found studies devoted specifically to the effects of millimeter waves on the central nervous system in the available literature; thus, the current study has been undertaken. This study employed el ectrophysio logical and psychophysiological methods f or the evaluation of the state of the central nervous system while affected by EMF. Methodolocry Twenty healthy subjects aged 17 to 40 years participated in the experiments. Apparatus Yav-I with the wave length of 7.1 mm was used as the EMF source. A flexible waveguide with the power of 5 mw/cm2 at its end was directed at He-Gu [4 Gi] acupuncture point in the right or left hand of the subject. Two experimental series have been conducted. In the first one ,(10 subjects, 10 tests with each subject, 20 instances of field action in each test), sensory detection of the field was studied. The length of the EMF signal or control trial without the signal was 1 minute. To evaluate the subject's EMF sensitivity, the indicator of response strength (RS) was used, i.e., the ratio ,between the number of correctly identified trials and the total number of EMF signals. Another indicator used was the level of false alarms (FA), i.e., the ratio between the number of false 2 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08108 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 positives to the total number of control trials. The significance of the difference between RS and FA was evaluated by using the Mann-whitney test . The analysis of latent time (T Lad included total histograms of true responses and false alarms. In -the second series (10 subjects, 11 tests with each, including placebo tests) the exposure to the field was equal to 60 minutes. EEG recording was conducted before and after the EMF influence by using EEG-16S (Hungary), with 4 paired leads, located according to 10-20% system (in the frontal F-F, central C-C. parietal P-P and occipital 0-0 areas). As the reference electrode, a joint ear electrode was used. Together with EEG recording on paper, the data were fed for on-line processing into an IBM-PC Amstrad computer using spectrum coherent analysis by means of rapid Fourier transformations with plotting power spectra and computing mean coherence levels. S)elected for the study were frequencies from 2 to 30 Hz in major physiological ranges of the EEG spectrum. Results and discussion In the first experimental series, the subjects showed a division into two unequal subgroups according to their RS and FA indicators. The first subgroup (8 individuals) could reliably (at a statistically significant level] detect EMF: the differences between RS and FA were significant according to Mann-Whitney test, the means for RS and FA being 64.3% ± 10.5% and 20.6% ;L 11.2%, re- spectively. The second subgroup (2 individuals) could not reliably 3 Approved For Release 2000108/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 distinguish between EMF effects and control trials, the means for RS and FA being 59.0% ;t 14.25% and 43.33% ± 16.5%, respectively. From the eight individuals who could detect the EMF well, two could reliably distinguish it from control trials with both hands, one could do this only with the left hand and the others only with the right hand. An analysis of distribution of TLat of true responses and false alarms showed single mode distribution in both instances. The mean of latent time for eight subjects was 46.1 + 5.8 sec. The prevalent sensations were pressure (46.7%), tingling (36.3%). itching (8.9%), warmth-coolness (5.3%), and other sensations (2.8%). All the sensations were experienced either in the palm of the hand or in the fingers, each subject having his own set of sensations. An analysis of the data obtained experimentally justifies the assumption that humans are capable to perceive sensorially the EFM in the millimeter range, similarly to their capacity of perceiving the ELF fields [4-6], which is in accordance with the results obtained elsewhere (9]. Interaction of any physical factor with biological systems of complex organization begins on first receptor. Unlike other absolutely specific receptors. conducted by A.N. Leontiev and similar studies with non-termal spectrum and found that their their surface, and the skin is the analyzers, the skin does not have This was confirmed in experiments his associates [13], who conducted emission in the visible range of subjects were capable of reliably 4 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08: CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 distinguishing the emission ef f ects from control trials. The modes of perception were similar to those observed in our tests. Thus, our results as well as data of other authors indicate the importance of the skin analyzer in EMF perception. Study of the modes of perception which occur in the process of EHF field reception makes it possible to assume that EMF stimuli are perceived either by mechanical receptors (sensations of touch or pressure), or by pain receptors, i.e., nociceptors (tingling and burning sensations). From mechanical receptors, only Ruffini's and Merkel's endings and tactile disks may be involved in the process, according to the depth of their location in the epidermis, their adaptation speed and their capacity to spontaneous activity. The assumption that nociceptors may be responsible for the reception of EMF signal is based on the following: their polyspecificity in relation to stimuli; the kind of sensations, i.e., tingling and burning, which are considered precursors of pain; experiments which showed complete disappearence of EMF sensitivity in individuals whose skin at the place of influence was treated by ethyl chloride that turns off pain receptors; facts from medical practice that the EHF influence on the respective dermatome (dermatome means the areas of the skin supplied with sensory fibers from a single spinal nerve--LF] causes sensory response in the afflicted organ of the body which may be the result of convergence of nociceptive afferents from the dermatomes and the internal organs on the same neurons of pain pathways. With this, skin hypersensitivity occurs because visceral impulses increase the excitability of inter 5 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 stitual neurons and facilitation takes place. The latent time of EMF responses (to both ELF range and millimeter range EMF) is unusually large. While the reaction time of visual and auditory sensory systems is from dozens to hundreds of milliseconds, the perception of EMF takes dozens of seconds. This is in a good agreement with theoretical calculations by I.V. Rodshtat [ 14 ] who made an assumption that a single time cycle of microwave sensory reception, including detection of sensory sensation, is within 40 to 60 seconds. This is explained [according to him] by a complex structure of the reflex arc which includes both nervous and humoral links. An analysis of inter-central EEG ratios is one of the approaches to the study of regulation mechanisms of functional states of the human brain. As known from the literature [15], the indicator of coherence level (COHm) is the most significant of EEG correlates which characterizes the peculiarities of the human brain functioning. Major changes of the cortical EEG with regard to both inter- central and intra-hemispheric connections in placebo tests can be characterized either by a decrease in COHm, especially in the range of delta and theta, or by maintaining the background level. A power spectrum analysis shows a decrease in the brain waves magnitude, especially in the alpha range (Fig. 1). Thus, as a result of placebo (control) tests, a kind of "expectancy reaction" with specific space-time organization of the cortex biopotentials takes place. 6 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 A different EEG pattern is observed after the individual is exposed to EMF. There is a significant power increase in the alpha range, especially in occipital and parietal areas in both hemispheres; in other parts of the spectrum the power remains close to the background level (arrows 2 and 3 in Fig. 1) . Unlike in placebo tests, an increase in the mean of the coherence level COHm takes place practically in all the subjects resulting from exposure to EHF. It mainly occurs in the frontal and central areas of the cortex and is mostly expressed in slow wave spectrum range (delta and theta). A similar pattern of brain waves is characteristic of the state of an increased brain tone, i. e. , it occurs in non- specific activation reaction (16]. This kind of response is characteristic because it is known that f rontal areas of the cortex are sensitive to various external factors. These zones have broad bilateral connections with other cortical and subcortical structures which determine the involvement of frontal areas in many functional response systems. Conclusions 1. Peripheral effects of EHF (7.1 mm wave length, 5 mW/cm2) with a 60 minute exposure causes restructuring of the cortical brain waves in a healthy individual; this points to the developments of a non-specific activation reaction, i.e., to an increase in the tone of the cortex. 2. The study of sensory detection of EMF in EHF range showed that the field with the above parameters is detected at a statistically significant level by 80% of the subjects. 7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08: CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 References 1. Devytakov, N.D., Betsky, O.V., Gelvich, E.A., et al. Itadiobiolocriva, 1981, Vol. 21, 2, pp. 163-171. 2. Devyatkov, N.D., Golant, M.B., & Tager, A.C. Biofizika, 1983, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 895-896 (English translation: Role of synchronization in the impact of weak electromagnetic sygnals in the millimeter wave range on living organisms. Biophysics, 28 (5), 952-954]. -1. Sevastiyanova, L.A., Potapov, S.A., Adamenko, V.G., & Vilenskaya, R.L. Nauchnvve Doklady Vysshev Shkoly, 1969, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 215-220. 4. Lebedeva, N.N., Vekhov, A.V., & Bazhenova, S.I. In: Problemy plektromagnitnov neirofiziologii [Problems of Electromagnetic Neurophysiology]. Moscow: Nauka, 1988, pp. 85-93. 5. LebE~deva, N.N., & Kholodov, Yu.A. Materials of the 15th Congress of I.P. Pavlov-All-Union Physiological Society. 6. Kholodov, Yu.A. In: Materials of the 7th All-Union Conference on Neurophysiolocry. Kaunas, 1976, p. 395. 7. Andreyev, Ye.A., Bely, M.I., & Sitko, S.P. Vestnik AN SSSR, 1.985, No. 4, pp. 24-32. 8. Lovsund, P., Oberg, P.A., & Nilsson, S.F.G. Med. Biol. En ~'.omput., 1980, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 758-764. S). Kholodov, Yu.A., & Temnov, A.A. Materials of the 5th,All-Union Seminar "Study of the Mechanisms of Non-Thermal Effects of EMF on Biologicil Systems." Moscow, 1983, p. 8. 10. Anderson, L.Ye. XXIII General Assembly of URSI, Prague, 1990, 1). 12. 11. Semm, P. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 1983, Vol. 76, No. 4, pp. 683-690. 12. Kholodov, Yu.A. Reaktsii neryno-y sistemy na elektromagnitnvve polva (Reactions of the Nervous System to Electromagnetic Fields]. Moscow: Nauka, 1975, 208 pp. 13. Leontiyev, A.N. Problemy rgzvitiva psikhiki (Problems of the Development of the Psyche]. Moscow: Moscow University Press, 1981, 582 pp. 14. Rodshtat, I.V. Preprint No. 20 (438). Moscow: Institute for Radio Engineering and Electronics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1985, 4, pp. 24-32. 8 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 15. Livanov, M.N. Prostranstyenno-yremennaya organizatsi ,Dotentsialov i sisteinnava devateinost ccolovnL)_qo MOZ9 [Spatial and ,remporal organization of Biopotentials and systenic ActivitY Of the Brain]. Moscow: Nauka, 1989f 398 pp- 16. Sviderskaya, N.Ye. Sinkhronnaya elektricheskaya aktivnost :mozga i psikhicheskiye protsessy (Synchroneous Electrical ACtiVity of the Brain and mental Processes]. Moscow: Nauka, 1987, 154 pp. 9 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 L- WOOSZOO ~ COON 69LOO-96d(3N-Vi 0 : 80/90/OOOZ GS8818N J0=1 POAoiddV YHaGU ojaHtado exHaMaOu Lizdoxozodu XRMLLIMIDIA XODS J~ NX -oahvixEdu h9M YwOu Hz9104ateog 81VIqjr,~ead a opativwu o solnuo ,LO E),4hHlrjo S , (C,Z xxiradio) MgORO~ 1.4 14MMUrp IS310MIDO ZLz)oH -Inow iqdixeuo xeHommmt xidi.4dd a 6LmdvMiroii xi4opo YisLolairgo MqHHGWGI H MqHhOMUIRC 9 OH14eqO00 6GHOMIMZt-B' CpqjrU U Hj0OH -tOW 9MH~MnaOU 9OHqy~lZhVHe 1S0l~leh~VQ0 991alOOD WOHqimdixauo ZXtZeOU3He qy3OU jee S y0jqUt0ffQBH VHZIdBx B-PHM ILDIIE:ow OJOHaOUOd lqdom qoLr-exhHaiouoxq UaztmczH-eado 4oHH~wada-OHH9910 -HBdioodu 4opooo o ,JS14HenWO m4hma~d,, :pHuedpoaosc) 8HHHOIDoo 1918HZHeoa OpqjMXU 0 golIqUo 01-elqjr,~ead a 'woovdpo mxvj, -Isirac -ON k -toil mv Way; 'IS14HGMh -doOH-C 4 ti oinodox HH100 -mde -ocuuuz LLGEHXH _wm a LL~V V14 aOH -OH X& IGUN14 (-omd-kio) 9HOMjMMt_j#qjM S GOHHDZGdREI OH1499000 6UIe-OW aou-emhi49iouomq aowLxd HIDOHtflOW 9XH9M4HD izifoxozodu oih 'ieve -IgnXOII XIDOHb]OW aodixem SXMBHV 'ISHaOdS OJOSOH4 8XH~HLdxO0 opir IlaoHonixezlf-lciai I-Iglqlrelf K.Loejrpo g OHj4eqO00 I -do,l()H OXHOMM OIG OpZr :wondpo M&MIdgro qlVgoczdeixvdvxo OR -%(ow opelmru o xceilquo a wuwao mqi4dlRMrouxdJlHa OU X HVI 'WSH _qimdlH9hW9W ou mvx mxzvuzd Zoaoxdom zxpdLoadau amaoHoo *,e:qag -Or9h WCOW ISXHPSodmHOXhXH# qlDOHH09000 miinMci4d~,Lxed'ex 'WOL -hgH -ad an ex,Log,ed. 014mal aiqdo,lon H OMH; MM14,11 0 G)14H~)Rl -oodono -MIGIL m wol c -ou ISK, 'ISZH~ -.syixx0-yl -yxduoos LCt- WOOSZOO ~ COON 69L00- 96d(3 N-VI 0 : go/90/00OZ eseeleN j0=1 pGAoiddV Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 4 TAB I --J1 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08108: CIA-RDP96-00789RO031002~1-7 Biophysics VOL 34, No. 6, pp. 1086-1098. 1989 OD06-3509/89 S10,00*.0, Reson Printed in Poland n (3] but one may 0 1991 Perearnon Prlu Ilk sele the functional rcIe. BIOPHYSICS OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS Since the present re% remains outside itc rence [4]) although ~ RESONANCE EFFECT OF COHERENT ng them in a very gene ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS IN THE control. MILLUkIETRE RANGE OF WAVES ON LIVING At the same time, a r ORGANISMS* cal notions is required notions does not a conclusions significan M. B. GOLANT eriments to elucidate - (,Received 10 lune 1987) anged as compared ~ ich, as is known, is: The results of Soviet and foreign theoretical studies ults of t e action furthering understanding of the mechan- of c h ism of the acute resonance action of extremely high-frequencyptibility of the coherent electromagnetic za- orgam diations of low power on live organisms and the significanceLink between the of these radiations for the func. effic tioning of the latter are analysed. Iling signals. Living or developed system o REFERENCE [11 piesents a systematic review of experimentalstems as the mammalia work promoting under- standing of the mechanism of the acute resonance effect s) but confines of extremely high frequenvv onself (e.h.Q~ low power irradiations on living organisms. The riety indirectly results of these studies show. characte in particular, that the cells of live organisms generatehor of reference coherent acousto-electric vibli- [7, (F tions of the e.h.f. range used in the body as control all types of form signals of its functioning. As f01, and lows from experimental research, the influence of the The field of effective external e.h.f. rildiations on the u body is apparently connected with the fact that at certainquency range of resonance frequencies the the co signals coming from without imitate the control signals rtially matching generated to maintain homeo, ideas . stasis by the body itself. External radiations may make e control of processes good the inadequacy of the ftlnc, in tioning of the control system of the body in conditions t exist, i.e. in when the formation by it O~ the volur signals of these frequencies in arrested or becomes lessfor the formation efficient for one or other reason. of s ntain homeostasis Acquaintance with.the data outlined in reference [1] in ar greatly simpjifies the reviel of theoretical work allowing one not to deal with the information must investiptions in which the initial be e: ' premise is the assumption of the impossibility of generation.be excited in a by live organisms of cohc* partici rent vibrationO It also becomes possible to reduce to gth. Consequently, the Emit the exposition of th, to ei essence of the first theoretical studies seeking to provethe excited waves the possibility, in principle, of the must b mechanism of generation of coherent e.h.f. vibrations e possible degree in living organisms but not tYing of the the mechanisms considered to the features of their functionalrationsfis limited use: in, such a complex by th system as the living body one may imagine a number of sufficient for different mechanisms of generV the effective violet frequency range Biofizika 34. No. 6, 1004-1014, 1989. But the wavelength Soviet in t) t t o the velocity of The frequency range corresponding to the millimetre rangepropagai of wavelengths according I standard GOST 24375-86 is called the extremely high frequency range. lting See reference [21 to acquaint oneself with the conclusions of such theories and the resu insurmountable difficulties of squaring their conclusions with the results of experiments. [10861 d For Release 2000108/08: CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Resonance effect of coherent electromagnetic radiations 1087 a 1991 P tion 131 but one may select those actually existing only starting from their correspondence to the functional role. 5TEMS Since the present review is concerned with the biophysical aspects of the problem there remains outside its scope a wide range of biocybernetic studies (see, for example, reference [4D although devoted to the control systems of living organisms but consid- RENT ering them in a very generalized form difficult to tic to analysis of the specific mechanisms IN TBE of control. N LIVING At the same time, a review of theoretical work necessary for the formation of theor- etical notions is required not only for the completeness of the picture: absence of theoret- ical notions does not allow one to stage correctly experimental investigations leading to conclusions significant in practice. For example, one widespread error is the use for experiments to elucidate the influence of e.h.f. radiations of organisms with a character unchanged as compared with normal of the ongoing functioning (the ongoing functioning of which, as is known, is not influenced by e.h.f. radiations [5)) and also evaluation of the results of the action of e.h.f. radiation disregarding standing of the the parameters characteriLing the rent electro adaptibility of the organism to particular conditions Magn of existence [6]. radiations for Link between the efficiency of the control system and th the frequency range 6f the con- trolling signals. Living organisms arc exceptionally complex and accordingly require a j~,42' J very developed system of control. Even if one does not consider such ultracomplex systems as the mammalian organism or the human body lork prom U (the latter includes 10"1-10" 4 - cells) but confines onself to a single cell, its reactions ttemely hi fr are extremely varied and this of these 3 . variety indirectly characterizes the complexity of the system controlling them. Thus, the author of reference [7, (Russian translation)] writes: acousto-elettin, "...that to, give a full description ts functioning, of all types of form and movement of eukaryote cells one book would not suffice . The field of effective use of a particular control system h.f. riWatiolls is largely determined by the aance fre n frequency range of the control signal. This problem was analysed in reference [8] and partially matching ideas are contained in reference d to maintain [9]. Where the question concerns o adequacy of the the control of processes in a single isolated cell the fuiw,. possibility of "writing" in its volume -- aiust exist, i.e. in the volume the mean size of which ie formation 'by,_ 10- 16 ml, any information neces- It'af sary for the formation of signals exercizing adequate 7 one or other control of the processes helping to reaw'n. rnaintain horneostasis in any conditions of the vital simplifies the activity encountered, i.e. "the writing" iiAm is in which of information must be extremely economical. The number of different signals which e organis Ins of niay be excited in a particular resonance system is - .. 1 primarily determined by its electrical " length. Consequently, to ensure the necessary diversity tie expositi of the control signals the lengths of the excited waves must be very short as compared Y, in p I with its geometric length. Naturally, the possible degree of the contraction of wavelength anisms ut not by increasing the frequency of the 9S vibrationsf is limited by the fact that beyond a certain ia such a compla limit the energy of the quantum hf is sufficient for the effective destruction. of biological chanisms of 8 bonds, i.e. is actually limited by the ~';' ultraviolet frequency range. But the wavelength in the system A is determined not only by the frequency but also cbs according by the velocity of propagation v: to SoWd )ries and M A =vlf. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789RO0310028001~-` 1088 M. B. GOLANT If the Magnitude v corresponds to the velocity of propagation of acoustic waves (hun. dreds of m/sec) then at frequencies equal to cr exceeding 10 GHz the A values becorlic less than 10-8 m which ensures the possibility of accomodation, in the cell volume (tile mean linear size of which - 10- 1 m) of resonance systems of large electric length. The velocity in hundreds of m/sec is peculiar not only to purely acoustic *aves but also to acousto-electric waves which will be considered below. Further substantial (by 1-2 or- ders of magnitude) contraction of the wavelength would lead to its commen;urability with the size of the atoms a consequence of which would inevitably be the thermal in- stability of any informational structures the size of the informationally significant ele- ments of which would be of the order of one wavelength. The contraction of A to the same values for smallerf through further fall in v would lead to mechanical instability of the wave-guide structures (cell membranes [1]) as a result of decrease in the elastic modulus (see below). The ideas presented make it clear why the influence of coherent radiations of low (non-thermal) intensity on live organisms has been particularly often observed in the millimetre* and even shorter wave ranges. As shown in reference [8] in terms of use in the information system of living organisms the millimetre waves possess two further advantages. 1. The energy losses associated with the propagation in lipid membranes of an elec- tric e.h.f. field are relatively low (in the longwave part of the millimetre range -0-25 dB/cm [10]). From the data of reference [1] it is clear why the water surroundings of the lipid membranes do not influence the size of these losses: the aqueous medium is separ- ated from the hydrophobic layer by a space - 10 A in which the density of the flux of C-h-f power falls by an order. Apparently Oudging from the width of the resonance bands given in reference [1]) the acoustic losses are also low which is also probably explained by the feature already noted in reference [1] of the structure of the membranes: the acoustic link through the 10 A-slit separating the hydrophobic layer from the cytoplasm is greatly weakened. 2. The energy expenditure on the formation of a certain volume of information in tile millimetre range is relatively low as compared both with the longer wave and the far shorter wave ranges. This is connected with the difference in the character of noise in these Iranges as compared with the millimetre. In longer wave ranges noise of a thermal nature dominates. Since in this region hf.<,kT, the information signals, the intensity of which exceeds or is commensurate with the noise level, are formed by a very large number of quanta. The information content of such signals rises with the frequencyf. But since the neces- saty level of signals is determined by the magnitude kT the ratio of the volume of infor- mation to energy expenditure on its formation rises with f. In the fair shorter wave region hf>kT. Here the quantum noise associated with the discrete nature of the radiation dominates. Reliable transfer of a certain volume of in- formation requires that the corresponding signal is formed by the number of quanta We would recall that the millimetre range of waves corresponds to the frequencies of the vibra- tions of 30-300 GM-e.h.f. frequency range, ..eding a certain I mal the energy ( ratio of the volur on where hf>k] rgy resources mii e millimetre and cousto-electric e the results of ex cells is connected nes. A theoretical 2 the basis of the da -.0-45 N1m, tbickr. in of the velocity ere p is the density al to 800 kg/m3. T1 may one may calci:, quency shift betweei to change per unit membrane: re d is the diamete( 'The Jf values calcu ctral characteristics ceding section that ti ustic waves. Separati to the form ce the number N of i4ual for the cells in m or thousands ther logical membranes c 103_104. As is known (3], cell the strength of the 07 V/m. Therefore, or brane thickness) in d changing with the fr Although excitation o ;rent d, this is of no irnport,, Wues corresponding to diffi. i For Release 2000/08/08 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Resonance effect of coherent electromagnetic radiations logo exceeding a certain level minimal for this volume of information. The higherf the more k minimal the energy of the signal determined by the given number of quanta. Therefore, the ratio of the volume of information to the energy expenditure on its formation in the region where hf>k .T .fafls in proportion to f. For living organisms with their limited energy resources minimization of the expenditure of the latter determined by the use ofthe millimetre and shorter wave ranges nearest to it is quite substantial. Acousto-electric eh.f. waves in cell membranes and their resonances. Reference [1] gives the results of experiments showing that the resonance effect of e.h.f. radiations on the cells is connected with excitation of the acoustic-electric waves in closed cell mem- branes. A theoretical analysis of the problem is outlined in references [5, 11 ]. In this work on the basis of the data on cell membranes presented in reference [121 (elastic modulus K,;--0-45 N/m, thickness of the hydrophobic region 3 x 10 - 9 m) an evaluation is given of the velocity of propagation of acoustic waves in the membrane: vP_-(K.jp,d.)", (2) 3ranes of anijei~-.' Are range rroundings f thi" medium"I's-S, ity Of the iko, resonan6 14i P.. obably expWMA-.-:.., membranie;c."'. ~m the op s ,formation in -the iave and the far' acter of noise in )ise of a th Of Which CXCVX~ ,,,be '7 of qqan since the WON- volume of infor- )ciated with the., n volume of mber of quanta ,ncjes Qf the VitorAIP. where p is the density of the lipid (fat-like) layer which for the calculation is taken as equal to 800 kg/M3 . The magnitude vp calculated from (2) is - 400 m/sec. Using (1) and (2) may one may calculate the wavelength in the membrane for different f and also the frequency shift between the centres of the neighbouring resonance bands jf correspond- Ing 0 t change per unit of the number of wavelengths accomodated at the perimeter of the membrane: jdf J;t~(K.IpAjo" (7rd)-', (3) Where d is the diameter of the membrane. The Jf values calculated from (3) satisfactorily agree with those presented for the spectral characteristics of different cells (1]. This confirmed the ideas discussed in the preceding section that the information signals in the cells must spread at the speed of th acoustic waves. Separating the right and left parts of (3) iato f and using (1) we transform (3) to the form flAf = 7rd/A . (4) Since the number N of wavelengths A at the perimeter of the membrane equal to 7rdjA is equal for the cells in which the value d lies within the limits 0-5-10 jzm to several hun dreds or thousands then relation (4) indicates that the sharpness of the resonances in biological membranes corresponds to that of the contours with the quality factor 103_104. As is known [31, cell membranes are polarized and during normal functioning of the cell the strength of the electric field in the membrane perpendicular to its surfa(-e is 10" V/m. Therefore, on propagation of acoustic waves (producing periodic changes in membrane thickness) in the polarized membrane there appears an alternating electric field changing with the frequency of the acoustic vibrations exciting it. For vibrations of Although excitation of the vibrations may occur in membrane sections corresponding to dif- ferent d, this is of no importance in evaluating the magnitudes since as a rale the differences in the d values corresponding to different sections are insignificant. 4'. 1090 M. B. GOLANT P, low amplitude considered here the membrane represents t theoretical a linear system and hence for a n certain size of the constant electric field in the membrane9 the theoretic: the ratio of the amplitudes of the acoustic and electric vibrations remains constant f coherent regardless of the amplitude of vibi the spreading wave, i.e. an acoustic-electric, wave is h already begi, considered in which the variable electrical and acoustic parameters cannot be regulated first to express independently. It should be noted that unlike electromagnetic waves (theolic energy slowing of which in the coh membrane would be insignificant) the length of the acoustic-electricbrations possit wave in the mem- brane is - 101 times less than the wavelength in free the thickness space and, therefore, the energy of the electric e.h.f. field in the course of the vibrations that the action in the main is transformed not to the energy of the magnetic field but to the energy of the tic acoustic e.h.f. vibrations and back. vibrations wi This is similar to the transformation of energy in some . low frequency parametric systems c vibrations i in which the vibrations are maintained through transformationMich came to of the mechanical energuy t expended on increasing the distance between the charges All these and on the condenser plates to the a energy of the electric field. tain their value To the different resonance frequencies f corresponds a nisms of genera- different number of standing waves at the perimeter of the membrane. Therefore, the adiatfons. character of the distribution He p. of the e.h.f. field also changes withf both at the surfacesimilar to of the membrane and in the intra- the ,, and extra-cellular spaces lying next to it and, consequently,ation. Therefoi so does the character of the controlling action of the e.h.f. field. But for a to initiate large total number of wavelengths genc accomodated at the perimeter of the membrane, change in this number per unit cor- responding to the neighbouring resonarces; introduces vibrations a slight change in the character acc( . of the field distributions. As a result the character tion waves of the controlling action connected i with the spatial structure of the field gradually changeservoir and from one resonance to another. are At the same time the controlling action of the external systems with radiations may be connected not lo only with the spatial field distribution but with the phenomena of resonance frequencies of particular ed stribution protein molecules or intracellular elements. These last of ener changes are more weakly connect d with the structure of the field of the acoustic-electric frequency forms waves. In reference [5] it is also noted that since different membrane systems literally conformational pierce the whole cell the acoustic- electric waves branching off from the resonating membranea mechanism may penetrate to any region of ge of the cell, the direction of propagation and action dependingothesis the on the type of vibrations role in the resonating membrane and the character of the membranealso its need network changing for usly assume that configuration in different conditions (7]. The theoretical evaluations and ideas presented above y range discuss applying both to acoustic- electric waves and their controlling action in the cells rdingly, in did not touch upon the problems wor of excitation of such waves. The question of excitation of organisms is trivial neither for the case when t, it operates under the influence of external radiation tion from norrr nor the autonomous generation Of vibrations by the cell itself. Discussion of the problemsety of the connected with the excitation Of spect vibrations in the membrane directly leads to analysis nor were questic of the mechanism of generation by the cells of coherent vibrations. Therefore, it appearssignals generated desirable before starting such a discussion to go briefly into some hypotheses on the characterdy of the probl and nature of the mechanism of action of coherent vibrations on living cellsuse of e.h.f. put forward even before ir clarification of their functional role in living organismsfar the hypot~ and the careful experimental treatment of the problems associated with these mechanisms.ear. Probably it is Approved For Release 2000/08108 : CIA-RDP96.00789RO03100280=4 d For Release 2000/08/08 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Resonance effect of coherent electromagnetic radiations 1091 n and first theoretical models of the mechanisms of excitation of coherent vibrations in cells. of the Wong the theoretical studies aimed at validating the possibility of generation by living $11s of coherent vibrations a special place is taken the ti"'R by the numerous investigations by rr6hlich already begun in 1968 and summarized by him ,hich the variain 1980 (13]. Frdhlich was one the first to express the conviction that in living organisms thanks to the presence of jetabolic of whk -energy coherent vibrations may be generated with the energy of random ther- vibrations possibly being transformed to the energy vave imn of coherent vibrations. Com- 01 %jing the thickness of the membrane with the length the ener' of the acoustic waves he postu- 'ormed i6t.' ~ted that the action of radiation may be the cause of excitation in the membranes of coustic vibrations with which following polarization rations of the membranes the appearance ararnetric"7 electric vibrations is connected. aechanicat Firdlifich came to the conclusion that the resonance frequencies may lie in the e.h.f. inge. All these and a number of other ideas, in somewhat :nser pl modified and refined forni, . . I go retain their value today. Fr6hlich theoretic 1y al also worked out one of the possible occhanisms of generation of vibrations by the cells mber on exposure to external electromag- f the di Is' jetic radiations. He postulated that the mechanism of generation of vibrations by the and in t Xils is similar to the work of a regenerative amplifier brought to t e face of the regime h xcitation. Therefore, a very low external signal (he the c a did not discuss other cases) is :r of wavele6].0ough to initiate generation of coherent vibrations the power of which approaches.sa- cation. ber per urlit. ~in the ch The vibiations according to Fr6hlich (34] are connected a with the strong interaction )f polarization waves in a certain band lying in the action frequency region - 10, 1 Hz, with a lance to ~cat reservoir and are enstued by the inflow of energy from metabolic sources. In bio- cgical systems with low ftequency collective vibrations beconn favourable conditions are cre- ited for phenomena of the Bose-Einstein condensation cies of p type in the course of which there S redistribution of energy between the different degrees omakly con of freedom and the concentration n . a low frequency forms of vibrations. Condensation determines -nce [5] it the possibility of goal-di- cell the a Vc ted conformational conversion. Frdhlich was unable to demonstrate the presence of :uch a mechanism of generation (see below). Moreover, ,ate to any in the period when he advanced region :he hypothesis the role of coherent e.h.f. vibrations ype of vibrad"16i"i",for the functioning of the cell and ience also its need for them was not known. Only in etwork changi`one of his late papers [14] did he "-i autiously assume that biological systems "...themselves ff MA-Ak somehow use radiations in the )oth to aco'.1''requency range discussed and are, therefore, sensitive to the corresponding radiations". 1 -1. )on the probliAccordingly, in working out the hypothesis questions connected with the different :caction of organisms to radiation as a function of forthe the initial state of the organism and its deviation from normal were not raised or solved; ous gene nor were questions concerned with the exci te variety of the spectra generalized by living organisms in particular cases raised or -alved, nor were questions of the significance for ,in of generatibm':,-the organisms of the degree of coherence 1 the signals generated raised or solved as is also .,e starting true of a host of other problems under- 142W I ~. :Ying study of the problem today when answers to specific d nature of questions associated with the vard even practical use of e.h.f. influence are required. ful experi How far the hypothesis presented may be adapted to 0"' solve the questions arising is ot clear. Probably it is simpler to validate the theoretical construction of the mechanisms 1092 M. E. GOLANT of action isolating oneself from model concepts corresponding to the results of experi. mental research. In this connexion of interest is the many years of discussion between H, Frdhlich and M. A. Livshits and other supporters of their views [15-18]. The point is that to describe the mechanism of excitation of coherent vibrations in the cell Fr6h[ich proposes [19] a kinetic equation including second order terms ("two-quantum" terms) characterizing the redistribution of energy between the different vibrations as a result of interaction with a thermostat. Livshits considers that "two-quantum" terms are not completely written in the Fr6hlich equation. But if this omission is removed then the mechanism of excitation of coherent vibrations worked out by Frdhlich will not work. Objecting to M. A. Livshits, H. Fr6hlich writes that the "unusual physical properties of biological systems developed by long evolution cannot be predicted by simple model calculations but call for direct harmonization with the experiment". Can one choose be- tween these two mutually exclusive views? At first sight the experimental detection of generation by the cells of coherent vibra- tions [1] favours the correctness of Frdhllch's kinetic equation. But such a conclusion would be illogical: generation may not be connected with that mechanism which reflects this equation. But in such a case the subject of discussion would be peripheral to the real problem. The only way to isolate the true mechanism among the hypothetically possible is to establish its correspondence to the whole body of know facts (including the facts outlined above). Therefore, the view of the author of the review will be formulated beloW after ending the discussion of the published data. Fr6hlich's hypothesis was not the only approach to the problem; there are others stemming from the idea of the existence in living organisms of coherent vibrations but not solving the real problems listed above. Thus, for example, the author of reference [2) in 1984 advanced a hypothesis based on the assumption of the existence of a still un* identified molecule taking part in the inter medate stages of development of biochenlical reactions and present in the triplet state in which two unpaired electrons interact with their magnetic fields. The molecule has three possible initial states to each of which cor, responds its course of chemical reactions. It is assumed that the initial state may be in, fluenced by e.h.f. pumping so regulating the course of the processes. Naturally, this hypothesis, too, cannot give concrete artswers to the real problems of using C.h.f. Sig- nals in medicine and biology if only because of the unidentified nature of the molecules the existence of which is taken as its base. Effect of external eh.f. radiation on the process of excitation of acoustic electric vibr," tions in cells, character of the influence of external radiations on thefunctioning of the cells. In many experimental studies it is emphasized [1] that a single external e.h.f. exposure does not act on the ongoing functioning of healthy cell i. In reference [5] it was shc-A n ths, this may be due to the absence of a link between the retarded e.h.f. waves in the We brane and the unretarded or weakly retarded waves of external radiation. From elecro* dynamics it is known (20] that the link between delayed and undelayed waves maY be established by one or more coupling elements (antennae, slits, etc.) located at points the vibrations in which occur approximately in the same phase, i.e. shifted relative to each y I S Cd other by a whole number of dela ed waves. And, in fact, reference [1] presents pub i h ta on the formatic -disturbed (and ext ucturcs which ma~ But how do thest mponent of the w, shorter than the ler Rude of the field on the exponential k action of the po h a rapidly changii here the aqueous rr exposure to these rface and adhere tc rmed. In fact, the pc ined not only by the embrane pulsating iT e square of the field rms of smallness the ~ ng oa the protein r. where El. is the ai e; I is the ongoing membrane. Conseq th of the retarded v hich in line with the fo ptimally the link betwt From the photogra uctures described for. curvature or in narro the fields where thch many cases lead to de n of these temporary ..,e cells with disturbed the memblane on exp y of the linking eleme ation of stable informa so after arrest of irrad, It should be noted th oted by such cell defo ctures described but Oponse of the cells to rep, ~19 a single exposure cann k- To conclude the expo `,4nd the external e.h.f. flei W. 00o/08108: CIA-RDP`96-00789RO0310~001-7 Approved For Release 2 IWJ oved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Resonance cHect of coherent electromagnetic radiations 1093 data on the formation at the membrane surface in periods when normal cell functioning is io " is disturbed (and external radiation is capable of acting on its recovery) of temperary structures which may also act as coupling elements. ....... X But how do these temporary structure form? Since the in the ~~J:: membrane for the electrical " N. component of the waves excited in it is a retarding system I" the wave length in which A vio-ql= is shorter than the length of the electromagnetic waves ,ibratioii~-` in the surrounding space, the am plitude of the field on moving from the surface of the membrane decreases approximately by the exponential law exp (- 27rx/A) where x is the is rem distance from the surface [21 The action of the polarization forces on the excited , protein molecules (see below) in 3hlich Wilt ., such a rapidly changing field, especially at the surface ~d physical'"' of the lipid layer of the membrane (where the aqueous medium does not penetrate), is always :ted by A6 directed to the surface [22]. Can one On exposure to these forces protein molecules and aggregates move to the membrane surface and adhere to it [I] from which the elements of the temporary structure are formed. In fact, the polarization forces acting on the US of molecules and aggregates are deter- ut such mined not only by the variable but also by the constant components of the field in the ianism. V~ membrane pulsating in response to the acoustic wave. These forces are proportional to peripheral the square of the-field strength. As shown by calculation, if one ignores second order ipothetically terms of smallness the variable component depending on the coordinate I of the forces F, acting on the protein molecules at the membrane surface s (including is proportional to E, sin 2 (27r// '2A) where El is the amplitude of the variable component "' of the wave field in the mem- be formulat4. " .... brane; I is the ongoing coordinate read off along the . perimeter of the excited section of the membrane. Consequently the F, maxima are shifted ~em; there relative to each other by the " - length of the retarded wave A (but not A/2 as in the .,. standing wave), i.e. by the distance ~erent vib ' uthor of re which in line with the forgoing is necessary for the temporai -y structures formed to ensure ,istence of optimally the link between the waves ia the membrane and surrounding space. )ment of bi From the photographs given in reference [23] it will be seen that the temporary ectrons interi6t,Ahstiuctures described form not over the whole perimeter of the membrane but at points to each of whichofcurvature or in narrow gaps between the membranes, car. i.e. in regions of concentration - ~. ofthe flelds where their amplitude is maximal. The factors 4tial state disturbing cell functioning may be jin- -sses. Nat in many cases lead to deformation of the membranes which apparently causes the forma- ns of using tion of these temporary structures. Therefore. the effect oJILL sip- of the external e.h.f. signals on ture of the the cells with disturbed functioning grows. At the same m~j time amplification of the field in the membrane on exposure to e.h.f fields leads to acceleration of the formation not 7coustic elec only of the linking elements of the cells with the external ' e.h.f. e d but also to the for- wb. mation of stable information structures ensuring generation vnctioning of by the cells of e.h.f. signals tv also after arrest of irradiation (1] (see also below). ternal e-h-f V,100-SW [5] it was shownIt should be noted that strengthening of the link with the external field is also pro- moted by such cell deformations still not leading to f. waves in the formation of the temporary thV4 - hation. From'.'itructures described but such a link must be weaker. A~ This probably determines the re- ,elayed sponse of the cells to repeated exposure to external e.h.f. irradiation where the response , located at to a single exposure cannot be detected [24]. iifted relativeTo conclude the exposition of the question of the link ,W between the cell membranes [I] presents and the external e.h.f. field we would mention that the literature quoted in reference [1] 1094 M. B. GOLANT R describes the possibility of enhancing this link by adding to the nutrient medium in which =0 developed the the cells are present long-fibre molecules in a concentration corresponding to their posi- Mecules perform tion close to the surface of the plasma membrane at distancey of these state A from each other (5), The nature of the attendant strengthening of the link is cs (nitrogen understandable from the fore- level going remarks. I coming the pots In refetence [25] the authors discuss the nature and characterrgy of the transit of the influence of low intensity external e.h.f. radiation on the cells which ibrium. The is linked with synchronization by co- co herent low intensity radiatiens of the vibratory processescules of their in the cell. With synchroniza- bi tion is linked the strengthening of these vibrations determined,a averaged distrib in particular, by the co- herent summing of the vibrations previously dephased or e e.h.f. signal excited at different frequencies i, of the intracellular sources and the formation of a highlystates in those effective controlling signal capable of orienting in a definite way or reo rienting ronizing signal. the processes in the cells (see above). Since ionic and molecular transport takes place across e efcctiomagneL the membrane ensuring the vital activity of the cell and the membrane takes an activeecules are distrib part in its regulation [3] in reference [25] it was assumed that external e.h.f. radiationle moments [35] must influence it. It is important to emphasize that external e.h.f. radiationce (36] at differen is not an energy source for the established coherent vibrations in the cells but larly effective merely synchronizes them. The i question of the transformation of the random energy of membranes wl metabolism to the energy of cohe- rent vibrations demands special analysis. One of the laterc (see prececiin sections is concerned with this question. molecule. As i ' Eccitation of the vibrations ofprotein molecules in the are drawn to cell. The published data outlined the in reference (1] referring to experimental studies indicatesurface -of that the living cell as an auto- the mt nomous system is controlled by e.h.f. signals generated ult informatic by the cell itself A major role in this process is apparently played by the protein molecules.em was giver In the literature the prob- lems of excitation of vibrations in protein molecules haveDidenko relates been explored reasonably th fully both experimentally and theoretically. the Mossbauer spec The most detailed experimental investigations (26-301 werequencies of undertaken under the di- acoustic rection of Didenko on a specially designed apparatus permittingustic resonators use of spectra obtained Q,, by the method of nuclear garruna. resonance spectroscopy. with polymers The apparatus permitted is q various measurements in conditions of e.h.f. irradiation ecules the effects both of crystalline and lyophYl- oi lic haemoglebia samples including measurements in a strongone to isolate magnetic field ensured by the a the use of superconducting solenoids with change in the oise. temperature of the samples from room to helium. Haemoglobin was used as protein, although Mechanism of the results of measurement genei probably apply more generally. As shown by the measurements,ious sections e.h.f. exerts a resonance allow action, on the haemoglobin molecules expressed in changes eration of e.h.f. in the Mossbauer spectrum.- vibi the width of the resonance bands at room temperature is dy noted the only 3 MHz. Several series of actio resonance bands were detected. From analysis of the changesmitates their in the Mossbauer spectr3 autovib Didenko concluded that on e.h.f. irradiation the haemoglobinProbably it molecules pass to new is ration confcrmational states distinguished by the distribution he autovibrations. of charge of the electrons and by L the electric field gradient on the iron nucleus; at resonanceto anomalies frequencies the tertiary stf uc- in its i ture is rearranged in the globin part of the molecule and tation are created its dynamic properties change, in These problems have also formed the subject of numerous s leads to synchroni. theoretical investigations in the recent period. Among them we would note the work membrane and of Frauenfelder et al. (31-331 the j Approved For Release 20oo/08108: CIA-RDP96-00789ROO310028 -7 roved For Release 2000108108 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Resonance effect of coherent electromagnetic radiations 1095 aediurma who developed the model of the dynamic behaviour of proteins according to which the ng to thek molecules perform fluctuations passing from one conformational state to another, each Oth Inany of these states being energetically very close to each other. At reduced tempera- tures (nitrogen level and even lower) the probability from th of such transitions associated with overcoming the potential barriers falls in proportion to exp [-E,101 where E, is the nfluence of the transition [34]. At rocm temperature most of the substates are in thermal energy mizatiolat'. equilibrium. The conformational mobility is important for the fulfilment by the bio- th synchr" molecules of their biological function. Accordingly thermal equilibrium leads to a cer- Aar, b~~'thi~tain. averaged distribution of these functions between the molecules. ran -ent freq The e.h.f. signal is capable of synchi onizing the vibrations isolating certain conforma- itrolling'; tional states in those molecules with i esonance frequencies close to the frequency of the -11s ( 'see A6 synchronizing signal. The possibility of excitation of the vibrations in protein molecules ic ens~ by the electromagnetic signal is determined by the fact that ions as part of the protein ~gutatlofi-' molecules are distributed in them unevenly so that these molecules have considerable dipole moments [35]. In line with the model of biornacromolecules developed in ref- energy. Crence (36] at different frequencies the e.h.f. field rgy, interacts with their different portions. zes them'47" particularly effective interaction of the e.h.f. field with protein molecules must occur close %nergy of to the membranes where the e.h.f. waves are retarded co and their lengths are equal to acoustic (see preceding section) the length of which oncerned is commensurate with the size of the protein molecule. As made clear above, on exposure to an e.h.f. signal the protein mole- t data outffhjj~--cules are drawn to the membrane surface, the character of the process of drawing to the ell as an inner surface of the membrane being similar to that ~tk&~ of molecules to its outer surface [23]. result information structures may form on the membrane majc "& ' surface (an example of t As a ' _ v one of them was given in reference [1)). " ture the;~j I- I'., 1 ~ .r.w~ Didenko relates the results obtained by her in study 11. of the action of an e.h.f. signal ed reason"11 .. on the Mossbauer spectra of protein molecules to excitation in the latter at the resonance under the frequencies of acoustic vibrations. The quality factor dl. of the haemoglobin molecules as :ctra obtainedacoustic resonators Q,, according to the evaluation made by her (on the basis of the ana- tus permittedlogy with polymers isquitelarge: -101. The magnitude hfQ,,>,,. k T and, therefore, in such and Iyophyl- molecules the effects of accumulation of the energy of many quanta may operate allow- ld ensured e to isolate the action of even very weak coherent b signals against the background ing on samples fro of noise. . Mechanism of generation by the cells of coherent e.h.f. measuremp signals. The material of the s a resonsim allows us to pass to an exposition of ideas on the mechanisms of auto- pievious sections ier spectii~g'_`,generation of e.h.f. vibrations in the cell (5]. This is a very important question since as ,eral series.4Valready noted the action of the extemal signaJs on the cells is effective only to the extent )auer spectrait imitates their autovibrations. pass to'ACW.1~,:ProbLbly it is rational to outline as follows the sequence ' of the process of excitation trons and~j of the autovibrations. In conditions when as a result of certain actions on the cell lead- ertiary sttao-,ing to anomalies in its functioning its symmetry is disturbed, conditions of pleferential rties chanVL-.~excitation are created in the cell membranes at certain resonance frequencies (see above). lvestigifi'qpk"~.This leads to synchronization of the vibrations of those protein molecules adhering to et at. [31~W the membrane and the resonance frequencies of wWch coincide or are close to the fre- I . H Approved For Release 1096 M. B. GOLANT quencies mostly excited in the membranes. Synchronizationplain as a cons, and the associated coherent summing of the vibrat 'ions ensure rise in the efficiencyn to them by tb of transfer of their energy to the membrane and radiation to the surrounding space. As a for the corre result the dependence of radia- tion on frequency begins to differ from that observed accelerate the in the case of equilibrium thernial T. radiation at the temperature of the cell: at resonance tive. frequencies it rises. Naturally, the rise in the energy of radiation occurs through the energye process desc: of metabolism compensating rise in the energy losses on radiation, (but not throughthe membrane s~ cooling of the cell). Transformation of energy apparently occurs as follows. not touched up( Disturbance of thermal equi- librium through increase in radiation at certain resonanceone also conside frequencies leads to redistli- bution of energy between the protein molecules taking es). The mechan place during energy exchange be- tween them and directed at restoring the equilibrium state. This process is linked with the preferential transfer of energy to the molecules synchronized by the vibrations of the membranes since the radiation at their resonance frequenciesGOLANT, M. B., is more intense than that Bi~ at the frequencies of the vibrations of other molecules.KMMAN, F., Phys Maintenance of the temperature of the cell is ensured by fall in the removal of energy BYERGELISON, L. of metabolism into the external space. I In the initial period after disturbance of the symmetry of the cell giving rise to the gen- eration of coherent vibrations, the number of protein HAKEN, H., Biol. molecules adhering to the mem- C~ GOLANT, M. B. and brane is relatively low as compared with the periods FURTA, M. et al., when protein molecules are drawn IE1 to the membranes from the cytoplasm (especially at thoseFULTON, A., Cytoskt portions of the membrane surface which undergo the sharpest distortions [37D. Mir, Moscow, 1987 With increase in the number Of molecules adhering to the membrane and the formation EVYATKOV,N.D. of information structures the resonance become sharper, the energy transmitted by the STED, J. B., J. protein molecules to the niern- Bio LAND, D. V., IEEE P, brane and emitted into space (the energy of the coherent-GOLANT, M. B. vibrations generated by the cell0 and S . grows. and Medicine (in Russi The process of rise in the power of the coherent vibrationsJVKOV, B. G. and generated is not limitless. B) The limitations are connected with the non-linearity (in Russian) p. of the process. Wherein lies it" 224, Nai source? In reference [I] attention was drawn to the factFRdMICH, H., Adv. that enlistment of protein mole- :Idem., Mol. Models of I cules further from the surface to form information structuresto 8 Sept., 1982, on the membranes re- pp. 39- quires energy expenditure exponentially growing with PIVSFUTS, M. A., distance. This inevitably leads to Biofi restriction of the attainable power of the vibrations, FROHUCH, H., Ibid. i.e. to passage to steady generation. 2 AUSTII The higher the level of disturbances and the greater U, T. M. and the invaginations of the membrane -YUSIUNA, M. Ya., it pr(,duces (371 the higher the maximum level of the Ibia vibrations generated. RUCK H., Ibid. 2( The reaction of the systems present in the state of stableLEBEDEV, L V., equilibrium to the forces Techn perturbing them (but not leading to irreversible changes)'shk., Moscow, always boils down to fall in the 1972 effect of the action of the latter (1c Chatelier principle;SHIN$ R. A. and in relation to living organisms the SAZ( same meaning is attached to the concept of homeostasis).Moscow, 1966 In this case this means that the , H. A., Coherent ffect of the control e.h.f. signals generated by the I cell always restores the stable state YOUL berg. 1983 of the cell whatever the cause of its disturbance or SOTNICKOV, 0. to the greatest possible fall in the S., Dyna effects of the action of the forces is in disturbing Leningrad, 1985 the given state. * Detailed treatment of all the associated processes is not possible since the processes'GOLANT, M. B. pet turbing the work of the cell etal., I are highly diverse but, for example, elimination of the Objects (in Russian) membrane deformations is easy pp. DEVYATKOV, N. D. et The character of the processes is determined both by DIDENRO, N. P. the spectrum of the signais generated and et al., I the localization of the disturbances producing them. Objects (in Russian) pp. - -RDP96-00789ROO31 M_ 001 -7 200010108. CIA oved For Release 2000/08/08: CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Resonance cifect of coherent electromagnetic radiations 1097 associated. to explain as a consequence of the impacts on their prottuding portions of the molecules r their e drawn to them by the c.h.f. field. The use of external e.h.f. signals of the same frequencies lependenc~. which for the corresponding disturbances would be generated by the organism itself equilibrium olay accelerate the process of generation of the information structure or make it more rises. Natuplictive. effe olism compelt The process described is a system process involving _Vi metabolism, protein molecules e ceU). and the membrane system alike and if one considers multicellular organisms (which we nce of the Mao have not touched upon in the present review in order not to complicate the exposition) ies leads- tol then one also considers the organism as a whole (naturally its different parts to differing i -nergy degrees). The mechanism described, of course, is still excha"n, N; highly hypothetical. ass is linked)y R ie vi braii6n'sEFERENCES te inten M. B., Bioflzika 34: 339, 1989 se i. GOLANT, of the te KIE11 MAN, F., Physik in unserer Zeit, No. 2, 33, 1985 2. 6 the extern BYERGELISON, L. D., Membranes, Molecules, Cells (in Russian) 183 pp., Nauka, Moscow, 3 iving rise 1982 0 .11 4. HAKEN, H., Biol. Cybern. 56: 11, 1987 thering GOLANT, M. B. and REBROVA, T. B., Radioelektronika, ,, No. 10, 10, 1986 iolecules are . _-_ ! 6. FURTA, M. et aL, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engng., Vol. s of the mim"'BME-33, p. 993,1986 7. FULTON, A., Cytoskeletoa. Architecture and Choreography of the Cell (in Russian) 117 pp., Mir, Moscow, 1987 e in the 8. DEVYATKOV, N. D. and GOLANT, M. B., Pis'ma v ZhTF Aion st C es 12: 288, 1986 the 9. TASTED, J. B., J. Bioclect. 4: 367,1985 lecules; to the . . _4'~-. 10. LAND, D. V., IEEE Proc. 134: 193, 1987 RL. d b nerate IGOLANT, M. B. and SHASHLOV, V. A.t Use of Millimetre y the6h Low Intensity Radiation in Biology and Medicine (in Russian) pp. 127-131, IRE, Akad. Nauk A SSSR, Moscow, 1986 O V N 12. 1VKOV, B. G. and BYERESTOVSKII, G. N., The Lipid ited is not Bilayer of Biological Membranes ;i4#! ip~" (in Russian) p. 224, Nauka, Moscow, 1982 ss. Wherein 4 * _ 13. ]FROHLICH, H., Adv. Electronics and Electron. Phys. .1 W 53: 85,1980 :nt of prc 14. Idem., Mol. Models of Pbotoresponsiveness. Proc. ' Nat. Adv. Study Inst., San Moniato, 29 Aug. the membranes-rij.to 8 Sept., 1982, pp. 39-42, N. Y., 1983 inevitably 15. LIVSHITS, M. A., Bioflzika 17: 694,1972 leads to steady generation.16. FROHLICH, H., Ibid. 22: 743,1977 is of the membroij17. WU, T. M. and AUSTIN, S., Phys. Lett. 65A: 74,1978 erated 18. YUSHINA, M. Ya., Ibid. 91A: 372,1982 , 19, FROHLICH, H., Ibid. 26A: 402,1968 . )riurn to the 20. LEBEDEV, 1. V., Technique and U.H.F. Instruments Iroici (in Russian) Vol. 11, 375 pp., Vyssh. -- . down to fall shk., Moscow, 1972 in the iving organi~iaM21. SILIN, R. A. and SAZONOV, Y. P., Retarding Systems (in Russian) 632 pp., Sov. Radio, this means Moscow, 1966 that di 22. POHL, H. A., Coherent Excitations in Biological res the stableSystems, pp. 199-210, Springer, Berlin-Heidel- state berg, 1983 possible fall 123. SOTNIKOV, 0. S., Dynamics of the Structure of the in the Live Neurone (in Russian) 160 pp., Nauka, iled treatmentLeningrad, 1985 of all " the work of 24. GOLANT, M. B. et al., Effect of Non-Thermal Exposure the to Millimetre Radiation on Biological -formation Objects (in Russian) pp. 115-122, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, s is easy Moscow, 1983 25. DEVYATKOV, N. D. el aL, Bio&ika 28: 895,1983 signals genera"26. DIDENK0, N. P. el al., Effect of Non-Thermal Exposure to Millimetre Radiation on Biological Objects (in Russian) pp. 63-77, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1983 1098 L. 1. KRiSHTALnC rt 27. DEDENKO, N. P. et al., Pis'ma v ZhTF 11: 1515,1985 from the ger 28. DIDENKO, N. P. et al., Proc. of the Nuclear Physics Research Institute at the Tomsk Polv. technical Institute (in Russian) No. 10, pp. 77-81, Energoizdat, Moscow, 1983 29. DIDENRO, N. P. et al., Summaries of Reports of Sixth All-Union Seminar "Use of Nlillimetre e values figurir Low Intensity Radiation in Biology and Medicine" (in Russian) p. 40, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1986 convergence o1 30. AMELIN, G. P. et al., Tomsk, 1986 - Dep. in VINITI, 17 January 1986 as No. 319V-86 the reorganizz 31. FRAUENFELDER, H., Helvet. Phys. Acta 57: 165, 1984 n 32. FRAUENFELDER, H. and GRATTON, E., Protein Dynamics and Hydration, Univ. Illinois, 1985. Preprint III-(ex)-85-1, 26 pp. 33. ANSART, A. et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. Wash. 82: 5000, 1985 eredG,* refers 34. ZHDANOV, V. P., Rate of Chemical Reactions (in Russian) 101 pp., Nauka, Moscow, 1986 Convergent ene 35. R"POPORT, S. M., Medizinische Biochemic. Veb. Verlag, "Volk und Gesundheit", Berlin. 1964 ce the distance 36. CHOU, K. C., Biophys. Chem. 20: 61, 1984 37. TUSHMALOVA, N. A. and NARAKUYEVA, 1. V., Comparative Physiological Studies of Ultra- structural Aspects of Memory (in Russian) 148 pp., Nauka, Moscow, 1986 Biophysics Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 1098-1104, 1989 0006-3509189 $10.00~ -OD Priatcd in Poland (0 1991 Pergamon Pr,:5R ric ACTIVATION ENERGY AND ANALYSIS OF POSSIBLE PATHWAYS OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC EVOLUTION OF OXYGEN* L. L KRiSHTALIK Frumkin Institute of ElectrochemistrY, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow (Received23 July 1987) From analysis of the main contributions to the activation energy of a series of stages of oxida- tiori of water to 02 the following conclusions are drawn: the barrier set up by the repulsion of unbound 0 atoms on their convergence is partially overcome through the energy of binding of ihe water molecules by manganese ions. Concerted electron and proton transfer with the Par- ticipation of bases stronger than water greatly improves the energetics of the process; the most lagrams of the Pole probable pathway of the reaction -is the rate-determining two-electron oxidation of water to fferent values of the hydrogen peroxide (the possibility of this process taking place in two successive single-electron -0 bonds in H202 ' e el stages is not clear) with two subsequent- fast stages of oxidation Of 112% to H0, and ulsion equal to 0-6 P then to 02- I.,4 references [1, 21 we considered the equilibritun values 'of the.changes in the configula' ss than the sum 0 tional free energy of the reaction of evolution Of 02 as a whole and its individual stages, U We now look at the factors determining the height of the activational barrier. Lei 111 UatedGpp on forrr described by the ? S S Biofizika 34: No. 6, 1015-1020,1989. 1 (curve 3, Figure. Approved For Release 2000108108 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 11 TAB .1 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 1 -7 Action of e terminant role of the protein carcass in the cooperative effects in the membrane. The phenomena due to rearrangement of the membrane carcass and cytoskeleton are analysed in relation to pro. tease-induced adhesion of fibroplasts, the mechanisms of functioning of highly permeable gap contacts and the excitability of the neurone membranes. From the analysis made the concept of the participation of the cytoskeleton both in local and remote regulation of the receptors, enzyme systems and ionic channels is formulated. The controlling role of the generalized structural transitions is traced not only in the membranes of individual cells but also at the level of intercellular interactions. Thus, the membrane rearrange- ments induced by the contacts between the surfaces of neighbouriag cells, in the view of the author, are an important factor in ihibiting animal cell division and regulating the size of microbial po- pulations. A special place in the book is occupied by an outline of new ideas on nonequilibrium, meta- stable states of the membrane structures determined by the interaction of the membrane carcass and the lipid bilayer, the transmembrane potential and the surface membrane charge. Thanks to this metastability sustained through the energy of metabolism, non-decaying spread of the struc- tural transitions over a considerable distance proves possible. The book by S. V. Konev is literally saturated with similar original concepts, sometimes ap- parently debatable but invariably stimultaing the creative thinking of researches working in one of the most interesting fields of biophysics, exploring the mechanisms of the functioning of supra- molecular structures of the cell. Biophysics VoL 34 No. 2, pp. 370-382,1989 Printed in Poland 0006-3309189 SMOO + .00 C 1990 Pergamon Press PIC PROBLEM OF THE RESONANCE ACTION OF COHERENT ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS OF THE MILLIMETRE WAVE RANGE ON LIVING ORGANISMS* A B. GOLANT (Received 10 June 1987) A review is made of Soviet and foreign experimental studies furthering understanding of the mechanism of the acute resonance action of extremely high frequencyt coherent electro magnetic radiations of low power on living organisms and the significance of these radia tions for the functioning of the latter. THE effect of electromagnetic radiations (e.m.r.) on living organisms was noted long ago (see, for example, [2]) and occasioned no surprise. Physiotherapy and radiobiology are concerned with study of the character of the thermal and radiation effects of e.m.r. and study of the possibility Of their practical usage. Biofizika 34: No. 2, 339-348, 1989. The range of extremely high frequencies (e.h.f.) from 3 x 1010 to 3 x 1011 Hz corresponds to the millimetre wave range from I to 10 mm (1]. Approved For Release 2000108108: CIA-RDP96-00789RO However, simu~. Jiving organisms of on exposure to whic', nature of their actua radiations was explai the reproducibility of and the action was ch not compared. Howe did not cease and it wc techniques in work " At the start of the N. D. Devyatkov emba level 6n living organimf up the first series of gen the specific features of quency ranges (4) sug& radiations. Later, the sp tion to the problems of For any sufflcientl~- their reaction to agents functioning of the syster gularities of the behavior first systematic cxperime: IDENTIN COHERENT EJ The first series of c~ tions, or artefacts, of col CU. radiations) on livit VM undertaken on orgai the results have been re *Iws of the &st 70 publi, ;fdascribed and the mair. i.fients confirming these p 118 desirable without di $6ed in the course of th U&d on their basis. '. The dependence g the body is of an acu qUency bands (usually 0~1 2. The effects obser F*,the density of the inci Mounting for different magnitude for a sing' I n-e memorizatio of the resulting 4 Of sufficient length: frc Fv. 4. The biologica.1 ef if the body, Single e.h.f 1-7 Action of electromagnetic radiations of raillimetre wave range on living organisms 371 ie pheno However, simultaneously there appeared data on the effective influence on the functioning of lation to living organisms of non-ionizing radiations of low power (so-called non-thermal level of power) ermeable on exposure to which heating of the tissues does not exceed 0-1 K. It was difficult to understand the ,oncept of nature of their actual presence from the same standpoint from which the action of more powerful izyme SYS . radiations was explained. Many considered that it is a . . . . matter of artefacts particularly since at first the reproducibility of the results was extremely poor. The data referred to different biological objects le mern and the action was characterized by different biological parameters and the acting factors were also ne rearr not compared. However, communications on non-thermal actions of electromagnetic radiations :)f the authw did not cease and it would be impermissible to ignore them if only from the point of view of the safety nicrobid techniques in work with radiations. ;At the start of the 'sixties a number of teams under the joint scientific direction of Academician brium, n3etA4.N, D. Devyatkov embarked on a systematic study of the action of coherent radiations of non-thermal )rane level on living organims. The work was conducted in the ' e.h.f. range [31 since in the course of setting C. Thanlc~ up the first series of generators covering this range Academician Devyatkov and the author identified of the s the specific features of e.h.f. radiations both as compared with lower frequency and far higher fre- quency ranges [41 suggesting the possibility of an enhanced reaction of living organisms to these )metimes radiations. Later, the special possibilities of using . the radiations of this range were validated in rela- ap ' tion to the problems of medicine and biology [5]. rking in ag of supra.,',,,%%4.For any sufficiently complex system, primarily for living organisms, study of the features of their reaction to agents must begin by answering the question of the role of these agents in the functioning of the system or organism. The answer to this question may give knowledge on the re- gularities of the behaviour of the agent. Therefore, study of these patterns was the main aim of the first systematic experimental investigations. '89 $10.OD+Ag' amon Pro= K IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC PATTERNS OF THE ACTION OF COHERENT E.H.F. RADIATIONS OF NON-THERMAL LEVEL OF POWER ON LIVING ORGANISMS The first series of experiments sought to clarify the question on the reality of the effective ac- tions, or artefacts, of coherent e.h.f. radiations of non-theirrial intensity (hereafter for brevity called e.h.f. radiations) on living organisms and if such actions exist to identify their basic patterns. It was undertaken on organisms of differing complexity of organization (from bacteria to mammals). The results have been repeatedly and quite amply discussed in the literature. In particular, the re- views of the first 70 publications are given in (6, 71; in references [8, 91 tile technique of the experiment is described and the main patterns, later also treated in reference [10), presented. Subsequent experi- ments confirming these patterns were also undertaken abroad (see, for exampie, [11, 121). Therefore, it is desirable without digressing on a repetition of these experiments (the main results will be pre- sented in the course of the exposition) to begin straight away with formulations of the patterns iden- ding of tified on their basis. .lectro- 1. The dependence of the biological effect on the frequency of coherent e.h.f. radiation acting radia- on the body is of an acute resonance character, i.e. the response to the agent occurs in narrow fre- quency bands (usually -10-3-10-4 of average frequency). 2. The effects observed in a certain fixed time of the action of e.h.f. radiation are not critical (see, for to the density of the incident flow of energy. Starting from a certain minimum (threshold) density rned with amounting for different organisms to 0-01-100 mW;,cml the subsequent rise in flow by 2-3 orders Mbility of magnitude for a single action does not, as a rule, influence of the biological effect. 3. The memorization of the action of the e.h.f. -persistence for a long time after arrest of the exposure of the resulting changes in the functioning of the organism -ensues only when irradiation is of sufficient length: from a few tens of minutes to a few hours. spondsto 4. The biological effects of the action of e.h.f. radiations closely depend on the initial state of the body. Single e.h.f. irradiation does not significantly influence the current functioning of the Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 3100 372 M. B. GOLANT healthy organism. If any Of the functions of the organism is disturbed, exposure to coherent e.h.f. radiations may in many cases restore it. It is important to note that heat exposure cannot give e&cts satisfying these patterns. This, of course, does not exclude the existence of purely thermal effects weakly depending on frequency and corresponding to low levels of the acting power flux (13, 141. To form ideas from the experiments on the nature of the action of e.h.f. radiations on living organisms a major role is played by the common nature of the patterns presented for organisms of differcnt complexity of organization. This allows one to use the data of many investigations and not to confine the field of the investigations to the characteristics of any one object. Analysis of the patterns listed outlined in the greatest detail in [14, 15] suggested two main conclusions. a) The effect of coherent e.h.f. radiations on living organisms adds up to the control of the :restorative processes occuning in thim and processes of adaptation to the changing conditions of functioning, and b) the effectiveness of the acute resonance action on the organism of radiations originating from sources of coherent oscillations external in relation to it is connected with the fact that these radiations may excite in the organism coherent e.h.f. oscillations simultaing signals generated in certain conditions by the organisms themselves. A similar conclusion is also contained in refer- ence [16]. However, the passage from the patterns outlined to these conclusions at first ran through complex logical reasoning. The question of more direct experimental evidence retained its acuity. namely the present review is devoted to a description of it. The material will be outlined in the order and way in which it may serve for answering the specifically posed questions corresponding to the problem under study. The choice of the experiments described in each case is determined by the completeness of the answer to the question posed ensured by them. 1 In order to fit into the volume of the paper the information necessary for illuminating the most important aspects of the problem the material will be given without going into details which are contained in the quoted sources. In particular, the communications [11, 17, 18] are specially de- voted to the question of possible experimental errors. Here, we would merely note that in the ex- periments described below in nearly all cases the range of changes occurring on exposure to e.h.f. radiations was far smaller than the mean value of these changes. LINK BETWEEN THE ACUTE RESONANCE CHARACTER OF THE RESPONSES OF ORGANISMS TO THE ACTION OF E.H.F. RADIATIONS AND THE INFORMATION FUNCTION* OF THE LATTER For the comprehensive control of the functioning of an orpnism many control signals dit- fering from each other are necessary. The acuity of the resonance responses of the body to irradiation (narrowness of the frequency band, see, for example, Fig. 1) characterizing the first of the above formulated patterns contributes to the formation on the basis of them of a large number of different spectra. But to answer the question of how far the acute resonance nature of the responses of the organisms to the action of e.b.f. radiations may indicate the information function of the latter, it was first necessIry to satisfy ourselves that a large number of such resonance response actually exists. The action spectr% (12, 19] given in Fig. 2-dependence of a certain biological parameter on fre- quency -confirmed that the position is actually so. t Similar dependences had already been registered in reference [201, only the number of identified resonances was smaller. With such a density Of accommodation of the resonance bands in the frequency range their combinations in the spectra may ensure a huge variety of signals. But this will correspond to the diversity of control only with the Below by information function we mean the role of e.hf. radiationot as control signals. We would note that in reference 1191 for some resonance curves from among those sho%vu in r1g. 2b, we present a large number of experimental points. Approved For Release 2000108108: CIA-RDP96-00789ROO310 Old Action of el 1. Induction cc tion that to eacl . The action spe Bled. They refle 1.0 ak AI/No a 100 ~4~ - .60 lot an Mwpendencv nJ121 (a) an, ~,' Phb X-M( the char gn answer tc Pet'if feasible proved For Release 2000/08/08 : Cl~-RDP96-00789 R, 0 nt I&g%l Action of electrc-nagnetic radiations of mt limetre wave range on rSPQ00qJj7 oher, atterng. on ons on iivi or or tigations ed two )ntrol of .ondition; 3 origiaat Ct Enat til generated ..J .ed in 4 ran hr OU' d its actA in the or" ading to t iined by the~~7, ~ng the moii s which are pecially de-:: A in the ex. M are to e.hf.', IONS signals dif. irradiation f the above of different inses of the he latter, it `ftl aally existL .ter on fre. i registered density of pectra may ty with the signals. ose shown log K 71 70 71 f, GHz FIG. Induction coefficient of lambda prophage as a function of the frequency of the acting ra diation [11]. condition that to each of these bands correspond states of the organism somehow differing from each other. The action spectra presented do not answer the question of whether or not the last condition is fulfilled. They reflect the dependence on frequency of only one single biological parameter and the 41,700 44800 F, MHz b V/A10 700 rF- la ib a a b a R e.h.f +-P 60 60 312p-, 710 714 718 7.22 A, MM RG. 2. Dependences of the normalized growth rate of a yeast culture on the frequency of the acting radiation (121 (a) and change in the number of kafyocytes (N/No) after exposure to e.h.f. combined with X-radiation with the wavelength of e.h.f. radiations in free space (19] (b). character of the change in the other parameters is not defined. Moreover, biological methods cannot provide an answer to this question since complete examination of the biological object is extremely laborious, if feasible at all [211. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 374 M. B. GOLANT A certain but 'nsufficiently complete answer to this question is given by experiments on the detection of the frequencies of exposure optimal in terms of the maximum intensification of different processes in the organism (221. The results of one such investigation are given in Fig. 3. Since the frequencies optimal in terms of reaching the maximum changes of arbitrarily chosen parameters are usually scattered far apart the corresponding experiments cannot give an answer to the question of the differences in the effects on the organism in near resonance bands. ONE OF THE POSSIBLE WAYS OF IDENTIFYING THE LINK BETWEEN THE GENERAL STATE OF THE BODY AND THE FREQUENCY OF THE E.H.F. RADIATION ACTING ON IT Since the detection of all the changes occurring in the body separately is impossible a different approach to answering the question was substantiated and experimentally worked out [23]. Some integral characteristics exist influenced by all or nearly all the changes occurring in the cells. Such an integral characteristic is, in particular, the duration of the cycle of development of the cell between successive divisions (hereafter, for brevity duration of the cycle). In so-called synchronous cell cul- tures it is pomible to select cells with almost identical parameters and ensure the simultaneity of the first acts of their division. But even with the strictest selection the synchrony of cell division already after a few cycles is disturbed with transition to exponential growth of the cell count (Fig. 4a). 7/1101 a b 32- 100-- 50 2 6.16 6.16 6.20 6-22 A,mm 0 2 Y 6 0 2 Y 6 T Fici. 3 Fto. 4 ING. 3. Enzymatic activity of Asp. aw4mory 466 (in relation to control) as a function of the wave length of the acting radiation in free space for two different substrates 1221: I-alpha amylase; 2-glucoamylase. Fla. 4. Curves of the synchronous division of yeast cells, a - not exposed to e.h.f. radiation; b - ex posed 123]; n1no is the ratio of the cell counts in the suspension to the initial value; r is time in cycles of development between successive divisions, duration of cycle I hr. It has been assumed that a difference in the duration of the cycle is connected with the difference in the frequencies of the e.h.f. oscillations generated by the cells. In fact, after synchronization Of these oscillations in the course of relatively brief (in different conditions from several tens of minutes to two hours) exposure to a coherent sijaal of non-thermal intensity from an external source of e-h-f radiations the diffierence in the duration of the cycle for different cells was virtually removed and reflected in the constancy of the duration of the steps (Fig. 4b). A similar effect can also be obtained through mutual synchronization of the oscillations in the cells without resorting to an extemal emitt0f- For this it suffices to amplify the emission of the cells. As shown M1 [24, 251 amplification of emission cart be achieved, in particular, by introducing into the cell suspension long-fibrous molecules acting as antenna (this will be examined below in more detail). Approved For Release 2000/08108: CIA-RDP96-00789ROO31002i V Action of clectiomagnetic radiations Of millimetre wave range on living organ'sms 375 Fig. 3. losen p er to thi )ssible,a 4A d out [23~., in the cells~.' ~'f the cell be~ .hronous cel multaneity I ,I division al ;ount (Fig. 4 At the same time, different cells, for example single-type cells of different animals apparently generate, in principle, different frequencies not amenable to mutual synchronization. In [25] de- scribing the interaction of erythrocytes it was established that only those of the same animals ef- fectively interact (attract each other); they find each other even in a suspension of cells of different animals. In the course of the above-described experiments on synchronization of the cell-generated oscilla- tions by an external e.h.f. signal the duration of the cycle was found to depend on frequency: it was t' in 60 L_ 50 f, GHI Fic,, 5. Duration of cycle of development of yeast cells between successive divisions as a function of the frequency of the e.h.f. radiation acting on them. proportional to the frequency of the signal synchronizing the oscillations in the cells (Fig. 5). Cqm- parison of this result with the action spectra (Fig. 2) indicates that together with resonance depend- ences of one specific parameter on frequency there is gradual change with frequency in a set of other b parameters influencing the duration of the cycle. This is reflected in change in the integral charac- teristics. Consequently, to each of the resonance bands correspond changes in the body differing in some way from each other. At the same time the smoothness of change with the frequency of the integral characteristic indicates that even the individual parameters of the cell with change in the frequency of the oscilla- tions generated by it change gradually so that it may be expected that at close resonance frequencies the organism as a whole changes relatively little. 2 WHAT STRUCTURES DETERMINE THE RESONANCE NATURE OF THE RESPONSE OF THE ORGANISM TO E.H.F. EXPOSURE? The large number and regularity of lines in the action spectra shown in Fig. 2 indicate that tion of the wav e.hf. radiation leads to excitation of multfinodal resonance systems. Shift in AA between the neigh- -alpha amy bouring resonances in wavelength in the free space and the value A of the mean wavelength in the region in which the spectrum is recorded (see Fig. 2) make it possible to determine. the number of radiation; b- wavelengths in theexcited resonance systemN=A/IJAI. (Withthis conditiondA corresponds to change r is time in cy per unit number of wavelength accommodated in a closed resonance system, ie. transition to resonance tr. of the type of oscillations closest to the initial.) Thus, for example, in the experiments run with cells and described in 1201 Nc-- 200. In the experiments described in reference 1121 N_- 1500 (see Fig. 2). The wavelength in the system in order of magnitude must be equal to the ratio of the perimeter vith the difference-,of the cell (microns to tens of microns) to the magnitude N indicated, ie. the wavelength in the mchronizatioll ~1. excited system is ~ 106 times shorter than that in the free space [241 and this, in turn, indicates that al tens of minutes...the waves in a multimodal resonance system spread at the velocity of sound (in order of magnitude). %al source of Thus, the experimentally established nature of the action e. spectra indicates that on exposure WY removed of the cells to electromagnetic radiations acoustic-clectric oscillations am excited in them (241. also be obta' Judging from the character of the action spectra in mammals (Fig. 2b) they am also due to resonances I external emit in the cells. For the oscillations to be excited by electromagnetic waves the losses on the propagation ation of emissioi~'of acoustic-electric oscillations in the resonance system must be relatively low. This requirement is molecules acth met by the losses on propagation of the e.h.f. in a lipid medium (10-fold decay at distances of the order of centimetres (26D. Such distances are very large as compared with any intracellular dimen- For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 376 M. B. GOLANT sions. This led to the conclusion that the role of the multimodal resonance systems may be played by lipid membranes [27, 28). But the membranes are surrounded by cytoplasm-a medium representing aqueous salt solutions (hereafter for brevity called an aqueous medium) characterized by heavy ohmic losses. Does not this make resonance excitation of the membranes impossible? The investiga- tions described in reference (29] showed that the hydrophobic part of the membranes with low losses is separated from the hydrophilic (directly contiguous to the aqueous medium) by layers of thickness - 10 A. At the same time the above-indicated value of the delay of wave propagation (_ 106) cor- responds to fall by an order in the density of the power flux of e.h.f. also over a distance - 10 A [301, Therefore, an e.h.f. field of sharply reduced amplitude reaches the aqueous medium and the ohmic losses in it do not impede resonance excitation of the oscillations in the membranes. Cl X dB a Na 3 b 3 2 36 37 f, 0 % 114 0. Fla. 6 Fia. 7 Fp- 6. Absorption spectra of. a-erythrocytes; b-a)rthrocyte ghosts (311. Fia. 7. Formation during memorization of protein structures on the surface of the nuclear mcn, branes, of ganglionic elements of hydra [331: a-nortnal state; b-adaption. In principle, a priori, the resonances observed in study of the action spectra cannot be equated with those on excitation by e.h.f. fields of passive electrodynamic structures, The difference is that in cxperimenW study of the action spectra the biological effect. is the dl=CtO output parameter- The biological effect is linked by a complex non-linear dependence to the fields acting on the mern, brane and in a complex metabolic'systern the initial action of the field may be enhanced'whirh, in turn, may lead to fixation of even weak differences in the acting field.* The experiments described ip [311 with recording of the absorption spectra of the erythrOCY163 and their .ghosts (ie. erythrocyte membranes -freed of cytoplasm) shovmd that the spe. ctra in both In certain conditions the ohmic losses for the waves spreading in the membLanes may rise considerably leading.to difficulties in the experimental detection of resonance frequencies. Approved For Release 20oo/08108 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280 Action of electromagnetic radiations of raifflnx4re wave map on lhing organim . 377 lum r~ erized t? 7bA 3 with yers of ;ion,(" nce ~' a and 1: nuclear cases are very close (Fig. 6). This is direct confirmation of the fact that the e.h.f may excite oscilla- tions Precisely in the membranes and allows one to tic the observed biological effects of the action of e.h.f. on the cells to the resonance frequencies of the excited oscillations. WHAT ENABLES LIVING ORGANISMS TO MEMORIZE LH.F. EXPOSURES AND ACCORDINGLY CHANGE THE CHARACTER OF THEIR FUNCTIONING? in line with the third of the above listed patterns living organisms memorize the external ja. fluence exerted on them and after its arrest continue to generate for a long time the frequencies estab- lished under its influence determining the changes in the character of functioning. In technica rnuitimodal auto-oscillatory systems to fix excitation for certain types of oscillations special struc- tures are used determining the most favourable conditions of excitation for these types of oscillations. in the case of living organisms the structures fixing the type of oscillations could be created only by the organism itself in the period of the action on it of the e.h.f. radiations. The duration of the process of rnemorization already led to the conclusion that such structures are formed in the organism on exposure to an c-h.f. (see above); it might be determined by ihe time of construction of the structure. Deeper study of the question may be furthered by the results of experiments described in 1321. in the course of then experiments condudted on mice it was shown that the biological effect ofell., exposure for I hr does not change it continuous is replaced by pulsed irradiation with a power of the pulse radiation equal to the power of the continuous. The power of the continuous exposure was close to the threshold value (see pattern 2) and the porosity on pulse exposure was equal to six. Thus, the mean power on pulse exposure was several times lower than the threshold value for conti- 10-3 Sec. nuous exposure. The duration of the intervals was 2 x The following conclusions could be drawn from the results. Firstly, the character of the biological effect in the pulsed and continuous regimes of exposure to e.b.f. radiations is the same if the frequencies of the acting oscillations match. Secondly, in the pauses between pulses when the external irradiation of the animal is absent, In the organism itself the e.h.f. oscillations stay at a level close to that established in the period of the pulse and, thirdly, with shortening of the total duration of exposure the biological effects determined by memorization of the action are not observed. Consequently, one or a small number of pulses is insufficient to give structures fixing the new (resulting from irradiation) state of the body. Nor did these experiments allow us to judge the character of the structures formed. Morpho- logical investigations were necessary to determine it. Such morphological investigations have been widely conducted in connexion with study of the ultrastructure of aspects of memory (33]. It was established that the memorization process in the cells leads, in particular, to the formation on their membranes of structures adhering to the latter (we shall call them informational) which in the process of forgetting apin pass to the cytoplasm (Fig. 7). INFLUENCE OF THE POWER OF EXTERNAL E.H.F. SIGNALS ACTING ON ORGANISMS ON THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF THE ACTION AND ON THE DYNAMICS OF FORMATION OF STRUCTURES DETERMINING THE MEMORIZATION OF THE RESULTS OF EXPOSURE TO AN E.H.F. Unlike energy factors acting on living organisms (factors for which the biological effect is deter- mined by the energy coming from without) the biological effect of the informational e.h.f. influences is primarily determined by the information content of the signal (its frequency spectrum if it cor- responds to the natural frequencies of the biological system) and in a wide interval of changes of power does not depend on the size of the latter (see pattern 2 and Fig. 8 reflecting it). This indicates that the volume of the near-membrane aggregates in the informational structures described in the previous section starting from a certain value weakly influences the character of the e.h.f. field formed by the membrane. In terms of e.h.f. electrical engineering this is natural: the frequency of the signals generated by the cell and fixed by the informational structure primarily depends on the character of the given structure. In other words, the frequency to a far higher degree depends on the location of the elements forming the structure than on their size. riot be equated ffeTence is tb4 3ut paramet94 g on the tnenk?~' iced 'which, in. -4, ie erythrocy~., pectra in both' 'anes may lencies. For Release 2000108/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 378 M. B. GOLANT Acti to I in 120 - 3 60 01 2-10-3 2-r0-2 2x10- P, M w/cm, FIG. 8 FIG. 9 F10- 8- COCfficient of induction of synthesis of colitsin as a function of the radiation (7]. . flow density of e.h.f. FIG. 9. Duration of exposure (to-time of irradiation) as a function of the flow density of e.h.f. radiation for an unchanged biological effect: I -minimum time taken to synchronize oscillations of all cells; 2-time required to synchronize oscillations of 15 per cent of the cells; 3-maximum exposure time for which synchronization of the oscillations of the cells still does not appear. However, the dynamics of the process of formation of informational structures cannot be influenced by the power of the signal causing them to form. To identify the nature of this influence a series of experiments was run. They determined, in particular, the dependence of the degree of synchronization of the oscillations in yeast cells on the duration and power of the signal acting on the cell suspension. The results of such an experiment are given in Fig. 9. Ile character of the dependence of the degree of synchronization on time is quite trivial. The greater the ini 'tial shift of frequencies of the oscillations generated by the cells from the frequency of the synchronizing signal the longer must be the process of synchronization determined by the rearrangement of the structure adhering to the membranes. Comparison of the dependences of the degree of formation of the informational structures on the exposure time and the power of the acting signal allows one to judge a great deal. As may be seen from Fig. 9, the power of the e.h.f. signal is Connected with the time of exposure required to achieve a certain biological effect, a dependence close to exponential. With what is this connected? The biological effect is determined by the formation of informational structures. it may be assumed that acceleration of this process is connected with culistment for their formation of protein molecules from layers of the cytoplasm more distant from the membrane but the e.h.f. field on moving away from the membrane drops exponentially (see above). Therefore, for the C~h.f. field forming the structures to reach the required value at a larger distance from the membrane the ex- ponential drop of the field must be compensated by an exponential rise in the external e.h.f. signal. It should be noted that thanks to fall in the amplitude of the e.h.f. field in a direction perpendic- ular to the membrane surface the molecules shift under the influence of the field not so much along this surface as are attracted to it 134]. Therefore, the process of the action of the e.hf. field described on the molecules in the. volume of the cytoplasm explains not only the process of the formation Of Informational structures on the membranes (see, for example, Fig. 7) but also the process of drawing the protein molecules described in reference [351 to the surface of the membrane (Fig. 10) in condi- tions unfavourable for the functioningof the cell, i.e. in periods when in it restorative and adaptative processes develop. Apparently this process of drawing the protein molecules to the membrane sur- face organized by the e.hf. field indicates that the role of the e.h.f. signals is not confined to deter" mination of the "direction" of, the restorative activity of the cell. They take pan in the process Of rolling mobilization of its resources which. is veater and more rapid the more intense the cont signal. THI WITI In dism control proc most directl: iDn synchron Iation of the ,(noise) oscill 4uch oscilla. 1.00 10. M~ 11. Di ing of I Since a 6au go ments vi Ion desc wnian n r mutua his top i6 the 0: ti dish,% I action o Wcal cc & fttri *ke cells -.1t is na rwrequi &W of Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001 Jalo-JI 1.10-2 1.10-1 1.0 P, rn Wlcm 1 380 M. B. GOLANT ' tion of the phenomenon, the authors of reference [231 ran the following experiment similar to those described above with synchronization of the cell-generated oscillations by the external monochromatic e.h.f. signal. The only differenc'-e wa's that irradiation wa*s with a signal modulated in frequency. The results are given in Fig. 12 showing that the greater the amplitude of frequency modulation (inevi- tability causing some initial desynchronizatioa of the oscillations in the cells) the greater must be the power of the signal to achieve in a fixed time period a certain degree of synchronicity of cell division. Rise in the power required for synchronization with increase in the amplitude of frequency modulation is of an exponential character. In line with the analysis made in the preceding section the character of the dependence observed indices that in conditions of low coherence of the oscillations in the cells control of their functioning Th calls for high mobilization of the cell resources. is. in turn, may explain why the not-young or- ganism with its weakened links (including electromagnetic) apparently already unable to ensure high coherence of the-generated signals is more subject to disturbances and diseases. Consequently, it may explain why in the case of upsets of the functioning of the organism associated with disturbance of the intercellular or intracellular links (which would not cause this upset) exposure to external coherent e.h.f. signals at certain, i.e. determined by the character of the disturbance, frequencies has a beneficial effect on the restoration of normal functioning. We would note that the last experiment is very illustrative in terms of showing the non-thermal nattire of the action of the e.h.f. effect: frequency modulation in a narrow range has practically no affect on the energy absorbed by the cells. At the same time as may be seen from Fig. 12, main- tenance of the biological effect requires an exponential increase in the energy expenditure. INTERCELLULAR E.H.F. LINK AND E.H.F. LINK IN THE VOLUME OF THE INTEGRAL MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM The preceding sections were mainly concerned with experiments involving intracellular processes. However, the experimentally established patterns presented equally apply to multicellular organisms and in the last case the local e.h.f. exposures may influence change in the functioning of the regions of the body quite remote from the irradiating surface. This calls for experiments answering the following questions: 1) how can the e.h.f. signals gene- rated by the cells be emitted beyond the cell (we would recall that as shown above the e.h.f. field in the normal state of the cell is pressed to the membrane surface over a distance - I nm); and 2) over which channels can the e.h.f. signals in the organisms spread over large distances? The first of these questions may be answered by the investigations (241 showing that emissions of the e.h.f. signals from the cell may be enhanced if on the membrane surface projections form with 'a height of several tens of Angstroms especially if several such projections acting as antennae shift relative to each other by distances close to the wavelength in the membrane (- 100 A) for the middle part of the e.hf. range. In fact, the photographs of the membranes recorded with an electron micro- scope corresponding to the periodi when the normal functioning of the cells was disturbed in one way or another revealed such projections -septa (near-membrane aggregates) with the dimensions indicated above [351 (Fig. 13). Such antennae may be used to transform part of the energy of the retarded to the energy of the non-retarded wave. if the antennae are situated at points of the resonance system at which the oscillations have an identical phase, ie. at points separated by. distances equal to a whole number of wavelengths, and the length of the antennae is sufficient to take the oscillations from these points to the region whom the amplitude of the retaided wava is heavily reduced then in this region the set of antennae will excite the non-retarded wave since at each given moment the field at-the ends of these.antennae is identical. Naturally, the non-retarded wave may be excited (though less effectively) by a single antenna. The main means of propagation in the body over distances of information associated with the excited c.h.f. oscillations appears to be the nervous system. The experiments of Sevast'yanova showed that anaesthesia like the sectioning of nerve fibres lessew the influence of e.lLf. impacts on the fuac- Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO31002800 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001.7 Action of electromagnetic ra4MOns~of Willimetre wave rative on fiving orsanisaw 381 tioning of the body. It was assumed that 60 0-h-f Zguh spfftd via tbo myelln'llpid dwaths of dia ion nerve 11bres the e.h.f. losses in which -are minimal (st* abtrx). This Conclusion was fiqt formulated ulati in reference (251. Such an assumption is also supported by the changes described in reference 1351 ca in the character of these sheaths In the regions of the nodes of Ranvier helping to establish a link 0 between the neighbouring portions of the myelin sheaths in periods unfavourable for the normal of functioning of the body. The probability of an e.h.f. link through the nervous system is also indicated :ir Soo " no to 3n 400 seq ith Ire to 200 ic non-t, has Q= .1 0 L Fig. 12,_-J ire. 1-10-1 1.0 2 P'MW/cm FIG. 12 FIG. 13 E INTEG Fio. 12. Dependence of the maximum amplitude of frequency modulation'Offor which the frequen. cies of the oscillations in the cells can still be syachronized by external radiation for a power flux lular density F. lular 0;Wn Flo. 13. Formation of reactive structures of the membrane associated with its activation: cndocytotic X of tho vesicle covered with protein aggregates (35). X. signals by the enhancement described by the authors of (371 of the effect of e.h.f. signals on the body if the the Chf. 61~ points of acupunture are directly exposed to e.h.f. radiation. im); and 2) q Also possible is humoral transmission of the e.h.f. signals with the moving cells (primarily the blood cells) by generating oscillations of corresponding frequency. But the author does not have that eminssi to hand the results of direct experiments coafirming this assumption. tions form wi't s antennae REOERENCES for the mi 1. Radiocommunications -Terms and Definitions (in Russian) GOST 24375-80 U.S.S.R. State electron Standards Commission, 1980 "' listurbed in 2. PRESMAN, A. S., Electromagnetic Fields and Animate Nature (in Russian) Nauka, Moscow, the dim 1968 ic energy of t 3. DEVYATKOV, N. D., Effects of Non-Thermal Exposure to Millimetre Radiation on Biological I Objects (in Russian) pp. 3-6. IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1983 Dscillations 4. DEVYATKOV, N. D. and GOLANT, M. B., RE, No. 11, 1973,1967 of wavelen 5. Idem., Pislma v ZhTF 12: 288, 1986 1 its to the reg6ft .. 6. DEVYATKOV, N. D. el al., Radiobiologiya 21: 163, 1981 ~ ~i-;.. set of antejmn"_"7. SMOLYANSKAYA, A. Z. et al., Usp. soyr. biol. 87: 381, 1979 ,f these.antennw.,-..8. BAZANOVA, E. B. el al., Usp. fiz. nauk 110: 455, 1973 vely) by a 3 9. DEVYATKOV, N.D., Ibid. 110: 453, 1973 10. GOLANT, M. B., Biofizika 31: 139, 1986 ' -. 11. WEBB, S. J., Phys. Lett. A73: 145, 1979 ;ociated with thi t'yanova sbow4" 12. GRUNDLER, W. and KEILMANN, F., Phys. Rev. Lett. 51: 1214,1983 tcts on the fuwq.13. DARDELHON, K e1 al., J. Microwave Power, No. 14 (4), 307, 1979 "M0001-7 100 382 M. B. GOLANT 14. DEVYATKOV, N. D. et aL, Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, Problems of their Use and Standardization (in Russian) pp. 75-94, Pushchino, 1986 15. DEVYATKOV, N. D. and GOLANT, M. G., Pis1ma v ZhTF 8: 38,1982 16. FROHLICH, H., Molecular Models, Photoresponsiveness, pp. 39-42, NATO Adv. Study last., San Moniato, 29 Aug.-8 Sept. 1982-1983 17. Kyn MANN, F., Collective Phenomena, Vol. 3, p. 169,1981 18. BRYUKHOVA, A. K. et al., Elektron. tekhnika. Elektronika SVCh, No. 8 (380), 52, 1985 19. SEVASTIYANOVA, L. A. et al., Effects of Non-Thermal Exposure to Millimetre Radiation on Biological Objects (in Russian) pp. 34-47, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1983 20. VILENSKAYA, R. L. et al., Nauch. dok]. vyssh. shkoly. Biol. nauki, No. 7, 59, 1979 21. ALEKSANDROV, V. Ya., Cell Reactivity and Proteins (in Russian) 317 pp., Nauka, Leningrad, 1985 22. GOLANr, m. B. et al., Effects of Non-thermal Exposure to Millimetre Radiation on Biological .Objects (in Russian) pp. 115-122, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1983 23. BOZHANOVA, T. P. et al., Elektron. prom-st', No. I (159), 35, 1987 24. GOLANr, M. B. and REBROVA, T. B., Radioelektronika 2900,1986 25. ROWLANDS, S., Coherent Excitations in Biological Systems, pp. 145-161, Springer Veriag, Berlin-H,eidelberg, 1983 26. GUERQUIN-KERN, J. L., Th6se presentie & UUnversit6 Louis Pasteur do Strasburg pour obtenir 1e titre do Docteur de Specialit6 en Electronique et Instrumentation, 1980 27. FROLICH, H., Adv. Electronics Electron. Phys. 53: 85-152, 1980 28. GOLAMr, M. B. and SHASHLOV, V. A., Use of Low Intensity Millimetre Radiation in Biology and Medicine (in Russian). pp. 127-132, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1985 29. IVKOV, B.G. and BYERESTOVSKII, G. M., Lipid Bilayerof Biological Membranes (in Russian) 224 pp., Nauka, Moscow, 1982 30. LEBEDEV9 L V., Uh.f. Techniques and Instruments (in Russian) 375 pp., Vyssh. shk-, Moscow, 1972 31. BLINOWSKA; K J. et al., Phys. Lett. A109:124,1985 32. BALIBALOVA, Ye. N. et al., Elektron. tekhaika. Elektronika SVCh, No. 8 (344). 6, 1982 33. TUSHMIALOVA, N. A. and NIARAKUYEVA, 1. V., Comparative Physiological Investigation of Ultrastructural Aspects of Memory (in Russian) 148 pp., Nauka, Moscow, 1986 34. POHL, 11. A., Coherent Excitations in Biological Systems, pp. 199-210, Springer Verlag, Berlin- Heidelberg, 1983 35. SOTNIKOV, 0. S., Dynamics of the Structure of the Living Neurone (in Russian) 160 PP., Nauka, Leningrad, 1985 36. GOLANT, M. B. et al., Elektron. tekhaika. Elektronika SVCh, No. 8, 52, 1987 37. ANDRETEV, Ye. A. et d., Dok]. Akad. Nauk UkrSSR, Ser. E, No. 10, 60, 1984 The sale educatic and eco recruitrr year. Ar contract faculty tificates mforees T' ne MCC unt! Approved For Release 2000/08/08: CIA-RDP96 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 ~ TAB i ~i Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Aporoved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 ewboms ididate's ,cytes in -ological of adap- ELF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AS A NEW ECOLOGICAL PARAMETER Temurjants, N.A., Sidyakin, V.G., Makejev, V.B., Simferopol State University, USSR. Vladimirsky, B.M., Crimean Astrophysics Observatory, USSR. Summary A short review of the investigated problem 'Solar activity and the Bios- phere' is presented below. The research was being carried out by the Sim- feropol State University, the Crimean Medical Institute and the Crimean Astrophysics Observatory in the years 1972-1985. The main conclusion is that the effect of solar activity upon medical and biological processes can be explained if one takes into account a new essential parameter in ecology - an electromagnetic background field at the Earth's surface in the VLF - ELF range. Introduction The problem of the effect of solar activity upon the Biosphere is an old controversy and has had a long history. At present the problem in question hardly seems to attract the attention of scientists. The overwhelming ma- jority of researchers considers the effects of solar activity on the bio- phere to be a myth or at least a pseudoscientific activity of some small groups of 'adherents'. However, we think that there is no basis for such an opinion. For the last ten years strong empirical evidence of correlations between the indices of solar (geomagnetic) activity and some biological parameters (or medical statistical data) has been obtained. In lots of ca- ses these correlations have a strong statistical significance, they are based on a large body of measurements and have been verified by independant groups in different laboratories. Unfortunately, there is no possibility here to present a full survey of the literature on the problem. Some impor- tant results were published in the collections of the articles edited by Gnevyshev, M.N. and Ol', A.I. in 1972 /1/ and 1983 /2/ (one more paper is being prepared: /3/). An extensive discussion of the problem under study is given by the authors of the present paper in their monograph /4/. The interdependence of solar activity variations and biological processes is a widely-spread phenomenon. It has revealed the major divisions of bio- logical systematics including bacteriology, entomology, ornitology, etc. The same type of regularity is observed in many topics of medicine, such as cardiovascular diseases, ophtalmology, nervous system diseases, psychiatry, pediatrics, etc. All the data are conditioned by uncontrolled environ- mental factors. The most essential feature of this operating agent can be defined by comparing the results of various observations. The main peculi- arities are as follows: 1. The operating physical agent penetrates into a laboratory room but it is modified by an electromagnetic screen. 2. This agent is constantly present, and yet it has diurnal and seasonal variations. 3. Some parameters of the agent (intensity?) change with variation of the geographic latitude from the equator to the pole. 4. The modification of the agent parameters due to solar activity vari- ations is controlled both by solar wind variations and ionospheric disturbances. Of all the known physical factors among the above mentioned characteristics 169 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 the variations of the Earth's electromagnetic field intensity in the very low frequency - extremely low frequency'range satisfy very well. They are the VLF emission of the magnetosphere, the atmospheric and geomagnetic micropulsations. Nowadays the electromagnetic nature of the operating fac- tors is established by considering the discovery of the biological sys- tem's very high sensitivity to electromagnetic fields in the VLF range. This discovery seems to be the most important event throughout the long history of investigating the problem in questions We present here a short review including the major results of the inves- tigations done by the researchers of the Simferopol State University, the Crimean Medical Institute and the Crimean Astrophysics Observatory. In this paper we shall confine ourselves to exemplifying the most relevant findings without going into additional details (see also /4/ and the refe- rences therein). Influence of very weak electromagnetic fields Several types of experiments with small intensity alternating magnetic fields have been carried out. Fig. 1 shows typical results obtained for pigeons. The birds were exposed to a magnetic field of 8 Hz-frequency (in- tensity - 5000 nT) for 3 hours per day. To test the nervous system perfor- mance the capacity of fulfilling classical conditioned reflexes was used. In fig. 1 this is shown by the upper curves as a function of time,(l: mo- del; 2: experiment). One can see some reduction of the reflexes following the exposure to the field (up to 70%). It should be noted that during mag- netic storms the reduction of the reflex performance was also observed (for details see /5/). An influence of alternating magnetic fields on the nervous system of birds measured in different tests was revealed to be de- pendent upon the electromagnetic field parameters. To study these depen- dences large numbers of experiments were carried out. Spectrum measurement of alternating magnetic field Biological activity Special series of experiments were done to study the frequency-dependent field activity. Up to 15 different biological indices for rats were mea- sured for each value of frequency. Forty frequencies ranging from 0.01 Hz to 100 Hz for the three intensity levels of 5000 nT, 500 nT and 5 nT were analysed. The experiments were carried out in a special screened chamber. An exposure of 3 hour duration was used in each experiment. The typical situation is given in fig.2. Here the ordinate points to the activity of one of the enzymes in the rat's blood. The abscissa indicates frequency (Hz). Vertical lines at the bottom are measures of the statistical signi- ficance of the difference between the model and the experiment. It is evi- dent that the biological effect of the field has a strong dependence upon the frequency: at some frequency values the enzymatic activity is enlarged, at the other it is decreased. Several hundreds of experiments were perfor- med to verify the reproductivity of measurements. As a result, 'active' frequencies were revealed. Within the above-mentioned range these frequen- cies are as follows: 0.02 Hz, 0.5-0.6 Hz, 5-6 Hz, 8-11 Hz. One of these factive' frequencies is close to the standard frequency of Pc 3 geomagne- tic micropulsations (0.02 Hz). An other such frequency coincides with the well-known fundamental frequency of the ionospheric waveguide (8 Hz). The activity spectrum has been found out to be partly dependant upon the field intensity. 170 i~i'*,A-RDP96'-00789ROO3100280001 -7 % CR too 80 60 40 6 20 41. 3 0 0 Fig. undc PO 0, F roved F ry re ac- es- he fe c in- or- io- ng iag- .he de- I- lent k- Hz ~re A pon rged, .or- uen- e ie- :he rhe ield base 2000108/08 CIAA4 d_P.190~ 1: !-1, Q280001 -7 % CR 100 lk-~ 2 60 60 40 6 5 20 4 4 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 ID 91 j/11 doe Fig. 1. Condition reflex (2) and motion reaction time (3) for pigeons under the influence of magnetic fields and under normal conditions (1,4) PA P 0 t0i 0,02 0,05 2 4 0 Fig. 2. Frequency-dependent magnetic field activity (peroxidase - PO in neutrophyls). 171 oved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 % 3 2 Fig. 3. Correlations between biological effects and field intensity. Interdependence between biological effects and field intensit Special experiments were also carried out to examine the dependence of biological effects upon the field intensity for the only one frequency value. An example is presented in fig. 3. In this case only one isolated frequency was used - 8 Hz. The ordinate shows the glycogen concentration in the rabbit's blood. It is clear that growth in the field intensity gives no rise to stronger biological effects. The presence of a certain optimum intensity in some intensity range is clearly seen in these expe- riments. Thus, the dependence of biochemical or physiological changes upon the field intensity has in general a very complex non-linear form. It is important to mention that while certain biological and biochemi- cal changes were taking place the minimum field intensity for mammalia was as small as 0.2 nT (with a frequency of 8 Hz and an exposure time of 3 hours). For the electric field the exposure was about 0.1 V/m. Traditionally, biophysicists have considered specific effects of the electromagnetic field in biological tissue to be hardly possible for such small intensities. However, over the past two decades we have been wit- nessing growing awareness that very weak alternate electric and magnetic fields do have clear effects on a living organism. Such effects are, of course, hardly explainable in the simplified terms of Joule heating. A new approach to understanding these results is necessary (a number of reviews on this new branch of investigation, i.e. biological action of non-ionising radiation, are available see /6/). 172 Conc 01 witl as i tua! act, by Ref E 1. 3. 4. 5. 6. IT ~-115 f 'iC'IA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For R61edii-ill 01I 1 oved F 00286001-7 Conclusion Our most relevant conclusion is that natural electromagnetic fields within the low frequency - extreme low frequency range should be regarded as an essential factor in ecology. These electromagnetic background fluc- tuations are closely related to solar activity variations. Thus, the solar activity influence upon medical and biological processes can be explained by taking into account this new ecological agent. References 1. Gnevyshev, M.N., Ol', A.I. (Eds.): "Effects of Solar Activity on the Earth's Atmosphere and Biosphere". In: Progr. Sci. Transl., Jerusa lem, Israel, 1977, 245 p. or In: Moscow, 1971, 224 p. (in Russian). 2. Effects of Solar Activity on Biosphere. In: Problems of Space Biolo gy. Moscow: Nauka, 1982. Vol. 43, 265 p. (in Russian). 3. Clinical and Biophysical Aspects of Heliobiology. In: Problems of Space Biology. Moscow: Nauka, 1988. Vol. 56, 250 p. (in Russian). 4. Sidyakin, V.G., Temuriants, N.A., Makejev, V.B., Vladimirsky, B.M. (1985): "Space Ecology". Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 176 p. (in Russian). 5. Sidyakin, V.G. (1986): "Effects of Global Ecological Factors on the Nervous System". Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 159 p. (in Russian). 6. Temurjants, N.A., Vladimirsky, B.M., Tishkin, O.G. (1989): "Extremely Low Frequency Signals in the World of Biology". Kiev: Naukova Dumka, (in Russian to be printed). of :ed Lon in ?e- M. mi- a of .e such t- :tic -e, 9. of 173 or Release 2000/08/08 ,ersity ,er Geo-cosmic relations; the earth and its macro-environment Proceedings of the First International Congress on Geo-cosmic Relations, i5rganized by the Foundation for Study and Research of Environmental Factors (S.R.E.F.), Amsterdam, 19-22 April 1989 Editors: G.J.M. Tomassen (editor in chief), W. de Graaff, A.A. Knoop, R. Hengeveld Pudoc, Wageningen, 1990 CIP data Koninklilke Bibliotheek, Den Haag Geo-cosmic Geo-cosmic relations: the earth and its macro-environment: proceedings of the first internatio- nal congress on geo-cosmic relations, organized by the Foundation for Study and Research of Environmental Factors (S.R.E.F.), Amsterdam, 19-22 April 1989 / ads. G.J.M. Tomassen ... fetal]. - Wageningen : Pudoc ISBN 90-220-1006-6 geb. SISO 552 UDC 55:524.8 NUGI 829 Subject heading: geo-cosmalogy. Q Pudoc, Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, Netherlands, 1990. All rights reserved. Nothing from this publication may be reproduced, stored in a computerized system or published in any form or in any manner, including electronic, mechanical, repro- graphic or photographic, without prior written permission from the publisher, Pudoc, P.O. Box 4,6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. The individual contributions in this publication and any liabilities arising from them remain the responsibility of the authors. Insofar as photocopies from this publication are permitted bythe CopyrightAct 1912, Article 168 and Royal Netherlands Decreeof 20June 1974(Staatsblad 351) asamended in Royal Netherlands Decree of 23 August 1985 (Staatsblad 471) and by Copyright Act 1912, Article 17, the legally defined copyright fee for any copies should be transferred to the Stichting Reporecht (P.0. Box 882,1180 AW Amstelveen, Netherlands). For reproduction of parts of this publication in compilations such as anthologies or readers (Copyright Act 1912, Article 6), permission must be obtained from the publisher. Printed in the Netherlands. C1 SR Ef Address of the Foundation S.R.E.F.: P.O. Box 84, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands. Board of Directors of the Foundation S.R.E.F.: Chairman: Drs. W. Beekman Secretary/Treasurer: In G.J.M. Tomassen Members: J.S.H.J.W. Bourna Dr. In E.A. Goewie Prof Dr. A.A. Knoop natio- irch of Members of the International S.R.E.F. Advisory Board let all. - Prof Dr. B.G. Cumming, Dept. of Biology, Univ. of New Brunswick, Canada. - Dr. G. Dean, Subiaco, Western Australia. - Prof. Dr. A.P. Dubrov, Library on Natural Science, Acad. of Sciences, Moscow, U.S.S.R. - Prof. Dr. S. ErIel, Inst. of Psychology, Gdttingen Universit , FRG. y lands, - Prof Dr. H.J. Eysenck, Inst. of Psychiatry, Univ. of London, U.K. - Dr. P. Faraone, Lab. di Igiene e Profilassi, Roma, Italy. erized - Prof S.J. Kardas Jr., Laboratorio de Investigaciones Sobre Biorritmos Humanos, La repro- Atlantida, Espana / U.S.A. udoc, - Prof Dr. N.V. Krasnogorskaya, Inst. of the Lithosphere, Moscow, U.S.S.R. - Dr. D. Mikhov, Inst. of Neurology, Psychiatry, Neurosurgery, Sofia, Bulgaria. in the - Dr. B. Primault, Agro- and Bio-meteorologist, Zifrich, Switzerland. - Dr. M.F. Ranky, Central Research Inst. of Physics, Budapest, Hungary. - Prof Dr. J.P. Rozelot, Centre d'9tudes et de recherches geo-dynamique er astronomi- le 16B que, Grasse, France. lands Prof. Dr. P.A.H. Seymour, Dept. of Marine Science and Technology, Polytechnic igally South West, Plymouth, U.K. )recht ,ation R. Swenson, Director of the Centerfor Study of Complex Systems, New York, U.S.A. must Dr. N.V. Udaltsova, Inst. of Biophysics, Moscow, U.S.S.R. Dr. T. Zeithamer, Geophysical Inst., Acad. of Sciences, Praha, Czechoslovakia. ed F.%r Re Contents Editorial introduction, conclusions and remarks - Ir. G.J. I M. Tomassen, editor and secretary-treasurer of the Foundation for Study and Research of Environmental Factors (SREF) al Gardens Opening Address by the Rector of the University of Wageningen3 - Prof. Dr. H.C. van der Plas Opening Speech by the Chairman of the Congress - Prof. Drs. 5 J.D. van Mansvelt, Dept. of Ecological Agriculture, Wageningen University Introductory papers 9 Dynamics of the solar system - W. de Graaff I I Radiation in our environment, from the atmosphere and from 17 space - E. Wedler Biological cyclicity in relation to some astronomical parameters:31 a review - B.G. Cumming Biological clocks and the role of subtle geophysical factors56 - H.M. Webb , te 0 an in a rhythmic universe -A.A. Knoop 5 f .ansvelt, ideman, Water as receptor of environmental information: a challange 75 to retired reproducibility in experimental research. The Piccardi scientific endeavour - C. Capel-Boute de z; Prof. Application to climatic variations of the energy transfer 92 between the earth r. B.C.J. and the sun: the new concept of helioclimatology - J.P. Rozelot the The earth and its macro-environment, a multi-disciplinary 103 approach 's The possible influence of some astro-physical factors on 105 micro-organisms - P. Faraone mental Lunar cycle and nuclear DNA variations in potato callus or 116 root meristem - rtment of H. Rossignol, S. Benzine-Tizroutine and L. Rossignol Cellular effects of low level microwaves - W. Grundler 127 For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved ,, - - For Release 2000108108 CIA-KE)PE15-00 7 ozlrxvw Quantitative 135 P0 evaluation of the geornagnetic activity - D. Mikhov dis Ovulation 143 and seasons - Vitality and month-of-birth - P.H. Jongbloer Ga Note 157 on human response to the lunar synodic cycle - N. Kollerstrom Inti Influence 161 Ro( of abiotical ecological factors on daily rhythm activity of mitochondrial and lysosomal ferments of blood leucocytes in human ontogenesis Effi - N. KacergienL4, N. Dailidiene and R. Vernickaite ELF electromagnetic 169 Th(-, fields as a new ecological parameter - N.A. Temuryants, V. G. Sidyakin, V. B. Makejev, B. M. Vladimirsky The The possible gravitational nature of factors 174 influencing discrete macroscopic fluctuations -N.V. Udaltsova, V.A. Kolombet and Biol S. E. Shnoll Macroscopic 181 The fluctuations with discrete structure distributions as a result of universal to a causes including cosmophysical factors - S. E. Shnoll, N.V. Udaltsova and N. B. Bodrova Resc Geo-cosmic 189 and relations and some aspects of their realization - N.V. Krasnogorskaya and G. Ya. Vasilyeva Nonl Influence 198 funct of solar activity on ELF sferics of 3 Hz range - 1. 6rmJnyi Links 206 Struc between moon phases and ELF atmospherics of 3 Hz range - 1. Orminyi Geo-, Possible 210 matte influence of equinoxes and solstices on ELF sferics of 3 Hz. range - 1. 6rminyi An at Analysis 214 screei of weak magnetic field effects of the Piccardi test and Belousov- Zhabotinsky reaction - L.P. Agulova, A.M. Opalinskaya Undei Relationships 223 of rea between the electromagnetic VLF-radiation of the atmosphere and chemical as well as biochemical processes - J. Eichmeier and H. Baumer Abstr Periodicities, 233 of meteorological parameters at Schiermonnikoog. A simple explanation How c - H. F. Vugts Mars 240 Basis and temperature-changes in the Netherlands: an empirical study - J. W. M. Venker and M.C. Beeftink 0001-7 135 143 157 161 169 174 181 189 198 206 210 214 223 233 240 Possible planetary effects at the time of birth 246 of successful professionals: a discussion of the 'Mars-effect' - M. Gauquelin Gauquelin's contentions scrutinized - S. Ertel 255 Introversion-Extraversion; sunsign-effect and 267 sunsign-knowledge - J.J. F. van Rooij, M. A. Brak and J. J. F. Commandeur Effect sizes of some pre-scientific geo-cosmic 272 theories - G. Dean Theoretical and background contributions 279 The changing concept of physical reality - J. 281 Hilgevoord Biological order - E. Schoffeniels 291 The earth as an incommensurate field at the geo-cosmic299 interface: fundamentals to a theory of emergent evolution - R. Swenson Resonant magneto-tidal coupling between the components307 of the solar system and some of its terrestrial consequences - P.A. H. Seymour Nonlinear dynamics and deterministic chaos. Their315 relevance for biological function and behaviour - F. Kaiser Structural stability of the earth's magnetosphere321 - T. Zeithamer Geo-solar-cosmic electric relations in electrostatics327 with field E screening by matter - L.A. Pokhmelnykh An attempt of interpretation of Piccardi chemical336 tests. Effects of metallic screens - L. Boulanger, R. Chauvin Understanding geo-cosmic relations: some philosophical343 remarks on the nature of reality - T. Saat Abstracts 351 How does man fit into nature? - R. Augros, G. 353 Stanciu Basis of judgement for geo-cosmic relations - 353 H.J. Eysenck Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : C Correlation of hospital mortality with the phases of the tidal variations of 354 List gravitation - W. Raibstein List The time course of the elimactic syndrome and the role of geographical factors 354 - 1. V. Verulashvili Changes in the earth's rate of rotation - A. Ponta, E. Proverbio 354 On the problems of the effect of the sun and planetary system on 355 meteorological disturbances in the atmosphere - K. Kudrna The role of the geomagnetism (GMF) and gravity (GRF) in creating 355 fundamental peculiarities of living beings -A. P. Dubrov Cycles in the history of forestry - J. Buis 356 Cosmic and environmental influences on plants, testing of sowing calendar on 356 beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Brazil. Research done in this area until today and its future implications in agriculture -A. Harkaly Modifications of the growth of seedling roots versus time on a scale of copper 357 sulphate solutions - E. Graviou Dynamic responses tests quantifying complex properties of plants: how living 358 structures could reveal their geo-cosmic past - M. F. Ranky A dynamic biological-atmospheric-cosmic energy continuum: some old and 358 new evidence -J. DeMeo Solar-terrestrial factors and ontogenesis (clinical experimental tests) - 358 R. P. Narcissov, S. V. Petrichuk, V. M. Shishchenko, Z. N. Duchova and G. F. Suslova Statistical identification of the planetary modulation of the solar activity by the 359 determination of third order moments and the estimation of the volterra kernels - C. Gaudeau, E. Daubourg and P. David Geocosmic bonds in anomal human behaviour -A.N. Kornetov 359 Macroscopic fluctuations as a fundamental physical phenomenon - 360 V.A. Kolombet Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 I TAB ~ I Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Resonance Effect of Microwaves on the Genome Conformational State of E. coli Celis Igor Ya. Belyaev. Yevgeny D. Alipov, victor S. Shcheglov, and Vitaly N. Lystsov Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Kashir,koyc Shosse. I[, Moscow. I 11409, C 'LS Temporary Research Collective "Otklik", Vladimirskaya st.. 61 "B", Kiev. GSP. 252017. C.I.S. Z. Naturforsch. 47c. 621 -627 (1992), received September 21, 1990/January 1, 1992 Cellular Biology, Microwave Bioaction, Radiation Damage, Repair The effect of low intensity microwaves on the conformational state of the genome of X-irradiated E. coli cells was studied by the method of viscosity anomalous time dependencies. It has been established that within the ranges of 51.62-51.84 GHz and 41.25-41.50 GHz the frequency dependence of the observed effect has a resonance nature with a resonance half- width of the order of 100 MHz. The power dependence of the microwave effect within the range of 0. 1 -200 pW/cm2 has shown that a power density of I pW/cm2 is sufficient to suppress radiation-induced repair of the genome conformational state, The effect of microwave sup- pression of repair is well reproduced and does not depend on the sequence of cell exposure to X-rays and microwave radiation in the millimeter band. The results obtained indicate the role of the cell genome in the resonant interaction of cells with low intensity millimeter waves. Introduction At present a significant body of evidence has been collected on the ability of microwaves in the millimeter range to bring about biological effects including those on the cellular level [1, 21. It has been found that microwaves can influence the processes of gene expression [3-5]. The specific features of such interaction are dependence on fre- quency and also effectiveness of low intensity microwave radiation which does not result in sig- nificant heating of the irradiated object. One of the possible explanations of these facts accounts for the influence of millimeter waves on the genome conformational state [6]. The genome conforma- tional state (GCS) is expressed as the space-topo- logical organization of the entire chromosomal DNA, which is ensured. among other things. by the supercoiling of DNA and DNA protein bonds. The GCS changes play a significant role in all ele- mentary genetic processes - transcription, replica- tion. repair. The hypothesis which accounts for the influence of millimeter radiation most evident in the case of stressed systems [1. 7] among them bioobjects sub- Reprint requests to 1. Ya. Belvaev. Moscow Engineering Phvsics Institute. Kashirskove sh.. 31. Moscow. 115409. C.f.S. Verlag der Zeitschrift fiJr Naturforschung. D-W-7400'rijbingen 0939-3075,92,'0700-0621 $01.30,0 jected to ionizing radiation (61 has repeatedly been verified, The influence oi'millimeter waves on the process of the GCS repair after E. coli K 12 cell exposure to X-rays was examined in this work. As a test for appearance and repair of changes in a chromoso- mal DNA we used the method of the anomalous viscosity time dependencies (AVTD) in cell lysates [6]. Materials and Methods Microwave andr-raY irradiation A block diagram of the experimental unit used for microwave irradiation of cell suspension is given in Fig. 1. A G4-141 generator served as the source of extremely high frequency electromagnet- ic radiation (EHF'EMR). In the course of irradia- 4 5 7 9 1 2 3 6 77--11-744 11 11 7. Fig. 1. Block diagram for microwave irradiation of cell suspension: I - EH F EM R generator. 2 - controlled at- tenuator: 3. 6 - directional coupler-, 4 - frequency ana- lyzer: 5 - measurement line (VSWR-meter), 7 - power meter: 8 - pyramidal horn: 9 - cell suspension. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 622 1. Y. Belyaev et A - Resonance Effect of Microwaves on the Genorne Conformational State of E. coli Cells tion the frequency. the output power, as well as the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) were con- trollable. Frequency instability was I MHz, error in the measurement of the output power did not exceed 10% and the value of VSWR in the wave- guide was not more than 1.6. Irradiation of a cell suspension (1.5 min thickness) was carried out in Petri dishes, 50 min in diameter. by means of a pyramidal horn having dimensions 40 x 50 The space distribution of the power density (PD) on the surface of the suspension was meas- ured by means of a dipole EHF probe (8]. With the irradiation frequencies used the local PD values at the surface of the suspension differed by nearly an order of magnitude. But frequency changes of ± 200 MHz did not lead to significant changes of the pattern of PD distribution. At the same time frequency changes in a wide range (of the order of units GHz) could lead to a marked displacement of PD minima and maxima up to their inversion. In the event of parity of output power in the wave- guide. the PD value. averaged over the whole sur- face under irradiation, did not change. The specific absorption rate (SAR) was meas- ured in two ways: by the acoustic method [91 and the calorimetric method. The suspension tempera- ture was measured by a microthermocouple. Cells were subjected to X-rays (XR) using a ra- diological unit RUP-150. The distance from the focus to the suspension was 40 cm. average radia- tion energy - 50 keV, dose rate 0.7 Gy/,min. Microwave and X-irradiation of cells was carried out at ambient temperature. Preparation of bacterial cells for ecperiments and cell lYsis The fDllowing strains were used in the work: E.coli K12: ABI157 F- thr-I ara-14 leu-B6 proA2 lacG1 tsx-33 supE44 gaIK2 hisG4 rfbDI mgl-51 rpsL31 xyl-5 mtl-l argE3 thi-I X-rac-; G62 F' proA23 lac-28 trp-30 his-51 rpsLR and also strain RM 117 which is isogenic with strain AB 1157. Cells were cultivated by standard meth- ods in Luria broth or minimal medium M-9 (10]. The E. coli cultures used in the experiments were kept in spreadings on the Hottinger nutrient agar at 3-4 cC. Before irradiation. cells from the night culture were resuspended in concentrations of 3 ~ 9 x 101 cells/ml in a salt buffer M-9. Cells were kept under these conditions for I h before irradiation. After irradiation, cells were lysated by gradually adding LET-lysozyme (LET-medium: 0.5 M Na, EDTA, 0.01 m Tris-HCI, pH 7) in a concen- tration of 3 mg/ml. LET-sarcosyl (2%) and LET- papain (3 mg,,ml) with 10 to 15 min intervals be- tween addition of each agent. 0.3 ml LET-lyso- zyme. 1.0 ml LET-sarcosyl, 0.7 ml LET-papain were added to I iril of cell suspension. The lysates were then kept in darkness at a temperature of 30 -C for 40 h, after that the AVTD were meas- ured. Method of anomalous viscosity time dependencies This method is based on the fact that in solu- tions of high-polymer DNA. placed in a rotary viscosimeter. radial migration of DNA, which is a directed movement of macromolecules towards the inner cylinder of the viscosimeter (rotor). is observed [I I]. Measurements were carried out in a rotary cy- lindrical viscosimeter with an automatic record of the rotor's rotation period [6). In the unit used, the rotor was set in motion by a constant moment of force created by an external electromagnetic field. Upon completion of the lysis the rotor was sus- pended on the meniscus of the lysate examined. Thereafter the lysate was placed in a thermostati- cally controlled (30 'C) jacket of the viscosimeter for measurement. When the external electromagnetic field is switched on. the rotor starts moving. In the initial stage of measuring the rotor's rotation period (T), the lysate viscosity increases due to a radial migra- tion of macromolecules. This results in an in- creased rotation period of the rotor since the peri- od is proportional to the specific viscosity (Fig. 2, curve 1). After the DNA macromolecules had de- posited on the external surface of the rotor the ve- locity of its rotation decreased to the value typical of a pure solvent. The dependence of the rotor's rotation period in the cell lysate on the time after the rotor*s rotation starts (t) is called anomalous viscosity time dependence. It should be noted here that AVTD cannot be observed in protein solutions. because radial mi- gration doesn*t take place in solutions of mole- cules with weights less than 106 D [11]. The param- Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08: CIA,,-RDP 1. Y. Belvaev et at. - Resonance Effect of Microwaves on the enome P§17AA7a§98A"1M"NFf-7 623 eters of the AVTD curve in the cell lysate are de- termined by the genomc conformational state, Le. by hydrodynamic parameters of chromosomal DNA macromolecules which in their turn depend on the DNA nativity, DNA association with var- ious proteins, the microenvironment. etc. The to- for's maximum rotation period (T a,) which in this method is the most sensitive parameter character- izing the genome conformational state of E. coli cells, was obtained from the AVTD curve. The measurement error of the rotor's rotation period was 2%. Results Irradiation of E. coli cells with doses of 10-~-50 Gy leads to changes of the AVTD curve of the cell lysate (Fig. 2, curve 2). The major cause of these changes is the considerable decrease of T,,,.,,. After post-irradiated cell incubation for 90- 120 min, depending on the dose of irradiation. an almost complete recovery of the AVTD curve (Fig. 2. curve 3) took place. This means that during this period the GCS of the irradiated cells returned to the control level. It is in this sense that we use the term "repair" of the genome conformational state. In preliminary experiments the X-irradiated cells were exposed to microwaves in the regime of frequency switching. This was brought about with- in the range of about 200 MHz during 30-90 min. Fig. 2 (curve 4) shows the AVTD curve after cell 50 40 -30 11 F- 20 10 100 200 300 400 1[sl Fig. 2. Anomalous viscosity time dependencies of E. coli G 62 cell lysates: I - control: 2 - X-irradiation (30 Gy); 3 - XR and incubation (90 min): 4 - XR and incuba- tion under the influence of EH F EM R. irradiation within the frequency band of 51.60- 51.78 GHz at PD = 3MW/CM2for 90 min. It can be seen that microwaves in this range ef- fectively suppress repair of the GCS. To assess the microwave effect on the repair process after X-irradiation, we used the following ratio: Ttnax XR 1 _Tmax eff X = - - TmaxXR I -TmaxXR where: T., X R- the average maximum rotor's rotation period in the lysates of cells lysated immediately after X-irradiation; Tma, XR ~ I -the average maximum rotor's rota- tion period in the lysates of cells lysated after X-irradiation and subsequent incubation (1); T., ff -the average maximum rotor's rotation period in the lysates of cells subjected to EHF EMR during the radiation-induced repair. In two effective microwave ranges the x dependencieson frequency were determined. In these experiments. cells were irradiated with microwaves of a certain frequency for 5 to 15 min after X-irradiation. To assess the average value of the rotor's maximum rotation period in each of the experiments 3 AVTD measurements were made. Significance level was determined by the Student's t-test. The extent and results of a standard experiment are given in Table 1. Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 present the x dependence in the ranges examined: 51.62-51.84GHz (strain 0.8 0.6 W 0.4 0.2 f [ GHz I Fig. 3. Frequency dependence of EHF EMR effect on radiation-induced repair of the GCS of E. coli R M If 7 cells (20 Gy: 15 min. 3 mW:cm2). Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 51.6 51.64 51,68 51.72 51.76 51.8 51,84 Approved For R' Please. 2000/08/08/~,CIA-RDP96-00-7''8"9ROO3100280001.7 624 1. Y. Belyaev et al. - Resonance Effect of Microwaves on the Genome Conformational State of E. coli Cells Table 1. Values of the maximum rotor's rotation period derived from AVTD curves obtained in lysates of E. coli AB 1157 cells, lysated after X-irradiation (20 Gy), subsequent incubation or irradiation with EHF EMR (200 PWjcm2) in the course of incubation. Typeof EMR Duration of T,,,.~, T. .... :t SE* Significance effect frequency EHFEMR [S] IS] level as [GHz] irradiation compared [min) with XR + 1 51.1 Control- 35.1 44.8 p < 0.03 4.8 47.8 7.4 - X - 7.2 7.0 0.3 p<0.0001 R 6.5 28.1 XR - - 24.7 26.2 - + 1.0 I 25.7 14.0 41.25 10 12.3 12.8 p < 0,0004 0.6 12.1 7.2 41.30 10 6.4 6.9 p<0.0001 0.3 XR 7.2 8.9 41,35 10 10.1 9.7 t p < 0.0002 0.4 EMR 10.1 9.7 + 41.40 10 11.2 11.00.7 p < 0.0004 12.2 1 16.2 41.45 10 17.3 16.7 P<0.001 0.3 16.6 15.2 41.50 10 16.2 15.6:t p < 0.0006 0.3 15.6 Standard error 1.2 1 0.8 0,6 0.4 41.2 41.25 41.3 41-35 41.4 41.45 41.5 f [ GHz Fig. 4. Frequency dependence of EHF EMR effect on radiation-induced repair of the genome conformational state of E. coli AB 1157 cells (20 Gy; 200 1AW/cm2, 10 min). RM 117) and 41.25 -41.50 GHz (strain AB 1157). It is clear that in both ranges this dependence has a resonance nature with a resonance half-width of the order of 100 MHz and resonance frequencies of 51.76 GHz and 41.32 GHz: respectively. In the first instance the cell exposure to EHF EMR was carried out at PD = 3 mW/cm1. The SAR value, estimated by acoustic and calorimetric methods, amounted to 17 mW/g and 22 mW/g respectively. Heating of the cell suspension, when irradiated, did not exceed I 'C. The x dependence on frequen- cy within the range of 41.25-41.~O GHz was stud- ied at PD = 200 pW/cm2 with heating not exceed- ing 0. 1 'C. It should be noted that heating of a cell suspension by 5 OC for 10 min right after the X-irradiation did not lead to suppression of repair Approved For Release 2000108108 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08: CIA;RQP&RgM. HPQ9W98,00ft-7 625 1. y. Belyaev et aL - Resonance Effect of Microwaves on the Genome - 1.2 018 w 0.6 0.4 02 0.01 0.1 1 10 i00 1000 PDJgW/cni2J Fig. 5. Dependence of suppression effectiveness of radia- tion-induced GCS repair on microwave PD (strain AB 1157,20 Gy; 41.32 GHz, 5 min). processes. We also studied the dependence of sup- pression of radiation-induced GCS repair on PD of the microwave exposure at the 41.32 GHz fre- quency. The power dependence of x is shown in Fig. 5. Starting with a PD of I liW/cm2, irradiation for 5 min significantly suppressed GCS repair. As pointed out above, Fig. 3 shows a frequency dependence within the 51.62 - 51.84 GHz range for RM 117 strain. But this microwave irradiation was effective in repair suppression for the other strains used: AB 1157 and G 62. Altogether I I expcri- ments were carried out, each revealing statistically significant suppression of repair processes by microwaves at frequencies of this resonance. An EHF EMR effect on the genome conforma- tional state was also discovered in the case of in- verse sequence of cell exposure to microwaves and X-rays. Irradiation of cells with EHF EMR at the 51.78 GHz frequency (that is close to that of reso- nance) before X-irradiation prevented the process of radiation-induced repair (Table II). Table 11. Values of the maximum rotor's rotation peri- od in cell lysatcs after a combined effect EHF EMR (3 mW/cm2, 51.78 GHz, 30 min) and XR (30 Gy) on E. coli RM 117 cells. Type of fmax ± SE Significance level effect IS) as compared with XR + I Control 17.1 ±0,9 p < 0,04 XR 6.9 t 0. 1 p < 0.02 XR + 1 12.5 t 1.4 - EMR+XR+l 7.2 ± 0.2 p < 0.003 Approved For Release 2000/08/08: Discusdon it is generallY accepted that biological mem- branes are receptors of chemical and electromag- netic signals. Can this premise alone explain those resonance bioeffects which can be seen when cells dre subjected to low-intensity millimeter radiation? This resultant effect can change such important biological parameters as velocity of cell division [1, 21 or processes of gene expression [3, 5]. It would seem that the simplest answer to the ques- tion of the target of microwave resonance effect is that the target is the cell membrane whose proper- ties determine frequencies of resonant interaction. Indeed, in a number of model studies microwave effects were detected that had been caused by a change in the ion membrane transport [13-151. But the microwave "membrane" effects examined did not depend on the EMR frequency and there- fore do not perrrdt explanation of the resonance ef- fect on the processes of cell development and gene expression. It apppared to us that a promising ex- planation of these' observations could be supplied by the notion of the role of the genome conforma- tional state in forming cell's resonance response to the millimeter wave exposure. In other words, we assumed that parameters of the GCS, i.e. space-to- pological organization of chromosomal DNA, de- termine resonance frequencies. In such an event the GCS would be sensitive to the effect of milli- meter waves of certain frequencies. In order to provide support for this supposition we used the method of anomalous viscosity time dependencies in cell lysates. which has a high sensi- tivity to the GCS change [6]. Changes in the AVTD can be detected even with an X-ray dose of 10 cGy when less than one single-strand DNA break is induced per E. coli genome. This result al- ready made it possible to assume that the AVTD method is sensitive not only to damages of the sug- ar-phosphate bonds of the DNA secondary struc- ture. The AVTD sensitivity to other changes of the genomc conformation, particularly those caused by DNA-protein bonds, was confirmed by the ex- periments we carried out [ 161. The results obtained in the course of our work indicate that repair of the genome conformational state of bacterial cells after ionizing irradiation is highly sensitive to the resonance effect of millimeter waves. The microwave effect discovered cannot be ex- plained by trivial heating. This was borne out by CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001.7 ApProved For Re-1eqsQ..2000/08/08-.- CIA-RDP96. 0 1' 89 07 R003100280001-7 626 1. Y. Belyaev et al. - Resonance Effect of Microwaves on the Genorne Conformational State of E. coli Cells many of the results obtained. First, there were effective PD of about I gW/CM2, while SAR amounted to 10 pW/g is not enough for a notice- able heating of the irradiated suspension over 5- 15 min. Second, heating of the cell suspension by 5 ~C for 10 min during the postradiative incu- bation has no influence on the restoration. Finally, the PD averaged over the irradiated surface did not depend on the frequency within the limits of the observed resonances (± 200 MHz). There is hardly any doubt that destabilization of repair and probably other protein complexes with DNA is the central event of the molecular-biologi- cal mechanism preventing the GCS repair. Sur- prisingly, this effect may be obtained even if cells are subjected to EMR with resonance frequency before X-irradiation. This result means that a cell, irrespective of whether or not it was X-irradiated, retains the microwave resonance effect for a cer- tain period. It is especially important to stress that this memory is realized at the level of the genome conformational state. This inference is supported by the fact that after a 5- 10 min EMR effect on X-irradiated cells, the prevention of GCS repair persists for at least an hour and a half of the subse- quent incubation. The discovered frequency dependence of the effect, especially the half-width of resonances (100 MHz), is similar in character to that which had been obtained when studying the gene expres- sion of repressed X-prophage operon in lysogenic E. coli cells (3, 5]. In our view, this coincidence is one more argument in favour of the supposition of the role of the genome conformational state in the resonance response of bacteria] cells to a millime- ter wave effect. In general, a chain of events seems to be in- volved in this interaction. At the first stage, micro- waves interact with cell membranes. It is likely that the signal in the membrane intensifies and is re- ceived in the DNA through the point (points) where DNA is attached to the membrane. We be- lieve that there are parameters of DNA or its . se- lected sites, including those bound with proteins, that determine the resonance frequencies of elec- tromagnetic waves capable of influencing the gen- ome confonnational state through the membrane. One cannot exclude the possibility that the pri- mary targets of millimeter wave action are pro- teins, which take part in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of chromosome DNA [18. 191. Then changes in the GCS registered by the AVTD method will be defined by the influence of EHF EMR on the function of these proteins. By affecting the GCS through the processes of molec- ular interaction the microwaves may give rise to changes of DNA secondary structure, changes in elementary genetic processes: transcription. repli- cation, repair and recombination. Consequently, it is possible to record the final biological effect at the cell level: modification of gene expression down to derepression of operons (2 - 5], changes in the velocity of DNA synthesis and in cell division [1, 17]. It is worth noting that cells of all the E. coli strains used (AB 1157, RM T 17, G 62) were sensi- tive to EMR of the 51.62-51.84 GHz frequency band. The first two o(these stra-ins are isogenic by known markers. As to the third strain, it differs from the previous ones by a number of markers. For instance, G62 cells have no mutations in the gene of acetylornithine deacetylase or other genes whose products take part in the biosynthesis of ar- ginine and therefore are not auxotrophic on this amino acid. It is possible that structural genes whose mutations determine differences in the strains used have no relationship with a mecha- nism of resonance interaction. But it appears likely to us that resonance frequencies are determined by regulatory nucleotide sequences and their mutual position within cellular DNA. The results obtained in this work are in accord- ance with the physical models predicting the exist- ence in living systems of discrete resonance states corresponding to the millimeter band of an elec- tromagnetic fleld (18, 191. A further experimental confirmation of the gen- orne's role in giving rise to these discrete states and the existence of selection rules on helicity for tran- sitions between them will be made public at a later date. Acknowledgements The authors express their gratitude to 0. A. Aizenberg for providing strains and to V. M. Shtemler for assistance in SAR measurements. They are also sincerely grateful to W. Grundler, F. Keilmann and S. P. Sitko for discussing the re- sults of this work. ApProved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-007,S9ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : C'A-RDP96-00789 R?1PP?§PPegs1-7627__ N 1. Y. Belyaev el at. - Resonance Effect of Microwaves on the Genome Conformationa t 0 (1] W. Grundler, U. Jentzsch, F. Keilmann, and V. Put- terlic, in: Biological Coherence and Response to Ex- terrial Stimuli (H. Frohlich, ed.), pp. 65-85, Sprin- ger Verlag, Heidelberg 1988. (21 E. Postow and M. L. Swicord, in: CRC Handbook of Biological Effect of Electromagnetic Fielas (C. Polk and E. Postow, eds.), pp. 425-460, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton 1986. [3] S. J. Webb, Phys. Lett. 73 A, 145 (1979). [4] F. Kremer, C. Koschnitzke, L. Santo, P. Quick, and A. Poglitsch, in: Coherent Excitation in Biological Systems (H. Frohlich and F. Kremer, eds.), pp. 10- 20, Springer Verlag, Berlin 1983. [5] K. V. Lukashevsky and 1. Ya. Belyaev, Med. Sci. Res. 18, 955 (1990). [6] Yc. D. Alipov, 1. Ya. Belyaev, D. 1. Yedncral, D. M. Izmailov, K. V. Lukashevsky, L. K. Obukhova, 0. V. Okladnova, and V. S. Shcheglov, in: Proceed- ings of the Workshop on Genetic Effects of Charged Particles (K. G. Amirtaev and S. Kozubek, eds.), pp. 150-160, JINR, Dubna 1989 (in Russian). (71 S. P. Sitko, E. A. Andreev, and 1. S. Dobronravova, J. Biol. Phys. 16, 71 (1988). [81 G. T. Butkus, K. K. Mikalauskas, and A. S. Pausha, in: Medicobiological Aspecm of Millimeter Radia- tion (N. D. Devyatkov, ed.), pp. 230-234, IRE Ac. Sci. U.S.S.R., Moscow 1987 (in Russian). [9] 1. G. Polnikov and A. V. Putvinsky, Biof isika 33, 893 (1988) (in Russian). 110] J. Miller, Experiments in Molecular Genetics, p. 373, Mir, Moscow 1976 (in Russian). [111 E. L. Uhlenhopp, Biorheology 12,137 (1975). [12] V. D. Iskin, Yu. V. Zavgorodny, N. M. Yatsenko, L. K. Silina, E. V. Stepula, A. W. Medvedovsky, B. G. Rice, and S. V. Rudenko, Biological Effects of Millimeter Waves. Review. A. Deposited Manu- script, p. 75, All-Union Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of the U.S.S.R., Moscow 1987 (in Russian). [131 V. M. Shtemler, in: The All-Union Symposium with Foreign Participants: Theoretical and Applied As- pects of Usage of the Millimeter Electromagnetic Ir- radiation in Medicine. Abstracts (S. P. Sitko, ed.), pp. 114-115, TRC "Otklik", Kiev 1989 (in Russian). (14] R. N. Khramov, Ye. M. Kobrinsky, A. K. Filippov, and N. I. Porotikov, ibid., pp. 49- 50 (in Russian). [15] 1. Yu. Petrov and 0. V. Betsky, Dokl. Acad. Nauk U.S.S.R. 305,474 (1989) (in Russian). [16] Ye. D. Alipov, I. Ya. Belyaev, V. P. Kryuchkov, and V. N. Lystsov, in: Proceedings of the Eight Balkan Biochemical and Biophysical Days, pp. 1-2, Insti- tute of Atomic Physics, Bucharest 1990. (1711. Ya. Belyacv, Ye. D. Alipov, V. S. Shcheglov, K. V. Lukashevsky, and V. N. Lystsov, in: Proceedings of Tenth International Biophysics Congress, p. 549, Vancouverl990. [18] S. P. Sitko, V. 1. Sugakov, DokL Acad. Nauk Ukr. S.S.R. 6 B, 63 (1984) (in Russian). 119] F. Keilmann, Z. Naturforsch. 41 c, 795 (1986). Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 AB . T ~ Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000108108: CIA-RDP96-00789ROO31002 0 376 R. E. TIGRANYAN and V. V. SHOROKHOV D 7. Molecular-Biological and Cytological Aspects of rise in power in Lympholeukaemia (in Russian) (Eds, t Nikolayeva and others) Nauka, Moscow, 1981 the beats in the p 8. FEOFANOVA, T. V. et al., Mathematical Biophysics i1se level (- 20 (in Russian) pp. 50-59, Kras. State Urr, d 13' Krasno arsk 1985 y ar waveguide of , density of the ft Biophysics 'Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 376-377,1988 0006-3509188the head was irt, $10.00. Printed in Poland (0 1989 Pergamon Prcv,~. ses chosen was ui earphones of a G FREQUENCY RANGE OF THE AUDITORY cy of the to frequen EFFECT OF U.H.F.* .:being controlled A- uenc etition fre a re R. E. TIGRANYAN and V. V. SHOROKHOV q p subject. Starting froi increase in the repe Institute of Biological Physics, U.S.S.R. Academy of - Sciences, Pushchino (Moscow Region) rcelved over the (Received 5 August 1986) c tonal signal in oi rceition in the opi: The zero beats of radiosound of an acoustic signal "frequences were from an electrodynamic emitter over the 3-58, frequency range to 8 kHz have been recorded for the for the third 3-80, first time in a natural experiment. It is shown that the zero beats between the acoustic tonal zero beats in a ton, signal and the first harmonic of the pulse sequence of u.h.f. are fixed most clearly at the points corresponding to low threshold valuc~ in the threshold curve of the u.h.f. auditory effect. IN (1] Concerned with determination of the boundaries V, V. V., et al. of the frequency range of radic- UTEN, J. F, Proc. sound perceived by humans it was shown that it is limitedK downwards by the value 8 07 and upwards by the intrinsic high-frequency boundary AN, R. E. and Sk. of hearing (h1b.1.) Of ON subjects. However, our findings (3, 4] obtained in In: Biological Effect various physical models pointed o the possibility, in principle, of human perception Vn Russian) ONTI of the whole sound range and NTsJ a part of it. In particular, this followed from experiments on a two-contour resona model based on the most fundamental principles known from the theory of h rir The proposed two-contour model fully reflects the mechanismsV01.33.No.2,pp.377-382,19 of hearing aN in line with the existing analogues of these mechanisms, isolates the first harmonic sent in the signal without conflicting with the physiologicalA LS and neurophysiolOgi~'t BUTION data. Thus, the absence of residual sound [2] in the-proresonanceTRI region in the ilatur", (13C) r experiment [1] may be explained by the following factors. 1. Insufficient attention of the subjects during the experiment to establish the PM sence of beats at low frequencies. 2. The high level of noise (-40 dB above the hearing Institute of Molecula threshold) in a room wherc natural experiment was run. 3. The low amplitude of the frequency of the beats at the mean level at low rcr" tion frequencies of the u.h.f. pulses. ? N.. tion of the with reasons for 4 T i . -Considered. Analysis he of i nsufficient power of the u.h.f. pulse taking into account the fact that in the repetition frequency of the u.h.f. pulses the threshold rises, jndicate that the difference.~ Biofizika 33: No, 2, 349-M, 198~. Zika 33: No. 2, 351-355, ease zummuts : cw-Kc 1 3 - nr71MnTTn'1r_ v !mia (in RussiaiA!~ pp. 50-59, Kras., 0006- 0 1999 P JDITORYA HOV ishchino (Mosenw rodynamic emitter a natural expe'rim'' first harmonic 4 ing to low threshd, effect. frequency,ran kmwards by the v hearing (h.f;bh.)-'~' )hysical models Polls hole sound range- 4. n a two-contour res :)m the theory- of J1 :hanisms of.. .11 .ates the first al and neurophy"14 iance region in this .,ment to establish Distribution of heavy carbon isotope ('-C) 377 Since rise in power in the pulse is not without danger we carried out the experiment detect the beats in the preresonance region (1-7 kHz) in conditions of a substantially 10 Wer noise level (-20 dB). Irradiation was at a carrier frequency of 800 MHz using a ao eguide of section 150 x 270 MM2, the power in the Pulse - 120 W. ,,Ogtdar wav the density of the flux of power fp.) in the pulse was 0-6 W/cm2 The~a_rietal on of the head was irradiated as in the previous experiments. The duration of the pulses chosen was up to 25 usec The tonal signal was delivered to the subject phones of a GS-1001 generator. The repetition frequency of the pulses trou& ear 0d the frequency of the ton'al acoustic signal varied from I to 7 kHz, both these para- eters being controlled with a ChZ-34 frequency meter. V At a repetition frequencies of the pulses of 1-3 kHz the sound was perceived only one subject. Starting from 3 kHz the sensation of sound became more intense. With the repetition frequency of the u.h.f. pulses the sound was confl- further increase in Jotly perceived over the whole range by all the subjects. The presence of beats with Ln acoustic tonal signal in order to shorten the radiation time was chacked at the points .here perception in the opinion of the subjects was most distinct. For the first subject ~hcse frcquences were 3-58, 4-21, 5-23 and 6-99 kHz, for the second 4-01, 5-33 and 6-99 ij4z and for the tMrd 3-80, 4-74 and 4-97 kHz. At these frequencies all subjects clearly recorded zero beats in a tonal acoustic signal. REFERENCES TYAZHELOV, V. V., et aL, Radioscience 14: 259, 1979 ScHOUTEN, J. F., Proc. Koninklije Nederlandische Akademie van Wetenschappen 43: 356, 1985 TIGRANYAN, R. E. and SHOROKHOV, V. V., Bioflzika 30: 894, 1985 j. Idem., In: Biological Effect of Electromagnetic Fields. Problems of their Use and Standardiza- tion (in Russian) ONTI NTs1, Pushchino, 1986 ikophysics Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 377-382, 1988 Pmnwd in Poland 0006-3509188 $10.0+.00 -_C 1989 Pergamon Preu pie DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEAVY CARBON ISOTOPE (13C) IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS* YA. M. VARSHAVSKII shold) in a room c mean level at ,ount the fact rises, Institute of Molecular Biology, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow (Receired 8 Ju~y 1986) The question of the reasons for the fractionation of the 13C carbon isotope in biological sys- tems is considered. Analysis of the existing experimental data and also theoretical considera- tions indicate that the differences observed in the isotope composition of the carbon of biomo. ' Bioflzika 33; No. 2, 351-355, 1988. %.*I/A-mul-tlt-UUttS9ROO3100280001-7 A Amotations Of PgPirs deposited in VINITI FIELDS' 2ductivity AUDITORY EFFECTS OF KILSED "t ELECTROMAGNETIC Of the against a backgrf ANALYTICAL REVIEW F - persisting for to= V. V. SIZOROXHOV and R. F- TIGRANYAN Institute of Biological physiqs, pushchino (Moscow Region) i:.J iked 20 May 1988)' (Rec NT DIPOLE .1 of the auditory effects of u.h.f pulsed electromagnetic fields (md!030und) is a special very STUD w field of clectromagnotobiology. Radiosound is of interest as factually the dnly objectively nwo nvorded and 'steadily repeatable effect of an electromagnetic field (e.m.f.)~ Therefore, study of It Is desirable at least for the sake of elucidating the mechanisms of biological action of the emf. In gene- aces, Vilnius rgl, although the phenomenon is of Interest in its own right and as a possible public heath criterion. The advent of subjective auditory sensations h not 6 specific reaction of the body but the result Of thei transformation of electromagnetic to mechanical energy in the tissues of the bead. Most Investiga- tors agree on this although a single established view of the specific mechanism of the formation of the shift of the auditory image has still not taken shape. The review includes over dipoij- 100 publications known to the authors starting from the very first in 19564 they are grouped into four sections within which chrono- logical order is observed: 1) psychophysical experiments on humans; 2) behavioural reactions of ani- mals; 3) clectrophysiological and other phenomenological investigations; and 4) model investigations and possible mechanisms. This is the first time such a review has featured in the Soviet literature. paper deposited in full in VINITI as No. 7777-V88. HE TnEORY Dep. I November 1988. ZACENTS MICROSLIT mht. EhUTTER FOR BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS I S. V. KoL=N and R. L TioRANYAN institute of Biological Physics, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Pushchino (Moscow Region) (Received 25 December 1987) ItinCt sets and t6 ements, for examw a of the procedure' ncepts "not Iasi, " ' Possible to deter ;cPts as "mioimal I line with the nu." wider application aditions of an in. A mcRosuT u.hf. emitter has been designed for investigating the functional state of biological objects with a volume to 50 pi on exposure to u.h.f. e.mi. with synchronous visual observation with an optical microscope. The structure of the field of the emitter and the main characteristics of the exposure of the object to e.m.i. are considered. The constructive dimensions of the emitter and the dielectric properties of the support are determined by the frequency of the carrier vibration, the wave impedance of the conducting cable and the characteristics of the object studied. The possibility of linking the emitter to the MBI-1 5 and MBI-3 microscopes is demonstrated. An effective apparatus of a microemitter is produced, the main energy characteristics recorded on irradiation of the model of the biological object and the safety zone for the investigator defted. The emitter was tried out on microorganisms of the Tetrahymena species (Teirahymena pyri- formis) in continuous and pulsed regimes at the carrier frequency of 915 MHz. Paper deposited in full in VINITI as No. 7772-V88. Dep. I November 1988. 572 Annotations of papers deposited in VINITI to microwave irradiation is explained by the difference in theit ptoperties correlating with cell size. Fall in excitability of the high threshold motoneurones results from change in the conductivity of their membrane on exposure to microwave heating. Rise in excitability of the low-threshold moto- neurones is apparently linked with activation of the presynaptic excitatory inputs under the influence of microwaves. Paper deposited in full in VINM as No. 1442-V89. Dep. 2 March 1989. SPECntAL ANALYSIS OF A SPHERICAL MODEL OF RADIOSOUND R. E. Tiop.ANYAN and V. V. SHOROKHOV Institute of Biological Physics, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Pushchino (Moscow Region) (Received 8 September 1988) A spEcTPAL analysis has been made of the mechanical oscillations excited in spherical liquid models of xadlosound by u.h.f. pulses. It is shown that the fundamental resonance irequency is determined by the relation cl2a where c is the velocity of sound in a liquid and a is the radius of the sphere. 11he presence of an apeiture in the sphere leads to the appearance of frequency components corre- sponding to a Helmholtz resonator and a four-wave resonator. It is assumed that these components must be absent in the prototype. It is concluded that the low quality factor spherical model satis- factorily reproduces certain essential features of the effect of radiosound. Paper deposited in full in VINITI as No. 1444-V89. Dep. 2 Much 1989. E. L. ANDRONIK YU. P. KOZLOV, G. N. BYERESTO' V. V. L B. S. BALMUKHANOV, and K. YJE. BULEGE N. S. SHELUD'KO, I Yu. K. YUDIN K. M. L'vov, A. V. G. S. KALiCHAVA, N G. G. ZIANGIROVA V. R. GALoYAN S. K. YEFimov, D. G N. S. SUROVICHEVA V. V. ANSHELEVICH, I A. V. LuKAsHiN anc M. D. FRANIC-KAmE S. R. GuTmAN, A. R S. V. FomICHENKO V. S. GURFINKEL', Yu. S. LEVIK V. V. FLEvrN, V. T. 0. R. KOL'S M. V. FOK, A. R. Z- G. A. PROKOPENKO BURDZ14ANADZ T. V. M. 0. VEZHITADZE A. P. ZHUKOVSKii anc T. V. BYELOPOL'SKA) and I. V. SOCHAVA A. A. MAKAROV, I. L A. AI)ZHUBYEi and YE. M. TimANiN Z, 752 R. E. TioltAwAN REFERENCES s [1-5]. T1 'the presence 1. MALENKOV, A. G. and KOVALEV, 1. Ye., Biofizika 31:162,1986 etic uh.f. e 2. MATUSHAK, A. A. and SHEPOVAL'NIKOV, N. P., Factors of the Constitution and a Tech. nique foir Investigating It in Children and Adolescents (in Russian) Leningrad Otophonetic last., ive than Leningr-ad, 1930 3. MALENKOV, A. G. et al., Electrical and Thermophysital Properties of the Human Skin (in Russian) Dep. in VINITI No. 75-85, Moscow 4. WIN, B. L et al., Theoretical and Experimental Studies of the Characteristics of Biological Tissues and Fluids by the Pulse Method (in Russian) Nauka, Moscow, 1981 5. BMDP: Biomedical Computer Programs (Ed. W. Dixson) Univ. California Press, 1979 4 6. Al EkSANDROV, V. V. and GORSKII, N. D., Algorithms and Programs of the Structural Method of Data Processing (in Russian) p. 62, Nauka, Leningrad, 1983 7. BRAVERMAN, E. M. and MUCHNIK, I. B., Structural Methods of Empirical Data Processig (in Russian) 464 pp., Nauka, Moscow, 1983 Biophysics Vol. 33 No. 4. pp. 752-757, 1988 0006-3509/89 $10.00+0 Printed in Poland (D 1999 34"Well Pergamon Macmill" Pk POSSEDLE MECHANISM OF TT-11E SPECIFIC ACTION OF PULSED U.H.F. FIELDS* R. E. TIGRANYAN Institute of Biological Physics, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Pushchino (Moscow Regio") represer (Received 29 May 1986, after revision 20 January 1987) containinj .F~I'l-vo*ch 6-.h, The conditions of excitation of mechanical vibrations by u.hf. pulses in model liquids havo -fha objec been studied experimentally. The possible role of the different types of excited elastic wava em.f in the formation of spedfic effects of pulsed u.hf. fields is reviewed. The biological signifi=09 of the excited shear vibrations by u.h.f. pulses is demonstrated. From the results a hYPO' Conc thesis is suggested on the acoustic nature of the mechanism of the specific effects of Pulsed e local u.h.f. fitids as a result of generation in biological objects of shear waves by u-IL - PulsC& W, Tim identification of the mechanism of the biological action of pulsed electroma -Vto-; quite i *of the c flAds (e.m.f.) of ultrabigh frequency (u.h.fi) is becoming e=eptionally important the wide adoption of pulsed uh.f. instruments and systen:& with the most varied &t- vnerM tions. Enormous factual material has been gathered and different hypotheses t change- "WOW mechanism of action proposed. cionner, Many eff--cts called non-thermal (specific) have still not been properly eXPlailot Such efficts include disturbances associated with the functioning of excitr-bl., st~%01' 'Action De that are quite inexplicable from the standpoint of the qx;antity of absor d Biofaika 33: No. 4, 698-702,1988. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 CIA-RDP96-00789RO03 r Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7,,, Sped&, action a u.M. fields Pulsed ses The dreds da,=Ixd_* thew co=unications most dearly de- M PW of an unknown pathwayof the transformation of the absorbed A the presence A, etic mhf. energy. Edi.[61 notes that there must be a certain transfer ftmction 3e Consti Leningrad 0 rinative than the heat released between the cell and the electromagnetic wave info rtift Of the HE Characteristics zow, 1991 , alifornia Press. Programs of I 1983 of Empirical D 19 I&AZWOU rWP=G& MC ashchino (Moscow Fia. i. schematic representation of the racording node of the mechanical vibrations excited in A wary 1987) Squid: 1-tube containing liquid; 2-rectangular waveguide-, 3-piezo crystal; 4-rubber rinr. 5-sprinlr, 6-hf. cable; 7-centring ring; 8-screen; 9-insulating washer. pulses in mod;] Iiquid~impinging on the object. More than twenty years ago Kamenskii ype3 of excite e (7] investigating the ast c. I The biological aaion of pulse e.mS of ultrahigh frequency on the para sign' eters of conduction of excita- 1. From the results tion along a nerve conctuded that in such a regime of &,' the action of this physical factor the specific effects511mmation of the local changes occurs in the nerve preparation. of In the present work a hear waves by AX. bypothesis is advanced on the acoustic nature of the mechanism of the biological action of uh.L pulsed e.m.f., i.e. transformation of part of the absorbed electromagnetic energy on of pulsed e ,ectrof the pulse into quite intense mechanical vibrations capable of actively influencing the xceptionally impo fuhctional state of the object is taken as a transfer function. It i3 known [9-111 that on absorption of the energy of a u.hf. pulse there forms m s" in the medium a thermal pulse the s with the t v different h~othie fronts of which changes in the volume of the object leading to the formation in it of mechanical vibrations. The authors of the present paper had his interest aroused in this .ot been properly phenomenon in connexion with the results of comparison of some non-thermal mani- ioning of exci-L- festations of the action of pulsed uhf. fields and the bl.- action of ultrasound on obj.-cts of intity of absorbed the same type. R turns out that the effects observed are qualitatively adequate [12-18]. This led to the ;Quclusion that during the pulsed action Qf wh-f, in biolo$ical objects 754 R. E. TiORAWAN quite intense mechanical vibrations must be excited capable of actively influencing the functional state of the obj.-ct. Yet the calculated pressure values of the mechanical vibra. tions presented in (9, 19] are lower by 4-5 orders (by 8-10 orders in intensity) than thos capable of leading to functional or pathological disturbances. To clarify the question we ran a seri.-s of experiments on mod.-I systems-liquids of organic and inorganic origin and biological obj.-cts (the intact brain of the rat, a preparation of the frog tibia] nerve and an erythrocyte suspension. Th e block diagram includes a u.h.f. generator with a pulse power of 70 W at a carrier frequency of 800 MHz, a rectangular waveguide in the running wave regime, a piezo- cerainic mechanical vibration detector, a linear amplifier and a SI-54 oscillograph. RG. 2. Oscill 'The obj.-cts were irradiated in a tub.- positioned in the diametral plane of the wave uide . g Figure I presents the design of the node of fixation of the tube and recording of the mechanical vibrations excited in a liquid. The power the object or w flux density in the pulse in the wave- guide was 2 W/cm2. The height of the liquid column in fqUowing at the the tube was varied from 0 to 50 mm. The test of whether these vibrations actually Vibrations). Th originated from the test liquid was the velocity of sound in a given liquid determined fromor equal to 10 the relation [20] itude of the sign C=41f of the excited or C=41/ndr, where I is the height of the liquid column, cm;fis the frequency of the excited mechanical 0 values prt vibrations, sec Ar is the time marking of the sweep of the oscillogragh, sec; n is the vely 0- 1 N number of markings; per period. The liquid column is ted mechai regarded as a four-wave acoustic resonator. The duration of the pulses in the experimentsAt frequenci( ranged between 10-5 and 10-' sec and the repetition frequency was 10-10" Hz. Figure 4.,- 2 presents an oscillogram of the onics the aml mechanical vibrations excited in ethanol. With change WII!Vem studie, in the duration of the u.h.f. PW59 periodic changes (maxima and minima) in the amplitude of the excited mechanical contour ofir vibrations were observed. Ile amplitude of the resulting vibration is determined by 04 Hons appe-c relation ity the q 2ir 2 =[A +A2+2AlA2cos Ar 1 2 + Ti T moduli iuonscquc whereAi=A6e7',-,42-AOe are the amplitudes of the dying oscillations excited by to that of the leading and trailing edges of the thermal pulse. Thus the fronts of the thermal P& rom the knc Such an apprO2~* may be regarded as two independent sources of mechanical vibrations . of the lone of ibe to the effict observed is~ also supported by the fact that with change in the duration wide uh.f. pulse (for a duration of the u.h.f. pulse range of equal to several periods of the CXCitC4 Inechanicalvibrations) the amplitude of the mechanical experiment vibrations excited by the leadW intensity 4 edge remains unchang:d and only that of the mechanical vibrations excited by the tram sity of t f pulses edge of the thermal pulse changes With change in the duration of the Uh . ion, the only does the amplitude of the vibrations change bu; also the character of the -0,at a distan process-at rj=(2n+l)T/2 the process of generation of the mechanical vibratioto A swh w4ye! on an continuous if the repetition frequency of the uhX- pulses is c1gs t the res roved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-0078 Release 2000/08/08 :.Gll -';'O'D'096-00789ROO3100286061-:7 755 Ocdon of pulsed UU. of actively ties of the met lers in inten~l es. To clarify, of organic a cparation of i power of. 70'90' ing wave re9LM and a SI-54 0~~ ral plane of the" tube and recor4 Mo. 2. Oscillogn- of mechanical vibrafions eacited in ethanol. (ty in the pludIse of the object or waning: at v, = nT it degenerates into b packets of mechanical 400cy u 'brations following at the frequency of the %V. pulses (T e was variedo is the period of the excited V, -d from the Mechanical vibrations). The pressure amplitude may be evaluated t from the sensitivity relation [201 r equal to 10-6 V-dyne- Icm~. For ethyl alcohol this value was -0-3.N1 2 Ofthe detecto cm ude of the signal on the detector of 20-30 mV. From this one may determine f" an amplit intensity of the excited mechanical vibrations using the known relation I. WICM2 _P212pC. ,of the excIt d oscillogra &Ibstituting the values presented we get r= 3 x 10-4 W/CM2 For I m NaCl solution we ,dasafo obtained respectively 0-1 N/cin-' and 10-5 W/cm2. The values of the pressures and inten- :d between 10-5*'6des of the excited mechanical vibrations obtained corTcspond to the resonance of the ents an oscillomodels used. At frequencies of uhf. pulses not equal to- the resonance frequencies or luration of their subliarmonics the amplitude of the electric signal the of the detector falls 50-100 fold. f the excited Thus the system studied when exposed to a pulse of electromagnetic energy must be ition is deterMinregarded as a contour of impact excitation in which on exposure to an external pertur- bation free vibrations appear with a frequency close to that of resonance i.e. in evaluating pressure and intensity the quality factor of the system must be heeded. In pure liquids as isknown only longitudinal mechanical vibrations. arc excited. In heterogeneous systems, for which the shear modulus GAO on excitation of the longitudinal waves, shear waves ing oscillationsAre also excited. Consequently, in a real biological objzct a shear component with a i.onts of the frequency equal to that of the longitudinal wave will also th be present. rations. Such If we start from the known findings that the velocity of M a. the shear wave is less by 2-3 nge in the duraticorders than that of the longitudinal wave and attenuation is 105 times greater [211 then ,ral Periods of tho'~ for the frequency range of the excitable mechanical vibrations - 10'- Hz (which is ob- ons excited served in many experiments) the intensity of the shear vibrations by t e. may be evaluated as Dris excited follows. For an intensity of the longitudinal waves ~ 10 by the - 6 W/C M2 in the absence of n of the u.h.f.resonance the intensity of the shear vibrations is I per cent, i.e. 10 - 8 W/CM2. In view of ie character the heavy attenuation, the energy of the shear waves is of expended on the run of 2-3 mechanical vib wavelengths, i.e. at a distance - 300,um. If the heterogeneities of the obj.-ct are regarded as Osc to the reson,Point sources of such w;Lves then in a sphere of 3 x 10 -2 9m rgipiius surface areay= 19-4 3 ly: 756 R. E. TioRAxYAN C1111 and volume V. 10-1 CM3, 10 - 2 W/CM3. It M the density of the energy will be ay be tition frequenc assumed that the maximum aciion 'of the shear waves will occur at the boundary of the heating and q lipfd membranes in view of the considerable difference in the dielectric constants of the mcmbrane ard ambient medium leading to increase in the local energy of the u.h.f. ues of the amr e.m.f. by three orders. In this case the energy density of the shear waves will reach 10 . . . . . ns obtained waves allow one A.p., eir exc itation by C,% 30 so IjO 0 60 2' t mi'7 P Cmlsec R. E. and "WO-7- AN 20 60- A.p. Mectromagnetk C R. E. and 40- 2 R. E. et. 40-4 G.L., Physio 60- DOV, Yu. A., A( Ap. R. THER Vol. 2 20 80- Yet. L, Bi, V. L, 100 P-radlation 0 10 20 30 t, OC K. R. and FIN( hL, L Appl. Mo. 3 M(3.4 L. S., J. Aco Mo. 3. Relative changes in the speed of conduction of the wave of excitation (1) and the amplitude V, K. D. et a of the action potential (a.p.) (2) of the nerve preparation on synchronization of u.h.f. iffadiation ds" (in Rus. with the latent period. F and 2- Results of control measurements with change in the speed of CO& and TUCI duction of the wave of excitation and amplitude of the action potential. IL G. an. Ma. 4. Change in the speed of conduction of the wave of excitation (1) and the amplitude of the s0, IL G. et i J. et al., Stri tion potential (2) of the nerve preparation on thermal heating. A. P. and I 'W/cm3. Thui, even in the case of nonTresonance excitation of the mechanical vibrk and W, tions the energy d.-nsity of the shear waves is biologically significant and far exceeds A AL, Biomec the threshold values. ]e. et a, Comparison of the results on the non-thermal effects of uhf. pulsed e.m.f On C%cf- UBIG table structures with data on the effzcts of ultrasound showed the single directioll Of F., Hyp 171 'ell the effect recora.d. Thus, on exposure of the frog nerve preparation to u.h.f PWSO Fi . .... .IN., Di: speed of conduction of X. lasting 3-5 msec with a repetition frequency of 17-23 Hz the the excitation wave'and the amplitude of the action potential (4.p.) decrease ong. on total heating of the preparation by not more than I K, the shifts of the pararneic" erve latent Perio& studied being obs d on synchronization of the uh.f. pulse with a With a shift of the uh.f. pulse in time relative to the latent period the effects disapPelf so the values of the recorded parameters cohcur with those for the control object Thus, for equality of the u.h.f. energy supplied in the two case the effect is Waage only on synchronization of the u.hf. pulse with the active state of the prepar,0601" U, A qualitatively similar picture is seen for preparations of the isolated frog hv innervated muscle R 3]. H.-ating these preparations ought to lead to the known Opp~ .J site results (231 (Fig. 4). It is signi4caut that for 0 the preparations indicated in Approved For Release 2000/08/08 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO R003 o628"0001 4 For Release 2000108108't-CIAADP96-00789 SpecIfic ict~n of pulsed ulU fieW -757 ~th e waves ,I) and 1 3 of u.h '! in the lential. " amplitl Ig. mecha it and sed e.mf. -ingle dired 11 to U." of conduo decrease 3 A )f the a latent Tects trol objed effect is 0 the prepa Ifrog hea he known dicated in. ion f 67 the. repetit requency, ie. Increase in the density of the power 11wr .?.. - , led to their ciable heating and qualitative agmment of the effwt with those observed on ther. oil heating. The values of the amplitudes of 'the pressures and intensities of the excited mechan- jal vibrations obtained and also the evaluation Of the volumetric ener nsity of ,M shear waves allOW one to draw a conclusion on the biological significa By de ~,pojn their excitation bY u-h-f pulses. nce of the lat. REFERENCES TIGRANYAN, R. & and TYAznEL4oV, V. V., Summ_ Action of Electromagnetic Fields" (in Russian) p. 12, Pus Report All-Union Symp. -Biological hchino, 1982 TIGRANYAN, R. E. and PARSADANYAN, A. Sh., Ibid. p. 13 TIGRANYAN, R., E. et al., Ibid. p. 14 4. FRENKEL*r G- L' 9 PbYsi0thcrRPY (in Russian) Vol. 3, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1939 IHOLODOV, Ya. A., Advances in EIDI, U. R., THER. Vol. 6g, No. 1. Pb'vs'olog'cal Sc'e=3(in Russian) p. 48, 1982 January 1980 gAMENSKIL Ye. L, Biomka 9: 6, 1964 IDA141LOVSKAYAt V. L, PrIkl. mat- mckh. 14t,69SO I-9SO' . 316, 195(% 16: 341, 1952 jp. FOSTER, K. R- and FINCH, Science 185: 256, ID74 1#. WHrM R. AL, I Appl.. PhYs. 34: 3SS9, 1963 11. GOURNAY, L. S' I J- -AcOust. Soc. Amer. 40: 13A 1966 12, KAZARINOV, K. D. el al., Summ. Reports All-Union Symp. magnetic Fields" (in Russian) p. 42, Pushcb1no, 1982 "Biological Action of Mectro. jj~ FRY, W. J. D. and TUCKER, D., I Acoust. SW- Amer. 23. 627~ 1951 14. HAUSSMANN, IL G. and KEH=, H-, Optic 7: 321, 1950 is. HAUSSMANN, H. G. et al., Hygien. M- 565,1952 16. LEHMANN, J- et al, Strablentherapie 93: 311, 1950 17. SARVAZYAN, A. P. and PASHOVKINI T- N-, PrOc. UBIOMED-IV. Vol. 1, Visegrad, Hur pry, 1973 IL THUSMANN, IL and "i""FJ'4 K* N-- Naturwi&wnscbaften 37: 195, 19SO 19. JAMIES, C., Microwave Auditory EiTacts and Application, 197S 20. ALEXANDER, R., Biomechanics (in Russian) Mir, Moscow, 1970 21. SARVAZYAN, A. P- etal., The Role of Shear properties Of Biological Tissues in Ultrasonic Dioeffects. Abstracts UBTOMED VII. p. 54, Eisenach, G.D.R., 1986 TIGRANYAN, R. E., HYPOthesis on the Acoustic Natureof the Mechanism of the Biological Action Of Pulse Iih.f Fields(in Russian) ONTI NTsBI, Pushchino, 1984 13. VEPRINTSEV, V. N., Dissert. Cand. Biol. Sd. (in Russian) Moscow State UnivaniM 1960 ,er of the bias r primary sel& )vements. The it this stage is ie vegetative si the vronortio, spread of the I region and i -can be sub itary properti overall contr6 4 -f the integritY cesses of conta 'arized cells m lly the cells ar nt embryos fun i of the cellula:' embryo. In th inal conditiot'o',, action - disappi he conclusions 330 pp, Mir, qeoplastic ,ussian) 202 pp, 980 an) Mosk. C. Si.,phy3ics Vol. 30 No. 5, pp. 975-981, 1985 P&,cd in Poland 0006-3509/85 $10.00+.00 Pergamon Journals Ltd. p"YSICAL MODELLING OF THE ACOUSTIC EFFECTS ON FXpOSURE OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS TO U.H.F. FIELDS* R. E. TIGRANYAN and V. V. SHOROKHOV 111stitute of Biological Physics, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Pushchino (Moscow Region) (Received 5 March 1984) A physical model of radiosound is proposed based on the phenomenon of excitation of niechanical vibrations in liquid medis on absorption of the energy of u.h.f. pulses. It is shown that a restricted volume of liquid may be regarded as an acoustic resonator with a na- tural frequency of vibrations. Interference occurs for certain ratios between the period of suc- cession and the duration of the pulses. Oscillograms of the mechanical vibrations recorded are presented. An explanation of the low frequency type of radiosound is offered. It is con- cluded that the proposed method of investigating the phenomenon of radiosound is correct. WORK on the effect of radiosound [1-5) has reliably confirmed the appearance of sub- jective sound sensations on irradiation of the human head with a pulse-modulated ~i.h.f. field. Nevertheless, there is still no conclusively formed idea of the mechanisms J origin of such sensations. The socalled thermo-elastic hypothesis of the mechanism )[ radiosound proposed by Lin [6] is the best researched and most consistent. Its es- ence is to assume that absorption of the energy of the u.h.f. field occurs not uniformly ,)ver the whole volume of the brain but is concentrated in its very narrow regions i'"hot spots") with their subsequent rapid thermal expansion and detection on the Aull bones. Thanks to the presence of bone conductivity the mechanical vibrations reach the organs of hearing where the sound image also forms. But since the author .)f this hypothesis regards the head as an acoustic resonator he derives a number of ..onsequences consistent with some experiments on radiosound. However, this theory Qnnot exp'lain a large body of experimental evidence and is in conflict with some of A. Therefore, it may be desirable in older to define certain aspects of this phenomenon 10 stnee experiments on models which would exclude a subjective evaluation by the lubject of a particulai characteristic of the effect. Foster and Finch observed excitation a a cubic vessel with a side of 300 mm filled with 0- 15 m KCI solution of mechanical Obrations on exposure to a pulsed u.h.f. field [7]. This phenomenon was taken as the basis of our experiments. 13iofizika 30: No. 5, 894-899, 1985. 1751 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO310028 976 R. E. TzGRANYAN and V. V. SHOROKHOV Acoustic cffe~ ence of descri In choosing the conditions of the experiments the authorsial qualifications sought to follow the parameters and characteristics of the objects known from 3 and 4 give the liteiature on the pheno. menon of radiosound and also the conditions of earlier parameters of experiments. As objects we used I m NaCl solution and ethyl alcohol ted by both poured into tubes with an froi internal diameter 7 mm and height 100 mm. The height of the column ofliquid changed on of the e.m.f. within the limits 30-50 rnm. The choice of I m NaCI solutionted by the leadi is explained by the fact that the electrical and acoustic parameters of a given of the maxima liquid, according to (6], correspond to the parameters of brain tissue. The choice of ethyl refis the frequeT alcohol was largely arbitrary though dictated by the wish to show that the advent of mechanicalthe height of vibrations on irradiatio". th( with e.m.f. pulses is not exclusively the property of hs (Figs. 5 electrolytes but occurs to an equal ar degree for non-conducting pure liquids. Irradiation was carried out in a rectangrul..'r vibrations on waveguide with section 31 x 240 MM2 ons was detei To raise the concentration of the field in the zone of the tube on the wide wall of the waveguide was signal from sealed a brass tube of height an e U detector. At f th. h . A the mechanic ' Amplifier, generator, PF-~ FS~ scillograph scTee .-neously on rearrz Pulse generator nG. 1. Circuit diagram of experimental apparatus. 50 mm with an internal diameter 14 mm. The power of the generator in the pulse wa~, 0-3000 HI k.1r 72 W, the repetition frequency of the pulses changed within the limits 1 1, and the duration of the pulses was 10,uscc-1 msec. The mechanical vibrations excited ,. angement of tubi signal r. -141 hanical vibrations in the liquid were recerded by a bimorphous crystal. The variable electrical axial c, recorded from the detector was amplified with a UBPI-02 bipotential amplifier and . - J% recorded on the screen of a SI-19B oscillograph. As source of u.h.f. e-m.f. we used modified GS-6 generator, carrier frequency 0-8 GHz. In (6, 7] this phenomenon -2400 MH1 considercd on exposure to e.m.f. pulses with a cairier frequency of 918 over a wide frcquencY from which it may be concluded that the character of the effect range is quite general. The apparatus at the disposal of the authors operates at the frequency of 800 MHz which is quite close to the values presented in the literature out with Modulation of the u.h.f. vibrations with pulses of square form was carried a 05-54 generator. The circuit diagram of the apparatus is indicated in Fig. I. Figure 2 s cryst2l shows arrangement of the tube with liquid in the waveguide and bimorphou A_ Do. 3 usect as detector of the mechanical vibrations. Preliminary investigation established that the amplitude of the vibrations in the tube filled with ethyl alcohol is considerablY anical vibrath 'less higher titan in the case of NaCI solution. Qualitatively the character of the vibr8tiOns- anical vibratii Therefore the pulse q for these and other liquids used in the experiments completely matches. Acoustic effects on exposure of biological "systems to u.b.f. fields 977 sought to :ei ature on mts. red into tu, Limn of lial Ling to (6]," rgely arbitn .ations o ut occurs t ~(" out in 0 )n of the fi brass tuU 4;A tor in the limits 10- Ll vibratioln ble electfic ,ntial am " ~1 f C. m. f. Ni lis phendi of 918_2~ r a wide 't ~rs operati I in thet s carried in Fig. 1.1~ gation 201 is CIA' - of the itchm. for convenience of description below we give the results 'obtained for ethyl alcohol if no special qualifications are made. Figures 3 and 4 give the oscillograms of the mechanical vibrations for the dif- ferent time parameters of the e.m.f. uh.f. pulses. For long durations (Fig. 4) the vibra- tions excited by both fronts of the thermal pulse are clearly- visible. The vibration in duration of the e.m.f. u.h.f. pulse with interference between the mechanical vibra- tions excited by the leading and trailing edges is observed. The periodicity of the ap- rarance of the maxima (minima) of the amplitude of the mechanical vibrations r If wherefis the frequency of the vibrations "cited in the liquid, is inversely propor- fional to the height of the liquid column. The graphs (Figs. 5 and 6) indicate the dependence of the amplitude of the excited. mechanical, vibrations on the duration of the acting pulse. The frequency of the mechan- ical vibrations was determined from the zero beats between these vibrations and the acoustic signal from an electrodynamic emitter. The entitter was 30 cm. away from the tube with detector. At the moment of equality of the frequencies of the tonal acoustic signal and the mechanical vibrations excited in the liquid zero beats were observed on the oscillograph screen. In this case the detection itself served as a vibration mixer. Sinjultaneously on rearrangement of the frequency of the sound generator beats are 21 7 NE-11 )Imadlafion E-ve-c-t-o~1, Fla. 2. Arrangement of tube with liquid in waveguide and bimorphous crystal in tube: I detec tor of mechanical vibrations (bimorphous crystal); 2 - test liquid; 3 - packing (fluoroplast); 4 - co axial cable; 5 - test tube; 6 - tube; 7 - waveguide. 0 Fro. 3 Fia. 4 FIG. I Mechanical vibrations excited in ethyl alcohol with a short u.h.f. pulse (duration of pulse 'less than the half period of mechanical vibrations). FIG. 4. Mechanical vibrations exicited in ethyl alcohol with a wide u.h.f. pulse (duration of' the pulse amounts to several periods of the mechanical vibrations). 01-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO310028000 978 R. E. TiGRANYAN and V. V. SHOROKHOV A) rel un. L 0 10 102 103 tIpsec FIG. 5 A, un. 0 10 10Z 70, tpsec FIG. 6 FiG. S. Amplitude of mechanical vibrations excited in I m NaCl solution as a function of the du ration of the u.h.f. pulse. FIG. 6. Amplitude of mechanical vibrations excited in ethyl alcohol as a function of the duration of the u.h.f. pulse. observed between the repetition frequency of the e.m.f. u.h.f. pulses and the fre- quency of the acoustic vibrations from the electrodynarnic emitter. The beats are re- corded whenever the frequency of the acoustic vibrations is a multiple of the pulsed repetition frequency. As an example, Fig. 6 gives the oscillogram of such beats. The frequency of the acoustic signal is 6 x 103 Hz and the pulse repetition frequency of the e.m.f. u.b.f. is 1-5 x 103 Hz. Zero beats may be observed when these frequencies ate equal. An interesting feature of the experiments is that the vibrations excited in the liquid have an intensity sufficient for their auditory perception from a distance of up to ) in. The bcats of the acoustic signal and vibiations excited in the liquid may also be per- ceived by hearing. In this case the mixer of mechanical vibrations emitted by the tube with liquid and electrodynamic emitter is the auditory apparatus of the observer. The zero beats on hearing may be recorded in parallel with their visual observation On the oscillograph screen. The values of the frequency of the natural vibrations of the liquid obtained by the method of zero beats recorded by the detector concur with those determined on hearing. Similarly, parallel recording- on the oscillograph screen and on hearing of the maxima and minima of the amplitude of the free vibrations the appearance of which is dUe to the presence. of interference in the vibratory system is possible. Interference appears not only through change in the duration "of the pulses (Figs. 5 and 6) at a low frequency of their succ'es'si6n. With increase in the repetition frequency of the pulses and for a short duration of them the excited mechanical vibrations do not have time to wane in the pauses. between pulses and, starting from a certain value,of the repetition frequency interference of the mechanical vibrations is also observed: with agreement of the SiPs of the initial phases of the vibrations their amplitude grows, in counter-phase the vibrations die away (Fig. 7). At these moments a lower tone corresponding to the pulse repetition frequency is clearly perceived. In the experiment increase in the in* tensity of the low frequency vibrations perceived on hearing is noted with fall in the repetition frequency of the pulses down to 10 Hz. This is explained by the fact that Acoustic effects on exposure of biological systems to uh.f. fields 979 in the energy spectrum with fall in the pulse repetition frequency the amplitude of the low frequency spectral cemponent increases [8]. The tone corresponding to the free vibrations of the system is perceived on hearing starting from a pulse repetition fre- quency of the order 250 Hz. FIG. 7 FIG. 8 Fir- 7. Beats between pulse repetition frequency and frequency of acoustic signal, a multiple of the pulse repetition frequency. FIG. 8. Quenching of excited mechanical vibrations as a result of interference. i We also ran experiments on the character of the mechanical vibrations in liquid-fiI.-d beads on their irradiation with pulsed e.m.f. u.h.f. All the other conditions corresponded to those described earlier. A bead of diameter 20 mm with a tube 9 cm, long filled with ethyl alcohol has a resonance frequency of about 9 kHz and filled with I m NaCI solution of the order I I kHz. For a bead of diameter 30 mm with a tube 8 cm. long the corresponding values are 6-4 and 8 kHz. A sealed 30 mm, bead containing alcohol has a resonance frequency of 7-8 kHz. The results permit some assumptions on the pos5ible mechanism of radiosound. The clarity of the effect investigated in the experiments, the possibility of direct auditory perception and visual observation on the oscillograph screen of the vibrations excited in the liquid on irradiation of the tube with pulsed e.m.f. u.h.f. support the assumption that the effect of radiosound is due to the same processes as generation of sound vibra- tions in a test tube containing liquid; namely: transformation of the diminishing e.m.f. energy into the mechanical energy of the absorbing substance. From this point of view the object on which the investigations were carried out may be regarded as a phy- sical model of radiosound and the results of the model experiments be interpreted in relation to this phenomenon. However, it should be noted that within the model de- scribed it is not possible to explain the effect of high frequency radiosound [9, 10] of a non-resonance character. But, if one starts from the fact that the measured rate of rise in temperature in the tube was O-VC sec-I for 1-5 cm' 1 m NaCl solution for a pulse porosity 20 then the UPM for this object has a value of the order 9-4 kW/kg in the pulse. The calculations show that for such a UPM the power absorbed by the tube inust be about 8 W in the pulse. Accordingly, to excite the mechanical vibrations of the same amplitude in a volume of 2-5 x 103 cm' (the volume of the head of the human ~adult) a pulse power of the generator of not less than 13 kW is necessary. Naturally, 980 R. E. TIGRANYAN and V. V. SnoRojwov in our experimental conditions such vibrations could not TFIR Tran be recorded owing to the considerably lower power of the generator. Nevertheless, J. G., Alicrc it is obvious that if resonance were detected in this system the quantitative results K. R., of the experiments' would entitle us to give a reliable interpretation of them in relation WCH, to the effect of radiosound. NYAK, E. It is also interesting to compare the experimental resultsYAK, E. obtained with those pre- sented in Lin's work [6]. The author i;onsidering the 101, Paris, characteristics of the effect of 198 radiosound proposed for its explanation a mathematical model of the action of a single e.m.f. pulse on. a liquid-filled sphere. Lin moved away from the real situation auto- matically replacing the linear spectrum occurring on exposure to a sequence of pulses of a definite repetition frequency by a continuous one. Vol. 30 No. The dependences obtained by 5. Lin of the sound pressure on the duration of the pulse Poland are not commented on. If one starts from the fact that the sound pressure must change in tandem with the frequency of the elastic mechanical vibi atiens then from the calculated graphs presented in Lin's work, it follows that a sphere of radius 3 cm must vibrateCTS 01 with a frequency of abou 150 kHz and one with a radius of 7 cm with a frequency of about 66 kHz. However. here the dependence of the resonance frequency on the radius of the sphere is presented and the commentary gives the resonance frequencies for radii of 3 and 7-10 cm and 25 of 7-3-10-4 kHz. This contradiction is not explained and it remains only to postulate the causes of its appearance. te of Prob On the other hand, our experimental findings show that as a result of interference the maxima (minima) following each other allow one to determine the resonance fre- quencies for a liquid column as a four-wave resonator. Thus, the foliowing conclusions may be drawn from the forming t work undertaken. 1) A tube filled with liquid may be regarded as a physical. model for investigatine' ments of the phenomenon of radiosound. This follows from the obviousmeats for assumption that radio, sound and excitation of sound vibrations in a liquid are bit constan based on the same mechanism Therefore, transformation of the diminishing e.m.f. energy into mechanicalds signil vibrations cf the abs orbing substance. 2) The socalled second type of radiosound [9, 10], namely perception of a lo", absence of resonance vibiations is explained by the presence of frequency tone in the - ofpre mechanical vibrations corresponding to the pulse repetition frequency at the moments r wh when the high frequency components corresponding to the natural fiequency are e trajc suppressed as a. result of the run-on of the phase. l on chara, y 3) On detection of the resonance properties of the head which can be done on a model since the calculated powers necessary for the s and advent of vibrations in such a system well exceed the safely norms, the'quantitative tic ar results of the model experiments may be applied quite correctly to the description of the erget effect of radiosound. y dt REFERENCES lacer tralec 1. FREY, A. H., Acrosp. Med. 32: 1140, 1961 ng w, 2. rdem, J. APPI. Physiol. 17: 689, 1962 d e1; 3. Idem, J. Med. Electron 2: 28, 1963 4..Idem, J. Appl. Physiol. W: 984,1967 fivile-2 Approved For Release 2000/08/08: CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001 Aspects of regulation of human locomotor movements 991 5. [dem, IEEE Trans. MTT 19:153, 1971 6. LIN, J. G., Microwave Auditory Effects and Applications, Springfield, Illinois, 1977 7. FOSTER, K. R. and FINCH, E. D., Science 185: 256,1974 8. KHARKEVICH#' A. A., Spectra and Analysis (in Russian) Fizmatgiz, Moscow, 1962 9. KHIZNYAK, E: P. ef al., Activ. nerv. sup. 21: 247, 1979 11D. KMZNYAK, E. P. et al., Proc. URSI-CNFRS Symp. Electromagnetic Waves and Biology, p. 101, Paris, 1980 Biophysics Val. 30 No. 5, pp. 981-987, 1935 OD06--3SM/85 $10.00+.00 ptinted in Poland Pergarnon Journals Ltd. .4SPECTS OF THE REGULATION OF HUMAN LOCOMOTOR MOVEMENTS* V. A. BOGDANOV institute of Problems of Information Transmission, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow (Received 18 September 1994) Transforming the experimental kinematic data to normal coordinates and calculating the moments of the muscular forces during walking the author found that the locomotor movements for each degree of freedom of the leg are regulated almost discretely so that the two bit constant control parameters are switched a small number of times in the cycle of the step. Therefore, the musculature acts like switchable elastic links and the energy expenditure depends significantly less on the trajectories of movement than on the kinematic conditions at fixed moments of switching. Posing of problem. Earlier, it was shown [I ] that muscular actions are theoretically possible for which the energy expenditure depends on the goal of the movement but not on the trajectories along which the goal is reached. The control of such muscular actions is characterizcd by parameters instantly changed when the next goal of move- inent arises and constant until the goal is reached. This priniple of control was called iso-cnergetic and the changes in the parameters termed switching. It was found [21 that iso-energetic control is used in rhythmic movements of the arm in the elbow joint. Similarly during locomotions of man and animals the goal of movement consisting in the displacement of the body to the necessary point in space appears more important than the trajectories of movement. Statistical analysis of the published data showed that during walking by man the muscular actions in the joints resemble the actions of switched elastic links (3]. Let us see whether the intermediate goals of movement * Bioflzika 30: No. 5, 900-904, 1985. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 I TAB I -- Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 110- ter Approvep Fgr / - T,- T la im. )f (3) ss ft- ,vely, a a ron -lec- ,sses ~elr is - ,er that (4) .1 eV 16 we would have Jth " 10-100 A/Cin2 - at least an order of n1agnitude lower than the experimental threshold current density.1 In these lasers, therefore, Auger recombination leads only to a heating of the electrons. The current in the active region of injection lasers results primarily from carrier diffusion, I so that we may ipiore the Joule heating in Eq. (3) in this case.' Further- ,nore, the term rA in Eq. (1), which corresponds to Auger recombination, is assumed to be small In comparison with the rate of radiative recombination, rl. The dependence of the threshold current on the lattice temperature can now be determined from the onset of degeneracy of the electron gas, which can be found by solving system (1)-(3), with To fixed, and with T treated as a parameter. The expression for the rate of Auger recombination in this case is : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 FIG. 1. Dependence of the position of the Fermi quasilevel C (a) and of the injection current density j (b) on the temperature of the electron gas for various gap widths (agi ~'egd- The maxima in these curves result from the activa- tional nature of the Auger recombination. If the electron gas does not become degenerate when t(1) reaches a maximum (as on curve 2), the degeneracy sets in at a temperature T*- F4 which is essentially Independent of the lattice temperature To. This case corresponds to an S-shaped dependence of T on the pump current J. Using the expression from Ref. 4 for fl(T), and using the esti- mate vr- 10+7s-1, one can show that for To > 10 K curve 2 corresponds to semiconductors with gap widths rg < 0.1 eV. In summary, for Injection lasers made from semi- conductors of this type the threshold pump current be- comes a function of the lattice temperature only at To 3: Ei - 0. 1 rg. This conclusion Is in good agreement with the experimental data. - -'07, j3 (7) e ' a [/t - a,- M (5) where Ei ~ f~,_ C3 ( ".L and mii are the transverse and of 11 longitudinal electron masses) ,ni(T) Is the equilibrium intrinsic electron density, and P(1) Is a smooth function of the temperature T and Is given in Ref. 4. We evidently have rl(T) F-i -/(7)n2, where y(I) is also a smooth function of T (Ref. 1). Figure I shows some typical curves of the position of the Fermi quasilevel t and of j as functions of the temperature T for various values of eg, plotted under the assumption To << Ei, 1T. X. Hoal, K. H. Herrmann, and D. Genzow, Phys. Status Solidi A 64, 239 (1981). 2G. Nimtz, Phys. Rept. 63, 265 (1980). R. W. Keyes, Proc. MEF63, 740 (1975). 4p. P_ Emtage, 1. Appl. Pays. j7, 2565 (1976). Translated by Dave Parsons Informational nature of the nonthermal and some of the energy effects of electromagnetic waves on a living organism N. D. Devyatkov and M. B. Golant (Submitted July 10, 198 1; resubmitted November 26, 198 1) Pis'ma Zh, Tekh. Fiz. 8, 39-41 (January 12, 1982) PACS numbers: 87.50.Eg, 87.10. + e It was noted a long time ago that living organisms in some particular case or other, and there has been some May be affected significantly by electromagnetic waves doubt that specific effects should be singled out as a special in the radiofrequency range at a very low intensity, below group. '1he phrase "specific effectff has frequency been that which would cause any significant heating of tissues. i replaced by "information effect" In more recent years, Aese effects have been labeled "nonthermal" or "specific" but this change does not eliminate the difficulties, since effects. There are, however, no clear criteria for judging no clearer criteria for this concept have emerged. an effect to be " specific" (the fact that the, temperature change is small cannot serve as such a criterion, If only A study of the influence of millimeter-range electro- 6eoause the wave energy and, hence the temperature can magnetic waves of a nonthermal intensity on living organ- l3e increased significantly without affecting the results in isms of various complexLty levels was published in 197 3 soveral cases5. In the absence of clear criteria, there (Ref, 2). The organisms studied ranged from mteroorgan- have been difficulties in deciding whether an effect is a isms to mammals. Some general conclusions about these "Pecifle effect or a thermal effect (or an "energy" effect')) effects were formulated. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : RAMWoPAT0078 ~nv Ohvs. Lett. 3M. Januarv 1982 0360-1 20X,'82!01 - WW3rJGGZMO1w7~ 17 1) Tlke ef"PEWe6f Or ftWaSee2000/08/08 resonant manner: The results change substantially Upon a small deviation from, the frequencies at which the waves are most effective. 2) The effect is essentially independent of the intensity of the electromagnetic waves above a certain minimum (threshold) level and below the level at which a significant heating of tissues Is observed. The reasons for the resonant nature of the effect have been discussed by several investigators (see Refs. 2-4, for example), while the second of these facts has not yet been convincingly explained. This second fact is apparent- ly the key to an understanding of the essence of Informa- tion effects. We begin our discussion by considering one aspect of the-operation of cybernetic devices used in technology. These devices work only in those cases in which the re- sults of their operation are not, over a broad range, af- fected by changes in the signals generated In the informs- tion-processing systems. The minimum signal levels required for operation of a device are usually determined by the requirements for shielding the device from noise and stray pickup. The maximum permissible signal levels are determined by the possibility of damage or of changes in the operating condItions of the device. Let us examine the situation in somewhat more detail. The Input of the cybernetic device receives a set of signals-which represent the arriving information as a set of quantities and operations on these quantities. Emerging from the output of the device is a set of signals which represent information obstained as a result of the pro- cessing of the data which arrived at the Input. The in- formation which arrives at the input must be unambiguously related to the information taken from the output. As the device processes Information received at Its input, however, auxiliary signals are generated in it. The level of these signals cannot be independent of the working state of the elements making up the device, and this work- Ing state unavoidably changes over time. Consequently, cybernetic devices which ensure an unambiguous corre- spondence between the Information received at the input and the information taken from the output can operate reliably only if this relationship does not depend, within the specified limitations, on the level of the auxiliary signals generated in the information-processing system. It is natural to suggest that in a living organism the level of the signals generated by the infpzmation-process- Ing systems does not, over a broad range, influence the relationship betweewthe received Information and its ef- fect on the corresponding organ. In terms of the informa- tion effect on the organism, electromagmetic waves which are incident from outside the organism may be similar to signals generated by the information-processing systems of the organism Itself. The discussion of threshold and maximum signals Is similar to that above. There is another ific" effects are of ltl9L~pootioTivo"dUdiiQQQI$-e7ted to a ."specific" stimulus, the region Irradiated by the electro- magnetic waves does not necessarily have to coincide witI, the affected region. The necessary "cornm and" can be transferred through one of the Information -transfer chab. nels in the organism. An important point is that the energy effects of the electromagnetic waves may simultaneously be informatior. effects on the organism. The interrelationship between the information effects and energy effects of a signal can be explained with the help of an example. The meaning of some text (information) does not depend on the intensity at which It is illuminated. On the other hand, the Illumi- nation Intensity determines the energy effect of the light on the eye. Accordingly, a distinctive feature which dqtermines the informational nature of an effect of electromagnetic waves is not the absence of tissue heating but the essen- tial independence of the effect from the intensity of the electromagnetic waves over a broad range. In many cased (including those discussed in Ref. 2) an information effect on an organism is determined by the frequency (or, more generally, by the spectrum of frequencies) of the waves and Is related to the resonant dependence of such effects on the wave frequency which we mentioned earlier. Since several organs and systems Eire working simul- taneously and In a coordinated manner In a living organist exchange of information between these organs and system and processing of this information are absolutely neces- sary. Alterations in its information exchange may strong!. affect the working conditions of the organism; in particule many diseases result from disruptions of information- processing and -transfer systems. In certain cases, therefore, the use of Information effects may prove very successful. OThe more rigorous term 'energy effect" should be applied to any effect whose magnitude Is decisively influenced by the amount of energy or power. 'A. s. Presman, Electromagnetic Fields and Animate Nature (in Russian]. Nauka, Moscow (1968). 2. Scientific Session of the Division of General Physics and Astronomy, Academy'of Sciences of the USSR (January 17-18, 1973)," Usp. Fiz. Nauk 110, 452 (1973) (Sov. Phys. Usp. L6, 568 (1974)]. H. Fr~hiich, Phys. Lett. 51A, 21 (1975). 4F. Kaiser, symposium on the Electromagnetic Waves and Biology, CESA Center, France, June 30-JulY 1, 1980. 'translated by Dave Parsons Approved For Release 2000108108: CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001.7 18 Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 80), January 1982 N. D, Devyatkov and M, B. Golant Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 TAB ..1 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 .. ~. MOLL.?5 -U .. - 4. Suppl. 11, C6-459 (1988). 9G. ZaharchuJI6 L. V. Alvejlebekn, M. Oetwing,, and P. Haasen, k J j. my-. (PffPPLQ1a ftQruReleiase42GGWO8108: CIA-RDP96-00789 10G. A. Mesyats, N. N,, Syutkin, V. A. Ivchenko, and E. F. Talantsev, J. Phys. (Paris) IL9 1. Up C6-477(1988)'. ., Coll. C6p Supp 11J. A. Panitz, Rv. Sri. Instrum. A~, 1034 (1973). Zh. Tekh. Fiz. a, 806 (1986) [Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 333 (1986). R-003100280001-7 Translated by D. P. Role of coherent waves in pattern recognition and the use of intracellular information M. B. Golant and P. V. Poruchikov (Submitted December 15, 1988) Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 15, 67-70 (August 26, 1989) It was shown in Refs. 1 and 2 that the coherent acoustoelectric waves which are generated by cells (and whose length is smaller than that of electro- magnetic waves by a factor of about a million) may play a role as a high-information-content facility in the acquisition of data about processes involving breakdown of the normal operation of the cells The rate at which informatio, nIs processed .and the amount of information which is processed, how- ever, depend to a large extent on the manner in which. this information is perceived and processed. From this standpoint, the most effective methods are pattern recognition and processing of informa tion in complex organisms. The perception of a visual pattern is usually cited to illustrate this point. The human eye, for example, has about 250-10" receptors, which simultaneously perceive different elements of the object being'observed, establishing in the brain a attern similar to that of this ob- p ject. 3 This circumstance is of exceptional conven- lence for mental manipulation of the pattern as a unified whole and results in huge savings in both the memory and the processing facilities required for the manipulation. The result of the processing of information is then realized in actions which are carried out at the level of organs (hands, feet, muscles, etc.). The human brain, however, which has only about 109 -10 11 cells, cannot perform a modeling of the processes which are carried out at the cellular level in an organism, since the number of cells in an organism is 1014-1015. For this rea- son, processes at the cellular level may be con- trolled primarily by systems of the cells themselves. R. Vikhrov's suggestion that any pathology is re- lated to a pathology of a cell remains Important even today. It is natural to ask whether the perception and Processing of information about breakdown, which are carried out in cells by means of coherent waves In the extremely- high-frequency range are of a pat- tern nature. A stress reaction of an organism as ~ whole (a nonspecific response of an organism to ~ change In its condition of existence) is, from the standpoint of phases of adaptation to changes, sim- ilar to the responses of a cell to unfavorable changes (Ref. 4). It might thus be suggested that there is a similarity in the organization of the control. The ideas of Refs. I and 2 have been developed further, as described briefly in Ref. 5, amongother places. This work has led to the suggestion that the organic changes in a cell which lead to a dis- ruption of the shape of cellular membranes result from the excitation of coherent standing acoustoelec- tric waves in these membranes. These waves are presumably most intense in regions of a disruption. The frequency of the oscillations is determined by the nature of the disruptions. Theoretical work has shown') that the field of these waves, which are partially radiated into the surrounding space and converted into electromagnetic waves, causes the dipoles of protein molecules which are oscillating at frequencies close to the frequencies of the waves excited in the membrane to be attracted toward the membrane. The attractive forces acting on the pro- tein molecules are proportional to sIn2wtcos[(2irJA)9.1, where A is the length of the acoustoelectric wave, and. z is the coordinate along the surface of the membrane. These attractive forces are periodic (their period is A, rather than A/2, as in stand- ing waves). These forces are weak enough that a flux of protein molecules toward the membrane is formed as a result of a gradual buildup of directed displacements against the background of Brownian motion. .In the immediate vicinity of the surface of the membrane, a, force determined by the interaction of the polarization field, which is strong (10 1 V/m), with the constant component of the dipole moment of the protein molecules 'acts on the dipoles ofthese molecules. As a result, kinetic energy is trans- ferred from the protein molecules to the membrane (the average transfer is kT). The coWsions.of the protein molecules may eliminate the distortion of the shape of the membranes. Protein molecules adhering to the membrane execute oscillations which are sustained by virtue of metabolic energy in the cell. Being synchronized by the oscillations in the membrane, they may trans- fer this energy to the alternating field of acousto- electric waves which are excited there, thereby re- plenishing the energy expended on controlling the moving flux of protein molecules. 6 There Is a clear distinction here between the control process and the energy process of eliminat- ing the deform ti s. The control process is pre- dominantly the directing of the flux of protein mole- 649 Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 15(8), Aug. 1989 0360-12OX/89108 0649-02 $02.00 @ 1990 American Institute of Physics 649 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 cules to theApmear0rFor Bit 1&aqoa9QWW1Q0 of weak alternating components of the field of acous- toelectric waves and the fields of the electromagnetic oscillations into which the acoustoelectric waves con- vert upon radiation. In the course of the energy process, on the other hand, the protein molecules transfer 'the average kinetic energy of their thermal motion to the membrane in the region in which it is distorted. The process of eliminating pathological deformations is essentially a "self-healing" of the cells. From the standpoint of the answer to the question posed above, this process can be inter- preted in the following way. The distribution of the amplitude and the frequency of the coherent waves excited in. the membrane reflects the nature of the disruptions in the membrane. In other words, it is the pattern of shape disruptions of the membrane, coded in the frequency and distribution of the am- plitude of the field, which affects the processes which occur in the interior of the cell (here, the energy processes are also Included), leading to the elimination of the disruptions and the maintenance of homeostasis. it seems to us that this interpretation of the process is of more than theoretical importance. It might also have some substantial practical conse- quences. Since the frequencies of the oscillations ex- cited In the membrane are determined primarily by the nature of the distortions of the shape of the membrane, identical distortions in different parts of a membrane will lead to the'excitation of the same frequencies. The nature of the disruptions of the functioning of a cell (the nature of the "disease") however, depends on the orientation of the distor- tion with respect to the positions of the cellular organelles'. In other words, the same oscillation fre- quencies may cooperate to eliminate different dis- ruptions. The richness of the pattern perception of Information about intracellular changes and of the pattern control of actions performed on these changes is determined by the frequency-coordinate nature of the perception. : a cell is effective to the extent that it corresponds to the coherent intrinsic radiation which is generated by the cells upon corresponding disruptions. Since the pathology of the overall organism is, as we have already mentioned, related to a cellular pathology, the'same frequencies may prove useful in the healing of quite different diseases. Indeed, the first studies in this direction have revealed that the spectrum of the biological action of oscillations of a certain frequency is very wide, and, while a certain spectrum of generated frequencies corre- sponds to a certain type of disruption, the inverse conclusion cannot be drawn: A certain frequency spectrum of actions (i.e., only one of the coding factors) may correspond to the possibility of healing different disruptions. ')This work was carried Out by M. B. Galant and N. A. Savostyanov. 1N. D. Deyatkov and M. B. Golant, Pis1ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 2, 39 (1982) (Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 8Y 17 (1982)]. 2N. D. Devyatkov and M. B. Golant, Pis1ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 12., 288 (1986) [Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. _U, 118 (1986)]. 3L. A. Cooper and R. N. Shepard, Sci. Am. 2.~l, No. 12, 106 (Dec. 1984). 4A. D. Braun and T. P. Mozhenok,. Nonspecific Adaptive Syndrome [in Russian], Nauka, Leningrad (1987). 5M. B. Golant, in: Problems of Physical Electronics fin Russsian], M. 1. Kalinin Polytechnical Institute and A. F. loffe Physico- technical Institute, Leningrad (1988). 6M. B. Golant and T. B. Rebrova, Radioelektronika No. 10, 10 (1986). Translated by D. P. Defect formation in thin films bombarded with high-energy protons S. G3. Lebedev Institute of Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Submitted February 9, 1989; resubmitted June'28, 1989) Pis'maA.*Tekh. Fiz, 15, 70-72 (August 26,1989) Th e radiation-induced structural defects in solids bombarded by high-energy protons, of energy T > 100 MeV, are determined by both elastic (elec- tromagnetic and nuclear) and inelastic interactions of the primary protons with the target atoms. The recoil nuclei which acquire energy as a result of nuclear Interactions of protons create atom-atom col- lision cascades which are greater in extent than the cascades which start at the atoms that are the first ejected from their positions in Coulomb Inter- actions, and these recoil nuclei are primarily re- A fraction ri(T) of the energy of a recoilnucleus is expended on electronic excitation, while another fraction v(T) is expended on the formation of radia- tion-induced point defects in elastic- interactions of the recoil nucleus with target atoms. The NRT stand- ard2 is widely used to calculate the function v(T). To evaluate the rate at which point defects are gen- erated by radiation, we need to know the effective cross section for defect formation, Gdp and the num- ber of defects, nd = v(T)/(2Ed), produced by the first-ejected atoms in the cascade of subsequent sponsible for t16- suf - 'AA%%a 9oMMs-a's.e'--20i06/0'_8/0 650 Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 15 (8), Aug. 19 8 90 3 8 Or 12 0 XJ 8 9/0 8 0 6 6 0- 02 $ 0 2. 0 01990 American Institute of Physics 650 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 ~ F-i 1~ TAB LL--- Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 App Role of synchror -initial assumption is thz in part of the oscillaton Biophysics Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 952-954, 1983 ODD6-3509183utofluctuations S10.00+.00 sustained Mnted in Poland ((1) 1984 Pergamon Pres3 Ltd. not with excitation .tics of auto-fluctuation pectrum. We shall assurno DISCUSSION membranes.* Sets of i ns of the membranes o implest model of such ROLE OF SYNCHRONIZATION IN THE IMPACT OF WEAK ELECTROMAGNETICators (oscillators) weak SIGNALS OF THE MILLIMETRE WAVE RANGE ON LIVING ORGANISMS*each of which the aut, hronization of the ( N. D. DEVYATKON', M. D. GOLANT and A. S. TAGER fthe links between the (Receired 28 September 1982) ous regimes, if they exi Therefore, it may be exr The possible mechanism of the action of weak electromagnetict oscillators, radiation on living organisnis includinj so that the mean valu is discussed based on the assumption of electromechanicalme to zero is autofluctuations of cell substruc- the macro! tures (for example, portions of the membranes) as the such fluctuations natural state of living cells. It has been - they i established that synchronization ofthcseautofluctuationstion system of by external electromagnetic radiation the bo leads to the appearance of internal information signals acting on the regulatory syst.-ms of however, ma the body. This hypothesis helps to explain the known experimental data. tic field. If the freq 1he autofluctuations o: IT is known that the elcctromagnetic radiation of the milimetre wave range e.m.r. of very low harmonics and subb (non-thermal, i.e. not appreciably heating the tissues) power may exert a fundamental action on tion) by the externz. various living organisms from viruses and bacteria throughiletermined by to mammals [1]. The spectrum of the the m, e.m.r. induced biological effects is also extremely wideIt - from change in enzymatic activity, growth up and depends little 4 rate and death of microorganisms through to protection tion is aocompa of bone marrow haematopoiesis apillsl mental re, es of these oscill, the action of ionizing radiations and chemical preparations (1]. Many years of experi search have established the main patterns of the action of e.m.r.: its "resonance" character (the biological cffect is observed in narrow-from tenths of i oscillations a per cent to percentage units-frequency oi intervals and starting from a certain threshold value (for cxampt practically does not depend on the intensity of the C.M.T.); the high reproducibility of the resonance. frequencies in repeat experiments; ' eln0' m) and serve rization' by the organism of the action of the e.m.r. . . . . . . over a more or less long period if irradiat!00 'abovi mentionL( on-critical nature of the Obs~ i ti s 1l t (l t l th l ffi l th I h e ( ) c I the actions en of m u ua ess r e n as s a su an ong y no ; y biological effect to the irradiated portion of the animalucturally different body, etc. [2). The most general conclusion arising from analysis of s of frequencies the patterns identified is that the acli0ii n: of the e.m.r. on live organisms is not of an energetic t3 but information character (2, 31, the prinlar, . effect of the e.m.r. being realized at cell level and ristic feature asociated with biostructures common to dacreli` of t' organisms. Such structures may be, in particular, elementsernal signal rec of ccU membranest With a corlsiderabit dipole electric moment, molecules of protcin enzymes, in the system etc., for which, as shown by evaluation, thO frequencies ofthenatural mechanical vibrations tic (dependingonen group. Incre the speed of sound) in thg I" val (0-5-5) x 10tO Hz. uatiOfO er of the syncl ct fl u of the oscillati Below is described the most probable, in our view, mechanism of action of e.m.r. on in cell structures and the appearance of information of the cell structc signals in the bodyJ 0 Biofizika 28: No. 5, 895-896, 1983. Miation of new t ~=ntfoned eff.-ct Such an assumption has been advanced by many investigators.auto-fluctuat S. Ye. Bresicr was to point out this possibility to the authors. humoni nsidered S The problem of transformation of information signals into control signals is not co here. of excitat 19521 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO31 -00789ROO3100280001-7 Role of synchrontution in impw of wftk elemomagnedc signals 053 _4 TW initial assumption is that In the living organism and in the absence of external action aJl -tie ~riain part of the oscillatory degrees of freedom or certain biostructures is in the regim- of co- r s ci f l o an externa e.m.r. A o ions sustained by the energy of metabolism 14). The effcc autofluctuat 19" ted not with excitation of the fluctuations in biostructures but with change in particular cristics of auto-fluctuations already existing in the living organism, in particular, with change Ii id skeleto n5 ns We shall assume that the auto-fluctuations appear in portio ofthe p odi. Spectrum si o cell membranes.* Sets of wrinal fluctuations with an aknost identical spectrum correspond t ortions of the membranes of the given cell similar in structure or in identical cells adjacent ECTRO The simplest model of such a structure may be the totality of a large number of elementary G ORG 1osencrators (oscillators) weakly joined together. The whole set may be broken down into several 011 in each of which the autogenerators are almost identical. Within each group, in principle, on of the oscillators is possible although bmuse of rapid weakening with 0111sual synchronizati ;ER between the elements of structure and a certain difference in the frequencies. A00ce of the links .14hronous regimes, if they exist, are localized in small portions between which synchronization gWrit, Therefore, it maybe expected that in th.-usual conditions the phases of the auto-fluctuations , difierent oscillators, including those of a given group n on livin with close frequencies, are distributed g mly so that the mean value of fte sum of the phases of dons All autolluctuations is close fo zero. of A (mea ving cells. Aho close to zero is the macroscopic n over a large number of portions of the same type) gM of such fluctuations -they exert the minimal action !tromagneticm on other cell structures and do not burden regulatory be information system of the body. a . ion, however, may fundamentally change on exposure of ,rimental da the cells to The situat n external V!, A icaromagnetic fleld. If the frequency of the external agent sufficiently closely approaches the fre- uency of the autofluctuations of one of the above mentioned groups of almost identical oscillators ange e.m.r, (l (of to the harmonics and subharmonics of this frequency) the auto-fluctuations are 'captured' i Fundamen to :Z (synchronization) by the external signal. The centre of the synchronization band (resonance fre- [1). The ap Iluency) is determined by the mean weighted value of the partial frequencies of the oscillators of nzymatic acd a oven group and depends little on the deviations of the partial frequencies of the individual osci!14- v hacmatopo zs; lors. Synchronization is accompanied by phasing of the oscillations of all the elementary autogen.-- -cars of ex ators-the phases of these oscillations concur with the in phase ofthe external signal in a given portion " isonance d I he structure. c centage units different - I re4i":_ Such cophasic oscillations of Identical portions of the call membranes may produce depend on the macroscopic effects (for example, excitation of electromagnetic i[O.O. or electro-acoustic waves in the beat experime jurrounding medium) and serve as an information signal for the regulatory systems of the body. if dong period For any of the above mentioned groups of autogencrators U there may exist several resonance fre- ; I nature of quencies ot which the actions of the external signal the o will lead to the same or similar biological effect. AR Since officr structurally different portions of the membranes .ntified is have their own spectrum of auto-iluctu- that tht' ` ~ "ions other sets of frequencies may also be observed racter (2 at which the external signal produces different the 31 , biological effects. , ures common A characteristic feature of the phenomenon of synchronization o d' of auto-fluctuations is the low Aest with a consi power of the external signal required for synchronization the threshold value of which depends ihown by evoluatio on the noise level in the system and the scatter of the i0 partial frequencies of the individual autoge- ` . I ,d of sound) nerators of a given group. Increase in the power of the In the external signal above threshold does not M ; change the character of the synchronized oscillations. , i i of c m r on fluctua . The phasing of the oscillations on synchronization may . be accompanied by conformational . rarrangemcnts of the cell structures since the auto-fluctuations influence the stability of machanical systems (6]. The fixation of new conformations involving metabolic processes in the cells may ex- -ct of "memorization" by the organism of prolonged action Ye. Bresler of C.m.r. was them-',' plain the above mentioned eff. The phasing of the auto-fluctuations of cell structures may apparently appear not only und6r the influence of the external harmonic signal but also as signals is a result of mutual synchronization of the oscilla- not consi The mechanism of excitation of auto-fluctuations in membranes is discussed in 151. 954 P_ A. ABAGYAN et at. Diffracti tors due to their rearrangement with change in the conditionsities of the of existence or internal mobilization reflexio of the organism. diffraction patter It is natural to assume that the auto-fluctuations of ch was earlier portions of the membranes in the cells not of a living organism are not only a means of informationreflexion with transmiss'on, there role is much wide. d-- In particular, auto-fluctuations, even not synchronous,approach devclopec must exert a fundamental influence On ionic and molecular transport across the membranes. I structures The fluctuating portion- of the membranes will bc acts as a pump the mechanism of action of which is based on the vibration displacement of particles (on aver-age, in a certain direction) under the influence1 specimens of periodic (on average, not directed) forces are (7]. The synchronization of the auto-fluctuations of . different portions of the cell membranes ma.- the structure of a hi fundamentally influence the processes of membrane transportnt in weakly and hence the properties and viial defo activity of the cells. of the following oi The assumption that the biological action of e.m.r. Bowing level on live organisms is connected with the wou external synchronization of the natural autofluctuationsed either the of cell structures also agrees with other boi patterns of this phenomenon not mentioned here. n of this rule is I ization and the syt REFERENCES ogical macromole 1. DEVYATKOV, N. D. et at., Radiobiologiya 21:163,1981 In this case, on 2. DEVYATKOV, N. D. et id., Electronic Techniques. Ser.cell naturally UHF Electronics (in Russian) 9, (331, i 43,1981 c diffraction patter 3. DEVYATKOV, N. D. and GOLANT, M. B., Letters (in Russian)d by the scatter Zh. eckhn. qz. 1, 39, 1982 c 4. FROLICH, H., Advances Electr. Electron. Phys. 55: resent stage 147, 1980 of d, 5. LIBERMAN, Ye. A -. and EIDUS, V. L., Biofizika 26: level of structiv 1109, 1981 6. CHALOVSKII, V. N., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 110: 345,1956ural-functional z 7. BLEKHMAN, 1. L and DZHANELTDZE, G. Yu., Vibration of unexplained Displacements (in Russian) p. 4 Nauka, Moscow, 1964 plicates the F of diffractic k considers t1 organization and sf~g the diffirac, Biophysics Vol. 28, No. 5. pp. 954-963, 1993 0006-3509/83di $10,00-1-0 of ffracl Pre's Ltj PrinW In Poland (D 1984 Pergarnon ude of scatter f INVESTIGATION OF DIFFRACTION EFFECTS FI(A. W. APPEARING ON PACKING OF HELICAL MOLECULES* AS the numbe Watter factol der n of the R. A. ABAGYAN, V. N. ROGULENKOVA, V. G. TuHANYAN is a whole ni and N. G. YESIPOVA the helical ir .t Institute of Molecular Biology, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow they are s1 .00 forraula (Received I I September 1980) molecules: %4_IE~fj The paper considers the general problem of diffraction in biological specimens incl"di" several levels of organization. Formulae are obtained for diffraction on aggregates 0l' helicOi molecules in which the size of the cell in the directioa of the axis of the molecule does not agr" with the period and size of the helix. The formulae obtained fully describe the positions On %ad I are Mill the "n. d Biofizika 28. No. 5, 897-M, 1993.. of the Approved For Release 2000/08/08 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO31 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 II TAB ..1 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08: CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 BIOINFORMATIONAL INTERACTIONS: EHF-WAVES N. D. Kolbun and V. E. Lobarev Kibernetika i Vychislitel'naya Tekhnika, No. 78, pp. 94-99, 1988 IJOC 577.31 The informational interaction of the EHF-wave band are discussed. The influence of electromagnetic fields in the millimetric band, which are similar to natural fields, upon human body is studied. The evolultion of life on earth was affected by various environ- mental factors. Among the most important factorb were electromagnetic fields (EMF) and magnetic fields. Studies have confirmed a high sen- sitivity of biological systems to these fields [2,51. In principle, each 'band of electromagnetic waves reaching the Earth's biosphere could have contributed to natural evolution and may affect vital functions 151. In the past few decades, the theory which assigns a regulatory and informational role to EMP in biological systems has been gaining supporters [5,14,163. The theory views a bio- logical system as a biochemical,complex inseparably linked with Intern- al and external EMF. A concept advanced by Kaznazheev in 1975 (see [61) repr*esented a biosystem as a nonequilibrium photon constellation maintained by a constant energy influx from outside. Under this ccn- cept, EMP quanta are material carriers of information flows in cellu- lar biosystems. EMF flows within a biosystem constitute the Informa- tional base of its vital functions; flows of external EMP are the fac- tors regulating (to some extent) the internal information flows. Differentiation between energetic and informational flows of ex- ternal W has been discussed in C3, '5,81. The energetic actions are defined as the actions introducing a change into biosystem proportional to the amount of energy contributed. An informational interaction of 0 1989 Inr AJIWM Pron, In& 152 2000108/08 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO310024 Approved For Release an Emp witi the amount various Epa, characterIs carrying sl ergy or mat er boundary on the orde bright line gators (1,3 W/cM2. igi that form tl the atomospk is unevenly from solar z EMY range. and dynamics band. Biolo EMF flows in lowest. Biologi, appear, ac=, the external transparency density of sc an absolute.t a fraction of sun. In the closely by th in the ra been measured 8000 K C4]. Galactic the natural b,, absorbed comp: Other nat -7 001 Approved For Release 2000/08108 :. CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 the upon ~nviron- :,omagnetic Ugh sen- ig the and may cry iological ews a bio- th intern- 5 (see ?1lation ,iis con- i cellu- ,nforma- the fac- rs. of ex- ns are portional :ion of an"FliF with a biosystem is one where the effect is not determined by the amount of energy brought in but by specific informational features; various EMF modulations, frequency bands, polarizational and time characteristics, etc., can function as such features. The information- carrying signal, in that case, merely triggers a redistribution of en- ergy or matter in the system and control processes in it 151. The low- er boundary of an information effect is set [81 at flow density (FD), on the order oflb-12 W/m2 (10-16 W/cm2) . Apparently, there is no .bright line between informational and energetic FD. Various investi- gators (1,3,8,101 place it in the region between 10- 7 W/cm 2 and 10-2 2 W/cm . Figure 1 compares the characteristics of principal EMF sources that form the natural electromagnetic background of the biosphere and the atomospheric transparency to the entire wave band. The atmosphere is unevenly transparent to W of different wavelengths. In turn, FD from solar radiation and from other sources is uneven throughout the EMY range. The combination of these factors determines the magnitude and dynamics of natural EM background of the biosphere in each frequency band. Biological systems are likely to be more sensitive to external EMP flows in the frequency bands'where the natural field background is lowest. 2 Biological effects at informational EMF'intensities MW/cm appear, according to incomplete data, in those spectral regions where the external background is minimal either because of low atmospheric transparency or a minimal space radiation (see Fig. 1). The spectral density of solar radiation in space matches closely the radiation of an absolute blac Ik body at T - 6000 K. Radio wavesaccounts for just a fraction of a percentage point of the total energy radiated by the sun. In the wave band,from 0.3 to 10 mm, solar radiation is described closely by the Rayleigh-Jeans law. The effective sun temperature T,,Gin the radio band is different from kinetic temperature. It has been measured experimentally and for %- 1- 0 mm varies from 5500 to 8000 K [4]. Galactic radiation does not make any significant contribution to the natural background in the millimetric wave band (EHF), as it is absorbed completely by the atmosphere nearl- 1cm (see Fig. 1). Other natural 2MF sources are the Earth's. surface and the atmo- 153 Approved For Release 2000/08108 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 200.0/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 MA P1 MW sky found radkWW f 2 S Moieaulmr _n ' " ~~l W1 40f 41 f is W YOW 1 to f to f.V WO A Fig. T- Fig. Fig. 1. Natural EMP sources and atmospheric lenk transparency throughout the EM spectral range [123: 1) frequency "windows" in which B11 are atmosphe? observed according to [51; wavelength bands where biological effects of nonthermal EMF minimal with FD :s.1 mW/cm 2 can be observed; 2) data the atmo,, of 171; 3) data of 11,3,10,131. regions thesis wz sphere. The proper heat radiation from the Earth can be described as the court radiation of a gray body with B - OM and T 288 k. Atmospheric radia- flows th~ tion is described by radiation laws of an absolute black body with iso- near lated selecLi.ve lines of atmospheric gases and water vapors at respec- tion tive T eff* In EHF-band the effective atmospheric temperature ranges associat( from 100 to 400 K. Throughout the EHF-band,'the spectral density of latticej solar radiation is greater by some 12 dB than the proper atmospheric protein radiation (Fig. 2). Est. In the range 1 -1 -8 mm, the atmsophere absorbs EMF selectively, tions (B mainly in the bands of molecular absorption of 0 2 and water vapors are such C1,4]. The total attenuation of the radiation on the vertical path in synchron selected bands is as large as 800 dB (Fig. 3). In transparency windows, organism the attenuation may be just 1-3 dB. There are several frequency regions in EHF-band that coincide with 154 Approved For" Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Int" Al JV 60 MY ~W fo V,(jHx Wb LMM xx- A Hz Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 2. spectral densities of radiation flows: 1) solar at T- 600OK; 2) atmosphere based on data of [4,63. Fig. 3. Vertical attentuation of MMR as a function of wave- length in clear atmosphere: 1) January; 2) July. ,ibed as ,c radia- with iso- respec- ranges Lty of )heric lively, )ors path in windows, atmospheric absorption bands; the natural field background in them is minimal and is entirely determined by the proper noise radiation of the atmosphere. The spectral FD of the natural background in these regions is 10- 20 to 10-19 W/(m2. Hz). Based on this analysis, a hypo- thesis was advanced postulating that b 'iological systems, adapted In the course of evolution to a low-background level, can respond to EMF flows that rise slightly above the background radiation on wavelengths near 2.5, 1.7, 0.9, and 0.8 mm. Quantum energy of millimetric radia- tion (MME) is sufficient for inducing important biological processes associated with rotation of water molecules'and oscillations of H20 lattice, rotation of terminal groups within molecules, conformation of protein molecules, etc. Cl,3,10J. Estimating the potential role of MMR in bioinformational interac- tions (B11), we should note that.MMR wavelengths in biological tissues are such that, even in case of a very strong MMR absorption, it can synchronize biochemical processes in single-celled and multicellular organisms. ide with 155 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001--T- Approved For Release 2000-108108: CIA~ RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 b Fig, 4. Relative frequency of sens- ory response as a data of Pyasetski function of MMR: a) data. i (see C131);. b) our According to our working hypothesis concerning the biological significance of EMF in EHF-band, MMR on frequencies Of atmospheric absorption bands Plays an informational role within biosystems and is the material carrier in interactions of biological ob'Jects at small distances. When nonthermal-intensity MMR acted upon selected acupunctural zones in men [131, characteristic sensory response was absorbed with radiation frequencies in the band of 53-78 GHz. We conducted similar 8 2 tests with 116-121 GHz at radiation FD on the order of 10- W/cm The band includes 02 absorption line with the center near 119 GHz 1153. The He-Gu acupunctural point on the right hand was irradiated. Based on 130 tests, a distribution of the relative number of sensory response was plotted as a function of MM13 frequency (Fig.'4). Subjective re- sponses were sirtlar to those deSC141bed in 1131: parasthesias, sensa- tions of warmth, tingling, etc. Several tests were-also c7Unducted where, In similar conditions, a sensory indication of MM with fre- quency near 180 GHz was observed. A special method was developed for the experiment to test the pos- sibility and the range of B11 between noncontiguous biological objects. As in C53, electromagnetic wave filters were placed between biological objects. Changes in the state of the object were recorded; the bio- logical objects thus functioned as detectors. The inductor was an oper- ator who had been found in earlier experiments to be capable of in- ducing sensory reactions in subjects similar to those produced by MMR. 156 A ings we masters The tram Copper in iden, Tht 2000108108 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release Approved For Release 2000/08/08 CIA-RDP96-00789RQ03100280001-7 r.X IN M 20 0 cal Eric and t small ural with imilar 2 n. HZ C15]. Based :,esponse re- 3ensa- :ed .re- he pos- ;bjects. .ogical bio- an oper- in- 00-00 0000 M JUG 4M 789P W MO off Ifir Wf Mto USO offfm wag r ZZff"25 toZMf M15 10low WO . Iwo "Vo 1 _J tZ I Flum --in w-rimwft ff-AUrft 611 fmqumwy bwft Fig. 5. Transmittance characteristics of gauze bandpass filters: 1) no. 10; 2) no. 11; 3) no. 12; 4).calcuiated. f4- -w TZ; ft - I Ajo 2 0178 S (12Z 4 fa 8 I 47 f 2'. J 6 At I Fig. 6. Distribution of occurrence frequency of sensory reactions with B11 through filters with various transmittance maxima. A series of pass 'band net filters with a honeycomb array of open- ings were prepared. The filters were made from the same photographic masters by photolithography and etching of 0.2-mm-thick copper foil. The transmittance characteristics of the filters are given in Fig. 5. Copper foil screens we.re also used. Zilters and screens were enclosed in identical opaque paper envelopes. The subject lay down on a couch; his entire body surface was cov- 157 Approved For ReleaSO-2000108 .108-.:-.ClAmRDP-96T!0-0.78-9RO-Q3-1.00280001-7 Approved For Release 200-0108108: CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 116-121 ONZ ML"NAW n, ~. CMWW L 11 db AMaVAW Arftnro A, ~ PMb" Cwbon tabft Fig,. 7. Setup for irradiation of bacteria (a) and experiments to detect B11 (b). ered with two layers of carbon fabric so that only He-Ge acupuncture point on the right hand was exposed. Since the transmittance of the filters in the short-wave wing at;.f molecules takes part in absorption of the radiation, in conformity with the distribution )f water molecules according to the rotation frequencies. Experimentally, it is impossible ;o determine the resonance nature of such absorption because of the effective mechanism of ;hermal scattering of energy that would occur within the time of the order ofIO-9-10- 10 ;ec. In the first case of absorption, illustrated by Fig. 1, water molecules practically lo not interact with molecules of the solute; in the second case, some of the water mole- 2ules lose rotational mobility as a result of intermolecular interaction (,.he molecules of )ound water absorb MM radiation less than do molecules of free water), i.e., the total ab- ,orption decreases; in the third case, the intermolecular interaction is such that is in- ,re . ases the rorational mobility of water moiecules, leading to an addit'ona iftcrease of -he total absorption. From relations similar tc those :.r'iven in 'Fig. 1 it is thus possible judge about important parameters, such as degree of hydration, the reactivity of mole- *See also the paper by M. B. Gol'anta and T. B. Rebrova in rhe 2urrent issue. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 M && 01 1 L 2 P 11111111.4 0 5 10 P, MWJCM3 Fig. 4 2 3 5 Fig. 5 11r.. Z % MM radfilt ton _ T 1 [~H I 0 4 8 if t, mIn Fig. 6 3ules in water solution, etc. These effects could also be of a practical value in engi- neering processes (especially in the pharmaceutical industry) for monitoring solute con- centrations. These peculiar properties of the molecules of free and bound water in r1M wave band xave an impetus for developing the theory of dielectric relaxation of polar molecules and 3reation of refined molecular models; this in turn yielded valuable information for under- standin.cr the structure and properties of water in complex compounds. Interesting irrfor- marion on this matter can be found, for example, in [2,71. EFFECTS OF MH IRRADIATION OF UATER SYSTEMS By strong interaction with water molecules, f1rd radiation affects the properties of water, both as the external and internal environment of live cells. The early experiments with water systems revealed the effect of convection. The picture of water convection in rectangular quartz or acrylic plastic trays irradiated with low intensity MM waves was studied by optical methods of phase contrast and holographic interferometry [8]. The varied methods of irradiation (placing the irradiating horn at the lower side walls or above an open water surface) produced water motions conforming to the mechanism of inter- phase convection (i.e., convection caused by gradients of surface tension forces) at a oower level below 10 mW/cm 2. The convection usually*encompassed the entire volume of a tray (up 'to 2 ml) and had a fluctuational pattern. The dependence of convection intensity on MM radiation power was determined by a polarographic technique. The experiment setup is illustrated by Fig. 2, where 1 is radiation horn.' 2 is a teflon cartridgei 3 is thermo- chromium liquid crystal film, and 4 is platinum microelectrode. As is well known, the limiting current Id reducing the substances dissolved in water is determined by the thick- ness of the diffusional layer on the electrode surface, and thereofre is highly sensitive to convection in the solution. Polarograms of reduction of 0 2 in water solution is shown in Fig. 3: 1) at 180C with no mixing of the medium; 2) at 230C also with no mixing; 3) at 181C with mixing. When MM radiation was started, at the instant marked by the arrow, I d was observed to grow both for 02 and for Cd 2+ (Fig. 4, curves 1 - M4 radiation (1 M KC1); 2 -: MM radiation (10-3 M CdCl 21 1 M KCI). In this experiment the thickness of the layer between the electrode and the wall (the thermobhrome film), through which the radiation was conducted, was 2 mm, so that direct action of the microwave field or thermodiffusion on the electrode was ruled out. This effect was produced by interphase convection, due to forces of surface tension, not only in the irradiated zone, but at the water-air interface as well. Judging by the color of the thermochrome film, the heating even-at 20 mW/cm 2 was not greater than0.21C. Obviously, it is the interphase convection which-is the main mechanism for removing the heat from the irradiated zone. It is of interest also to compare the mi- crowave action with simple heating of the wall with IR radiation, which also induces con- vection (Fig. 4, curve 3 - IR radiation (10-3 m MCI 23 1 M KC1)). :In the latter case,2the effect was observed only with the calculated heat flux value of not less than 15 mW/cm This can be explained by the fact that microwave power is released directly in,the solu- "on, ,_L while with IR radiation, the heat flow from the tray wall is limited by the low thermal conductivity of water impeding convection. An interesting demonst ion o the Qcgect6 nahdW~ 1f8jhe dilb with i' cadiation t ease 0 08 0 RO 02 Approved For kel 00/ 8 8006) J 5 ~)p ved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 can be obse eR r?rl Iexneriments with chlorine oias"cia radiator of a snecia! shane (f used in -or;) LE9] _~O S*CLLdy :the frequency-deoendent Fik. 5, ahere' 1 is z;,-Ie fork radiator*- 2 is tray; 3 is water effects of MM'waves g 4 is the light beam; 5 is st4rrer; and 6 is ink).. '-F,or mfxing in the inner volume of the tray, into which tde fork was placed, a 71bratjng I-ate (50 Hz) was placed near the bottom of the tray. An in-k drop was inrrodu'ce"d 7:hrour..~,, a z;hin needle to the bottom of the tray, and the intensity of the licght beam passing .hrough the space insi.de the "fork" was observed. When the vibration intensity of the stirrer was not too large, the ink did not spread throughout the entire volume, leaving the top portion of the tray clear. After M radila- tion was turned on, the light transmittance decreased (Fig. 6), and the moVeMent of the ink upward along the teflon surface could be observed visually. Remarkably, when microwave radiation was turned off, the ink/water interface again leveled and light transmittance was partly restored. Importantly, the convection causing the mixing of ink in these ex- periments was observed when the power in the channel was just 15 mW ('.the irradiator area was 5 cm ). The experiments with water and water solutions in trays commonly used in studies of the biological effects of M11 radiation thus reveal convectional motion for radiation in 2 tensities below 10 mW/cm , which is usually described by many authors as "nontherma Such,convection caused by the'forces of surface tension at the phase.interfaces can be either 'Localized or encompassing the entire volume of the tray. Many biochemical and par- ticularly membrane processes are known to be sensitive to the mixing of the medium. ';_ LU has been determined experimentally, for example, that low intensity Mrl radiation can,ac- + 2 celerate the active transport of ions of Na (P Z 1 MW/cm 1, modify the erythrocyte mem- + 12 brane permeability to K ions (1-5 mW/cm ), accelerate the peroxide oxidation of un- saturated fatty acids in liposomes CZ1 mW/cm 2 increase the ionic conductivity of two- 2 layer lipid bilayer membranes (ZIO mW/cm ), etc. E10,111. The convection which removes diffusional restrictions in the medium and inside the intracellular compartments can thus be a primary mechanism of the action of IM waves on the vital processes. Another effect has a direct relation to microwave technology. It has been noted that, as water flows through a thin glass capillary inserted *into a rectangular waveguide in the area of the maximum E-field on H 10 'wave, the water flow is affected by the intensity of the wave passing through the waveguide. It has been determined that Mm radiation speeds up the water flow; this allows using the capillary as an elementary thermoviscosimetric sensor of microwave energy E121. It seems that IUI radiation, being absorbed in the thin near-wall layer of the capillary, affects the cohesion of the water with the wall, modi- fying the motion of liquid through the capillary. The sensitivity threshold of biological -objects to low-intensity continuous MM ra- iiation is 1-10 mW/cm 2. Some of the effects are due to the substantial selective ab- sorption of this radiation by water molecules, leading to liquid convection in this speci- .nen. Convection is also responsible for variations in the transport of charged particles ind various materials through membranes, which is of a major biological importance. These .ffects must be taken into account when using low-intensity r-M radiations for clinical ;reatment of various diseases. The experiments on simple and model objects confirm the Ldea that the frequency-dependent (resonant) effects of r1m radiation are a property of .omplexly organized (live) biological objects. ~EFEREHCES 1. N. D. Devyatkov CEditor), Uses of Low-Intensity Millimeter Radiation in Biology nd Medicine fin Russian], IRE AN SSSR, Moscow, 1985. 2. N. D. Devyatkov (Editor), Nonthermal Effects of Millimeter Radiation lin Russian], .RE AN SSSR, Moscow, 1981. 3. N. D. Devyatkov (Editor), Effects of Nonthermal Millimeter Radiation on Biological bjects fin Russian], IRE AN SSSH, Moscow, 1983. 4. H. Froehlich and F. Kremmer (Editors), Coherent Excitations in Biological Systems, *The unit was kindly provided by Dr. F. Keilmann (Max Planck Solid State institute, tuttgart, FRG). Approved For. Release 2000/08/98 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 3- crinzer 77eriag, Berlin, 1.983. D.o I--roehlich, "Long-range coherence and energy storage in biological systems,tt j. f uantum Chemistry, vol. 11, pp. 641-649, 1968. 0 0 A. S. Presman, Electroma~,neric Fields and.Live Nature Ein Russian7l, ~'Tauka, '.Ios- i568. 7. 77. 1. Gallduk, "Dielectrical relaxation in an ensemble of linear molecules for !rarious collision statistics," 1--v. VUZ. Radioelaktronika*, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 1366- --371, __985- 8, 1. G. Polnikov et al.,."Hydr6iiynamic instability 'at phase boundaries in the ab- sorption of low-intensity T~Ul radiation," in: Uses of Low-Intensity Millimeter Radiation in Biology and Medicine [in Russian], IRE AN SSSR, Moscow, 1983. 9. F. Keilmann, "Experimental RF and MW resonant nonthermal effects," in: Biological Effects and Dosimetry of Nonionizing Radiation, M. Grandolf, S. Michaelson, and A. Rindi (E,ditors), Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, 1983-. 10. 0.. V.-Betskili, K. D. Kazarinov, A. V. Putvinskii, and V. S. Sharov, "Convectional nsport of substances dissolved in water as a possible mechanism of acceleration of mem ane orocesses by L Krl radiation," in: Effects of L\Tonthermal Millimeter Radiation on Bic- _,o.z_-Lca_L Objects Ein Russian], = AN SSSR, Moscow, 1983. 1i S. G. Mairanovskii et al., "Polarographic study of the influence of low power MrI radiar Lori on rate of pyridine protonization in a water medium," Dokl. Akad. Nauch. SSSR, vol. 282,, no. 4, pp. ~31-933, 1985. 12''0. V. Betskii, K. D. Kazarinov, A. V. Putvinskii, and V. S. Sharov, "A method -,or measuring the power of microwave radiation," USSR Authors' Certificate no. 1101750, 3yulleten -7zobretenii, no. 25, 1984. 24 March 1986 *Radioelectronics and Communications Systems. Available from Allerton Press -Inc., Z, 7, _ . .. . ., .1 ~4`,Q -APOV04iii~FdrRialec-~~d"-.gooo*8/oa~,-,elA~R4DP96-00789ROO310028000T-7 ApproVed For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Contents VOLUME 29 NUMBER 10 1986 PAGES IS- SYSTE, IS RADIOELECTRONICS A.,ND COMMUNIcgICK, RUSSIANANGLISH SPECIAL ISSUE MICROWAVE ELECTRONIC DEVICES foreward. 1. V. Lebedev ............................ .......... 3 oi34cal action -of low intensity millimeter band radiation. 0. 7. Be,:sk-44 and A. 17. Putvinskil ............. 4 -1 - --- devices. ~--..ieen living organisms and certain mic ow v * *** * * * * '* * * Golant and B. Rebrova .......... i~ nic; i;~t w~ ve e Mic ro ...0deling of nonlinear problems in semiconductor 20 16 *' * ' *' ' * * ** *** * *' ' * * * ** * " * ' ' * ' ** * '' * ' yu. r. Khotuntsev ....... - d- fie a t e l c o S c ho t t mi r m et r me a l :,lain trend ; ub e t ky s in the modeling oi g effect transistors (a review). G. V. Petrov and A. I. Tolstoi....28 23 Oesign elements and efficiency of'tEe oscillating systems of solid state microwave oscillators. S. A. Zinchenko and.E. A. Machuaskii......43 36 Frequency dependence of the moduldtlon sensitivity of Gunn oscillators. V. N. Dubrovskii and A. S. Karasev .................................50 43 Calculations of diode operation in a high-power upconverter. Yu. G. Tityukov and V. A. Yakovenko ............ et ....................55 49 Study of the methods of solution of a self-congruent problem in 0-type devices with a periodic structure. A. V. Osin, V. V. Podshivalov, .and V. A. Solntsev ..................................... * ...........61 55 Fc,wer summation algorithm used for study of vacuum tubes with prolonged 16 interaction. Yu. L. Bobrovskii and S. R. Zarembskii .. ............0 60 multiperiod numeric model of a crossed-field amplifier. A. A. Terentlev, E. M. Illin,.and V. B. Baiburin.....-:o ..........72 66 "'nconventional uses of retarding systems. Yu. N. Pebellnikov 79 72 .......... Brie-f Communications Jumeric modeling of microwave limiter diode. N. I. Filatov and A. S. Shnitnikov ...................................................84 76 Optimization of the energy characteristics of varactor microwave mixers. A. E. Ryzhko,v and 1. E. Chechik ............................. 86 8o 0otimization of phase and amplitude-frequency characteristics of microwave semiconductor amplifier. V. 1. Kaganov and go 54 '- S. N. Zamuruev ............................................... of matching circuits in solid state microwave oscillato;; A. Machusskil ...... ......... 92 88 r with nan g ating a o Solid state ,,raveguide phase shifte s n;; element. A. S. Petrov, V. V. Povarov, and 1. V. Lebedev ..........94 go AutnOr1Z9UQn to lor ltbrajes ano Otn~r u3ers r"Istorgo ~itn In* CopyrIgnt earanc S20-00 Der CODY is 0210 c1rectly to CCC. _-I Congress st., 5&jern, MA 02970. 0735-2727/86 320.00 9100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08108: CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 EDITOR FORBAIRM I. V. Lebedev izvestiya VUZ. Radioelektronika, Vol. 29, No. 10, 3, 1986' This snecial issue of the Journal, dedicated to microwave e1 ectronics, open Yorith t,,.,ro ar-,_-cles discussing the biological ef'ects of radiations in the millimeter band. Studies -e7d In -the USSR and abroad have for a number of rears attracted the interesz o :ii'-rerse snecialists - phTrsicis-s, developers of vacuum and. solid-state microwave de,,rices_~ biolo,glsts, and medical scientists. The'data and the:possible explanations offered in :hese papers (some of which may be debatable) willpromote.further progress in this vital area, which srretcfies far beyond the conventional framework, of. electronics. s,,. uch attention in this issue is gtv n't. so I sta e i al, m e lia- t m,crowave devices. u ~ne of the rel7iew articles discusses the general aspects of computer simulation of" non- 1-i-ear problems of semiconductor microwave electronics; another review deals with the cur- rent oroblems in modeling of submicronic field-effect transistors..,-In this connection, one sLould emphasize the contribution likely to be made in this".area -'by lar..je-scale ap- -.11cations of personal computers, as well as big mainframes, so*as to hasten the creation and improvement of new solid-state microwave devices. Some of the articles and communications describe thW cu~r` nt problems in increasing the power of solid-state microwave devices and units. -,,-There.~s,a paper presenting non- linear analysis of a semiconductor delimiter - one of'.,ihe leiss.~_studied types of solid- state microwave devices. Among other results published is research connected with the de- velopment of various types of solid-state oscillators,.-amplifiers,,-bonverters, and control units. The dramatic advances we are currently witnessing in microwave.transistors, es- pecially field-effect transistors, and their expansion-into-zthemillimeter wave bands, offer a neu perspective for the-creation of various radiaengine4ring systems. 'The in- terpenetration of the methods of microwave technology and superhigh-speed inte,grated cir- cuits is further expanding the capabilities and appLications of,,aalid-state electronics. Livel,r research is under way also in the field of Vacuum-microwave electronics, and in particular, the development of effective methods of computer.-analysis and synthesis, especially the specific problems in the development of O-type and rl-itgpe devices. One paper discusses the application of retardation systems in fields,of engineering not im- mediately connected with.electronic devices. The vast.store.cf:experience accumulated with microwave electronics can be productively utilized in-other p eres of the economy. 0, -,s Some of the important trends of microwave ~1 ectro nics are not-covered in the issue, especially the development of monolithic integrated microwave devices and units, which of~fer broad opportunities for microminiaturization of "micrawave.technology, raisinr the rellabilit.r and cost effectiveness of these products. 'This .and other areas of current im- portance will be covered in the future issues of the journal.., u4z 0 1986 by Allarton Press. Inc. Approved For Release 2000/08108: CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 SINILARITIES BETWEEN LIVING ORGANISMIS AND CERTAIN rjCn 11AVE DEVICES IM M. B. Golant and T. B. Rebrova Izvestiya VUZ. Radioelektronika, Vol. 29, No. 10, pp. 10-19, 1986 UDC 538.56:57:62.1.385.6 Vital, functions of live organisms are discussed on the basis of published ex- perimental data concerning the effects of lower-power millimeter-band electro- magnetic waves on these organisms. Analogies with operation of microwave de- vices are drawn. In r1, the possibility was discussed of applying the concepts of radioelectronics and L J cybernetics to medical and biological problems The study was concerned with the general L aspects of organization of the control of compiex systems, as they refer to utilization of low (nonthermal) power milliter-band waves of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in order to mobilize forces in a live organism, to eliminate disbalances in its functioning, or to prepare the organism for future detrimental impacts.- Parallels between the F14R effects on live organisms [21 and general opreration regu- larities of information systems have been drawn in [3,4]. These regularities, which de- termine the choice of the oscillation power and frequency, the requirements to oscillation stability, radiation site and time, etc. [51, proved important in the E14R uses for medical treatments and in biotechnology. This universality is connected with the fact that the general patterns of operation of information systems apply to different organisms and ac- tions. Mechanisms triggered by control signals can differ substantial.1y, depending on the information content of the signals and the nature of the objectsat which they are di- rected. Can an analogy with the organization principles of a microwave device be useful for understanding the operation of the informational processes in live organisms? We believe that it can, although such an analogy cannot be as complete as when one analyzes the gen- eral oatterns of operation of information systems. Here one can - cautiously - compare the characteristics observed in experiments on live organisms with the characteristics of microwave devices and units. Ample experience accumulated after five decades of develop- ment of microwave technology can give clues to interpretation of the results. This,poss','- bility is extremely valuable because of the insurmountable obstacles faced by attempts at direct observations in this area. RESONANCE B CELL MENBRANES Considerable biological effects in various parts of the body, often quite remote from the irradiated part of the body surface, can be produced by an infinitesimal EMR power. rhis observation initially suggested the possibility of some informational function per- formed by irradiation. What elements-in the body respond to signals of such a high fre- quency? Theoretical analysis of the experimental facts connected with the ETIR effects in live Drganisms indicated early on that it is cells and cell elements, and especially membranes, that resDond to EMR action [6]. The fact that a very low powe-;, was sufficient for an in- formational impact [NOTE. Simple estimatesbased onthe totalnumber of cells in the human body i(10 14_i0 15 ) and the general thermal output of the body (measured by hundreds of watts) show that inean power output of a cell is 0.5-5 PW; for bacteria, based on the ratio of an organism's volume to the mean volume of the human cell, this power is lower by a factor of 103. The density of the power flow absorbed by a cell during irradiation and zufficient for nroducing the bioloqizal effect (see, e.g., [3,9]), adjusting for absorp- C 1986 by Alle"an Press, Inc- Approved ForRelease 2000/08/08 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 ,-cn in -,he environment, is nor, larger than .0.1 of these quan-,itfes. Studies of he in- .rma~.- sugrrest that -.he mean energy :"-e ex- -*or. effects produced by impulse s_JT als ~107 ,n C~- U 11 in~; si .,rna.L can.be even lower, at least by an order of magn--itudej sug.-ested two alterna- -47es: either the cells, under certain biological conditions, exist in a state close to a 7:r4--ering threshold of signal generation or, even before the EMR action, such geneAation 7== 1 7ak-es P.Lace in the cells. in the former case, the generation of an information signal by 7,he cell is similar to signal amplification in a regenerating amplifier C61; in the latter, ,he -'unction of the E14R is to synchronize signalsgenerated by a large number of oscilla- ,ors r7l. 7n view of the instability of regenerating amplifiers, as contrasted against the stability and reliability of functioning of live organisms, the mechanism determined by synchronization of a large number of oscillations appears more natural. As has been demonstrated in [111, a notion of such oscillators is provided by the fine structure of the snectra of El'-IR-induced effects C8,12,131 (Fig. 1), due to the possi- bility of inducing in lipid ce'Ll membranes acoustic waves of rhe whispering gal7ery "waves not rad 4ated into the external environment because of 'he complete internal reflection' U J. " - 3a7a in [141 on the elastic modulus of distension of cell membranes K. (K - 0.45 *Vm) and 9 -) make it possible to estimate -,he thickness AM of their hydrophobic region (A M :s 310- mm -:he velocity v I of' acoustic waves traveling along the membrane where a is the density of the lipid (fatty) layer, which for the evaluation can be set at 300 kg/m-3. The value of v Z computed with (1) is approximately 400 m/sec.- The membranes of cer- .ain cells and subcellular elements are cylindrical [15,161. If the oscillations are ex- cited along the perimeter of the side surface of the cylinders, their resonance condition will require that the parameter ird (where d is the diameter of the cylinder) be equal to an integer 11 of the length of acoustic waves A 06 A = vat (2) (where f is the oscillation frequency), N ~ iWA, (3) f The frequency diversity Af of two neighboring resonances corresponds to a change of N by t1 and is equal to I Af I - u1 Ind ~:w (K.IpA.)Q's (ad)-' (4) Cellular membranes are polarized, and each has a constant potential difference corre- sponding to a field intensity of the order of 107 V/m. IThe acoustic vibrations deforming t~e membrane, therefore, induce a variable electric field, forming an acoustic-electric wave. The spatial period of the variable component of the electric field is equal to the wavelength of acoustic oscillations determined by (2.). For example, for E. coZi, which has the diameter of about 0.65 pm C151, when the excitation is produced by wavelength in the free space of X = 6.5 nn (corresponding to f = 46.1.GHz), the wavelength in the mem- brane A will be approximately equal to 100 L The electrical length N of the-perimeter, according to (3), is close to 200. The variation 6X of the wavelength in the free space or X corresponding to Af, defined by (4), is AX = 3-10-2 mm. This practically coincides .10 d52 6-54 6-M W Approved For Release 2000/d8/'08 : ClAuRDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For ~efe 10 0789ROO3100280001-7 11 A J. A to I Z .4 juency, MHz Fig. 2 with the experimental data [81 (Fig. 1). Fig re 1 plots the synthesis induction coefficient K vs. ~ during irradiation of E. ,U I i L, I coZi culture. Similar estimates for yeast cultures based on spectra pablished in C121 ""Fig. 2) show that this spectrum represents the oscillations of the outer membrane, while the spectrum published in [131 (Fig. 3) refers to vibrations of mitochondria membranes. Figure 2 plots the normalized rate of growth of the yeast culture irradiated by EMR vs. f; Fig. 3 Plots the dependence on A of the change in the number of carrier sites after mice are.exposed to EMR combined with X-rays (the curve FMD + R), as comoared withA change in the number of carrier sites after irradiation with X-rays alone (curve RJI: K is Zhe control.. Itu is not only the quantitative fit of the calculated and experimental spectrum that is essential. The cognitive significance of this analysis is even more important. First of all, it clarifies why the lines in the spectra ~Lre narrow despite the sub- stantial losses in the biological media, and explains.the presence of many 6ands in the spectra which correspond to similar biological effect. Both these observations are at- tributable to the fact that cell membranes exposed to acoustic vibrations are resonance systems in which a large number of oscillation types can be induced; some of them (with similar values of N) are similar in the type of fields that are induced. In the analysis of the effect spectra shown in Figs. 1-3, one should take into account that these are sub- stantially nonlinear relationships between the bodily effects and the information param- aters. It should also be noted that in the elementary case of a cylindrical membrane ;aken for illustration, we discuss types of oscillations that differ in just one parameter I for the sake of clarity. In reality, membrane shapes can be complex.with corresponding Tibrations characterized generally by more than one parameter. For example, in Fig. 3, ;wo series-of lines with a similar period can be distinguished., which are shifted relative ;o each other. Different series of resonance bands can correspond to different cell mem- 3ranes (see below, the last section) and can be stimulated in different subbands. It becomes also clearly why the biological effect of ETIR on a healthy cell is weak .within the natural scatter of the functional indicator), and becomes manifested only af- ;er several irradiation sessions [173. The calculated value of wave velocity v Z z 400 1/sec corresponds to the deceleration of the electromagnetic wave by almost a factor of )ne million (reduction of the wave 'velocity compared with the speed of light in vacuum). !he field is pressed tight to the membrane: the distance from the membrane surface at thich the field ampl'Ltude is reduced by a factor of e for a wave A - 5 mm is approximately qual to 10 a. In order.for such a system to become connected with a wave propagating in he outer environment, special elements of connection are necessary. The organization of -hese elements is discussed in the next section. We will merely note here that such con- Lection elements arise onlyunder unfavorable biological conditions, to which cells or cell ystems, respond by restructuring. Under normal conditions the membranes radiate almost no illimeter waves; accordingly, they can hardly perceive any external radiation. 'The highly rganized energy of microwave vibrations is not wasted by the body; in terms of energy oss, there is no substantial difference between generation and regenerative amplifica- lion. Another theoretically and practically important experimental fact also becomes ex- licable: under thesame experiment alconditions, itis not only the fine structure that is ftaracterized by an exceedingly high reproducibility, but also the frequency values at aich specific biological effects are observed, despite the fact that the dispersion of he cell sizes and SUbeellular elements is fairly,large. This happens because the value V~., by virtue of (1), is affected by several parameters (the calculated value of v, 2: 400 r.1/sec is found for mean values, and is itself an averaged estimate). By virtue of 10 Approved For Release 2000108108: CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 A Av, 77 W, 7~7_1=1144RGMOMW Mlft',~ Approved For Release 2000/08/08 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 b a b 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SO N 30 1 A A I i i . . i i/ S do ii 'i ! ! i 1J W 714 715 N 720 722 '724 mm Fig - 3 Fig. 4 (2), .1 for a fllxed f is proportional to v.,, and so for xiven N and f, the value of d (see (3)) will also vary in proportion to v Changes in the number of wavelengths .4 (for a ~j .-xed J') on the perimeter of a membrane are unlikely under theconditions ofthe experiment. 7he membrane is built successively of separate "blocks" - molecules. In the construction of cellular structures, one error occurs per 103 construction motions 1181. On the other nand, there is a very small number of molecules per one wavelength [161, so that even when thousands of wavelengths can be fitted along the membrane perimeter, a change of the num- ber of molecules along the perimeter of a membrane in the course of its construction is practically ruled out for any significant number of cells. If the number of molecule's is r1ne sane, the values of vL and A, in conformity with the analysis of (1) and (2), and the ,arameters appearing in (1), will be affected solely by the density of the packing of molecules; the changes in this density will produce variations of A and d proportional to one another. The informational action of E14R on cells appears to be connected with f largely through N, because it is N which determines the character and direction of forces in the natural system of coordinates tied to the membrane. In particular, the fine and flexible control of cells functions, by varying f can be due to the fact that with a large number of-oscillations characterized by small variations of N and respective field configurations, a fairly smooth regulation of cellular processes can be achieved. The excitation of mem- branes has been studied extensively (see, e.g., E161). In view of-the small value of v,, the mechanism of long-term or multiple interaction of the variable electric field of the membrane with charges connected with protein molecules described in E161 seems probable. in electronic devices, long-term and multiple interactions of charges with a microwave field are (quite common (see, e.g., [191). In-resonance syst6ms closed in field and in current, such as the electrodynamic system of a mult:Lresonator magnetron, excitations are quite easy to induce (it is this kind of system that a membrane'should provide for the oscillations closed in a ring and excited in it). The current necessary for stimulating )scillations would be determined by the quality of the energy loss in the system for a certain amplitude of the microwave field and the energy released into this field by the charges. ',"'he charges, connected with protein molecules oscillating at their resonant fre- quencies (due to the metabolism energy), have, because of a large molecular weight of pro- ;ein molecules, considerable stored energy which they can pass on to the membrane's micro- aave field in the course of interaction. The oscillations of single protein molecules can oe likened to vibrations of a spring which responds by attenuating vibrations at the natu- ral resonant frequency to any nonperiodic perturbation.. For coherent vibrations to be ex- cited in a membrane, the vibrations of the individual oscillators, however, should be co- phasic. Since the polarization of membranes is necessary for acoustoelectric waves to be ~~xcited in them It is necessary for signal generation in the membrane. This process can be depicted as the phasing of protein oscillators linked with the membrane by the acoustic 2omponent of the wave field associated with transfer of energy of these oscillators to the ,iave; the electric component of the wave interacts with the charges associated with pro- I-ein molecules. Another legitimate hypothesis is that the mechanism is inverse: the phasing of the vibrations of the electrical component of the wave field in the membrane and the transfer of the energy of oscillators of its acoustic component. The energy spent to phase the vibrations of the oscillators is small compared with ~,Iellr own energy t7]. Since losses in the lipid membrane are relatively small, we can 70nclude thar a small number of protein oscillators would be sufficient for signal genera- ;-'on With this mechanism. When the cell, however, Is subjected to unfavorable Impacts making it necessary to radiate signals controlling the recovery processes), proteins _0M the cytoplasm are drawn toward the membrane and become associated in it [201; this 7~'Ould increasie the current and, therefore, the magnitude of oscillations induced in the e "rane. m, Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 CM cloy ci wh!_,h V~ , e , ~GlA4RQP9&10QMR004TQ628M -acco P J Od*E~eRfflba~ffrMD 1P _uen es ~he strong on enzymatic activity [177 CONNECTION BMICEN ELECTROMAGNETIC OSCILLATIONS EXCITED IN BELL MEMBRANES AND THE ENVIRONMENT a norm&lly functioning organism the electromagnetic vibrations induced in cell membranes practically do not interact with the environment, because the fields are pressec; zic,ht to the membrane surface. EMR irradiated into the environment or perceived from out- side are negligibly small. While any connection with the environment would mean a waste of energy for a normally functioning organism, it may become necessary when the normal functioning of cells is disrupted. It could help processes aimed at eliminating the dis- ruptions or adapting to changed functional conditions. How are vibrations in the membrane connected with the environment? Of interest in this context are the so-called temporary structures that appear on membranes only during -he restructuring of the function and later disappear. Could these structures function -as communication elements? Experience with multiresonator magnetrons, where the field structure, to some extent, is similar to the above-described field structure in an excited membrane (an integral number of lengths of slow waves in both cases fit into the circle of the resonating system), suggests that interaction.with this field could be arranged with the aid of a probe connected with the field of one of the standing waves in the system. The communication elements, placed at a distance equal to the wavelength of the slow wave one another, introduce a greater load into the system; they effectuate the connections with the crests of waves corresponding to the same phase'of the oscillation. A study of the behavior of cells exposed to unfavorable factors under an electron microscope showed [20] that membrane surfaces developed septa - periodic protrusions shifted relative to each other by approximately 100 a, i.e., the value of the slow wavelength A estimated in the preceding section. For evaluating the size of these protrusions it should be noted that if the oscillations are moved away from tlie--membrane (where they occur in the same phase) to a distance of just about A/21T from the surface (i.e., a distance of about 10 a), then an ordinary time-variable field will be excited outside of the membrane. A decrease in the amplitude of this field with the increased distance from the site of excitation will no longer be associated with the total internal reflection but mainly with the active losses ia the environment. It is through these protrusions or septa that the primary con- tact occurs between the membranes, brought closer together by the unfavorable impacts (Fig. 4): the protrusions reduce the degree of field attenuation since the distance from the surface at these points is shorter; as a result, interaction can be established at agreater overall distance. Figure 4 E201 is a diagram of the process of reactive restructuring of membranes after being exposed to a variable field; a) formation of protrusions; b) pulling together of membranes; 1) membranes; 2) material adhering to the membrane; and 3) inter- membrane gap. One might think that since, according to (2), A is frequency dependent, a specific distance between the protrusions, if it could be tied to the field configuration, would indicate that the communication between them is of a narrow band type. The real number of protrusions in periodic sequences, however, is relatively small Cup to 5-6) and they vary noticeably in shape f203. They can be used, therefore, for communication in a very broad frequency band for intersept-al distances equal to the mean A for this band. Be- sides, variations in the degree of connection in a broadband affect little the informa- tional effect. The latter depends little on the signal amplitude [4]. The degree of con- nection in case of an underloaded generator changes the radiated power relatively slowly- 1191. The existence of a connection between the periodic membrane structures and the elec- tromagnetic field is supported also by the fact that these structures arise in areas where membranes cup out; this cupping out of-itself provides some connection (although very weak in the absence of septa) between the high-frequency fields in the membrane and in the en- vironment. Similar results have been obtained in a different way in [211. The study was con- cerned with the interaction between cells (erythrocytes) in a medium into which long-fiber polyethylene oxide molecules were introduced. In terms of the above scheme, these mole- cules could operate as communication elements for removing the microwave energy from the membrane surface. After the molecules were introduced into the medium the maximum distance between the cells at which an intercellular interaction could be observed greatly in- creased. The optimum concentration of polyethyloxide molecule (corresponding to the maxi- mum intercellular interaction) was achieved with an intermolecular-distance of about 40 1t should be noted that, first, the ends of all molecules are not situated in the same Approved For Release 2000/08/0'd: CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 :.CIA-RD-P96-00789ROO3100280001-7 clane and are not in contact with the membrane surface. The mean distance between then, . should-,' J'~d aj`&sisi to the distance measured Perpendicular measured along the membrane surface, ro this surface. Secondly, the region of-a--field .--with a noticeable amplitude (smaller than 7.-Ae amplitude at a surface by not more tha"h b a factor of 10) is greater than A/2r by nearly 2.5 tines and equals approximately 40 L This means that the field region with the 1-arger amplitude includes molecules separated by distance of about 100 A rather than just ~0 1. These experiments, too, confirm that the optimal spacing between communication ele- ments is close to the length of the slow wave A estimated above. The match of the data of three qualitatively differen t methods of study of the posi- ~ion of elements which could serve for communication be tween the cell environment and the oscillations in the membrane supports the hypothesis that variable fields are induced in ,he membrane and the possible system of connection with these membranes. A minor asymmetry can be observed in a 'normally functioning cell as well. It may be responsible for the observed slow reconstruction of function in healthy cells exposed to ex7ernal E11R (which probably occurs during several irradiation sessions). The function -'s modified within the range that is characteristic of the biological species concerned. CONTROL OF CELLULAR PROCESSES BY MEMBRANES In orderl:o completethis description, we willdiscuss ina generalform. howthe informaticn -arried by configurations of fields induced in a membrane can,cause modifications in the -ell and how it can be transmitted within the body. In [231 a theoretical analysis of the effects of ponderomotive forces excited by vari- able electromagnetic fields was performed. 'It studied the influence of these fields on the formation of so-called cytoskeleton in the cell - a net of threadlike formations capturing specific types of molecules and transporting them to the site of their action. Once the cellular ,structure has been built, the cytoskeleton decays. In E18] this theory was re- fined, specifying that the address of each action is determined by the intersection of the threadlike structures. The authors- of ['18,233 rested their hypothesis on the experiments in the IR band, but extended (without special analysis) their conclusion to ENR actions in live organisms. At first glance, the hypothesis agrees with the conclusions of the pre- ceding sections: a field configuration induced in a,*membrane by EMR causes filiform. for- mations in the cell in conformity with the type of the oscillations induced. The cross- points of the filiform. formations in the cell are shifted when the type of oscillation is modified, which, according to [181, should change the sites and type of the processes that occur. Whether the signals are generated by the organism or received from outside in this case is immaterial. This description, however, is at variance with.microwave electrodynamics. Cells are not larger than a fEW micrometers in size and are filled with a medium which has a dielec- tric constant close to that of water. A minimal cross section of the waveguide channels for millimeter waves in such a medium should be larger than the cell size by many times, and no hypothesis compatible with the real data on the dielectric properties of elements Inside the cytoplasma, can justify the possible formation of channels conducting E14R in areas occupying just a portion of a single cell. A more likely explanation can be based an processes on the surfaces of membranes. there is a large number of membranes in a cell: in addition to the external membrane, which Is the cell's sheath (the so-called plasmatic membrane), subeellular particles are also surrounded by their own membranes. Among these are the mitochondria (which function as ;he powerhouses of the cell) and the lysosomes (whichcontain the enzymes splitting pro- eins, nucleic acids, and other substances). Additional membranes develop and decay in ;he course of a cell's functioning when the cell is exposed to unfavorable -impacts. Mul- ;ilayer membrane structures and small bodies are formed sometimes to provide a contact 203. Of special importance in this context is the fact that it is on the membrane sur- ace that many of the processes determining the cell function take place E161. In par- ~icular, membranes influence the enzymatic activity and coordinate the chemical reactions .nside the cells. Membranes also take part in intercellular coordination - the transmis- ion of information from one cell to another on contact, as well as in intracellular com- unications. The intermembrane contact itself can result from act ive motions of membranes .Ssociated with the vibrations excited in them. In their capacity of a coordinator of ntracellular activity and intercellular interactions, membranes are in a continuous state f motion and change. This is probably how the informational effects of ETdR dre produced: 7 affecting the patterns of acoustoelectrical oscillations in the membrane, the radiation an regular the processes in the cells; through processes at the cellular level, it can ffect the functioning of complex multicellular organisms. The targets of regulation would Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 13 Inc.1'Lude membrane transcort rjL, WbWQfe~,e4VqpAj1,r -.4-ons. n a #-I ~FGVRei ...embrane transmission of vibrations from one ,he other; this process would be affected not only by tribution of the fields as well #-fane connez- R_Q roc a zcRj, -4 'ons -,5-L the e P" of 'he communicatinx U membranes to the type of contact but by the dIS Judging by the morphological descriptions of temporary changes in the cells excosed to unfavorable impacts, the -so-called endoplasmatic network (a system of interlinked de- iormed membrane elements) and deformations of this network can be an important factor in ~,.,on,::rolling the processes aimed at recovering normal vital functions. A detailed description of the processes is still beyond the grasp of investigators, but their vital importance for the cell and the organism is unquestionable. In short, the features and regularities of the functioning of-microwave devices, wj,,en applied to studies of the effect-s of electromagnetic vibrations on control processes in live organisms, can shed light on at least some of these processes. In particular, they provide a better understanding of the following: - the influence of the oscillation frequency on these processes (the role of reso- nances in the form of oscillations induced in the membranes); the limited influence of further increases of the EMR power on these processes ~since they occur as synchronization of membrane oscillations rather 'Chan by power im- pacts on cellular processes) once the power is above a certain threshold; -the reasons for the pronounced effectiveness of radiation in organisms withdis- rupted function (which develop structures to connect membrane oscillations with external radiation); and - 'the need for long-term irradiation to obtain a residual biological effect (this concerns restructuring in the cells, which consumes energy and requires material to be brought to the site of action in the course of metabolic processes). A single study can make only a limit;pd complex and little-investigated processes, this research. contribution to understanding these exceedingly which emphasizes the importance of continuing REFERENCES 1. 14. D. Devyatkov, M. B. Golant, and T. B. Rebrova, "Radioelectronics and medicine (the possible uses of analogies)," Izv. VUZ. Radioelektronika*, vol. 25, no. 9y PP. 3-83 1982. 2. N. D. Devyatkov, "The influence of electromagnetic radiation in the millimeter wave band on biological objects,".Uspekhi Fiz. Nauk, vol. 110, no. 3, pp. 453-454, 1973. 3. N. D. Devyatkov, E. A. Gelvich, and M. B. Golant, et al., "Radiophysical aspects of medical applications of energy and information effects of electromagnetic vibrations,"' Elektron. Tekhnika, Ser. Elektronika SVCh, no. 9 (333), pp. 43-50, 1981. 4. N. D. Devyatkov and M_ B. Golant, "The informational nature of nonthermal and energy effects of electromagneti-c vibrations in a live organism," Pis1ma. v Zh. Tekhn. Fiz., vol. 8, no. 1, PP. 39-41. 5. A. K. Bryukhova, M. B. Golant, and T. B. Rebrova, "Reproducibility of experimen- tal results in studies of the effects of electromagnetic radiation of a nonthe.-mal in- tensity in the millimeter wave band as affecting live organisms," Elektron. Tekhnika, Ser. Elektronika SVCh, no. 8, Pp. 52-57, 1985. 6. H. Frolich, "The biological effects of microwaves and related qudstions," Ad- vances in. Electronics and Electron Physics, vol. 11, pp. 85-~132, 1983. 7. N. D. Devyatkov, M. B. Golant, and A. S. Tager, "The role of synchronization in the effects of weak millimeter wave band electromagnetic signals on live organisms," Bio- fizika, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 895-896, 1983. 8. R. L. Vilenskaya, E. A. Gelvich, and ri. B. Golant,'et al., "The nature of the in- fluence of millimeter radiation on colicin synthesis," Mauchnye Doklady Vysshei Shkoly, Biologicheskie Nauki, no. 7, pp. 69-71, 1972. *Radioelectronics and Communications Systems. Available from Allerton Press, Inc., 150 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. 10011; (212) 924-3950. 14 96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000108108 : CIA-RDP Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 9 "Promising research and methods for medicine and biology," Elektronnaya Promysh- lenno I S., no. _1 (139), pp. 05-13, 1985. 1.0. _Z. :17. BaLibalova, A. G. Borodkina, and M. B. Golant, et al., "Amplitude modulation used ro improve the efficacy of equipment utilized for informational influence of elect-o- ma.=er,_-*c vibrations on live organisms," Elektron. Tpkhnika, Ser..Elektronika SVCh, no. ,~44)1, op. 0-7, 1982. -1. "The mechanism of vibrations induced in cell B. Golant and V. A. Shashlov, membranes by weak electromagnetic fields," in: Apl~lications of Electromagnetic Low-Inten- sity Radiation in Biology and Medicine Cin Russian], N. D. Devyatkova (Editor), IRE A14 SSSR, Moscow, pp. 127-132, 1985. 12. W. Grundler and F. KeilMann, "Sharp resonances in yeast growth prove nonthermal sensitivity to microwaves," Physical Review Let., Vol. 51,-no. 13, pp. 1214-1216, 1983. 13, L, A, :5evastlyanova, A. G. Borodkina, E. S. Zubenkova, et al., "Resonance na- ~.ure of the millimeter radiowave effects on biological systems," in: Nonthermal Effects of Millimeter Radiation on Biological Objects [in Russian], IRE AN SSSR, Moscow, PP. 34- 47, 1983. 14. V. G. Ivkov and G. N. Berestovskii, Lipid Bilayer of Biological Membranes Lrin Russian", Nauka, Moscow, 1982. 15. G. Stant and R. Calindar, Molecular Genetics [Russian translation], Mir, Moscow, 1981. 16) .L. D. Bergellson, Membranes, Molecules,Cells [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow, 1982. 17. M". B. Golant, A. K. Bryukhova, and E. A. Dvadtsatova, et al., "The possibility of regulating the Vital activities of microorganisms exposed to electromagnetic vibrations in the millimeter band," Applications of Electromagnetic Low-Intensity Radiation in Biology and 11-ledicine [in Russian], N. D. Devyatkov (Editor), IRE AN SSSR, Moscow, pp. 115-122, -,983. 18. S. J. Webb, "Nutrition, coherent oscillations, and solitary waves: The control of in vivo events in time and space and its relationship to disease," 'IRCS Med. Sci., Vol. 11, pp. 483-4883 1983. 19. 1. V. Lebedev, Microwave Technology and Devices fin Russian], Vysshaya Shkola, vol. 2, 1972. 20. 0. S. Sotnikov, Structural Dynamics of a Live Neuron [in Russian], Nauka, Lenin- grad, 1985. 21. S. Roulands, "Coherent excitations in blood," in: Coherent Excitations in Biologi- cal Systems, Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, pp. 145-161, 1983. -- 22. N. D. Devyatkov and M. B. Golant, "The mechanisms of action of millimeter-band electromagnetic radiation of nonthermal intensity on the vital activities of organisms," in: Applications of Electromagnetic Low-Intensity Radiation in Biology and Medicine [in Russian], 11. D. Devyatkov (Editor), IRE AN SSSR, Moscow, pp. 18-33, 1983. 23. E. Del Giudice, E. Doglia, and M. Milani, "Self-focusing and ponderomotive forces of coherent electric waves: A mechanism for cytoskeleton formation and dynamics," in: Coherent Excitations in Biological Systems, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, pp. 123- 127, 1983. 13 January 1986 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 RADIOELECTRONICS AND MEDICINE (ON SCOPE FOR USING CERTAIN ANALOGIES) N. D. Devyatkov, M. B. Golant,'and T. B. Rebrova Izvestiya vUZ. Radioelektronika, Vol. 25, No. 9, pp. 3-8, 1982 UDC 621.38:61 Large radio-electronic systems and living organisms are both complex systems (albeit of very different degrees of complexity), and a great role is played by informational aspects in ensuring their long-term uninterrupted operation. Since radio-electronic systems are incomparably simpler than living organisms, the ways of studying them and ensuring their reliable operation are vastly simp- ler. It is suggested that, on the basis of analogies, the approach to the solu- tion of medical-biological problems can in certain cases be simplified. With the wide use of radio-electronics and cybernetics it has become possible to cre- ate a new apparatus playing a revolutionary role in modern medicine and biology. The range of application of the new apparatus is so vast that it can scarcely be surveyed in a single article. Nevertheless, there is one link between these sciences that is only just start- ing to be developed, though it'may well prove very fruitful-in the future. We are speak- ing of the possibility of using, in medicine and biology certain general ideas of electronics and cybernetics, and on the basis of analogies, devising new approaches to the solution of medical-biological problems. But let us emphasize at the outset that only a few aspects of this vast and many-sided topic can be mentioned here. Radio-electronics is concerned at present with devising complex multielement systems suitable for long-term uninterrupted operation in varying external conditions. Living or- gani8ms (primarily men) are likewise complex systems (though much more complex), often with a very long life. This means from the physical point of view that the ordering and organi- zation of the systems have to be preserved or restored while in contact with the external medium, and that their entropy (a measure of their lack of order) has to increase extremely slowly [1]. We need to consider the main conditions for long-term preservation of the ordering of a large system. In principle, the following conditions refer,~ not only to electronic systems and living organisms, but also to any large stably operating systems, such as e.g., undertakings with external connections:.' a) we need a material and energy supply from outside for the system, to make good its energy consumption and to replace elements that have ceased to perform their function; b) we need reserves such that, on the one hand, partially failed elements can be kept at the operating leyel needed for maintaining operation of the system as a whole, and on the other hand, so that reserves of certain elements can be mobilized in oVder to compen- sate for poor operation of others; c) we need circuits for obtaining and transmitting data about all variations inside and outside the system, so that the system can adequately respond to these variations; d) we need central and peripheral control circuits, and automatic feedback loops for controlling the system response to internal and external variations; e) we need a sensitive display whereby processes unfavorable to the system can be de- tected. in their early development stage and the data obtained used for adjusting the system, so as either to stop the further development of these processes or to prepare the system for operation in the new conditions. I - The approach to the living organism as a unified, data-connected and data-controlled system, implies the first importance of data aspects when solving medical and biological problems. While this is obvious in principle, the ways of going over from general ideas 0 1982 by Allw#*PWmed For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 to practApprwednPmEteltea-W comparativiely speaking, in electronics: still need to be studied. We what sort of scope they have, data systems, etc, 2PODdOiWg&:"~QIA.TRAPP&RU§9RgO;itqgipp%q'Eley are, many unsolved or only partially solved problems need to know how the data systems of the organism operate, and how medical interference can assist the operation of the To the extent to w'hich the data signals in the organism are electrical (The data SYitem, is not solely concerned with electrical signals. In particular, an important role is played by data transmission by humora2 agents. But we shall only deal here with elec- tromagnetic oscillations.) and the problems concern the "electronic" properties of the living; organism, the ways of studying the problems must also be "electronic," i.e., they must involve a study of spectral characteristics, and of nonlinear and modulation proper- ties etc. An important step forward was made in [21 with the proof '(based on analysis of many experimental data) of some basic laws governing the interaction of low-power electro- magnetic oscillations (EMO) with living organisms. The two main laws are: a) weak dependence of biological effects of external (radiation-connected) data sig- nals on the EMO power flux, starting from a (usually extremely low threshold level and going up to levels at which effects connected with heating of the irradiated object start to have an important role3- ' . . b) the sharply resonant response of living organisms to low-power EMO radiation (We are only speaking here of signal frequencies at which the energy of the quanta is insuffi- cient for disrupting the molecular bonds.); the relative frequency bandwidth in which a re- sponse is seen usually does not exceed tenths of one percent; often a number of mutually displaced bands Is observed, in which the biological object bas a similar response.* The nature of these laws has been discussed in various Russian and foreign publica- tions, e.g., 13, 4, 51. In particular, it was suggested in D., 51, on the basis of a com- parison with technical cybernetic systems, that.the first law is li.nked.with the informa- tional nature of the.weak EMO signal action on the living organism and is determined by the reliability of operation of the organism data system. On the other hand, information on the state and operation of the different organs and tystems of the organism is contained in the spectrum of the signals generated by the or- ganism; to each variation of the state or type of activity there correspond specific spec- trum variations. The spectrum extends from very low to (at least in some cases). ultravio- let frequencies [11]. A special role is played by the lines in the infrared part of the spectrum, i.e., in the vicinity of the maximum of thermal radiation at the organism tem- perature. This is confirmed by the determination and analysis of Raman spectra [6, 73 of living organisms, which include a number of pronounced lines in the infrared part, and also their harmonics and combination frequencies. in [4], the author summar:Lzes many years of theoretical study, and gives a detailed justification of the hypothesis that the direct action of low-power-EMO on the living organism is linked with collective excitations of certain structural elements of the organism (Both the author of [4] and many other 'foreign or Russian authors assign a big role in the perception of excitations to cellular mem~- branes.); the quasi-particles characterizing these excitations behave like Bosons, i.e.,. are subject to Bose statistics.. The threshold power needed for response to irradiation is determined by the transi- tion from excitation of noise oscillations to excitation of coherent high-amplitude oscilla- tions at a mode of c6ilective excitation. The presence of this kind of excitation remote from absolute zero [8] in the living organism becomes possible as A result of-material ex- change and energy transformation, whereby, in the neighborhood of certain frequencies, energy loss in the data transmission system and data signal processing system can be com- pensated. But, as was earlier pointed out in [1j, in conditions of compensation of energy loss by the source, any system can*behave like a system operating in the neighborhood of absolute zero. Notice also, see [9], where action of frequency-modulated low power EMO signals on the living organism was studied,'that the frequencies at which a.response to weak signal radia- tion is seen, can differ slightly (by approx. 0.001.of the basic frequency) according to the irradiated part of the body. It was also shown that the bandwidth (likewise 0.001 of the basic frequency) in which'the organism responds to irradiation, is determined by the presence of several oscillators with displaced frequencies, and hence low-amplitude fre- quency modulated irradiation can lead to some increase in the organism response. These and other experimental and theoretical studies have somewhat clarified the ways possible for medical interference in the operation of the data systems of an organism. The For Release .2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08108: CIA-RDP96"-007Q.gRO03100,280001-7 (usually low-level) signals functioning through the data systems of the organism are called data' signals 13, 51. It is natural.to ask what the funotiDn of these. signals IS,.. . A. general answer might be as follows: to mobilize the reserves of the organism when, for some .reason, the normally functioning data system cannot perform this:task itself.(Data have so far been published only on certain data EMO signals and the nature of-their mobilizing action on the organism. The experimental data refer!mainly to protective action of.EMO on hemopoiesis, action on malignant neoplasms, ophthalmological dis-easeso,traumas and'certain heart-vascu- lar diseases etc. But we can in principle expect that, as-reaearch videns,'the range of these signals will be extended and the scope for mobilizing,the reserves of the organism will correspondingly be seen to increase.). This is to some extent similar to adjustment of the feedback loops of an electronic system in order better to mobilize the reserves built into the system.. This answer.can appear unatsuming at first-sight: we-merely use the signals so that the organism fully pdrforms its functions, admittedly, in varying conditions. But it has to be borne in mind, first, that the prime task of med-ical interference is ~o restore the organism to its norm 'al state. Second, any ofthe present popular medical Mcilities are precisely aimed at assisting the organism in its struggle with illness, and not at its sub- stitution, so that, from this point of view, the data signals present no exceptions. Third- ly and most important, the vast reserve potentials of :the organism hav6.tO-be borne in mind. By gradual training a man can be taught to withstand cold, heat, oxygen deficiency in moun- tains, to consume a small amount of .food and moisture, to maintain large physical loads, to accelerate regenerative action, etc. To realize these possibilities,, .slow adjustment of the organism is needed, specially of its system of internal~feedbackB.(We are speaking here of gradual adjustment in connection with abanges,in conditions of existence, though it has to be remembered that similar adjustments can be caused by psychological attitudes (also long-term). For instance, there are the widely known uself-adjustmentalt of iogov to long- term oxygen deficiency, or to enormous static loads reaching several-tons, etc.J. But medi- cine is often concerned with cases when sudden disruptions do not leave time for slow adap-_ tation and adjustment of the organism, and its reserves cannot be broug4t into action In natural conditions. This is sensible starting-point for using data signals, whereby the adjustment of the organism can be Accelerated many times. In.[53, from analysis of examples of EMO data signals remembered by the organism, it is.concluded that the organism mobilizes them for overcoming factors unfavorable to its operation.,'Naturally, the data signals can also prove useful when the data communication.circuits are destroyed and external signals are used for replacing those that do not arrive over the~natural channels, Discovery of the effects of data signals on adjustment of the organism can be-assisted by experiments in which the organism is irradiated by square pulse'amplitude-modulated EMO signals [101. Even earlier, in [2, 51, it was established that often, when data stimula- tion is realized by continuous EMO, fairly long-term (not less than an hour in [2,, 51) irra- diation is needed. In [10] the biological results of stimulation were compared for two type s of irradiation. The firs t typ e was co 6tinuous , using a - generator w:Ltli power only 20-30% above the threshold required for obtaining a biological effect,.so that any signifi- cant power reduction or reduction of irradiation time to under 45 mins,*leads to vanishing of the effect. The second was-the square pulse amplitude-modulated mode of the same genera- tor; pulse duration was 1.6-10-3 see, repetition period was 0.01 see, and pulse power was equal to the power In the first (continuous) mode. 'It was found that the biological effect. is virtually the same for an hour's irradiation in either mode. This-shows that the living organism requires a short time (at most 10-'3 see) for-response to irradation, whereas re- laxation from the stimulated state requires over 0.01 see. As a result, the pulse and con- tinuous modes give the same biological effect. Relatively long~-term irradation is needed for certain systems of the organism to adjust, thereby producing.& memory of the.stimulus. With'continuously varying conditions of existence, and with breaks of the data connec- tions, the organism has.to adjust itself continuously,,often quiterapildly in the cases , ihere medicine is concerned. It can therefore be expected that there will be increased use )f data EMO stimuli in medicine As research progresses (It may be mentioned incidentally that the organism usually becomes accustomed to any medical stimuli, presumably due to its adaptability to any external factors demanding adjustment of its operation. But so far io adaptation to data EMO stimuli has been observed.. This is possibly~ because data coil;un:L- !ation is realized in the organism by similar signals, and th-e organism adapts to them sim- Ply by "not noticing" them.). Let us touch on the last of the above-mentioned-conditions for long-term uninterrupted -peration of a large system, namely, the presence of circuits for obtaining information ,bout all the changes affecting the system operation. By obtaining information about faults Approved For Release 2000/08198 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO .3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08108: CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 . that are! just startings before they have had time to e'ffect the operation of an electronic system, we can take measures (such as replacing certain units or adjusting the system, etc.) in good time and'thereby avoidfailure of the system operation. Hence more and more attention is being paid to ways of obtaining such early information when designing high- reliability systems. in the same way, early diagnois is well known to simplify the treatment of sick people. Disease is usually first indicated by painful sensations, the living organism being equipped with a data system uniqu6 in its universality for supplying data on the presence of disease. Yet there are'times when the organism starts to perceive signs of disease too late (e.g., in the case of,appearance of malignant neoplasms), in which cases cure becomes more.diffi- cult. For various reasons,.prophylactic inspections only partially fill this gap. But it can be predicted that, with further study and development of EMO data stimuli, we shall be ,able to use the organism's data system itself for early diagnosis, as a result of increas- ing its sensitivity short-term. 'It should be mentioned in conclusion that the problems of ensuring long-'term uninter- rupted operation of a large complex system, regardless of its nature or function, have several common aspects, notably informational. Modei-n complex electronic systems, like living organisms, belong to the class of large systems. It has therefore been premised above that, in spite of a vast difference in their degrees of complexity, there can be obvious analogies In,the approach to the study and furnishing of conditions for reliable operation, of these systems. For the simpler and more readily inspected electronic sys- tems, the solutions of many problems can be found more easily. By analogy, such solutions can contribute to new approaches to medical-biological problems~ This should be a further trend in the penetrationof radio-electronics into medicine. REFERENCES 1. E. Shroedinger, What Life is from the Point of View of Physics -[in Russian3, Atomizdat, Moscow, 1972.- 2. Scientific session of general physics and astronomy section of Academy of Sciences, USSR UT-18 Jan., 1973), UFN, G110', no. 3, pp. 452-469, July, 1973. 3. 11. D. Devyatkov and M. B. Golant, "On the informational nature of non-thermal and some energy stimuli of electromagnetic oscillations on the living organism," Letter to ZHTF, no. 1, 1982. 4. H. Frolich, Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics, vol. 65, pp. 85-110; 148-152, 1980. 5. 11. D. Devyatkov et al., "Physical aspects of the medical use of energy and infor- mational electromagnetic stimuli," Elektronnaya tekhnika, Seriya Elektronika SVCh, no. 9 (333), 43-509 1981. 6. S. Webb, Phys. Pep.., no. 60, p. 201, 1980. 7. E. Del Gindice, S. Deglia, and M'. Milani, Phys. Lett., Oct., vol. 15A, no. 6,72 pp. 402-404, 1981. 8. L. Landau and E. Livshits., Statistical Physics [in Russian], GITTL Press, Moscow, 1951. 9. L. Z. Balakireva et al., "Study of influence of FM radio waves on protection of marrow-bone hemopoiesis of living animals subject to X-ray irradiation," Elektronnaya tekhnika, Serlya JElektronika SVCh, no. 8, 1981. 10. E. N. Bdlibova, A. G. Borodkina, M. B. Golant, T. B. Rebrova and L. A. Sevastl- yanova, "Using amplitude modulation to increase the working efficiency of the devices of informational stimuli of electromagnetic oscillations on living organism," Elektronnaya tekhnika, Seriya Elektronika SVCh, no. 8, 1981. 11. V. P. Kaznacheev and P. P. Mikhailova, Very Weak Radiations [in Russian], Nauka Press, Moscow, 1981. 5 April 1982 Approved For Release 2000108198: CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Conte-nts VOLUME 25 NUMBER 9 1982 PAGES RUSSIANANGLISH Radioelectronics-and medicine (on scope for using certain analogies). N. D. Devyatkov, M. B. Golant, and T. B. Rebrova .... ................3 1 Adaptive quasi-coherent digital signal demodulators for fading channels. N. N. Belousov and V. E. Martirosov ......................... 8 5 Adaptive algorithm for detection of narrow-band signals in noise known power and spectral shape. V. P. Peshkov ......................14 10 Use of redundant coding in channels with variable parameters. B., I. Filippov ....................................... ...............20 16 High-speed digital filters with serial processing of data places. .... 25 20 L. M. Osinskii.and 0 . V. Glushko .................. ctrum of Determination of characteristic function and!Ppisson erating process jumps from characteristic function of linear system response. B. 0. Marchenko and L. D. Protsenko ...............31 26 Quantization errors in adaptive antenna arrays. 1. V.' Grubrin, 0. 1. Zaroshchinskii, and V. I. Samoilenko ...........................38 33 Detection of radio signals reflected from extended statistically I .............. 43 38 rough surface. V. I. Chighov ......................... Transformation of equations of,state variables for circuits with strict numerical degeneracies. Yu. M. Kalnikbolotskii and T. V.Khilenko47 43 ... Analysis of control voltage overshoots in load network in FET analog switches. G. F. Zverev, D. F. Zaitsev, V. A. Radchenko, and Ya. L. Khlyavich ....................................................52 48 Equivalent circuit of physical processes in semic6nductor structures for large signal mode. V. P. Voinov ..................................56 52 Characteristics of spectrum analyzer of recirculation type using charge transport devices. 1. A. Baiyakin, Yu. M. Egorov, and V. A. Rodz1vilov .....................................................59 55 Noise immunity of standard frequency discriminator with rejection of anomalous errors in fluctuation noise conditions. A. F. Fomin, L. M. Zhuravleva, and V. S. Kostroma .................................64 6o Brief Communications Use of a priori information on strdcture of correlation matrices for adaptation. V. M. Koshevoi ..... i ...................................71 65 Digital processing of narrow-band signal characteristics. A. V. Zhogal and Yu. L. Svalov ........................................73 68 Estimation of noise immunity of redundant coded system with pseudo- random switching of frequencies. V. A. Lyudvig and A. N. Chudnov75 70 ... Bandwidth of tapped delay line noise compensator. B. V. Nikitchenko and V. V. Popovskii ................................77 73 Smoothing of trajectory measurement data by polynomials of variable order. N. D. 0gorodniichuk .................. .......................79 76 Measurement of param6ters of motign by comparing structures of wave fronts. V. A. Chulyukov ................................ I ...........82 80 Adaptive compensation of nonlinear distortion when using compensation channel with cubic response. M. G. Kolesnik, S. V. Nikitin, and V. V. Nikitchenko ....................................................84 83 Matched filter using main maximum of signal for estimating instant - of arrival. N. A. Dolinin ..........................................86 85 Information criteria for estimating performance of image receivers. B. 0. Karapetyan .....................................................88 88 (continued) Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 I TAB Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Acoustic detection of absorption of electromagnetic radiation 961 rhe growth rate of the plants in height was measured. Acta 5.93 411, The dynamics of the change in the growth 1096 32 distribution function of the plants was analyscd for 30 days from the start of signs of germina. A, the initial moments of time of growth (5-7 days after sowing) the growth rate distribution sfo plants was close to a normal one. However, on days 10-12 after sowing this function com. owly "Collapsed" (Fig. 1) but -after a further 3-4 days growth it regained its normal form. Change in 0006-330 W external conditions (air temperature, luminosity) only 19 shifted the moment of onset of "chaos" 89 im line with the phase shift of development of the plant. 0 Nor was there any change in the character the --collapse" with the different density of sowing: the growth rate of each individual plant 'LANT GRO of the consumption of nutrients in the seeds and accumulation of the dry biomass in the Study leaves shows that the moment of "chaos" coincides with the moment of passage of the plant he heterotrophic to the autotrophic type of nutrition. 1. SMIRNOVA At this moment a minimum of dry is observed in the plant (plant mass plus seed mass) (Fig. 2). This allowed us to assume that the 3ciences, Kishinevffcd of variability in the growth rate of the plants may be explained on the basis of the trigger model 0( chemavskii et al. V I in which "chaos" corresponds rch 1987) to the bifurcation state on parametric ;jilching of the genetic system by the Jacob-Monod scheme. Change in the parameter of the system a achieved by changing the supply of substrate. The bifurcation state is interpreted as the moment a different tempemof he onset of competence for differentiation (1]. Apparently the above described phenomenon of )wth rate distributionvoriabilitY Of plant growth in terms of the speed parameter is experimental confirmation of the artificial climateilencral theorem of Chernavskii that the advent of new forms must necessarily proceed through the re investigated:MAtc of chaos. Variability is the necessary payment for development and complication [2]. !5*C. Volume of th 'REFERENCES CHERNAVSKU, D. S. et aL, Oscillatory Processes in Biological and Chemical Systems (in Rus- sian) p. 138, Nauka, Moscow, 1982 BYELOUSOV, L. V. et aL, Ontogenez 16: 213, 1985 bophy .1ics Vol. 33 No. S. pp. 961-964,1988 0006-350)188 $10.00+.00 imted in Poland 198) Pergamon Press plc 3 ACOUSTIC DETECTION OF THE ABSORPTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF THE loe MILLIMETRE RANGE IN BICLOGICAL OBJECTS* 1. G. POLNIKov and A. V. PUTVINSKIT Institute of Radioengincering and Electronics, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow 8 10 /Z.- (Received 2 September 1987) Fla. 2 mperature WC, ON irradiation of various biological preparations, cells or intact organisms, with millimetre (mm) sowing. waves a whole series of effects is observed already successfully used in mcclicine (1-31. Many authors iomass of leaves,~ have observed marked frequency-dependence of the effects on the basis of which the possibility of the non-thermal resonance interaction of k.h.f. radiation with living systems is discussed [1, 41, Biotizika 33: No. 5, 893-894, 1988, d For Release 2000/08/08 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 962 L G. PoLNrKov and A. V. PurmsKu Obviously to solve the problem of the mechanisms of the biological action of mm waves the first need is to establish whether the frequency dependence of absorption of energy of this radiation exists in bio-objects. In the present work to control absorption it is proposed that the method of acoustic detection of absorbed power (a.d.a.p.) is used-based on recording the thcrmo-elastic vibr4l' tions induced by absorption of modulated radiation. Such measurements have already been practi. cally mastered in the optical range (photo-acoustic spectroscopy) (5]. It is interesting to note that ibe phenomenon of thermoelastic transformation of the radiation to sound itself is also known in electro- magnetic biology: on absorption of the pulses of a u.h.f. field in the tissues of the head the human subject hears so-called "radio sound" 161. U,ijv a U"Up b 52 'd C 50 lia Yl V3 AN f, GHz Frequency dependence of absorption of the energy of modulated mm emission irnpingins of a-rectRngular quartz cuvette <1 mm thick) filled with water and positioned in the near Zone .no capilla hom (U is the signal of the piezo detector at the rear wall of the cuvette); b - polyethyle (Internal diameter 0-7 mm) with water passing through the waveguide (U is the signal elf the 010* phone inserted into the capillary at a distance I cm from the waveguide); c- is the skin Of the bltO hand (between the horn and the skin is a well harmonizing fluoroplast gas microphone cell;'Jo is phase shift between the modulating and.acoustic signals). , h.f. 40 The experimental apparatus was assembled on the basis of a LOV-55 with the k. (5-2 X 2-6 mm2) and included the necessary instruments for controlling and stabilizing the Power and frequency (35-53 GHz), low frequency modulation (2-IODD Hz) using P-1 ' _"Viodo the LOV grid. The rate of the sweep of the radiation frequency, 1-10. MHz/min. The r ecord!OS Acoustic '#f piezoceramic 11.2 synchronous coordinate autorr iermoelastic vibi I air layer next to jonal to the abse emitters are mos iyred that in this is in the near zone ;e of the harmoni -the nea zone of 14 the frequency kwUfacts in the ki"ftt is, on dot Ft.9 ~ idiate the solutio (uced into the wa ftequency the m. )0 observed in this a mode to other Uated object i: Lcy dependcnc ible. Is the fr. i this on irrac frequency dei unan skin sint prfnciple, car nodynamic cl to detect cha, wavelength phase diffcrc he time of dif found th.~, in the R, 7~~9 Tom emjw *elm, waves pt special §`.~ itscomple,- x., z butrol of the ithn spectra a PT- Care grateful LLF"UNU f itkov) 22C s Low Into- LE Akad. t. A. et aL. 16n3 in Bi L 1983 'JW Adv. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO31 d For Release 2000108/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Acoustic detection of absorption of electromagnetic radiation .963 iezocemmic detectors, condenser microphones, narrow band electrically tuned luten -.osiioed of P A 2 synchronous quadrature detector. The amplitude of the acoustic signal was recorded l iosed thaf . ljp lied a inate automatic recorder. wo.coord the the t rbe thermociastic vibrations on absorption of mm radiation ate generated in the object itself iave a1r air layer next to the absorbing surface. In both cases the ' amplitude of the acoustic signal i ad in the tterest 11 ng td P.,tional to the absorbed power of radiation (5]. We used 7, both variants of a.d.a.p. ' f is also rs are most often used to irradiate biological objects with ktt6 mm waves. Our experi- Horn emitte s of the rved if ts showed that in this case a marked pattern of the frequency dependence may be obse Pea n th near zone of the hom (Figure, a). This curve with extremes points to the frequency e JN object Is I &Wdence of the harmonization of the k.h.f. circuit with the object based on the multimode inter- weacc in he near zone of the horn. It is important to note that the phenomenon discussed is not ed in the frequency dependence of the power reflected in the circuit and, therefore, may be 1wes, in the evaluation based on waveguide measurements of the radiation absorbed like Ouse of artefacts be object, that is, on detection of the action spectra. jai To irradiate the solutions or cell suspensions a different method was sometimes used: a capillary as introduced into the waveguide through non-emitting apertures. According to the a.d.a.p. data certain frequency the maximum release of k.h.f. power in the capillary with an aqueous medium 0y also be observed in this case (Figure, b). This effect . described in 171 is due to the transformation 4, main mode to other types of waves and may be noted during careful measurements in the JJf the ckcuit. if the irf adiated object is a layered structure then as shown by theoretical analysis (81 unevenness A and the frequency dependence of the release of k.h.f. power over the layers as a result of interference ciyects are possible. Is the frequency dependence of the action of mm radiation on the human body not linked with this on irradiation of reflexogenic zones? The a.d.a.p. method makes it possible to imvestigate the frequency dependence of the depth of penetration and the absorption profile of the olm waves in human skin since the dependence of the acoustic response on the modulation frequency G(cmission, in principle, carries full information on the field distribution pattern in the skin (if, of 044v- course, its thermodynamic characteristics are known). In seeking to detect changes in the depth of penetration of mm emission into the human skin lith ctiange in wavelength we simply recorded by the gas microphone method the frequency de- pendence of the phase difference of the modulating and acoustic signals. Evidently this parameter is detcrmined by the time of diffusion of heat to the skin surface and is greater the deeper the radiation '"A enctrates. It Was found that in conditions of careful harmonization of the horm with the skin twhen the effects as in the Figure, a, are excluded) the phase shift monotonically drops with increase X-" iI, the frequency of mm emission (Figure, c).~ This evidently simply reflects increase in the absorption i cociEcient of the mm waves in the skin, namely its aqueous component. In our view this fact indi cates the absence of special features of the frequency dependence of absorption of mm, emission ki the skin due to its complex heterogeneous structure. f, Oft Thus, the control of the absorbed power by the a.d.a.p. method may serve for correct investi- emission ption of the action spectra of mm. waves in experiments impm, In vitro and In vivo. d in the The authors are grateful to V. B. Sandomirskii for assistance = in mastering the a.d.a.p. method. 5 - poly, y en REFERENCES s the signal of - is the 1. Effects of Non-Thermal Action of Millimetre Radiation skin of on Biological Objects (in Russian) nicrophone (Ed N. D. Devyatkov) 220 pp., IRE Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, cell;.Z. 1983 113). 2. Use of Millimetre Low Intensity Radiation in Biology and Medicine (in Russian) (Ed. D. N. Devya- tkov) 284 pp., ZR.E Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1985 55 with the 3ANDREYEV, Ye. A. et al., Vestn. Akad. Nauk SSSR, No. 1, k-11 24,1985 I stabilizing~i 4. Coherent Excitations in Biological Systems (Eds. H. ai,'~~ Fralich and F. Kremer) Springer Verlag, 2) using Berlin-Heidelberg, 1983 P- N /min. The I S. ROSENCWAIG, A., Adv. Electronic and Electron Phys. r =V-W" 46: 207, 1976 -7 9" B. F. DiBitov et d. 6. CHOU, C. K. and GUY, A. W., Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves (Eds. C. Johnson and M. Shore) pp. 89-103, USNC/URSI Meeting, BoulJer, Colorado, 1971 7. BYELYAKOV, Ye. V. et al., Summaries Reports Sixth AH-Union Seminar: Use of Low Intensity MM Radiation in Biology and Medicine (in Russian) p. 94, IRE Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1986 8. RYAKOVSKAYA, M. L. el at., Dep. VINITI No. 801, 15 February 1983 Biophysics Vol. 33 No. 5, pp. 964-975, 1988 Printed in Poland 0006-3509188 S10.00+-00 0 1989 Persamon Press pk POPULATION DYNANUCS OF PROLIFERATING CEI.IS ON PERIODIC PHASE-SPECIFIC EXPOSURE* B. F. DIBROV, YE. V. GELFAND, A. M. ZHABOTINSKII, Yu. A. NEIFAKm and M. P. ORLOVA All-Union Research Institute of the Technology and Safety of Medicinals, Kupavna (Moscow Region) (Received 4 June 19M The dynamics of the population size of proliferating cells on periodic exposure to phase, specific cytotoxic agents with a blocking and non-blocking action has been investigated theoretically. It is shown that for real values of the parameters of the model soon after the start of exposure the population size exponentially depends on time. The dependence of the dynamics of the population size on the integral parameters of the cell cycle and the regirric of exposure has been studied. It is shown that in certain periods a resonance fall in the darnage to the cells of the population must be observed. It has been established that the values Of the periods corresponding to the re3onance fall in damage are essentially determined by the mean duration of the cell cycle and the duration of the blocking action, for a short duration they are approximately a multiple of the mean duration of the cell cycle. Experimental study of the dependence of damage to the epithelium of the small intestine and the survival rate of mice on the period of repeated periodic injections of a S-phase specific cytotoxic agent hydroxyurea -revealed a resonance increase in the survival of the mice and reduced daro'Llif, to the epithelium on injections of this substance with periods close to the mean and double the mean'duration of the cell cycle of the enterocytes of the crypts. IN antitumour chemotherapy and also in various experimental studies phase-specific PrePatstoo are widely used, i.e. preparations the action of which extends only to cells in a certain phase Of Im cell cycle. Earlier when investigating mathematical models we were able to show that on periodO introduction of high doses of phase-specific cytotoxics there may be resonance dependence Of LM survival of the proliferating cells on the interval between administrations with resonance 01,14 of survival at intervals close to (or a multiple of) the mean duration of the cell cyclic (1]. in I it was shown that this effect may be used to optimize the phasc-specific cytotoxic actions if, the CIO and, in particular, in tumour chemotherapy. 0 819&4a 33: No. 5,895-9Q4,1988, Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 1~ TAB Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Vol. 34. NO. 5, pp. 97S-979, 1989 0006-3509/89 $10-00 + .00 poland a 1991 pemmon Prm pie ects, on t model do not.,,o' -1-2 (recal DISSIPATIVE FUNCTIONS OF TBE PROCESSES OF f locomotiori, C,,rERACTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION WITH its locomo - BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS* between ih t such amm, YU. P. CHUKOVA nts of the 4 1 pods (C> 2) "Otklik" Time Scientific Collective (Received 23 July 1987) realize be authors have determined the rate of generation of entropy in biological systems as a itrary fix lault of the irreversibility of the processes of the interaction '' with electromagnetic radiation ,hich the which one accompanied by rise in free energy. The characteristics of the irreversibility of the possibleJprocess of plant photosynthesis, human vision, etc. are presented. It is shown that in the ents (for processes considered, irreversibility may greatly differ Mi (up to 108 fold). ,he sweep of" he model ma .o model UVERSIBIL=, as is known, is an integral property of all I real processes. After the function Wrk of Prigogine [11 it is characterized by the magnitude S,, called the rate of genera- - expressio'the specific value of which a is called a dissipative function. Among Wa of entropy, -oposed be variety of irreversible processes of the real world we would mention but a few vocesses of heat and electrical conductivities, diffusion, models" vn thermal chemical reactions, )st of th rx') for which methods of calculating this magnitude have n been devised. As for biolo- ` pci objects for them as for more complex systems the question a this Ze has hardly ever been but only -Lgd. Yet, the achievements of the thermodynamics of irreversible one,, processes in the ot identicalut few years and, in particular, the successful application st of the Landau-Vainshtein )vercoming Whod for explaining the processes of energy transformation in quantum systems have -ule possible evaluation of the magnitude S, for a large range of processes of interac- wa of electromagnetic radiation of any spectral composition with matter. ',Me method of determining j for endoergic processes occurring under the influence oi electromagnetic radiation is outlined in [2]. It is 985 applicable to open systems in the Plenum geady state. While in these conditions electromagnetic radiation with the energy W. zWts in processes accompanied by rise in the free energy (endoergic processes) of the raducts (Fp) as compared with the free energy of the reactants (Ft) the efficiency of p. 1179, tis process a. fiziol. 17. (PP - PRY 10-4 ahere the points above the magnitudes denote time derivatives. From the laws of ther- :10dynamics for ?1. we have the relation ,ials and 170=1- ~iev, 1979. Biofizika, 34: No. 5, 898-900, 1989. [9751 roved For Release 2000108108 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 976 YU. P. CHUKOVA where S. is the flux of entropy of electromagnetic radiation with the power W., whxt is absorbed by the system. Usually relation (2) is analyzed in the approximation of the thermodynamic lime when ~),=O [3]. The limiting value of the efficiency of the system (,7,*) may in this cm be calculated for any system if the main characteristics of the process are knowrL S, may be evaluated from the difference of the real efficiency of the process (q,) from tk limiting. The effects appearing in biological objects as a result of interaction with elcort'. magnetic radiation and those magnitudes from which they are judged with rare excM tions cannot be interpreted as efficiency. But in threshold conditions when the biorn'. ponse vanishes one may state that the efficiency of the endoergic process is equal w zero. This aspect is considered in detail in [2]. In threshold conditions of real efficicaq we have 0 .0 I I Ts.~, W . - I - M For the red boundary of all bio-effects with a wide frequency action band and fee bioresonance effects the position of the zero efficiency boundary of the endocr;% process in the approximation of the thermodynamic reversibility of the process is god by the relation C2E,O='-)7rkTv'[(I+po)ln(.I+po)-polnpo], JAi where v is frequency; EO is the spectral density of the radiation at this frequency: Tit the temperature of the system; c is the speed of light; k and h are Boltzman and PlaDCL constants; po = C2E,0127rhV3. The Figure illustrates this dependence for a wide frequency interval. The CnCV of electromagnetic radiation the characteristics of which (frequency and spectral denSito enter the region A cannot be transformed to the free energy of the system evcn in tbI approximation of the thermodynamic limit (thermodynamic reversibility). The %Jut E,O is always higher than the spectral density T of the radiation of an absolute b6d 30 LLJ 50 70 Position of zero boundary of endoergic processes on the plane log v- log E, in the approx" . rnation of the thermodynamic reversibility of the process. Approved For Release 2000/08/08: CIA-RDP96-00789ROO31 For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO3100280001-7 Interaction of electrotnagnettic radiation with biological objects 977 Wy with the temperature T. Thelir ratio Evole,,r assumes a simple form for high fre. encies W>W): E,014. T -e and for low frequencies (hvI and for the processes of interaction of u.h.f. radiation wA Afferences n biological objects this ratio may reach 10'. connectec the differenc REFERENCES 1. PRIGOGANE, I., Introduction to the Thermodynamics of W one donor Irreversible Processes (in Russiaa) Inost. Lit., Moscow, 1960 was oxygenate 2. CHUKOVA, Yu. P., Application of Low Intensity Millimetreof the free Radiation in Biology and Me. dicine (in Russian) pp. 147-156, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, ging the lem Moscow, 1985 3. LANDSBERG, P. T. and TONGE, G., J. Appl. Phys. 50: Rl, 1980 4. CHUKOVA, Yu. P., Zh. fiz. khim. 58: 42,1984 in the initia 5. MESHKOV, V. V., Bases of Light Technology (in Russian) 270.50C. I Part 1, pp. 98, 336. Gosenergoizdat, Moscow-Leningrad, 1957 enating it 6. WALD, G,,, Science 101: 65 3, 1945 glucose wa 7. PILNEGIN, N. I., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 56: 811, 1947 does not go 1 8. TARCHEVSKII, 1. A., Fundamentals of Photosynthesis (in P Russian) Kazan, 1971 avoid coa 9 t . WEBB, S. L, Phys. Lett. 73A: 145,1979 o - 10. GRUNDLE R, W. et al., kid. 62A: 463, 1977 g- prolonged w( 11. DIDENKO, N. P. et al., Effects of Non-Thermai Action In a the blood of Millimetre Radiation on Biologiw Objects (in Russian) pp. 63-77, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1983 a Illophysics Vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 978-982,1989 0006-3509/89 $10-00"' Printed in Poland 0 1991 Pergamon Pre" Pk REDUCTION OF THE PERMEABELITY OF ERYTIBROCYTIE MEMBRANES FOR OXYGEN DURING OXYGENATION F (3) It A V. Foic, A. R. ZAwi= and G. A. PpoKoPENKo Ubedev Physics Institute, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow 60 (Received 30 December 1987) rate v of the b for two (a) and t It is shown that during oxygenation of the blood the permeability of erythrocyte membran15 .for oxygen falls at least ten (old. the depen( eir oxyg ena IN [1] it was shown experimentally that on oxygenation in certain conditions of diffiele" e decreased wit volumes of donor blood the curves of the dependence of the degree of oxygenation a the state of oxyJ on the oxygenation time t in the coordinates a-log t may be combined with an accuracY ±2% by shifting along the log t axis. This means that the link between the degrle of on rate was genatiOn the Atuation appears Biofizika 34: No. 5, 901-904, 1989. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789RO03