6cm Approved For Release 2001/03/07: CIA 3nai i 6--00788 T11( Detail Of Paranormal Metal-Bending By J.B. Hasted and. D. Robertson Birkbeck College (University of London) -1, 9mm CU 2cm Based on a paper delivered at the Second International Conference of the Society for Psychica! Research at Cambridge, March 7977. Reprinted by permis- sion from the Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, March 1979. The detection of dynamic striin signals in paranormal metal- bending 'action' (1) has enabled experimentation to be carried out on the distribution of the action around the metal-bender. A resistive strain gauge is mounted on or in a small metal specimen, which hangs from its screened electrical connections; electrical bridge, amplifier and chart recorder enable dynamic str dwa to be collected. It is found that the 'action' occurs in ts of extension or contraction, rather randomly distributed ill fie, often at a rate of about fifty per hour. An early result of experiments with several independent embedded resistive strain gauges was the finding (2) that dynamic strain pulses were frequently ri@gi5tered simultaneously on two en- tirely separate metal specimens. The data were interpreted in terms of a crude physical model of a 'surface of action', at points on which strain Pulses occur. The configuration and movement of this surface with respect to the metal-bending subject can then be studied. A further series of studies (3) were conducted with several independent strain gauges on a -single piece of metal. The linear array of gauges along a thin strip of metal respond simultaneously to the 'action', but the signals are strongest in the centre of a region of action', which extends about ten inches, and can move slightly from event to cvent. A se, ies of experiments was also con- d ucted wi th stra i n gau ges o n apposi te sid es of th e meta I stri p. For a Ipure bond' the signals should be in opposite directions, but these conditions were only obiained in the lin-Jt of infinitely aiin metal strip; for strips of thickness in the region of I cm, one strain puge receives a much smaller signal than the other, as though the peaetration was incomplete. Since there is no very strong reason for expecting the signals to be of magnitUde or sense uniformly distributed across the thickness of the metal, it appears irnpoitant to investigate tilt' profile of strains in thick riletal specirnens. 10/c therefore mounted six sensors th,ouehout (fie thickness of a metal speciman, and Cop cted thern to six separate battery-operated bridges and .RX-Jers, using two synchronized thrcve-pen chart recoroers. Two different :vir,thod,, of fabricating the semor used: in one the strain vVe;e inot4ved iwide slots rnil!ed in the metal; in the r: P r PIN @9 1 IVPk _K. P I Q5V1q I ZQ W, 40WO 7 inter!eav-d with spacers stuck together with epfmy resin; lioth metho,ds xe detailed in Figure 1. -Z tJ c- J %4 Ln"' 0-78m A I a 8.5cm 9mm r- Imm I 2mm BiSnCd j -_ Imm A_ T b 1- 11- 2 crn I 1. Cross-sections of metal specimens a) Laminar, and b) Solid eutectic -alloy, containing six strain gauges for invesGoation of dynamic strain profile. EXPERIMENT WITH STEPHEN N. Three experimental sessions were held witfi thirteen year-old Stephen N., and simultaneou5 strain 5i-nals were re 0 corded at six strain gauges. The thick, metal strip was suspended horizontally radially in front of the subject. The subject %vas seated and was able to reach fuovard his hand within a fevv inches of the end closest to him, but part ofilhe time he did not hold out either hand, and many signals ob- served during,these periods. One author would superintend the working of the equipment, leaving the other free to witness the action without touch produced by the subject. Members of th e subject's family were often present. The nornial time for an ex- perimental session was sixty to ninety minutes. When a metal sLrip is b,@nt, either elastically or plastically, the convex face experiences extension (positive strain), whilst the concave face exl:-riences contraction (negative strain). At I.Le curved neutr 11 surface, in the centre of the strip, there is no Change ofstrain. lia positive strain wer--napresented by an arrowr)i ien,-th proportional to its value pointing to the right and a negative strain by an allow pointim., to the left, then the normal bending titurktion could L,4-- repres-wed by a 5,eries of arrows, as shown at the left-hand side of Figure 2, if an array of synchronous paranort-ria! bending sigrials re- presents a pure bend with the top face convox, then the@y'ccxfld be shown graphically as a set of data points extending dia@fynally from bottom left to top right. A pu!e extension would be re- 1 A - R D P 9" 0/7zNR 00 200 013 0 6 yone J@,ve t.,e ot4ier. The arrays of signals recorded in experimer4af session-s aie SN, S Approved For Re4ease 2001/03/07 :'C 44 45 46 47 2. Typical profile of dynamic strain signals across the thickness of a metal specimen. Also shown at the left is the profile that would result from a pure bend. Signals correspondto quasi-forces of about 20 gm weight. More complicated than the above. A selection of typical arrays, actually a series from session S, are shown in Figure 2. A simple classification of arrays may be made on the basis of the number of changes of direction in the line joining the data points. Arrays with no changes are bend5; those with one change are symbolized by the letter V, those with two changes by N, those with three by W and those with four by M. In table I the numbers of signals arrays of each type are listed. The action inside the metal is more complicated than might have been supposed. The phenomenon might more appropriately be ,described as paranormal 'metal-chu rn i ng' than 'meta 1-bend i rig'. A strain is localized to a depth of less than about a millimetre, and may often be accompanied by a strain in the opposite sense at a ?ighbouring strain gauge. It is of course impor-tant toverify by otherexperiments that the signals do not arise from paranormal action on the electronic equipment or even on the pen of the chart recorder. Two subsidiary experimental programmes were mounted for this purpose. In the first a galvanometer mirror was mounted on a very thin spring steel strip, with strain gauge attached. One end of the spring was attached to a horizontal surface under a glass clorne, and an optical beam from a helium-neon laser passed through the dome and was reflected through it again from the mirrorand onto a scale. The optical path was about 5 m. Small movements of the light spot were seen to synchronize with strain gauge signals, and some ringing was observed, due to the long-period mechanical resonance of the system, NO SIGNALS IN DUMMY GAUGE In the second experiment a dummy strain gauge was included with real strain gauges on a metal strip. Ty-pical signals were observed on the real strain gauge chart record thr(xighOLIt the ---but no signals at all were recoraefs Trom Me CUP ession, s gaIuge. A resistive thermal sensor (Micro-Measurements type -RDP§ th series compensatic tDC" atWK0MVPhVP !7 0 wo -@,al appearance the ther sensor is very similar to the resistive strain gauge Mcro-Meas ments type EAOG 125 BT 120) but its resistance is insensitiv strain although highly sensitive to temperature. Sudden-ternp ture changes are unknown to us in paranormal metal-ben( sessions, although temperature drifts usually occur, ari5ing f environmental causes. Paranormal strain signals, on the o hand, are sudden, in that they are sharpfronted pulses. Although these experiments have vindicated the inter tation that the para6ormal action is an internal stfain in the n- or strain gauge or both, it must be stressed that dummy g; techniques have not been used as standard practice in all the periments reported here. it is our custom to introduce a dur gauge at irregular intervals, averaging one session in ten. We now describe the use of the strain gauge as a dete of directional effects in paranormal metal-bending. The exr mentson the distribution of signa Isa long the length of a met'al '2, Dr. John Hasted with Willi C. (3) had be@n conducted using strips of width 8 mm, only jus ficient to mount the strain gauges. The assumption was nia analysing the data that the extensions and contractions directed entirely along the long axis of the specimen (typical cro x 7.5 mm x 0.75 mm). It was decided to test whethe directed assumption would be valid on wider metal strips. We therefore experimented with a strip just sufficiently for a strain gauge to be MOUntcd across its width; the climen were 13.5 cm x 18 nim x 0.75 mm. Signals were in fact rec( from action on this strait) gauge, but they were MUCII smaller those recorded on the strain gauge mounted along the majpr When a wider strip was used, larger signals were recorded. I therefore decided to experinient systernatically on the dire( of the dynamic strain vectors in sheet-r-netal specimens. On long thin specimens, with high Wal ratio, there COL a psychological factor vdiich favours the proouction or vectorsdirected alongthe major axis. This factor, @N hose e\ is has not been proven, might be i ri vest igated on a subse occasion; but in the first exrwriments, the safest Course WOL to i stir"Ate, a round o. sclOare disc specimen in which thE DP9wRU4'RO020004ulW-144ientation of the di5c w spect to the subject and to the horzontal. 1 TABLE 1. Numbers of signals sextets of different profile complexity in Stephen North sessions. AN IMPORTANT PHYSICAL FACTOR Approved For 5 hM %Rr A-P, P96-00 There is a o an impor ant p ysica? C I strain. When tension (positive stress) is applied along adiameterof ular disc, an extension (positive strain) will be recorded a a thatcliameter, but an equal contraction (negative strain) will be recorded along the orthogonal diameter. A more complicated stress produces strains of different magnitudes along orthogonal diameters. The strain tensor has many components, but it is possible with three strain gauges to determine two orthogonal components, Figure 3 shows the arrangement of the sensors and defines the angles and magnitudes of the strains. Asolution of the problem of determining the magnitudes and angles 0 and 0 +90 of the ex- tension and contraction vestors le and Ic from the vectors 11, 12 and 13 recorded at the 'rosette' of strain gauges has been given by Mr. Jankowski. The equations appear with'Figure 3. CL+ CL- 2 Ic 2 1i + 12 ()L 11.+ 12 - COS20 0 -Larctan (213 - 11 - 12) 2 11+ 12 le 3. Directions of strain gauges 1,2,3, mounted in rosette. Equations connect the measuredsignal511,12,13, with the extension le andorthosonal contraction /C. Two different configurations of the disc with respect to the subject have been used. In the first the disc is hung vertically and radiall@ in front of the Subject. In the second the disc and electrical connection,, are strapped upon the bare forearm Of the Subject, who is presented with another target for his'action', He normally extends his arm to hot(] 11, i 5hand about six inches from the target, and the disc rests slightly ab,)ve the hairs on the forearm. C-ach triplet of dynarnic strair, pulses represents a positive or nt't,_ ive strain in a direction Oand a corresponding strain ate + 900. These may be represented on a diagrarTiby two radial lines of R6@ r RO 2000130011-16 X N 4. 'Star diagra rn' for Stephen North session N. Solid lines represent extensions, broken lines contractions. Lengths represent magnitudes, numbers indicate the session numbers of the two corresponding orthogonal signals. Calibrations show that the largest signals correspond to a quasi-force of about i0o gm weight. NO PREFERRED DIRECTION In the sessions with Stephen N. there were no very strong preferences of direction. In particularwe notesession U, inwhich a square metal specimen was suspended vertically from one corner. As appears from the histogram of Figure 5, there is no particular preferred direction, neither horizontal, vertical, nor parallel to either side of the square. Similarly, there is no particularly preferred relationship be- tween the magnitudes of the corresponding extension and ortho- gonal contraction signals; for a circular disc suffering a single radial stress vector we would expect the corre5ponding5ignals to be approximately equal. The histogram of ratios, shown in Figure 5a, demonstrates theabsence of pfefeirr!M ratio. Indeed there are a certain number of pairs of corresponding signals which are of the same sign, that is, both extensions or both contractions. These are not included in Figure 5a. Such signals arise from a stress more complicated than a single radial vector, and consist of at least a pair of orthogonal vectors (i.e. simultaneous pulling orpushing by two pairs of hands). The proportions of such signals are to be found in Table 2. It would appear from both types of experiment that there is turbulence in the strain, localized to distances of the order of a millimetre orle-%s. Perhaps on some occasions there is action an the straingaups alone, hardly penetrating intothe metal. As h3s at ready been noted, the phenomenon might be termed 'metal- churning' rather than 'metal-bending'; and it is possible that thE churning takes place on a much smal let scale than we can resolv(: with arrays of strain gauges. it requires metallurgical investigatior of the structure to settle the question; but early investigations (4 disclosed no significant differences between paranormally and mechanically bent metal 5pecimens. STRUCTUAL EFFECTS SUBSTANTIATED The first well-substantiated claim that paranorroal action car produce structural change was made by Crussard arid Bouvaist (I who investigated the adult French metal-bender )can-Picrr Girard. Probably the most significant report they published &z@ that physical change could lx- induccTI in alurninium allo@ AU4SG-T351 and AU4G-T351, *,without actual bending Occur lengihs c)tye,~,I)onciingt()tlie,;Iraijiniignitticie.l'liesigii,1)5dLJring ing. However there vvas some permanent deformation ot 0 rpew ' fne thinner by several microns, Tl a sessi AIRK9VA-d- EsQfFR0e16a6Iec2G(MV013f07I a OfA-RDF% diagranit. We car) see by inspecting 5UCh a diagram just wh;t was a ctoo at many points of tl the directional character of the signals in the session. rnicrohardness of the metal; an easily detectaWb enhanceme reach)*W i i rCW e'tc 0 e wo I -RDP96-0 a figj&i@ IM 0* c4 n " I e e, scope of the foils from the hardness-enhanced section rev'ealed a high density of loop and other dislocations. F R002000130111'-5 126 122 118 114 10 8 6 N 4 2 N SN.U 0 .2 8 2 -6 0- FI, i ---------- I I @F I _!] I 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 (deg) S. a) Histogram of ratios of corresponding exteoision to contraction signals obtained during Stephen North sessions. b) Histogram of directions of signals (Irrespective of their magnitude) obtained in 3ession SNU. TABLE 2. Statistics of Directional Vectors. IT Xpr r* EQr,.RD1eaSe' )1/0'3/07COIA-RDPSI@-' C, 20 114 40 60 so M 120 140 X(rnrn) - (W-ke's 130- VPN VIV3 126 - k9hT_ X 122 6. Paranormal hardness variation at centre of either side of aluminium alloy Open data points taken byDr. Desvauxaeatherhead), ctoseddatapoints) Bouvaist (Voreppe). Solid lines represent mean of pre.exposure data 03 points shown as crosses). This claim is of such significance that it has been a m of great importance that it be confirmed or disproven. therefore invited metal-bender Jean-Pierre Girard to London under witnessing exposed a similarly prepared specimei AU4G-T351 to his action. A small decrease (3 P m) in thickness of the specimen was monitored during exposure. A wards the microhardness of both sides of the specimen independently measured by"D@.-Desvaux at the Electrical search Accociation and by Dr. Bouvaist at the Pechiney la@. tories. The comparison between their data is seen to be satisfa( in Figure 6, and a local hardness enhancement is clearly 5 Similar experiments with metal-bending children are in p;og When a metal is bent, physically or paranormally, the v hardening at the bend is associated with new dislocations. 7 are not usually loop dislocations, which can be produce, exposure to nuclear radiation. Metals in which dislocations induced do not always bend, but internal strains are set LIP, t these are of appropriate magnitude. and configuration, pl deformatlon can occur. We could make a reasonable supposition that a 'prin event in !he p@ranormal metal-bending process is the formatii loop and other dislocations, These need not necessarily rest actual plastic deformation. In this way both hadnes5 enh@. ment and bending could be classed as the same type of e differing only in geometrical configuration of the action. PERMANENT DEFORMAI ION OCCURS We have seen that the elastic dynamic strain signals continually in their geometrical configuration (1,2,3). It is that these represent the dynamic strains caused by the prcxlu ad ient of res of the dislocations; when there is a Sufficient gr@ strain, the yield point is reached, and permanent deform occurs. Thus the paranormal metal-bending action, albeit lin macroscopically to a '5L]FfaCe of action'(2), which is still a t 0s essentially an ini i "Xdq"jkg' it was "information %, ac 10 . CV brought about dislocations in the lattice; thi@ 'information' --+-4 c ... ;.k +t,- _1- _( it. irI 0 a2 0-4 0-6 0-8 1 R mechanics (7) and might be termed 'mentally induced tunnel * effect. oApprc;vedc"rRelk.W.5--e-'2001'/dZ/07'1~'CIA-RD P--96-00788ROO2000130011-5 i force field acting on the metal. The detailed structure of the surface of action is a kind of 3in of rainfall', enveloping certain lattice points and causing the onset of loop dislocations. However, the5e produce hardening and not softening of the metal, arid we recall that there is good evidence, both in early observations and in unpublished observa tions of Crussard and Bouvaist, of temporary and pcrmanent softening, sometimes so extremee that it has been referred to as 'plasticization' of the metal before fracture. If we hypothesise that the surface of action is sometimes capable of specific action at grain boundaries (taking on a kind of irregular honeycomb configuration), then a softening mechanism I similar to the well-known qtla.Si-ViSCOLIS creep becomes possible. In this high temperature process extremely thin layers of atoms at the grain boundaries actually liquefy; but i6 the paranormal plasticization the temperature rise is unobservable, thus implying extreme specificity of the action, which would have toenSLire that only a minute proportion of the atoms ever reached the high temperature phase. Electron micrographic evidence for the lique- facti.on has been obtained by Crussard arid Bouvaist in the paranort-nal permanent @oftening process. The direction of work in progress is to test the hypotheses that the dynainic strain signals correspond in number and strength to the density of dislocations produced in the lattice, and to the degree of liquefaction at the grain boundaries. We are grateful to the New Horizons Research Foundation, and to the Society for Psychic Research for financial Support of these studies. 147 '4 B. HASTED, Ph. D. Professor of Experimental Physics; IA'ad, Department of Physics, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, England. Pioneered research it) opening up the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum in F@ communications; specialized training in chernistry, Author of I books on atomic collisions, and on dielectrics, and many professional papers, including MY GELLER NOTEBOOKS (to be published). *Alumi n Li M With sm a I I proportions of copper a nd magnesiu m, heat treated in a specified manner, for use in Supersonic aircraft REFERENCES 1. I.B. Hasted, "An Expe-rimental Study of the Val;dit,, of Meta!-Bending Phenomena" Journal of the Society for Psychical Research. Vo;. 48, No. 770, 1976. pp. 365-383 2. I.B. Flasted, -Ph@sical Aspects of Paranoraial Metal-Bending". Journalofthe Society for Psychical Research. Vol. 49, No. 773, 1977. pp. 583-60, I I.B. Haved, "Paranouna! metai-N-nding". in cou,se otpublication in New Horizons (1978). -Feature5 of Paranornial metal-Bending" in @(Airse of publication in Zeit. fur Parapsychologie und Grenzgebiete der Psychologie. (1978) J 4. P. Baraes, J.W. Jeffery, 0. Batemen, T. Cate, T. Souzhern, Birbeck College, University of London, private coromunication, 1974. S. R65are and J. Bouvai5t, Mcryici,-es Scientificrijes Revue Metallurgique, 1978, J,7 M. Cr F& y, p. 117 6. 1 B. Viasted in The Geller Pdpets. Ed. Charles Panati, Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston. 1976, pp. 183-196, 197-212. Approved For Release 2001/03/07 - CIA-RDP96-0 (1788ROO2000130011-5 7. E.P. Wigner, 'marks on the Mind- Bcdy Question- in The Scientist Specu?jtes, Ed. 11. Good, Hei nerrorm, Loncion, l9fj 1. Symetries anrf Reflecticiris, Indiina Un iversity Press, Bloomingtun, 19b7. One of Peter's Sci.@",Vres Actually, the first observable thing that ever happE me wasn't cracking or bending an object, it was movi Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA'-RDP-96.~CIQ7&8RO02MOO b , y coincidej 014~&pened r school, when I he- -%di was about seven B years old. l M t T - In class I noticed eI that my watch 1 would show a di i @2 which began to a happer e hour than what ng it really was - , frequently. I complained C o n t % r y to my mother about r ve the wris being broken; she examined it and said that it kept goc for her. But it continued to happen, so one day in class I in Literature and off and held it Lab in my hands, watching it very closely. I Ix notice that the hands would change their positions instantaneously - very fast - like dematerializing from or to another. When I tried thesame thingalone, outside of i by SAT BIR SINGH wouldn't happen; KHALSA so I realized I had to be in class - i people - for it to happen. Not long after that, the wristband bent and broke. Tt actually the first time I became aware of something b and breaking near me. (1) INTRODUCTION And then from his 1 autobiography, -MY STORY. . I soon began to THE DATA ON PKMB notice other things 11 besides the ha . watches moving i) Uri Geller and bending, which made me feel mor( freak. One time my mother had made some mushroorr a) Anecdotal Observations.. There was good white bread with the soup, and I dipp b) Controlled Observations bread into it and ate. Then I started eating the Soup W ii) Other Individuals spoon. I'm left-handed, Manifesting PKMB so I held the spoon in rny left hai a) Anecdotal Observations took several sips of the soup..My mother was standing b) Controlled Observations kitchen stove. I was lifting a full spoonful up to my mouth Ill. THE DISCUSSION suddenly the bowl OF THE DATA ON of the spoon bent PKMB down and5pilleclh( i) The Criticisnis into my lap, Then the bowl of the spoon itself fell off. I v ii) The Defense there holding on to the handle. (2) IV. THE DEEPER Geller has had ISSUES a passion to perform his talents and his pE i) PKA4B In Perspective ances soon drew attention of the local media, of which h fie Future As far as my performances ii) Directions in Israel areconcerned'.1 For T1 - n6rl@ all positive reaction fr( hundred shows and got press, although I was never checked in the laboratorie 1. INTRODUCTION scientists. Israel is a small place and by that time everyone had seen me. But then a very negative arlick Since a large segment Out accusing me of the published Of using laser literature on beams to bend psycho- and breal, kinetic metal-bending ttiat I had pliers, (PKMB) concerns mirrors, and springs itself with Uri hidden an ri Geller, the first to "demonstrate" However, the material it, it is convenient on Geller from to consider his his time in hi material separately in section fragmentary at I/ - The Data best, and it was on PKMR. The majority not until parapsych of the PKMB data has been Andrija Puharich reported in non-technical met Geller and journals and is brought hit-,) of to the an anecdotal nature; States that the the attempts at published literature controlled observations on Geller became are therefore considered inous. , , separately. Discussion he demonstrated of the data involves off stage forscienti Now a celebrity issues which, for , the most part, iournaljst@ which are common to effort has resulted both Geller and in a large number o the other individuals manifesting PKMB and are considered as a whole, with presentation dotal reports. of thepro andcon approaches respect- ively. The final The classical anecdote section will examine of PKM8 is one the overall approach wherein Celle, to the PKMBphenomenon, strokes a key or the controversy spoon and it then generated, andsome is observed to of the benc conclusions arrived occasion to fracture. at. More convincing are those instance@ The goal of this PKMB was reported review is to acquaint without physical the reader with contact, and exam the literature and this will be presented. so consists largely Alan Vaughan writes of extracts taken ef his exp, directly from it; it is hoped that with Geller and this will allow the editor of the reader to "PSYCIIIC" magazine: come away with more of a first-hand Taking a hotel experience of room key, Bolen the issue. first atterriptod to be manual means. Vie succeeded only in raising a blood Hehanded ittoGellerwho, holding it bythehandle, ho II. THE DATA ON to me. I grasped PIWaQ, the key by the large end and put iny oth, i) URI GELLFR on top. Geller put his hand lightly on top of mine. He as@ a) Anecdotal PAaferial my hands felt any sensation, but they did not. Then he as to look, at it. It was bentabout 30 degrees and was still bending as I watched. The whole procedure was witi PK&IR first came Bolen. (45) to attention via Uri Geller whose stage perforinances of his abl'ility in Israel began his rise to worldwide Even rnore extraordinary was a filmed (movie) expm ,rekkWrtQ)i.ec~Fiors"eiaSfiD~120Q't/Gt3tG7sk,-ClAk,ROP96-00788pleo2ooo"ooill-%tlen fie was visitingC including clairvoyance Ossining, New York.len first tested and precognition, Bo a fork to see but it was the i; i novelty of PKMB which drew bend easily manually, attention. In but it did n9t. a 1973 interview -1 hoi Geller tic Itells us: took and 8(.-)Ien began to film Geller's actions.boy. with a new toy. He played it like "Uri was moving"his an accordian for a few f 1"PIA-R o d th -yo-yood i nd down four or five times left 01A en 013 [)Wn t tip a -,L- !Mmot PLe - 1- _JY Mf I i I d 70 0 RQ02 MI 30411 1 d f f 6 @e r ee , g- nt co fork as I W im, says o en, , o 3 roppe s -as becoming soft and that it was beginningonto the floor-all this right before to bend. I zoomed my (and a friend's) eyes. Did ' ,on his hands and the fork. I asked him Geller have a chance to get at this to open his fingers to ahead of time? No, that s the reveal the area. As he did, the prong point of bringing a "curveball" device. part began falling away He doesn't know what slowly, as though the metal had become you've brought; can't prepare duplicates, plastic where he had or otherwise tamper held it. It then came completely apart, with the "props" as Johnny Carson calls with the prong part them. falling down, but as it fell it drew I showed Charlie Reynolds (a Geller away a short threadlike piece critic) another of the of metal. I examined both pieces of the curve balls I had thrown Geller - a fork at the break, which set of ceramic magnets. looked as though it had melted apart. Geller had made a crack through one Uri did not seem to feel of them and then made any heat. fie was excited and I was excitedhalf of the broken magnet disappear. at having captured Reynolds broke one of this on film, apparently for the first the other magnets by hand. It took two time. It was a heady distinct movements and experience." In another experiment, Bolenmade a less jagged break: this had also filmed Geller bend- been my experience. ing a key - . . (46) Reynolds' response was that he'd like me to arrange a meeting Physicist Wilbur Franklin reported: with Geller. Unfortunately, Reynolds had already accused Dr. Edgar Mitchell and I first observed Geller of fraud at the TIME demonstration Geller fracture a upon which TIME ring, after which the ring continued partly based its scathing March 12, to bend by itself as I 1973 story. So Geller observed it lying on the table beside wanted nothing to do with Reynolds. me, on August 25, 1972, in (51) the home of the venerable psi researcher,A common characteristic of Geller's Dr. Andrija Puharich. attempts at PKMB is that Parapsychologist Stanley Krippner observedhe is often unsuccessful, although it Geller in one of his is difficult to judge how peiformances and wrote: - I @ often from the literature, since the media prefers to report only While a member of the audience grasped successes. A brief reference to this the earpiece of a is given by Dr. Joseph Hanlon, pair of glasses loaned to Geller by anotherafter a sitting with Geller and Dr. spectator, Geller Bernard Dixon: held the volunteer's hand. I was sittingI gave Uri my housekey, which he worked in the front of the room; with unsuccess- fully. as far as I could see, Geller did not touch the earpiece itself. 5oon, the other earpiece began to b Dixon commented afterwards that he was end as if tremendous heat struck by the was being applied. The volunteer removedextent to which Geller stressed his her hand from the failures - constantly saying earpiece and the bending continued over he did not think he could do it and the next few minutes, telling us stories abbut his ' even though neither Geller nor the volunteerfailures on TV and elsewhere. Indeed, was touching the he talked far more about pair of glasses. (48) failures than successes. (52) l f l f d In VNCE NEWS" we have the report: ai ure o : PKMB was reported by Dr. Eldon Byr A typica Duting the interview, I held a heavy The first thing I had Geller do was key between my handle the block. (A thumb and forefinger. The key began to metal alloy called nitinol). I toldhirfr1hat bend-too slightly to be I wanted to see if he perceptible - after Geller rubbed it could alter the block's hardness. A150, lightly with one finger. The I asked him if he would key was then placed on the ciesk and try to after the magnetic properties it continued to bend of the material. He said fie slowly for several minutes until it reachedwould try to do both. about a 20-degree angle. Therewas noobviouswaythe key I He handled the block for some time. supplied could have Finally, he said he been switched. Gellerhad no chance (by thought lie Would not be able to do slight of handorother anything to it because he trickery) to bend the key by force. And somehow did not have a "feel" for the he didn't have a laser up material. in a last his sleeve, as some have suggested. (49)attempt to influence the block, he asked for a piece of metal of Occasionafly, Geller has also been the any kind, and a brass plate was given apparent cause of to him. Fie placed t;ie "teleportation" or "dematerialization" block on the plate and held his hand phenomena, However over it. Several times be we shall confine ourselves to PKNIB, pressed dowfi on the block, but gave save for this report by Lip, saying that he did not physicist Thomas Coohill in the company think he would be able to affect the of 2 other physicists, material. (53) ' among others: Claims that 6eller cheats (uses non-psychic abilities) are not We did not ask Geller to bend anything At least five people claim to have seen for us at lunch, nor Geller actually did he suggest that he do so. However, cheat. This is a difficult area, because after we had easten if we cannot toist the Geller and I went into my living room reports of observers who say Geller and began talking about does miracles, why should civing (spelunking). After about a minutewe give any more credence to those who we both heard a say he cheated? (56) metallic "clink" ': it sounded as though something mertallic was dropped on a solid floor. Looking around, I saw a spoon lying behind my desV. It was bent. As I held it in my hand arid called the other people into the room, the spoon Suddenly began to bend b) Controlled 05servations in another plane (at a right angle to the handle It seemed as if the spoon were observed by all present. (50) Another report reads: There are indeed critics who would argue that there have f Geller doesn't necessarily do what been no properly controlled experiments you ask hirri to do, but run with Uri Geller, but %.:;e car) handle Curve balls nicely for the purposes of this review we shall - he likes the challenge. consider those tests Arriong other things, I took him a slinkywhere investigators made serious attempts (a spring steel coil at controlled obser- that kids walk down stepq) with the ideavation or where they have claimed them that lie should try to to be controlled. Ono& l A ALL-,,j by Russell Targ 1 H41 P 0 @ derninsion-see Martin Gardner's THE AM ,a viR rolU It @ I having published in 41 , w 7 UNIV[@RSE). Of course, Geller did riot NATURE the results of ESP tests with such thing. Hewas like a Geller, One of their tests involved Uri's effortsmately a minute. The key was about to affect , theweight 15 inches from aly I jpfriffi kery. (76) Mb r b h 't e p n can, a so e sca e, a ten e ItIl" covered by an aluminui on t Is a meta@ app yt@" Ic Aa7pia physical memory fc entire scale with weight was covered by shape in which it formed at the a glass bell jar to time of manufacture. " Gelle eliminate the possiblity of deflection tested for PKMB with nitinal wire by air currents. The entire by Eldon Byrd and he wrii experiment was filmed. The first part his second Session with Geller. of our protocol involved tapping the bell jar; next tapping the The diameter of the wire was about table on which the 0.5 mm, One apparatus rested; then kicking the table;was used as a control and was not and finally jumping on taken to Connecticut.) the floor, with a record made on strip tape recordings were made during chart of what these all observations. artifacts looked like. I held one of the other pieces by both ends as In this experiment Geller's efforts resultedpreviously done and Geller stroked in deflections it as before. A kink forr correponding to weight gains and losses took a second piece of wire, held on the order of one it by one end, zinc] gram, well out of the noise level. The stroked it unilaterally. It, too, signals he produced were developed a kink, The third single-sided pulses of about one-fifth-secondof wire was given to Geller to do duration, unlike with as he pleased. He ro the artifacts, which resulted in two-sidedbetween his thumb and forefinger ocsillations that and it kinked shar slowly died out, In tests following this Geller had clearly influenced the experimental run, a alloy nitinol in a magnet was brought near the apparatus, unusual way: it was as if the kinks static electricity was he produced had ac discharged against the apparatus, and been manufactured into the wires, controlled runs of day- even though it had long operation were obtained. In no case conclusively determined before any were artifacts obr experimentation th tained that resembled the effects that permanent configuration of the wires occurred during Geller's was that of straight efforts, nor could anyone else duplicate No explanation has been given by the effects. We have no nitinol experts, who ready hypothesis on how these - signak been consulted as to how kinks could might have been have been fc produced. (74) without using high temperatures and mechanical stress Dr. John Taylor in England has reported charrically produced kinks in nifinot a test which al- leave obvious mar though he feels cannot be regarded as the surface of the wire. Geller-formed "absolutely fraud proof", kinks do not. avoids a number of possible fraudulent Byrd concludes: techniques, available to Geller. All of the bends that Geller had produced thus for a r ... Geller stroked the upper surface of a strip of metal wire have been permanent deformation - the wires c; which was screwed down to the top of a letter balance. The crumpled or twisted into any shape by hand, but on pressure he was applying could be monitored directly by the heated to a temperature of about 2100F. all the wires rcti balance dial (accurate to 7 grams) as well as measured the shape Geller had imposed upon them. automatically by a shielded metal plate placed vertically above How did Geller achieve such results? At the pre the metal top of the balance and connected to a quadrant have no scientific explanation for what happened duri% electrometer (sensitive to 5 oi.). A bending of 100occurred in testing periods. I can say tha ,6@epos5ibility of fraud on G, one session, which I closely observed, during which no part can be virtually ruled out. (77) pressure greater than 10 grams was applied. in any case the A team of scientists in Fngland consisting of John 11-la bend was upwards. This experiment is presently being repeated David Bohm, Edward Bastin and Brendan O'Regan observe with videotape. (75) following phenomenon: The plasticization, by handling, of about 2 cm of thc Parapsychologist and magician William Cox is confident of of a stainles steel teaspoon (phenomenon 7) took place his test for PKMB with Geller. He reportedcourse of informal conversation in the JOURNAL OF arOUnd a desk. The teas PARAPSYCHOLOGY. which had previously been handled and bent thrOUgh My hope was to witness static PK under thirty degrees by a child who also what could be displays PK ability, wa! considered adequate safeguards. Being by Mr.. Geller for a few seconds, a magician myself, when the center b,- unknown to Geller, I also wished to allowfloppy. Awitness was able to take opportunity for from Mr. Geller the tw( trickery in the event Geller intended of tht! spoon in either hand while to employ such means... the center was still pla For thefirst test we used a flat steel was then handled very much as a keyof the safety-deposit heated glass tube is whi box type, untoothed and much too hard bent to a desired angle in the laboratory. to bend by hand. I In this wi intentionally allowed Geller to handly plasticitycould beclearly veTified it, whereupon he asked by movement of the ha if I did not have an ordinary key instead.tile witness. The witness attempted I said "No," and he to set the spoon at an replied, "Well, I'll try to do something angle, and to put it down on the with this one." He laid table; it retained itself my key on a glass coffee tablc in front piece on the table for a few minutes, of t@e couch on which he but due, presumal was sitting, and we both noted its absolutethinning of the neck by the flow flatness upon the of metal, its strength % glass. I was seated at one end of tile small that a slight disturbance coffee table. I placed my fractured it. Tile weight right forefinger lightly on the larger the fractured spoon was almost within end of the key, and Geller the estimated c gently stroked the remainder with his mental error. Electron micrographs right forefinger. The key of this fracture are began to bend slowly at a point just beyondpreparation; the procedures used rny finger, stopping are similar to those L at above 6o. Any pressure he might have another study of a simil ir fracture applied would have obtained in the exper been against the direction of bend. I of Professor ).G. Taylor. (78) removed my finger and ]it him rock the bent key upon the gla7,s John flasted reported a PKA4B test table. attended by physici I then placed a small nii rror in the Sarfatti: palm of rny left hand arid held it under tile glass of the table Geller likes to have such specimens so that I could have a clear oil a metal pk@i view of the under side of tile key. I then returned tile key to its sheet of steel was laid on the table, and the folloNvine se Appr,qy,qd~,iF,pr,,R,Wvasia-,2miM3107s~,GIA)oRDP96-O8f768ROUMO400ft"on it: to a total of' 121/40. Hisstr6kingwas 1. Two key rings with keys attached light,since itdid notcause to them. the k,@v to rock beneath my forefinger. 2. Four loose latchkeys. All of this took approxi- 3. A thin steel tube containing a thermocouple.NEW SCiENFIST, and his overall evasiveness, . Joseph flanlon ApprWedftPaRelefte 200Y03/07 CIAWIIP'9'6-097@1@kqp 0 91AP 2 0 di id f i l i A k h l W r tment to wor vana r um car wit e. Uri as ac out on 5. A s C ngot o e e crysta ng 6. A single crystal disc of molybdenum,the NEW SCIENTIST. He backed OLIton 0.22 mm thick and a verbal cornmitmeritto I cm in diameter. work with the Maimonides Medical Centre Division of Para- 7. A single crystal bar of silicon. psychology and Paraphysics in Brooklyn, New York. (83) 8. A length of steel rod, one inch in In a letter, Charles Honorton of Maimonides diameter. confirms: 9. An annealed copper disc with a hole Dr. Hanlon correctly states that Geller in the middle. backed out of a None of these objects had been in Geller'sverbal commitment to work in our laboratory. hands, and he did not touch them while they were laidGeller, of course, did not show up and out. Jack Sarfatti after several stretched his hand out above the objects,repeated inquires, we learn ed from and Geller then put his staff that there had been his hand on top of Sarfatti's. After a "miscommunication" regarding our commitment; a few seconds, Jack reported thatwhile, feeling a sharp tingle in his hand, he very much wanted to work with us, and when both hands were Uri was too busy to do withdrawn we examined the objects. The so. He has continued to be too busy only one showing an to do so. (84) obvious change was the molybdenum singleGeller's personality has indeed been crystal disc, in the way of invest- which had been perfectl igators and the PKtvfBphenomoma, so y flat beforehand, but was now bent much so thata numberof . parapsychologists feel that Geller is slightly. not a viable subjectforstudy This single cqstal, and some others even though they may be confident that we have used, had he can exhibit PKM8. been given to us by Dr. Tony Lee, of Stanley Krippner writes: the Cavendish Laboratory, ' Cambridge. It was of high purity, betterGeller has been of little help in the than 0.99999. Some field of psychoen- weeks later, when I showed the crystal ergetic research; however, if he has to David Rooks, who drawn enough attention to was going to photograph it, we noticed the paranormal to interest Some capable that it was very slightly scientists in studying attracted to the tweezers he was using.PK effects, his career will have served Of course molybdenum a useful purpo@,e. should not be ferromagnetic, so I suspendedResearchers may -have learned lessons the crystal be- from the Geller affair tween the poles of an electi,omagnet and do better when a similar subject and found it to be quite as comes along. Researchers ferromagnetic as commercial molybdenum,should think twice before spending their which contains time and lending their eighty pails per million of iron. I prestige to an entertainer. (85) therefore sent the single crystal for neutron activation analysis to the Scottish Universities Reactor Centre. How this impurity got into pure crystal is still a puzzle. (79) Finally we ha ve a report by physicist 00 Other Individuals Manifesting PKM3. Wilber Franklin using a stra',"..gauge apparatus. a) Anecdotal Data. The experiment was videotaped, using three TV cameras at different angles. Uri Geller who 'is not only the most well known agent for A steel specimen, -Ya" thick by 1/2" PKMB, also has served as the catalyst wide by 8" long, was for the other individuals clamped to a tripod in the set-up shownfound to have the ability. However, in Fig. 1. After 29 there is one historical case minutes of unsuccessful effort by Uri, reported by D. Scott Rogo in an article a high ly-struCtU red by Mrs. 1. K. Reno it) 19,35: strain-gauge reading was recorded, shownThe Reno article concerned a rather in Fig..2. This conventional polter- occurred just as the scieritists and geist outbreak centering on A family Uri stepped back a few feet who lived in Southern *from the apparatus, when the strain-gaugeGeorgia. The first manifestations noted recorded the psi- by the family were effect. Meanwhile, another probe (see spontaneous object-throwings. However, Fig. 1) attached to the shortly after the in- end of the beam-wh ich was sensitive ception of the poltergeist, the family only to vertical displace- witnessed aseriesofevents ments-recorded no bending. which seem identical to what we have now labeled the "Geller Geller had little or no knowledge of effect." Theaqicle reports: "Frequently the experiments I during the meal hour, would conduct, or of the one I would milk, tea, coffee, and soup were flung choose for him to into the faces of those at concentrate on doing. the table, sA-veral times inflicting painful scalds and burns. When the results of this highly controlledSpoons were broken, or suddenly twisted test are con- out of shape in their sidered-along with the large number hands." (86) of repetitive results observed by Hasted and by at least fourOtherwise the manifestation of PKM8 other laboratories-the by an individual has influence of the volition of human subjectsbegun after learning of Geller-@s ability, on metallic strain, especially after exposure and/or the associated equipment, seems to a media progmm where Geller has performed. to have met the This phe- requ.romonts of scientific validity, nomena has perhaps been most widely In other words, the force of documented in Britain. A will can and does, in my opinion, affectsecond hand report of a youth named matter. (80) Matthew hfanning reads: As it) the anecdotal literature, Gel;erOne night, being then seventeen, he is not able to reproduce was watching a TV PKM8 totally at will in every controlledspecial, "Uri Geller: Is Seeing Beiieving?" situations. This was a in which the Israeli problem that the Stanford Research investigationpsychic was demonstrating his metal-bending Targ and Put- techniques hoff ran into: when suddenly his mother exhorted him to see if he could We spent the next several weeks attemptingmatch Geller. He didn't expect anything to film or to happen, but to videotape any sort of metal-b-2nding please his inother he grasped a stainless under controlled labo- steel spoon and, while' atory conditions. One of Geller's main Geller was on the tube, started to rub attributC5 that had been it. to LIS Was thilt hot was able to bend For a good ten minutes, not a thing metal from a haD[@,erled. Then the distance without touching it. in the boy's fattier walked into the room, laboratory we did riot find arid as happens in so many hinj able to (to sp. When lie was permittedcases of this kind, the sudden distraction, to touch the metal, the break in concen- Relea 2001/03/0 M M%mF se RDPG*LM80ROO.2006113offtplVtlt the spoon be drooping or) 7 : CIA- P, Beyond this difficulty investigators like heated wax, z:nd it continueu to hid further problems in bend until it resembled a workinlq wiih G-eller. Concerning a hairpin. (103) It 411 planned experiment with Another report from Britain relates a typical incident.., break and reseal flasks. So we still can't call this fool 'ApprokoedJF,doR~HL'Iaser2ofolID3W~i.litlAl.uRE)P9-6-GffggROV20MI3001 1-5 Cantor study). Children and adults throughout the country Finally, is an excerpt from a 'report to the Swiss Socie described their own PK gift. One seven-year-old boy made Parapsychology, the phenomenon occurring after Geller6 front-page news in a national paper, the DAILY MIRROR. "I decided to have a go after seeing that man on TV," he said. "I just think about the fork bending and it does. It was bit frightening at first-but there's nothing to it." The chi!d'5 mother commented: "it has to be seen to be believed. It'sjustas well my husband runs two cafes, or we would be out of cutlery within days." Fler husband admitted fie was skeptical, "until I saw him perform the feat. Now I've seen hirn bend half-a- dozen forks without any failures." One of the paper's journal- ists saw the boy demonstrate. After twenty minutes a fork "was virtually bent double," he wrote. (104) In the journal NATURE, Harry Collinsand Brian Pamplin reported. Sir,-We have investigated six young people who claimed the power of the bending objects by stroking in the manner demonstrated on television recently by Uri Geller and others. In this report we will call these people A,B,C,D,E, and F. Subsequently, Dr. Pamplin appeared.on BBC "Points West" local television news programme when .B demonstrated her ability quite convincingly, The parents of DE and F television appearance: "After we completed the second test, Edith Aufderr complained of a severe headache, Now, she and I we ourselves. the others had left. While we were sitting z living-room table, Edith picked up a teaspoon. Slowl,, began to rub it, almost as if she were caressing it. I watching her closely. After a few moments the spoon be-E bend, without any physical pressures whatever. Durin next few hours she repeated this performance with two tion a I teaspoons, as we] I as with a sol id steel pi n and a p steel nail clippers." (108) Many of those individuals manifesting PKMB other Geller are children fthey have been dubbed "mini-Gellet some), however there are similarities to Geller other tha PKMB itself. As with Geller, the ability seems to wax and and is not 100% reproducible on command. In addition the also reports of cheating on the part of some of the chil Examples of the two characteristics will follow a suri, controlled observations on the other individuals manift pKMB. subsequently contacted Dr. Parriplin claiming that their child- ren could also bend cutlery by stroking. .. Most of the subjects were first visited in their own homes where they showed their ability in the casual atmosphere of their sitting rooms. A succeeded in bending a weighed and measured rod of mild steel of 3/ 1 Oths inch diameter supplied by the experimenters as well as her own cutlery. (105) From Denmark there is more anecdotal material provided by mrapsychologist R.D. Mattuck in RESEARCH IN PARAPSYCHO- LOGY 1976: b) Controlled Ohs,@rvaflons As with Geller, successful controlled observations a lentiful, howeverwhat has been published indicates abili p least equal to those reported for Geller. In Britain, John I working with a number of children has reported much work. Hasted's subjects succeeded in a is an 18-year-old Danish girl who discover-wide range of e Lena Ilsted D , ments, including the psi-bending ed her PK abilities after Uri Geller's by children of small dia visit to Copenhagen in wires encased in hollow glass globes, January 11974. Atthetimeof this investigation,usually @vithii shewas studying languages at a gymnasium (junior college) minutes. Curiously, the bending in Denmark. Lena always required a hole and I conducted 11 experimental sessions globe (2-10 mm), although skilled together, during the craftsmen, using s tools, could not bend the wires period April 1974 to March 1975, in the as quickly as Could the J presence of her i st long thin rn parents. In the first seven sessions, she using no tools. Some children could was able to achieve psi-tw i le one of hi! but not when aJequate controls were exef-,bars at the rate of 2-3 rotations striking effects per second wh m , an.strength, cised. Some of her insufficiently controlledsubjects recorded a torque at the phenomena were: limit of hu Another rep!)rt reads: bending 3.2 mm iron nails through 450, In one of his experl ments, Hasted changing the position made sirnultz of the hands on a watch by several hours, electronic measurements of the PK and causing 15 "strain" on thre( deflections of a compass needle. (106) which were suspended from the ceiling of the labor from Germany, parapychologist Lusi Wendlandtequidistant and out of reach of is quoted his young subject. The i conceming two more children manifesting show a comparable, but not exactly PKMB: identical, force aff "One boy was able to mentally stop an electricall three keys simultaneously. saw that was cutting down a tree near his home," In another study, aluminum strips she reports. "We ask which were left al parents and witnesses for account5 of the a room became twisted and braided p@ienornenon, but one like pigtails within a i ofthe biggest problems we have is obtainingof seconds. The subject was in an better documen- adjoining room. Elec tation. strain gauges recorded a force on the metal unlike anythir "We gave the other boy, who I ives in Switzerland,would be seen by normal human bending. metal (120) teaspoons placed in plastic flasks. These Finally is a report by Hasted RESEARCH are first sealed by an IN PARAPSYi attorney. At first we used glass bottles, LOGY 1976, where a sensor consisting but he returned them of a resistive strain @ broken. was the measuring instrument. Andrew G. @s one of the ch "At that time we thought hewas just anotherin the Cantor study: trickster, bul . he denied this, claiming the bottles brokeI subjec while flying around This apparatus has been used with severa the roorn during the bending. cluding Nicholas Williams (age 17) and Andrew G. (aF. "After we switched to plastic containers,"Use of two and of three sensorss she continued, itnu Itaneously with Wi 01a strange thing occurred." The spoons at seven sessions has produced synchronous inside two of the flasks signals , Appiramed FROKI ROIeBS&20111403/0,7vddC4ARDP96-OOjZPBRW2om3Qa4lI t6 strain pulses are pro "However, even though the seals appear untouched when g "active SO when an otherwise undetectable movin the flasks are returned, professional magiciansencounters arid passes through tht,- claim they car) sengors. The sensc SLISPEN-ided from their electrical connectionsSince 1975 1 have done experiments so as to define a with the Swiss I I IrX5 designer Silvio, the most important genuine metal-bender we w h o i s, so f a r a s 15 !@! pih Rle*,Mpka #0600, ! @A-RDRWQ0H8P&Q20MW()14j&ent metal forks and sealed at a working surface and occupiedspoons by holding them between two in building model fingers have been aircraft. He knows of the positions of recorded on videotape, as well as sessions the sensors and is asked to in which he has bent bend the latchkeys. The typical distancea plastic spoon, silver coins, and from the subject to the an untouched spoon. in one C sensors is five meters, and between the session, Silvio was studied by Dr. sensors, one to three Betz of the Institute of Physics meters. The subject does not in general of Munich University; he remarkably have direct contact with increased the resistance the latchkeys. of an electrical device, The collaboration with physicists will The total number of strain pulse events be continued. (123) recorded was 81. Many conwined considerable "fine structure," which indi- In France " another adult subject has appeared " by the name o -ices. surf, , Typically, no visible bend Jean-Pierre Girard. The research here cates flexibility of the is by several teams o . rt invest I igators and appears to be of high quality. results. The most usual configuration The parapsycho of thesurface is ve ica , and extending outwards from the subject,logist and magician as opposed to William Cox reports: extending around him. To a small extent . thesubject has learned , to produce synchronous signals in other . Jean-Paul Girard, a Parisian chemical configurations. Since firm employee who synchronous signals can be obtained withclaims to be able to bend metal by sensors on opposite PK, gave filmed demon- sides of the subject the surface may strations at Freiburg, West Germany, be considered to contain on September 4 and 5, his person. A surface has been known 1976. Prof. Hans Bender was an observer to extend in length to and W. E. Coxwasthe about 10 meters. The rate of travel of experimenter. Nine bendings. occurred a surface between sensors in six bars (5/16 in. to is in the range of 10 to 100 cm/sec. 5/8 in. in diameter and under I ft. On encountering a long) under close scrutiny screening obstacle a surface flexes.its and without any apparent physical explanation. shape around it, -so that (124) partial screening of the sensor advancesWilliam Wolkowski of the University or delays a strain of Paris, after prelim; pulse; a metal screen can augment the intensity of the strain nary observations with Girard writes: signals and bring about bending and fracture. The folding of pairs of thin metal stripsWe then embarked on a more sophisticated and the twisting of experimen, pairs of wires have been recorded on which consisted of sealing different many occasions. (121) metal objects in Pyrex glas! From Japan we have indications of controlledtubes; these were completely sealed experiments with a torch. They werE from a brief notation: weighed with a precision of 10-4 grams and measured with i After the visit of Uri Geller to Tokyo, precision of 10-4 meters, and were )apan, in 1973, left with Girard. Inside wE thousands of Japanese children apparentlyhad placed different metal objects manifested similar such as metal paperclips anc paranornial powers. Eight of these childrensteel springs of the coil kind; when were investigated in they were returned to u! 1974 by Dr. Shigemi Sasaki, professor they were quite remarkably bent, from Of P5YChOI09y at the 100 to 300. -The stee Denki Tsushin University, Tokyo with spring, for example, which wa's o4ight a team of fifteen re- at the beginning, wa! searchers. Laboratory tests were devisednow so distended that at one point to test PK (psycho- it could no longer rnovf kinetic ability) and metal-bending. One freely in the Pyrex tube. All the tubeswere 12-year-old (Jun Seki- still the same weight guchi) demonstrated an amazing ability and the same dimensions, and theglass to bend spoons para- blower could notdetec normally, and also recharged dead electricany tampering. (125) batteries by merely holding thern. Dr. J.B. RHINE of Durham,1978 an extensive research report appeared N.C., commented: i " In February The tests in Tokyo have shown that PK , power exists among many of their children. The research the French metallurgical journal MEMOIRES is of great significance." SCIENTIFIQUE (122) REVUE METALLURGIE concerning.the PKMB of metalspecimvr As mentioned earlier all of these individualsby Girard. The authors were C. Crussardandl. cannot perform Bounvaist. A sho PKMB completely at will, anda-ain as extract (translated) reads: with Geller, the critics have been quick to point out that failures Here"W6 will describe the test made are more common under on the thickest ba controlled conditions. A.J. Ellison togetherThis wasa bal 17 mm in diameter and with a select, group of 300 mm lon.- made ( investigators couldonly report little alloy AU2 (2.05 c/c copper) in state success widi child subjects. T4 (hardened in cold watf We started these experiments with the and aged for one year). Reference marks children's attempts were engraved in tl- at the familiar spoon bending with closed-circuitmass of this bar, and the placement television of small characteristic flav recording, and then went on to the singlewere noted.... crystal specimens. Every specimen was accurately weighed During the tests, the two experimenters before and after each sat at about a me! trial. We had little success except thataway on either side of J.P. Girard, one of the single crystal who worked in shirtsleevE specimens fell in half while being stroked.with his sleeves rolled up, without (127) contact. J.P. Girard d Cheating has been observed with child formed this bar four times in succession metal-benders after by holding one end an investigation of those claiming to his right hand and lightly touching have PKAIB ability. Hans the free part %vith his 4 Bender reports: hand ..... or by placing his left hand five crn above the specime This enterpr .ise made us acquainted After each deformation, one observer with a number of took the profile of ate t( inostly youth5,WhO claimed to be able bar, while the other remairlpd next to bend mcial to J.P. Girard. The t% persons . , .... could be seen with the eye: both especially spoons. Most of them were we objects repeatedly 4 largest deformations . , produced toward the boztom during a tricksters. One demonstrated spooo bendingtime on the order before Our eyes it w v rified that Aft h d f ti 10 20 d but failedwhen we tried to film it. Another- moved metal objects@ s. as e secon er eac orma on, e under his hand; wewere able^.o document heating up could be detected by touching the phenomenon oil the bar with t hand, and that the bends made without AMOMedfor Release 2001103/07: CIA-R force by J.P. Girz @148y 34 relative to die init PP96vW7@@R0MG0"6t The Eure)pean Darapsychologist Hans Benderhasbendinf, Plane mentioned a ve), marked als oreport- by the grom -4 nn nn -4r]ll!t subiect in a research indicated above. (126) brief, at its face value. The curious fact here is that the closed a Ill. T'- E DISCUSSION OF THE DATA ON VXMB @ I . I - shown by the scoffer who-dismisses all talk or-evidence o -AppirbiN WQfte 2001/03/07 :. ciA-Rb-096-00768ftIMOOOldn0"4&bsurd, also manife@ts drawn into positive belief fo researchers who are among In considering the criticisms of the recordedvery reason that the evidence appears data on PKMB to conflict with we shall confine ourselves to the "controlledprevious conceptual picture of the data". where para- world. There is, SUrel, psychologists and other scientists are the intriguing field here for psychological experimenters, since it research into the is these observations which will carry the chinery of belief. (139) most weight if conclus- ions are to be arrived at. Research in thisAnother factor is one of viewpoint area is unique in that in the experimo fraud can exist at the level ofthe subject situation. being observed. One can therefore assess the quality of an experimentThe matterof who is actually in in PKMB by control may objective refering to the two factors which can screenquite different from the vantage out the possibility of point of the experimentei fraud, namely, physical controls and experimenterthe subject. When Houdini escaped competence from a prison c, in detection of fraud. Indeed, the criticismspresume the prison warden thought involve one or both he was in control an, ofthese. Houdini. When Randi fooled the editor of PSYCHIC NEW' In addressing the topic of adequate controlseditor presumed he was in-control. andsafeguard@, The whole point of dE parapsychologist'D. Scott Rogo- has written:tion is to secretly have control in a way unknown to the While I am open to the possibility of theretator./experimenter. (140) actually being a PK-mediated "Geller effect," to this date Through Randi some professional I have found little scientists have seer, evidence of such a process either in my hand the full meaning of competence own investigations or to detect fraud. 1, when critically evaluating the evidence certifying Geller as manifesting and tests of others. PKMB, physicist Jack Sa (133) retracted in SCIENCE NEWS: A critique of work on PKMB done by South.AfricanI have witnessed The Amazing Randi parapsy- fracture metal chologist E. Alan Price reads in part: move the.hands of a watch in a way that is indistingui4 . Objects already secretly bent can be heldfrom my observation of Geller's even by a child "psych okinetic@' demor to appear straight until the "power" is tions. Also, I am advised of Randi's to take effect. Weakened demonstration of cai metal can be bent more easily with concealedbursts in a Geiger counter and of pressure. Old deflecting a compass ne(x timepieces can often begin running again reported in a letter from Kings after a hidden College, University of Lo shaking. A discussion of numerous other (July 11, 1975) signed. by -Maurice methods would fill Wilkins, F.R.S., and books; in factsuch books are present on other faculty associated with the magicians' 5helvesand Department of Bioph) have become more frequently available to (143) lay people. Dr. Price seems to be well aware that carefullyThe critics have put much of PKMB controlled research into a At laboratory experiments will be required perspective, and although demonstrating to obtain definitive that fraud was p " " Geller effect. ble it does not prove that fraud,6ccurred. in providing possible 5ubjec 1s' Scientists do rec evidence of the his report is no doubt valuable. These reportsstrong quarantees of fraud proof themselves may conditions, both physical be preliminary evidence of great undiscoveredexpert .menter based. abiliti .es.. it should be understood, however, that phenornena "occurring in good light in the presence of responsible, outside observers" may just as likely be evidence of another ancient and well- known ability--the ability to deceive. (134)ii) THE DEFENSE The experimenter competence in detecting fraud has been substantially written by the critics. Martin Gardner of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is a confirmed skeptic. In response to the criticisms, it seems that the major, Any magician will tell you that scientists parapsychologists have agreed, and are the easiest have attempted to i. persons in the world to fool. It is not porate suggestions. Parapsychologist hara to understand why. In A.]. Ellison in a IeIt their labortories the equipment is just NEW SCIENTIST states: what it seems. There are . no hidden mirrors or secret cornpartments agree that physical scientists can or concealed mag- be exceed I fully nets. If an assistant puts chemical A in naive when outside their own fields-weil a beaker he doesn't known to magii (usually) surreptitiously switch it for and parapsychologists. Experience chemical B. The thinking of working with a variE of a scientist is rational, based on a lifetimegenuine psychics, preferably over of experiencewith a sorne years, is essc rational -world. But the methods of magic training for an investigator. There are irational and are many factors invo totally outside a scientist's experience. primarily relating to psychological matters and especia!l, The general public has never understood unconscious mind. It is sad to see this. most people recently "convei aSSU nie that if a rr@an has a brilliant physical scientists trying to investigate mind he is qualified todetect parppsychological fraud. This is untrue. Unless he has been ters outside their field of experience. thoroughly trained in A year or so ago son the underground art of magic, and knows us formed a MLI[ti-disciplinary its peculiar prin- committee to study the so-c. ciples, he is easier to deceive than a child.Geller-type phenomena and included (137) physical scientists, In writing of the Geller controversy, Bernardchologists, a doctor, and a maFician Dixon, editor of (with a second exi NEW SCIEN7115T, adds that experimenter biasionaly knowledgeable consultant), is a contributing several of those merr factor to experimenter competence to detecthaving deep experience of parapsychology. fravd. il Experiments r Another lesson of recent months has been tied by such a committee for Geller that scientists and the many others cl al, sceptical, and obeivant as their arp not necessarily as critic- ing similar f. own abOU aculties in the light of all that is kn craft should requirethern to be. Putting diffCLIlt and recondite subject aside the quite separate seem to me to be most likc question of active willingness to believe, many trained scien- lead to something useful. (146) l FR WO II03 RDP96 df Z CiA 0414wlA Z OUg8RG02a A eeAs-~, reported where this i ls~, / i c ront i t pprame o X morewilling than might be supposed to accepttlhehas been confronted. 11ans Bender unexpected reports: t A professional magician, Rolf Mayr, studies of this that I have seen. cvcm_-, drew our attention to ' de skeptic, but he admits that "Girard is his quite the best I have ever a 33-year-old Swiss designer, Silvio. (he wanted to hi . . famili Appro*ed ForteRVInVek 115 21 ?pal bu@1A-Rb0"5'070Aftd- qeffdleyer. 1-5 i d hi h i @ nce m o t e genuinenes5.o se, conv who, to his great surpr ' Experiments with people are very hard is performance. In a most welcome collaborationto do and require will) this C nagician we started an investigation years of skill and patience. It does of Silvio's metal-bending not help, then, that most abilities with the intention of documentingparascientists are physical scientists his performances by with little or no behavior- filans and videotapes. We brought alongal science background. Their initial a professional camera- tests are often laughably man and provided spoons and forks that sloppy. They tllin@k, for example, that we had examined and if they crowd enough marked. Our first success came in Decemberobservers into a room then everything 1974. Silvio held will be OK,,6vhen Geller the object between his index finger proved it much easier to cheat in those and thumb at its thinnest circumstances. part; from time to time he held the Yet, the past four years have seen a thumb of his left hand over major improvement in the fingers of his ri,-,ht [land. Withoutexperimental techniques; one-way glass, the spoon's being rubbed, tight controis of the scoop of the spoon bent with a bendingmaterials, and evencontrols of the experimenters. radius of over 70 And we have degrees. In this first sitting, Silvio seen recently the archest of sceptics bent five spoons, breaking two agree with one of the of them; he also bent a massive fork strongest proponents on protocol. We in an upward direction, as seem to be rapidly had'intended. approaching a definition of the dragons to be slain. We feel that,our collaboration with Sadly, as conditions get tighter, the the professional ma- phenomena seem to gician is a very favorable condition disappear. But if parascience has so for obtaining results which far produced precious ought to convince even professional little, neither has the much better funded skeptics. We hope that the cancer research. And secular controversy between parapsychologiststhere is a curious similarity between and magicians the laetrile and para- can one day be transformed into the science controversies -both rest on anecdotal kind of cocpc@ration we are data that do not achieving in our Berne experiments. stand up to traditional scientific scrutiny. 0 48) Could it be that our Data with Geller as subJect and magiciansscience is wrong-4hat some things are as experimenters only amenable to are documented, Arthur Zorka of the uncheckable personal report? To accept Occult investigations that would be as Committee of the Atlanta Society of revolutionary to science as the Protestant Magicians reports: reformation was to The tests took place in a room which Rome or the inevitable socialist revolution contained no mirrors, to Britain, Clearly a no windows, and one door, by which we lot of people think that such as ov6rthrow entered. The door was of science is called locked behind us. Mr. Dickson (also for. Bot if they do, then there is little a member of the coni- point in, at the same time, mittee), Mr. Geller, ind I sat facing trying to enter the inner circle of institutional each other. No one else was science. (153) present or in the near vicinity of the testing area. This brings us back to a phenomenon observed ' in the data The first test involved Uri Geller on PKMB. It seems as though certain kinds s attempt to bend a fork of controls can be !hich I provided. The fork was made inhibitory'to the manifestation of PKMB of forged steel, with a effects and parapsy- nylon reinforced handle. I specificallyeffect." selected this fork be- chologists have gone as far as labelling-it "the shyness cause of its extieme resistance to physical. stress. I placed the. The team of Hasted, Bohm, Bastin and ' O'Regan addressed this s outstretched left hand. His fingers topt .C we// in their NATURE paper. curled fork into Mr. Geller around it, and in moments, without the fork leaving my sight for even an instant, it literally exploded,We have come to realize that in this sending fragments of the domain the e)qperi- handle across the room. (149) mental situation is different in certain crucial ways from aiat Magician Leo Leslie reports: which has been common in scientific experimentation. This is After his demonstration of telepathy because the phenomena under investigation Geller tried psycho- have to be pro- kinesis. A nickel -pl duced from the minds of one or more of atecl, enameled key was given to Geller.those who participlaze. He . Relationships among the participants asked the JJOLIrnali5t who was present therefore play a much to hold the key between two fingers. Cellerthen rubbed itacoupleofmore e5seqtial role than is usual in times, very lightly, traditional scientific fields. with his forefinger. "I can't do it," One of the first things that reveals he suddenly said. "You have itself as one observes is done something to this key. I cannot that psycholkinetic phenomena cannot get in contact with the in general be produced metal." I immediately suspected that unless all who participate are in a relaxed Geller probably uses a slate. A !Aale of chemical to soften metal, and that withtension, fear, hostility, on the part the coating on the key of any Of those present he felt defemed. I took the key from generally Communicates itself. to the the journalist and studied it whole group. The entire closely. But while I sat looking at process goes most easily when all those the )<,ey the enamal suddenly present actively want started to crack, and a second Liter things to work well. In adoition, matters strips of the nickel plating seem to be greatly curled up like small binana peels, whilefacilitated when. the experimental arririgement the key actually is aesthetically started to bend in my hand. (150) or imaginatively appealing to theperson with apparent psycho- rhere ae critics who are beginning to kinetic powers, look more favorablyat some of the PKMB research. Concerning We have foundalso that it is generally Jean-Pierre Girard and difficult to PrOJUCC his investipator C. Crussard, Joseph a predetermined set of phenomena. Although Hanlon wrote: this may sorne- Crussard involved a m,igician at in times be done, what happens is often early stage-the surprising and iinex- French illusionist Ranky has issued pected. We have observed that the, attempt a public: statement siying to concentrIlIc that in the tests fie watched, he couldstrongly in order to obtain a desired not see how Girard could result (the bending of i @13VC used tr;ck,,. Arid his involvementpiece of metal, for example) tends to more recently of Randi, interfere with tilt, reldXQL 01obably the best sl-x,@on-bender in state of mind needed to produce SUCh the magic bLiSinCSS, con- phenomena. tinues to show that these experiments Thus, if iny of those who participate are on a mUCh higher ina physical exper; level. Chris Evans comniented: "I was ment are tense and hostile, and do not inipressed by their really want Ih( ion to do thi experiment to work, the chances Of SUccessare s properly. I feel greatly dirnin hor ermiv A O ni -RbP96uni7emoo-2oot)lt"uTlit the experimental t SWIAI M~M7ci:,,CJA selui A very fftrp),Ogy nianner--cluile different from any otheroften helps to maintain interest and so-called scientific enthusipril, whereas attitude that consistently tends to damp incicientany, young uvi biwit:b d these latter is eviclently Li idwk-wi ini,_ m %-kiml detrimental to the whole enterprise. In with everybody whoclaims toexercise.occult the study,of psycho- powers,whi, good 1i y usj@shis rem k bI 'ft f the most trivial A @ILI D P 9 .ar a e gi s or nr Vol * d PY. 90 " t q WOW QUIA O p* I ng up the spirit world r I n in n VIE@r an nt tJ in produces these phenomena is not an instrumentnever do more than extract small or a rnzichine. talk from his contacts ir Any attempt to treat hirn as such will almostGreat Beyond. "Tell Aunt Edie to certainly lead to be sure to wear her w, failure. Rather, as indicated earlier, he vests in this cold weather," and. must be considered to so on. Uri fiddles around, be one of the group, actively cooperating c.utler' y and trinkets and the rest. in the experiment, As a good Israeli he ought t and not a 'subject'whose behaviour is to out there by tile canal twisting be observed 'from the the barrels of the Arab gUr outside' in as cold and impersonal rnanner that they fire backwards. (178) as possible. Andconcerningtheinvolvernentof magicians In a letter to NEW SCIENT/ST we have: theycontinue; It has been Our observation, however, that Sir,-When he heard that Uri Geller's magicians are accomplishm often hos tile to the whole purpose of thiswere to be examined by a panel selected sort of investigation, by NEW SCIFNI so that they tend to bring about an atmosphereJohn Wade, a distinguished member of tension in of the inner council o which little or nothing can be done. (154) Magicians' Circle said to me: "What a number of us would ,This factor of experimental. conditions to know is not how Geller bends forks is also noted by and keys and things loseph Hanlon: why?" 0 79) . . One of the potential difficulties of Author John White makes an apparent parapsychological point: investigation is the sensitivity of the His psychic functioning has so far whole phenomenon, and not been put to bei the inability of even "good" subjects to -cial usefor humans, Uri has not, perform under many, to my knowledge,,he seemingly reasonable, controlled conditions.anyone or relieved human suffering. If one accepts the Fie hasn't used hi! existence of parapsychological abilities, ability to straighten bent forks. this is not Surprising. (Afterall, who needs bent fc One would, presumably, be dealing with a (180) talent like musical ability, and it would be not unreasona6le He has perhaps suggested a possibility. "to find a skilled Perhaps it violinist, for example, being adversely abilities are useable, they may be influenced by playing useful on bio!cg ical syst( before a group of people he knew to be hostilePsychic healing is also a considered critics, Also, possibility in parapsy@ .because we are dealing with "mental energies",logy. - it is not unreasonable to Suppose that a confirmed Looking back over the data and the critic could use his controversy, we psychological powers to block those of the voluminous evidence suggesting the sensitive. validity of PKMB, we Thus, the phenomenon will require somewhat seem to have equally voluminous evidence diffe denying it. h rent . parapsychologists feel that the data procedures than other forms of research. is at least leaning in lav@ Some concessions will have to be made to keep the subject PKMB. John Beloff and Charles Tart happy and com- who are well-respected ir fortable, for example. (155) field comment respectively: Indeed, it is clearto see that setting up experimental controls -it must be asked of e without reference to this factmayleadtoa Let us start with the question th, lack ofpositive results. It is perhaps clearer to see the point if paranormal claim, namely, thequestion one makes analogy to of authenticity. Tc intuitve or non-rational psychological functionsreviewer, at least, the Geller case such as ro- has long since passec mance, "Psychic powers, too, tend to emergepoint where it is sensible to doubt spontaneously, if that Gellcr pos,;( at all, so that it has been about as much paranormal powers except, that is, use asking a man to in the puiely theorc exhibit them in a laboratory as it would sense in which all psi phenomena to ask him to fall in love at are open tod0Ubt. If ask-4 first sight with. the lab. assistant." (156)justify such a statement, my first impulse would be to repl) I.do not defend or deny ESP or other parapsychicno one in the world could be that phe- clever! However, I re, nomena. I offer an analogy. that this intuitive judgment is scarely going to satisfy In the past I have written Some poems of skeptics. quite good quality. Whole poems or the major part of 1he case for regarding the specific them have seemed to "Geller effect be deliverances of a subconsciOU5 region autheniic (i.e., the paranormal bending of the mind. They of metal objects) st came spontaneously as though they wrote rne as even move indisputable if themselves. only because here there i A skeptic could say: "This is nonsense. many independent witnesses. (18 1) I cannot believe it unless Hoffmann writes a genuine poem underWhether Geller Is "pure," as some carefully con- believe, or whethi trolled conditions." uses conjuring sometimes but occasionally shows parano Under such conditions I would be Seated abilities, as many parapsychologists under observa- now believe, is of tion by psychologists. Instruments would consequence. More than 500 methodologically be fastened to me to tight, ex record blood pressure, cephalic -electric mental studios that @how various waves, cardiographic paranormai effects air pulsations, and maybe other recordings. exist, none of them depends on the Then I Would be told: ability of Geller, wl "We are ready now. Write a poem." probably only a passing fa& Under such conditions I would not be able The known physical laws indeed appear to write any- to bend sf. thing but some, exasperated cusswords. Consequentlytimes and the implications of such I would parahormal effects fo have been proved a fake and a fraud. (157) understandingof ourselves and the universe maybeenorrr Geller has drown enough the IV THIE DEEPER. ISSUES 0) PM43 IN PURISPR-JIVE C. attention to paranormal t( some very bright scientists interested. if it takes key spoon bending to get LIS started on a large-scale sciel investigation of the paranormal, the ca-eer of 'Uri Geller useful have served (182) a purpose. When the phenomenon of PK MB is considered in terms of practicalrelevance, aside from philosophical implications foi the What is mote interesting, however, is that I few of the c Par.*IDpiFofje&,PorsRe4-taiNer28O44O3/071?DfGIAI~RDFh96'00'PJ38ROM0043M 1.,,5vorthy of study. lo@ have viewed this whole affair in, a refreshing, ly. figh th ear ted way: Hanton, who remains skeptical.of PKMB, stitt has written: I teel strongly ttiat:tne nex science may well corne not from expensive research by huge tiop and sloppiness are vital in examining heterodoxy. irnpa[- t F-, arriAp and an.t.i-. and smal teams into the interaction of peopte and themselves pathetic to the spirit of science. (186) and their surroundings. Through biofeedback, we now have control over our IV. DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE bodies of a sort that not so long ago was almost universally agreed to be impossible. Negative ions in the air seem of affect our attitudes. And so on. In the past few years, these areas and others such as parapsychology have become less the province of hopeful amateurs and more the area of trained scientists. (183) And sober critic Ray Hyman has written of the paranormal: Parapsychologists are doing much more sophisticated research than many critics and indifferent scientists realize; and if nonparapsychologists took thq time to read the current parapsychological journals, most of them would discover that the field contains a solid core of dedicated, serious, and competent experimenters. Furthermore, it is difficult to read through, this literature without coming to the conclusion that #,something" is there. (184) Perhaps the best stance one can take towards the issue of PKMB and its controversy is at least one that ig not closed. Editorials in two of the most distinguished scientific journals have. encouraged openness to the field, and perhaps it is,the safest stance. In NATURE is printed: The parasciences rylay not yet have unearthed much for which there is a cast-iron case for scientific explanation, but there is ample material crying out for verification, and the lessons learned over the last few years should have improved techniques and procedures forgetting to the heart of the deception/reality question. Now, surely, is thetime for scientists n large numbers to take a more practical interest in these obstinate issues. If we fail to do so, parascience will recede further into the mystic's world and will take with it much of the public's sympathy. Investigation in the para-world is neither easy nor always agreeable. Public interest, however, demands, rightly or wrongly, that scientists come to grips with the propositions being made. And if scientists won't come in with rational attitudes and, where necessary, rational explanations, they can hardly be surprised if the forces of irrationalism take over. (185) And in NEW SCIENTIST we have. The temptation is always to be negative, to dismiss bizarre notions as impossible and unexamined evidence as inade- quate. And researchers who have once invested valued time in a fruitless pursuit of bent cutlery or empathetic tomatoes can become even more haughty than. those who have never been blooded in these woolly areas. Patience and persistence form a better stance. Science must remain open to strange possibilities, even when they come from. the most unlikely quarters. Scientists must remain coot, ant] committed to determined proselytising on behalf of We must consider how best to proceed further, Perhaps continued validation of PKMB is not the mostproductive. Speak- ing to the prolcon controversy Author Hastings writes, These two positions have given rise to a controversy with attacks, charges, and countercharges. The issue is the nature of Geller's abilities. Is he a trickster using magic? Is he a genuine psychic? Is he a person with sorne real psychic ability and who also uses deception when he wishes or has to? I think it will prove better not to draw any of those conclusions, or any conclusions at all on that level. it is too late for that. The argument over Geller has become a Gordian knot, in a tope that we do not need. (187) Parapsychologists Ted Bastin and Charles Honorton have offered us what may be the optimium, approach to PKMB. Bastin writes: I think that, at the present moment, it is a good thing for at least some investigators of the paranormal, with material now coming to hand in an unprecedented volume, to aim to get information about the regularities and shapes that are discern- ible in the material, rather than endlessly to repeat prc@afs of their existence. One important way to demonstrate the exist- ence of a field is to map it out. (188) Honorton writes: There are those who believe that satisfactory explanation of the anomalies studied in parapsychology will require rr:-,-i,;or modifications in scientific theory. This is debatable. What i,@ not debatable is that the anomalies will remain anomalous so long as attention is maintained on "corg-lusive proof' of the claims of flamboyant psychic Superstar,;, rather than the systematic delineation of positive attributes and necessary conditions for the phenomena in less spectacular but more cooperative subjects. (189) However, this reviewer has preferred this -eloquent express- ion by a philosopher., Research into the paranormal is bogged down in the boring question of whether it exiEts, to the exclusion of the question of what it is. Neither does this remark prejudge the former question, for if it does not exist then it will provE impossible to say what it is and we answer the boring que,6or by our failure to answer the interesfing one. This I submit is 0 better method. (190) r MR. SAT BIR SINGH KHALSA, graduate student in neurophysiolc@py at the Urij versityofToronto who atmy requestin 1978 became involvedin theraeticulousam time consuming task of further reviewing tire diverse literature on this topic. Hi tireless dedication to this difficult project has provided much valuable informatio, and he has gained my deep respect. Approved For Re-lease 2,0,01/.03/07 :..CIA-RDP96-00788ROO2000130011-5. 61