QUARTERLY TECTINICAL PROGRESS REPORT I November 1970 - 31 January 1971 Technical progress in this period was as follows: 1) Acquisition and review of applicable reports and data, Z) Prcliz-i-iinary organization of a systematic approach to the problem of personnel incapacitation and 3) Two2 ad hoc evaluations of proposed incapacitation systems. 1. Thirty-eight unclassified and twe:ity-five classified documents are now on hand, covering a wide range of electrical, chemical, sensory and physical -means of restraint or behavior control. Each of these documents has been screened by one or more staff members. Z. On 18 November 1970, a report on an! flashblindness simulation pro- p2osal was forwarded It was concluded that it might not be possible to extrapolate the pioposed simulation results to levels of flash intensity that would be useful operationally. The risk of permanent eye damage at high licyht levels, furthermore, would not be clarified by the tests. The performa.;,.@-,. tasks proposed were not detailed sufficiently to determine their relevance to 2 real situations. Several operational diawbacks of the flash blindness te chnique itself were pointed out, for example, the critical positioning of flares with respect to the subject by reason of the inverse square law, and the limited usefulness during the day-time, 'and the conspicuity of the technique at ni-ht. The short time of effectiveness makes this technique more useful as an ad- junct system than as a, primary2 behavioral control technique. Primate studies were suggested as a means of establishing damage thresholds and performance decrements undcr actual (rather than simulated) flash conditions. 3. On 31 December 1970 a memorandum on the --Inon-letlial clec- trificd net system was forwarded to Unfortunately, the data provided by the manufacturer are not completely e3xplicit. Based on certain assumptioii-, about the device, it was concluded Lliat a) tiiidcr soi-ne conditions the cotilci cause partial ineapacitatioi-i by paralyzing the subject's arms.; and that b) it woul4 be unlikely to kill licaltliy people. Disadvantages of the system stei-i-i from the extreme2 variability of the skin resistance factor -- depending on surface contact area, liuniidity, bocly swkiat, etc. , the likeliliood of the- net shorting itself out, the ineffectiveness against fully clothed subjects (who might even be wearing gloves), and the probability that the subject, even though his arms were immobilized, could still run and free himself 2from the net. The effectiveness of th therefore, is open to question. A rough e circuit diagram of a device which fulfills the specifications of the was prepared. 4. Consideration has been given to a systematic approach to the incapacita- tion problem. There is a spectrum of situations or scenarios in which immo- buization or restraint syst2ems would be desirable. These range from a situation in which there is a single assailant (such as a hijacker) who must be subdued in the presence of a large number of innocent bystanders, to a one-to-one confrontation between individuals, to an individual (such as a diplomat) or small group surrounded by a large hostile crowd, to a full-scale riot situation. Each of these situations has different technical requirements 2 for an optimum.system. Incapacitation systems can be categorized in several other ways. They may be grouped according to the general method used: Psycl-iological Impact Chemical Sensory Restraining Electr9ical or they May be categorized according to the agent employed Projectiles Bases Sound Light Slioclc. wavc Nets Bolas Polymers Drugs, etc. Regardless of what type O' device is used, certain attributes of each system need to be considered, as they apply to different scenarios: Degree of incapacitation Delivery System Length of incapacitation Speed of action Requirement for antidote Residual effects Lethality risk Risk of system failure/countermeasures 2 Range Covertness Suitable for individual (or group) Saf e ty of us e r Size and weight Environmental requirements Shelf lif e Trainin.g requirements Plans for future work Definitive work on a systematic evaluation of1 known and proi-.aising personnel incapacitation techniques awaits a conference withi tentatively scheduled for March, 1971. The following steps will be taken in the meantime: 1) Literature search will be ca rried out as follows: Document Collection 3- Pocun-icnt Library (computer search) 1,N'Ledical Library Library and Medical School Library 2) Schematics for a .-3."type device will be forwarded 3) An evaluation of a patent of an cicctrificd 7projectile will be forwarded These reports are enclosed -4- QUARTI-:RLY Tr-CI-]iN'ICAL PROGRR-SS RRPORT 1 February 1971 - 30 April 1971 Technical pro-ress in this period was as follows: 1) Submission of pos sible schematics for a. ---7type device. 2) Evaluation of a patent of an electrified projectile. 2 3) Coi-npletion of literature search of the followine, libraries: ocurnent collection Document Library i.Medical Library Library imedical Library 2 lpolice Academy Library 4) Presentation of a group of status rg!ports to the Project Monitor 20 April 1971. The items presented were: during his visit a) a general outline of the Behavioral Control Support programs to date. b) a summary of2 the Behavioral Control literature review c) Brief descriptions of several real-life situations and possible incapacitating agents applicable to eac-h (preliminary only) d) Sug-estions for future activities under Behavioral Control Support Project. 'Lhis report was submitted on IZ February 1971. The possible schen-iatics 2 the @are assentiall.y.-- a) -an auto sysctn-L and a DC '&.o DC. An output voL!1,,a.g-e ri.' o-.Ily -@goo vol'Ls is specifieii in the pos.'Lu,'ated (a5 opposed t-o ZZ 8Iccause oi Lhe cxorc,-nely r,.!,@nort life aiicl arcin- problems that would exist with the higher volta(le system. t@ 0 2. U. S. Patent 3, 523, 538 describes an t.-I(.-ctrical shocl,,-producing projec- tile. The projectile would be incapable of producing the "A'alse epilepsy, 2" as claimed by the inventor, would have a limited range, and besides being ineffective it could possibly liarn-i the victim. 3. A description of the literature search is -iven under 4(B). 4. The status reports presented to the Project Monitor will be found in attach- rnents A, B, C and D. 4 2- ALLi-i: A BEH.T\VIORAL CONTROL SUPPORT Clencral Otillint! of Pro,,ram 1. Review Literature a) Police and crii-iiinology c) Patents and proposals 2 b) L\,Iedical and sciciilific f) Science fiction, comics, etc. c) Military g) Other d) International Z. Describe the factors which constitute the generaliz@cd con,'Iict/control situations of interesl: a) number of antagonists 2 b) number of protagonists c) intensity range of hostilities (actual or predicted) d) time scale e) location/mobility/environmental factors f) availability of additional support g) effects desired i) of.'ensive (calm, disperse, arrest, subdue, incapacitate2, immobilize) ii) defensive (avoid hostilities, self-protection, escape/fliaht) 3. Prepare brief, representative real-life situations to serve as examples and help generate ideas: a) Surrounded automobile d) the crowd b) Lo,-le individual e) Pursuit 2 d) The snatch f) Protection of individuals and property 4. Study available and proposed weapons/devices and strategies in light of desired effects and user-criteria dictated by various situations. S. Co.-npile lists of as yet undeveloped devices/weapons and recommend 2 design and bench testing of those judged most valuable. Some possible exa-,r,ples: 2 for similar ageni fo)r rapij, transcutaneous administration of rru@-s b'@ Symc.hrGr@,i7@ed strobe lilhts and sound st-irnuli at. crit-,caA' @r:-equenc@-es c) Varic.K@,s U-ndL>tecta'-w-'Le (or sub-,hrcs.,I-ioici-y insu;.ts Li 0-k)e c 10,v ps-i prait,-ct '@t: -pr 11 d 2 C) Respond to aie i@ac z,equiests, ror c.,ra.LuaLio- cor- .,cepts, proposals, pa-,.ents. c-,,: a) b) 7 c) Japanes:e. pazt.,7t@ d) Others "-gal n,.: 13EIIAVIORAL CON'I'TZOL LITZ.-LZATUi-ZT- ni@-.vIZW To clite, our scircli for bl!li;iviortl c-ozilrol liter;Ature has included the following local libr-iries, all of which yiel(lecl some information: Departn,icnt doctin-icnt library n-iedic;il libriry general library 2 ,@nicclical library 'Police Academy The original 50 documents received at the start of the contract have been thoroughly reviewed by Drs. Those publications, by nature o2f thc!ir pre-selection, pertinence and variety, are still the core of our in-c.-tpacitation literature. Several of them were used in a pilot run in order to devise the evaluation form, shown in At,achrnent A. This form will be used later to provide quick reference to factors from selected proposals and techniques. 2 In February .197 1, all the literature then in our possession was scrccnc,-- ior bibliographic references to other works. A master list was m@Lde. Ifrom. which library searches were conducted. By March it had become obvious which material was not available locally, and those'items rerrainin- on the 2 list were then ordered through t4@! (ZS unclassi-1-4L e d documents) or through Washington (26 classified items). As o.4' April 19, si.%teen unclassified documents were still on order, along with the class,.-.'iod material. The library work also incl2uded a search of card c-atilols and inci@lcos o,4@' n cnt top2.cs, as we a.-7, a searc4'i ot @kit; vf thc@ Icrcali-y avliia.L-,41c 2 Lzlezzlu,-c hzs aLr,@d; --.@c c r o s s - in de-v a: o are @ive.-i- in Attac.".ment- B)- Ti, COaSiSLS Of itcr.,,.S Z7,,, C 0 Coiit-lusions Our literature seircli liis bet-ii coiiil)rcliciisivc enough to draw the following conclusions: turc does not mention any innovative hard- 1. As expected, the open liter.-i warc wl-iic2h could be c-.-Lsily adipted to our purposes. Z. The greatest concentration of publislied material has been in the categories of liglit (flasliblindness), sound (all frequencies), electricity (shock, clectronarcosis, electromagnetic radiation) and chemicals (drugs and gases). Very little open literature is available on biolotical 2 weapons, odor, temperaIture, vibration or applicable psychological methods of incapacitation. 3. It appears tiiat certain gaps in the literature- can be filled only by obtaining classified documents through Was@hincton. 4. The police literature is mainly concerned with riot control&. The police appear to be the recipients rather than the initiators o2f research inlo new techniques of behavioral control. 5. Our group now has a broad and general conception of current incapacita- tion devices and,techniqucg-. The most profitable course for further search of the literature would be to narrow our fields of interest (as proposed in the program for the coming months), and collect in-Lorr.-,at2-@on in those specialized areas. 6. An ongoing, gene ral survey.of published material concerning personnel cl foc%ls or di.rectiort incapacitation will be maintainc&-31A@tu"s ftiturc "3xo.6.g.-arn.. 2- i Rom L: IL' Li Iy '.St-rial No. pi- Doc. No. D.11c: Title ----------- @---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- degrt:c of Remarks: lengiii of 2 Speed ol Actip!i Residual J'ffects Lethility Risk Dependability Countermeasures Range Delivery System 5ize/Wei,,ht CC)vertness Shc-If l,ife Scenarios: 3-tfc:tY/Tritinitig of User Grou,) 7 > )D-btit- .... . .... ... . .......... Attachment B CIZOSS-INDEX CATEGORIES AD iitti-iiber Bibliogral-)Iiy Biolc)gical Central Nervous System. Che2mical drugs gases Electrical Facilities History Impact PI- number Proposal Psychological Restraining 2 Sensory light odor pressure shock sound temperature vibration. Theory 9Tolera.nce[Anticiot R-EAL-.Lll-7I,: SITUATIONS (Diploi-i-iat; Police; Stop and Search) This situatioi-i ciitails one or two individuals inside t'heir car, surrounded c and outnui-i-ibered by a hostile gro2up, in a potentially unfriendly ' nvironment such as a forei,,n country, riot area or inspection checkpoint. The confined space of the automobile can be an asset and must not become a trap. Pre- installed incapacitation equipment can be utilized providing the individuals remain in their own car, otherwise portable equipment would be required. The least amount of force ne2eded, either to calm the hostile croup or to make a "getaway, " would be highly desirable from the standpoint of aood will; tr),ing to calm the group can be expected to consume more time than ryetting away by car from a group which is on foot. Safety for innocent bystanders may be of limited concern. Ir@c.ipacitators Protect2ion persuasion (loudhailer) bullet proofing lures (hand-outs etc. ear defenders dyes electric gtound .s ,@-e Mc h gas mask ,Qcaz, -as; gogales ac-rosol.s.; penetrants independen2t air supply car-too s?-zinkler sealed car 'i. e cx%.i;-..i@uisher sar-, d, heat or smoke r,-Tz"o,.v barrage rnars,. . &,L booms: with oil, foam, srn2c%l-p rotat-ing s ic.@zs car-tc>p I F, L@CIL@-d sou,-,c i,isecis (rele-ased outside caz-). slick grotnJ s,,i:riace. Protection is for the operators; 6some items listed could also be used by antagonists as countermeasures. I-ont, liiclivir!tiil Perli.ips the n-iost vuliieriiile situitit)ii is Lli;it of a single person who ;,n;-iy Iii-,ve citiclet -igait-tmt Iiiiii, witli no vcliil:l2e nor ;ii-iy (.)Ilit:r nuurct: t@i aid, who niust I)rotect Iiii-iiself otitdoors. I-lis imn-iccliate need is'for small, unobtr-,ir,ive cquipi-ncnt (and possibly protective gear) which lic c;,Ln instzlntly utilize and rely on for coi-i-iplete incipacitation of his-assailant(s). If the gei-icral cnvironi-nent is unfriendly, lie may need to rc-usc the equipr@-,cnL. in order to reach safety-- Lic,t,jacitators Protec-tion stench bullet-proof vest si-i-2ioke screen car defenders con-ibined sn-ioke and gas gas mask tcar cas goggles aerosols; slzin irritants inflatable plast:Lc hclmct I inflatable plastic shie'Ad inip.ict balls that break: pocket bicycle s2-i-ioke, stench, LMace darts with dru,-s n't.-irst',n-iallow barrage ta,-'fy pellets niglit stick/baton shock karatc/judo Stun gun bi,, net -Lcil5iesives bolas slick foai-ii (sprayed or hurled) licat-seekin,Q device to trip, tackle in 'Da, r it. z -z- In this 'tilitioti the i(lvint-ige is witli sev(!i-al persons wi-io Wish to I .inca,3acit.ite oi-it! or two otliers, in an oulcloor ciivironnient such as a war Because ilic oper;ttioji ii-itist I)c swift -tnd perhaps2 surre-I)titious, it ZOI'lc. i-tiay well be nocturnal. Protection of bystinders or -,)ropcrty is prob.-t'oly Inc.-tpaciLation teci-iniqucs must be fast-acting, rnay requ-re unnecessary. 4 protection for the operators, a2nd should leave the vi@tim in a subdued but moveable condition. Any devices used should be portable or -- if the location is known beforehand -- deployable. IncaDacit-.itors Protec-tion instant barrier fence beekeeper's suits radio-controlicd barrier with heat, 'tamouflage s2uits light, -srnol,,e, stench ear defenders plastic cocoon gas masks taffy pellets goggles nets, snares, adl-icsives ciarts with drugs water liose, karate/judo do,,s ni,,I-it stick/baton 1 ayes (including inirared) c i-icn-i ic als smoke tear gas ,V, a c e aerosols blo%vn sana, dust swarm of insects soil (7 Beii.ivioral coiitrul of ;t crowd is 1)rc)bibly the most complex siLuaLion to be cozisidcrecl. I)ot(!ntiilly hostile as a "mob". must be controlled btit not I-).-trticulirly liart-iic.-d. In -icl(lition. fringe p-trtit-il);ints rncl -iclj.-iccnt property si-iotilcl be protected. A prii-i-iiry mellio(i of cont'rol is ti-.r ough dispersal of the crowd, which they must retain their i-nobili2ty to some degree. Tccliniqtics of control which allow griditions of int(:nsity 6.1 action and -Ln expan-diblc time fran-ic are recommended. Metlio(Is of control are more lir,-iitcd if the crowd is gathered indoors. Devices should be portable although their deployment2 beforehand may, in some cases, be possib'Le, and pre-inst.illcd devices on official vehicles may be available. Overt technicues have positive and negative aspects: they may intimidate the crowd or they i-nay become tirgcts for the c-rowd's hostility. Selective incapacitation ol'@ tl-e crowd's leaders is an effective technique. The operat2ors in this situat-&on often consist of a large, trained group such as the police; in any case, safety of the operators i-i-iay depend on their protective gear. Inca,aacitators lures (spectacle elsewhere etc. marshmallow barrage runior control/oratory nets/snares louclhailer (pers2uasion - drowning bariicades noise - synchronized sound) dogs/horses s),nc.iron-A:zcd strobe + sound, pulses insects robot rovers that emit flashes, heat, chemicals, sn-ioke, stench, or -@Ora@* j" St Protection e.-