IC4 AW t4 43 Pu --rppoe To7suz&r the Diumter Study, a to study during periods off6ttile@at'r@7 (maba 126). Initiatedi Septqoor 1960 Coettractor: xroz Costi .5.00 Status: Unknm- ........... ... . . .. . 4 cl 2T Sept"ber 1960 MMAWM JWt- C=Vs FMO= DIVISION- vu omear covering tbe-sLbove-subyrDj4q@. Psymut obm" b,2 2 in the 2L55. --tdntraed WChte-ft TOD/ReseAroh--Branth,, 2. fte tbtqk ct!IA t4 throuf,h TSD/b-Aget'-OM64@tp- no later than Tuee4ay* Rtwwko-- sit.04-it is anti*IP&ted t),.at additiqml prloJec,,%,-tbe filea abould not AttacWt Invoice Co-nifi6ium-s-- ICE SEP Orig 2 -AddiWi- 1 TSD/FASS 4E, I4//Iif 11 OCT I @66 AMWOM Apra7l6t- 1962- Summar7@-Accounting of &#k" -908 .26 Trav4l F,quipmnt@@ 2 Mat,6ria3@tand S,67 -134.44 Total exp $4,2231--O-O-- T nt o"h6@expenses as-repoor,ted.-- 2 to- ite ftt@t Eave exam! ned a:@'@ D@@vision Recei,p@t is hereby acki@014ledOd- of- the follo,@(ing check,;.- Offiaial@Ch 20g.-h.41@)69@@@ated Odt6b4r in the ezic.Mt .00@@@awn (og idas L?, ga/asl a 41q 44M eponid 9M jo; t*WTtqo _eq-TTT&ifvm;-IlmollTm 97 '47 eoqv -11@-0010AXIllvau v-si@tm *E &Ok*@oo It-- ou luo -409pwwz tft*M "q*ma Roxt"ov/an 4 -DU *8 tf4 Jo ,,I,Wojdqns-C,AOCP ---'I -"On OOIOAUX oro..dq gaT v Irvuim TI-TO 4wvwau 1 Yu irtoi for &rvloes cminCATIOM@@@ (1) It Le@ berebv -certified-tl:@a-t-tb--is-io-l4Vadd-lios- I t6- out@- project No: 2 that rformanoo Is satief6dt6iyl- that -"Il@ 4L@ -bOd in accordance vith mutual-agnownt4p that Lee* am being ]Xs@ a detailed agqp4o 0 the rite arA-@ft"il@t4@it @4M-fil that this b2ill it@just wA-co-ftifot-thd th rkt -tbi*f*a-h"Lb@W teen me" Uget, -TS-D Date i (2) It 16-bereby certified-that tblig- ib@voloo applles to Subpi@o ct No. 126 of 2 the being c&r-rted-out- LA--ao-c6tdObO@2Vitti:ltbo-wmorandia-of - 13-A@ril from the DGI-i@@DD/A# azA- the extension of- this-autborit-y- ii-i- sequent mozoranda. 1 Date: -15 September-19roO -RECORD MEWRA.N" FOR: TEK SUBJ-6CT MMTRA Subp"jotLU6- Subproject 1 2 6 roved 2 support in part th@e Disaster-Stud:y., k in accordance with the attached-prqpq§414 E@mds requested will 156@-t45@ the salary Of for Viree mo investigator-. 2 nths and t.,4e salary-,, a -Of-fUndS@for- tial-7-77, of a ce retary,,@@@pct@pditare i.Dayment of alary commir, W tk6vidi salaryfr 2 2, -The Disast upon the moreton..@@@ structiv@e behaviorD6f::@i:v-idjual@@ihg7V4Oo@of-extreme-stresso The result"ould contribute-to ophioic-stion-o- the esion2 as well as those g6verrLmp-nt agencies-con- cerned in- th4 U*S. or abroad*----- 3o for security and 66"r-purposes@@ Accounting --for - 9 e4;@Wd -sbalV:2@dWdkt-@Wthe - e s tabli rted pro- cedures of that -organitAti6h@ "ro44"l@@pment has been budgeted for the Mject. cost of;Uit7@6dt-for a period of dd@@ y-e--a--r-- will be $4,,2P-52.Was-indicated in the aftebed b,.idget. Charges should-- be mad t Allotw-nt-1525-1009-19020- -- --- s c ared-and witting of true spqqporsbip.-7@7-No -other@ cleared and/or:i@tting-iW!Yidual&,will-te concdrned wtth--th co-nduct ;of the study.----- unie 9 TSD/M@@ Brancfi A Proposa Distribution: Origtnal v APPROV ED FOR OBLIGATIO OF FUNDS- Ri-swe@aYcli--f)i 4 Date: I* NATURE OF f@,EQtXST's At APPLIZATI'qm IS-KCA"Y HAVC fOR-X7"A.4T-lN ?HC-AMORT OF74kom.00 ron THC PURPOSC OF-COWLETTWO A-AESCAXCW-PAOJECT ON T)4t-fDLLOWI-*O--$2U-tJg DISMTDUWAYTHE T)IER~IC SDCIAL 3YSTEM,.- A Of -SOC I AL7@ADAPTAT ION-TO -0-1-SASTER es THE rumos otcqvcsTco,-,-tr GAAA'FEpi7VlLL DE-VACI>-TO--COMPLIL2IX ACSCARCH-------- ALITCADY IN A-FINAL-14AMUSCAIPT-WHIC)t-WILL@:-(A) SATISFY INC APPLICNa'S PH.00- bt$$tJtrAT16H ITCOUIREMCNIS IN THE DCPAATHTNT -OV-SO2C [OL04Y LtmivtAsiiy SEAVE AS IKE OASE rOR A SUBITANT-1-AL PVSL14AT WITHIN INC UtAlt NTURC 2. R ESEAM KM A. GtutnAL Aim: -TkO--WjtcT-is--Kt*to4T-Tmc ANAI-Ytic-AYWYMC-Si"r-A---- LAItOt DOCY Of 41$tAAWDATA AND OBSEKY-ATUWS RCOARDI" HUMAN ICHAYIO#T- DIIASILRI--WITH PPAYMIM--CWHASIS vmicm "Wm AN 00419TICS-CCVC2LOIV T" -TKc surrrAima--#.osstsl-AMD-" IYATU *f' fl$Atlglt AND TO lttGCP(CltA?t AND 119VIMtRE-INC-IN-SOCt-AL Lirt, Oot or ut St .uiritmt rAtT#-T"T-CX"Gtt raom Am ixytxsivt-kmvixtciqi I vt $Ivey or,L#M;C-IC;ALC-bt$ASYCA"S--UA -THEY PROOUZC-NATURAL- SOCIAL -ADAPTAYTPNS- wklc* "cvtxto ati"yt-*R A*t"oft-Ayt-mAKv-or-T2HC PAT"OL0414AL PCMAYIOit$-W>ft- IOALLY 9XP94TCD UNOtR-CO*OITIO*l or-"cAy@A"its# Am* c4tisise-,-TKW--WANKAL ADA"IVC NIEUANISkS-AAt-U*UALILY-SUB2SUMC"**tA SUCH MOAD A" SOLICAASTY Not THAN TNIY-ACYC Tt(c kg*CN'T RISCAItCl( WILL AlItWT-70-gXPtICATE IN COW* PftiC?.*St$ AX# --SOCIAL ASAPTATI" TO-OISA$Ytlt 'I"IVIDUAL AND TION on. $14ALL-4i**UP DE14AVlOAi7@ TF#CIR IMPLIC foR Tot STVDY Or.Cltl$t$ AN* STR9$3[4 "CVRRINS V%Dt*-14ORt@MORMAL CONDITI *MS $04#AL rUNCTION140. Sptciric Aim*4. Tmc,-m6itt-spcclr-ic Al%# Of THIS-81211ARCH ARE-3ptc1r@ico--_-- IN DITAIL in ATTACHMMY 'A'. 0419FLY OUTLINCO, TH91 Aitt-2 1. To ON- OF COMM* 0* UMIYEASW HOOCI-Or-DOCIA"DAPTATION TO-DisAsyc*-O---T2mis m&tL WILL ATTOWT TO SIPCClft--THE@l$[tVATIONAL--ItArVICIDO@@ASTER--ANO-THC@TYPtgAL Ab'*VITMC*T# TO 01$ASTCR-WlfM-CONTillfUTC TO--TKC D"CLOPNtW-01'-A-2T[4ttAPM C---- SOCIAL NILICV& 2. To o4cumciff -ek@A*oAlrc -A" ittrimc-Twe-sALicmT- tlcmtmrs or-,tmla V"tL BY A MAitt"AL-Yll"f D"UTElt-Pt-IE*KAA--CN--DATA-.--; 3. To APPLY T14[-NODCL--AMDE@ITS-CCR-ttgO-MYPOTHISES TO-"*Rcw'tL AVAILASLI CONO,I.$TgNCY AND-r*000*t$*-Of fiT To PtVELO"Nt:@2IMPLtCATION"r-TMIE NO-09L--IrOR FVVkTHtR-Pg$CAAC14-IN-------- DISASTERS AND OTHER--IrOR" THCORCTICAL FOIKWLATIONS PC- GARDINO Tot RILATIONNIP SglrVICN-PERSO*AL-A*O-SOCIALI@MC&SI-Tht trycete-or C- SOCIAL ISOLATION-AMO AL19MATIO*-IN-C*IffgTPVTING TO MENTAL-ILLNC$lj "SITIV CO*99"10*4 OF 'MtM2TA"CALTN!i---T--I-4--C---N-AT-VRC-O-F I@CVTIC C*W"lTlts AND OTHER "91OL041C AL 9NOWAS$tD-*It-TOUCWgV-@@--- BY TNt KOM YOITXULAT ION C. uocc or 2Okfit::::Siit" 1950@-@-140 -riCLO srucic"r-o!$ASTElk HAVC glix gonuc tto by-S"IAL SCIENT-U$Tg-IN THC UNittO STATg6-AMD-SgVglkAL- foatl$m own"lcsa - Tmiit-t*tLyot STUDICS-OR KAAT*WAXC$P CPIDCHItSo- CXPLOSIONIT Fiat$., rloootp @WitititAxtsi:xjxt DISA&TENSR- SNMT01t"i:I"NADOtl#-TOXICOLOGICAIL 2 KVVff$o AND MISZtLLAMtOWS-OTKEA-ACCIPM$-A"-01-$A$Tims-.! Tmc PUDLION90 AND U"UIKIWCD 940AKNTURCLATtm"o-TMC#g $rJ*ig$-AAE-OCTAILtD-im7ATrACWC3XT- wpm Tmcac DOCUMENT$ T04CTMC* WITH T.14C PR INAITY DATVOII VMICM T)4CY ARE *A$tb- Of-DATA FOR-Ttfl$--AXALYSIS* Tmty VILL St k r -7)4 Us 3.-Sr*itt4itc STUDIES IN VOIRLD WAX 11 ANO fIkOK UMC of HISTORIC# or DISA$TCR. Tme-APPLICAKT NAS.NOST Or THESE PCJT&OMAL RILC. OT$E* ITCLEVAMT DAT"AN SE2-067@"*tD rItON T14C-O~tk-ntitmcm GROUP, I(ATIO*AL AC@OCA"VStt"Ct$-NAMNAL RttfOCH-C *CIL,,-WASAINST(M O-C AND rwm ll(OIVIDUAL litltAAC4( GitOUPUoot-MgjqClcso- 20. MaTmoo or Pooctovltc:-M.,4my_@0"14C To gc-,Kogt"AT 0 .1( OCVCLO"V#Y-TI(C-"I,"CA IN "ffioqs_FAPElk$__ MCAF. MAY9 AL.RCAO MT T"c ESSENTIAL TASX RFJO 41NI*G-Ig-TO-RtflUts-CLA.ORATC "-SYSICMATIIC-TNC89-10gk AND TO *TLATE T14EX DOTH-T"MC-EXPlltlCAL DATJi@or-o-i-s-ASTC$i RCLEYMI2 THEORIES AN"WiltigAA,- STUDICI-IN_, #OCUOL04Yi:7@"CI.AL "YCO40LOSYP--AND--- SOCIAL PSYCHIATRYS; THIS -WIL"r.*Vtitt THE ASSCMOLYS COLILAlriO*$-AND-COW-Mion 2or A LARS9 oooy or. *ATA@-"ox TMt-ti-SASTER-REICAACH-LiTtRATURC AND-FNoN 1149 TmtoetvitAL AND twiRitj"iTtxA-TjRc-ow &Tacos-mo cittsisi ImsorAR AS TIME AND ACONRCCI PTPRIT, DATK2-r*O*-PittVIOIJSLYi-C**COJCTCO Dtlk$TIEA-STUDICS MAY AL90 St ACCOOCO AND YCC7ADUL-ATt""OCJt-TO CVC-LOP ADOI'TIONAL-DATA-RCLCVAKT---- THE MOCL 04 PROVIDE 2 C. Pstvious SENSE.* THE APPLIP.ANT-- HAS 9194 VORXING 0* TNIS-PRO-JtgT-I-INCC 0909AACH 0(4 "OOLE" Or KWA14-OL14AVI@@ 3imci T DATE UltTIL----- vmc "tecxt Timcs w. ENTIRE Pitort"-uo"AL--cAACC"A"gtN--DCYOTCD TO AttiAitClf--- n Tot-rOLLOVIM "SITIO*S:- 2 PEW 3 -NNW IN THESC POSITIONS- HAV9 11CEP4 INTIMATELY ASSOCIATED-WITH-NOS"V T SCARCH,WORK-CONDYClrCD QUITING-- t THE PAST TEN Y8EARSE Tmc rjtt$CNT Al SCARC"00-4 4CT WAS-PARTIALLY --- ADUM"ATCD IN APAPER-OCLIVCRCO AT law -M PUMICATIONS PUBL-@@E"ATS-& APERS Flow Now, el Now- ---"RWW ogdg&"- 2 mw_ -- ------ -- WOW" 4 PRoposF-o OkIDGET.---- Two-THIRDS OF@Pit]-WCIPAL-Ut(VE-&T-IGA 0"-13-S*LA," --rOft-JUME- JVLY AuGusT,, i 96o $1,51'5-.00 SALARY or SECItEiApt--rok 12--mo-mTHs--- I?@@-OL AuiqAV19W MORANDUM Approval--of PdbdA W84POt- Disaster'Stu-av ATTENDANCE -for $4 t 1225-00 to sul)port - pox@@2@Z:@ prinellpal i -Lya6t&Woi."-and- that Of a- secretAry;yv@"PR m v-1flno ^n +1%@@ un 2;@7 The-d:Lsa-s-ter study st!@@@looke -at- more constructive 'behavior of - lncUv-idualt--during-extreme stress* The resultd--con-ceivably@@@ coatribute to inoreasing@@@@@@- -@ll as- heW de@--thos-eL-@@ sopbisticatiod--of-CIAI"kmissibd -during-A;k@ter either governr@erit agencies concerned With aidibg at home or-&broads ough@th tht e 3 -Achanisme 0 A-C Orig D/RB-77::::@@- 1960 June 17, Dear4ok@@-- You will i"u"ions out the pros t to 2 ou"dw it now - ap such support ra:nsltion arry-- -us through a--t pekiod- -may recall--@-m2-y- -expi-a-in rou th arr&nkesents Ye had--mad,"-iih-, 4h9-e a o--r---hi --her original wa- ---- f to-- cote e"rr The- first-y -to pend f-hit--ti -And h ds 0 iAe r complAti4g:-hin-Vork on t agreed to Support him7-- Flo '-" w 2 wd--@e arrangements to nalar :44fXW that tjime. the- -th6@time-durihg utilit*:hi*@6hly-one-third of first y"r-and---t-o--s--u--p-p--o-r-t- our-,P ng -could-begin b@-111,,jiaz up his --tii e -a-i -al 2-g'o- - w h, i 1 e c@,@mpl-o@t@@ht es a D.'.-- Aj is sometiines-the. case with toyonmental,organ- izations, the signals haV6 thanged-.' li&.t-old himp- rather bel*te-dly,--th-a-t--their---grant-iould run out- the 31st-of-M@k@V@@@@-that they-would not be ablt::@@tinue to pa -him-for the balth66-of-th@OC---- 2 year::ae promised.-- figures that he must. spend-tbout throe-*04ths--@idii-&--*dkking at -rate - in - ord#k--to@@l-6V6@::-t r &W= 2 t gL= vaag,.nally outlined for and to pu -d - him:::-into pool-t-ton forbegihaibg-his econ 00 2 phA of data analysis from-whi-dh-ho eventually7-h4p@"-- to produce a book. Kii-@lly this-work c@@stress and cr-isist@06y- be ad*qu*t* for, explainiKo@@@@p@@@@bf disaster, the cour'so of wk wlth disaster-r*"orcb r&t4w 1 a I s, however,--- I have co6c I udod that --Post@@@t- th*orl" -and hypotmtlts (a) social system liwvelo-(b)-Io#d to tho-"I*Cti(>h-of non - rtprovmtatlv*, atypical, or unlo*7**cial facts from--tho stroes of behavioral phtnomena in dl"stec; wW-(c) oott"pohdiholy@-1@"6-iWch-,6f -the total--b*havlor@- In the social f laid at-on ur*)glalr&d -residue, -Tt42-r--o- awars-to bo-a 4*f I n I tt need to--dw* I op f r*sh cvw@cepiua I I zat I on s or Po& I s - wh I ch - or a r*prt"ntatlonal-of-tM--jr"tiidlV---obi4t@vtd Ob*4omene-of-disest*r,. r&tW tMa att tl"-to f6ftC4*"l "star date Into existing NV _pDo@@ _ _ __ #*Ids borrowed volu*s-of disaster studles-in contribut-l*g to-th* social and psychological sclor4es 2 if w4 view such studtol-simply as a ttiting Itoo@@@ pr*--i@-existoot thwl#&. Thty'also prov[do an *xc*ptional-tgportunliy to reform lot* ou,,r basic t struoture about-tho-nature of-humon--b*havlor. -2 Background: Th4-Def iSienSie3 of ProgeoL.Hoe-ls 4. The final papotLvill-detaH-many of tho,spo,-.iflc-dofici*nciet@@------ of curi-ont explanatory "*Is for u2nderstanding social system responses to dis4stor. H#r.Lwo-wtl-L-sltnply,sug 6st some of the major bitut-that occur when to disast*r-matc@ials:- 4.1 I)e-Pothdl2@Lii;_ Th-it--might--b@ii-@tbild th.--"disast*i@---- is h*ll" bias a@d--iti-tak.3 many f6t*s in social and psychological Like the ccr~stnse-concept-ions -of that-th. death, destruction, an4 disorder-caus.d-by disaster-ore-inevitably "bad"2-and-- productive of s@cial@@prsonal pathology-_in the__survi.vors-@@@h7.--fo-cus on pathology tehds-to-obscuro-th.---fact-that disast*rs-m6y also hay#-- positive, adaptive-offocts-in-th. socia"ystem. 4.2 7@@# UP(Voostttil Bias-: - Thi-@@i-ttOor, "normal" state cc quilibrium ist@V@f@ti::the standard by which all b*haviors-ar.-judg.d.-- Any change or deviati&@@-frtk,-this-(hypothotical) standard-.Is-vi*w*d-as--- 2pathological, dysfunctional, bibs-also@takts nuc*rous subti.:sub - forms-.-------- 4 assy-W that ma4 sense of 1 ntegr 1 ty and-st3b LI Lty i s tota I I y rooted 1 n the - un 1 f orm w d patterned life stylts th2at can be abstracted from the hotr-ogn.it Of individual and los's of this standard pattern leads to-gross disorgenizat-Lon-of-p.rsonality- aA@d a strong dosir.Lto returnA"16@@@y as t"y.woro-bofor.. we-- cry b*causo w2e see our--cultvrt-goin down the drain of hist*ry.--Partit0latly when &"I i*d to'yrbon, mass sociOtitt@7thit thgmtit or-phases ob&4r.4oo the many lp4plicit-and-#-x-pA-Icit-i64ftt-of diss-a2tisfattio-o a con f I I ct that x I tt-w I th I d.- @@l 4k-t& i 6 I -iy$tem--66d - to o I n I m I div*rwc. of ihdLv,'tduaL-ar -s*CVL:@@@"tms and-values frcm those-char---,--- acttc@a2ing the totaL-socioL-systoo. 4.22 AI I bohav I or- during and following-the-disaster is-"Ialh" -in terms- of the continuity--- of the pro - xistitvg-social and-cultural syst*m, or -''2the more things cMng4, the mort-thy romin the saaw."@it-1064di--not only to a distor-. tior. in the cha@acterizati6"f--tht-oit.------*-Xls-t-ing social-aLnd-"It#jr I 2 systom but'also:to an ignor lwof sioif ica@nt chmos In- smlal--re-lation- ships and int.rbctions-that--occur as a-rtsult of disast*r,---- 4.23 nii=iitlj- ntort-itif Pial; Formal authoriti'*$-Dnd 2 p"i. with & strong vested interest in the pro - existing systo* of "of isnd control-oft*n,vlow--th.ir-loss-of7tooti@di-of tho-situ*tlon-or chan"s I n the expected patterns of bohav I or as threats to - the I r- status and, hnc*, tend to-p2.rc.lvo--and describe the different or--urexptctod-- behaviors that they see In pathological tems. Th"lass[c xampl* Is the Arvy's concept of "panic" -- invented by-colon.Is--to rstionoliz* ,explain to su2p-riort why-thtir x*n act4,d to6sonably thd rationally In the face of lnedquat.-Itad*rsh,ip, training, battle plans, and logistics. @Ot There are many more subtle-examples,-however-- the tendency of-the- Red Cross and other-form I relief-a encies-to-attributo-Ilholpiessness" to disaster victims-i-n order-to-iustify@-la-"form-of organiz i n which2 emphasizes %,,Iependence-o@i-outside aid; a coffmn ton-dency to-usc:-@s- like "shock" or "stun',-to-explain why disaster-v-lctims prefo"o-deyelop,thoir own informal solutkonLs--rath-er thani@@"ssistance of formal -agencies-- the tendency2 for pot-ice and other control authorities-to give gro!$s77-- exaggerations of th*-threat and incidence-of--Iooting a(id-othor,forms of anti - social t>ehav@iorLtoLjvstify the-continuation of *--form-of organ- ization and method ovoperation which hat littl*-reality orientation - und2er the changed circmstances-of-disaster, etc. This--bias--especially-- intrudes into @tudies-which aee conc*rned-with-the maintenance-of-formal organizational structures in disaster and Which have relied primarily on formal agency i6formnts toe-f-ho-ir data on behavior in disasters.--A com*n specific f2orm7imixh-Vch this bias manifests itself--is the tendency to project tho'coaft@c@and-scapegoating_activity among-formal-authorities into the total social--field-as a representative form of behavior.---- lide-@-r-" T@he ou@tside@observer usually comes to the scene-:@of disaster with-a-meital_ Since the tote@ social field too ehavior--he observes@@-- does not fit h-gs-standard-preconceptions of order- he often tends to perceive and desc ib4e t-he behavior-as-Datho- -There--is--a-cow*2n ca I tendency to pet(.,*ivo-the disorder but overlook the emergent order, to see the dramatic doviot.ion-t>ut to overlook t @e@repetitive and-obvious-olements of behavior. The disttter rt@@ft--of @Xperts o2r-spocial-Ists-in--vari,ous fields are oftort-as-bies*d in-this sense as those-of laymea;7and, in addition, frequently-distort the broad social patterns.of behavior---even more by virtue of a highl)t_soloctive focus of attention-of-behav'toral "problems." 4.3 2 T -i -W F- ELa s - f the conceptua I i zat ions of crisis and %tress focus attention on a particular s*Qment or time_phase of the total pl-oc4ss7of behavioral &d6Dt8tion and make the implicit assumption that this part icular-@segment is re resentative of the whole-process.- When 2 applied to dis6st-or thi off*times-results in the characterization of- behav i or s f ound - i n- a - part i cu I ar t i a* pha so as the - d i S83 ter -reac t i on. - Un f or-- tunat*ly, most:of the empirical research on disasters has-not boon--focysod---- on the continu4>us-study of-the processes of behavio2ral adaptation through tix.*; honc*, the curceri-t-ly-- available data are pbrticularly subj@qt@to th i s i nterpr*t4t i ve - b i as. 5 . Thest-biases@@and the theoretical or conceptual-formulations- from which they ar"er-ived,-ar" ighi'y useful for certain purposes; 2 but they contain inhoront--Iimitations for undorstanding@@@ning------- the process by.which social systems overcome-the stresses and disorgan- ization of disaster and regenerate their social life.. Th4-Mic@i@os@6pic-_- oxwination of behavioral-,,problems" in disaster often times blinds 5 us to the fact that disasters produco-not-only-destructive, disintegrative- effects, but also reconstructive- regenerative huren responses.--TKe6j4K&Ut history tumen to-cieties have been subjected to devastating destruction-from -4 disaster but,@with-minor@Ltxcoptions, they have always been reconstructed It is difficolt tc@:find-a-single case-in history-whor# a r*lativtly--cQoplex social systen@i has been Oestroyed -by disaster alone. be considerable evidence-to support the general validity of Toy@nt@"Is---- "choliengt ohd@rosoonsell thesis that those societies which havt-oxd*rionced disaster have not-only proceeded rapidly to recoup their-l2oi$ts, but have also achievtd a-higher level of integration, productivity--and croativi.+y than they had prior to the disaster.. On*-of i47i@4qlfil:ont-qvostions- that requires m6re-detailed oxplor6tion, therefor*, and-why do human soc2ieties-recuptratt so rapidly_from the destructive effects of disasters? Tht-mdol-to-be developed w-ill attempt bution to th@s I -broad question. It will take an-antithetical-point-of-- departure from-thos* theoretical and conceptu2al for"lotiorts which emphasiz* the destructive-artd pathological processes and results of crisis and stress. It will consciously be biased by a focus on the reorganizing rogttorative, and revitalizing-machanisms of social adaptation to Oisoster. TW <10 neral-Chare4eteCil Cs 6. The model to be developed can be-character.iz-t@L-b@y the following__ general term 6.1 Ideal ty2* i.e., a-hypothetical orillas-Lf" contttvtt-@ ,nhic,h att"tta"bstract a numter of cri-fical ess c*3-from the stream ------- - of boaviocal flux-in-disaster, and which is unlikely to oxist-in totally pure form in any-particular event.- 6.2-Itiivylor_ttl_ --- inn tthnt sense that unique fea2tures or outcoms -.iiii largely b*-neg I oct*d -i n f avor -of s i s - on changes wh-ich are basic or common to-a so-.iot catog;@@and in tho--S-emso-that-it-sims--to cut through the dLf-Uer"a of cultural--#- Iaborati2on in-its-search for@- connon behavioral phonc4*na. 6. in the sons* that )ts-value is viewed purely in totons:@o"tt abilit- I-*Td-t44t4tlo--oeboositions or hypotheses 2 y to y4 which improvit-our.und*rstandihl and-control over th* phonogwo-undor-obser- vation. (Or"in moro-down - to - earth forms: far can-you run with this model b*for#-Lts usefulness is-exhausted?) 6.4 $222ial-- 2s)tcholo_qic I -- in the sons*-that its primary focus will b;e-on-the-exp*rience-and n*aning-of-dVs-e--ster from the point of view of the affectet-ttfors-as the r*lato to social phonor*na. 6.5 Sociolooi2'cel -- in the sense that it views-the-tehavior of I- -7t-h-4i@c-on-t*xi of the larger 4@&dia the actors withtn I -iystt@m and i s -concern*-d----- 6 with the lir..kages.b*twson-lat,go scal*-syst*m cotgon*nts of behavior and w*llor sub --syst*m components. Duf -1 n i t i On 2@f- 7. for genoraii:::or-!*Mtation6i purposes, the foll@ovi(vg dofl-'Iitioti of "disaster" will be us#d: an *Ytnt. roncentrated in tift and_Ua@s, in wh i i;h_l §Rgietym or- a r*lptivtly S#lf - Sufficiont subdivision of a. witty, mnd*c2@,os s#vore danaer and incurs--losses-to its mwb*rs and- Its- Rhysif&i appurtinancol7luch-thAt-lho social Itructure is-disru2ted 0!19 the fulfillment-of all r of-th* os$onffal functiong of the society is proventliL.@@- 8. It should-be-noted-that-this-definition-places omphasis-on-- events which dawgo-and discu;k@.the-systems of biol22gicei survival, (subsistence, shelter, health); order (social rol*s, cu.iturat norms, authority patt*ens.- division-o"abor, iDa-(Yaluoz-shered definitions of reality, comunication mechanisms); and r"rodoction, izielization, g@ng-motivation - if an event is disrupting to individuals @t-I functions-of a-society, or sm I I groups but does-not- i.nvolyt- f"So- Vl- a it may h* constder*d-a crisis-or-an-accident, but it -the t#r"-- used her#, a diiaster. Dip 0 _at,tr *I a fgfm 9. Pi@ch of-th* thinking about crisis and iteoss sss"s@ia-kind of linoar continuum rangi rom minor-to major, small to-lar -w. I. Thoms, fdr-*YANI*-dtfi2nod "crisisli-b@@ly as &ny-into;ruption of habit and rangq4=jW-vorious types of cci4i@-@@ttnuum from ooomtary individual-intii@4-tions of attention to widespread social catastrophes. ThisAyp,,N of thinking is useful insofar as-it-#2ncouragos-beha--- viorat scientists-to-lo,>k fo"imilarititi ind-differonces among the different typos'of c-ri'sis-or--stross.-- ing-Af -the addit-i-onav--- becomes mislea2d' assumption is C44#-that-M#L"ings-dorived from one form of-c@isisL@@ oxtropo I at*J v i thout change to -other f 6nn -of er i s i s. TK" it4@dt:4*tta.00 I a- -from tion of findingi d#riv*4 from-clinical-studiti, ,s" II-- scale- expor i mmts I I y I nd",ed cr 1 ses f rom i nd i v i dua I f an i I y crl "s --or-f rom "44C41d#nto typ*:sltvations to disast#rs accounts for rany-of th*-sorious--------- 2 pr*Jictivo and judgmental errors that have been mod* about t4hav i or -;,n disaster. .10. it appears ustfui-to@@ @qj"ro* different reforentibl cont*xts within whi-ch-stress or frovoo con c>ccurt -(a) ihn-in2tbct, ongoing (undisturbed) slociat-,tyttee; (b)-an accident - struck- (partially disturbed)----- #yate*; and (e) a-disast*t --struck istvtb#dl system. -Th4ro are various dir4n&tons-olong-which these three cont2*xts.may--bo distinguished e.96, the d*gr*i-to which the pain,-Injury, or punishg* t can be.viewed as (>ri%:inoting within the system and corrospo@nd with pr* - *xisttni--soc[aL-L---- distinctions ao4-confAlCrt$; tho-extortt to-w2hich existing-social-a-id cultural solutions can t4 readily applied to tho-titottiono the O)cttnt to which the phencwoia of lo;ss and-individvol sfiff*rirtg can be hid frQ"blic-scrutiny; the size of the social-unit within which pain and-suff*rlng-is-shared; the extent to wh I t"t e,, I arg*r soc I a I syste!,5@ r&(:@ogn I zes th*,suff*riN-of the victims by co"nsatory changes in the coward structure, etc. -Behaviors__-- In an accident --struck system-may-bo expected f6 Mfor somewh2at- from those occurrilig-irv resppnso-to stresses and losses within an-intact, #very- day life, coii text- but--for present purposes the distinQtions-er*,somewhat irctiovant b*tauseLthe@Looneral societal context romins--ossentially the Sam. The onsuing discussion will be concerned primarily with the contrast between the d@isaster context and-the other ivo-contoxts. 11. Thor* is@@consl&rable evidence to suggest that-the-irs-itial, irmdiat#, or romntary individ"I-Md -sre-I I - group- reactions- to iUddtri---- changes in th4-onvironment at@-roughly comparable from on# form of crisis to another. For--examos@,--the initial petteptions of disost*r victims---- -- - the tendency for attention to bo-narroved, to assimilate-dissster-cues-to ------ a nocm I conttxt, to act in terms--of- the imm-6dibt4@-p*rc*ptual field -- at* closely akin to those tdv"-in othor-forms of crises*--t responses to 'Sit2uations,-of-danjo@r:@ loss also stom;to be roughly com- parable -- e.g., the fee lings of shock, numbness, end dis6*liei@@4 in fami ly b*r*avwent-havo-i-nt*rosting p_pral leis with of disaster victims.-:::At -is-posited here that this- commonality or I ikoness of- response from one form of--crisi-s to another-is rooted in the fact that-thd------ basic r*ferontial-.framwork s the framework of the norraat. ongoing social- system. The tulturo--Porsists so l.on, 2 9-a;-p-people can continue to view the phenomena of disaster-as fam"t@-@pecttd phonomQna-wtvi-ctiL can be dealt-- w@ii-I.-. by pro - established behavicz,,ii-patterns and which-have-refe2rence only to the salf and immediate eg@l--,--i-nvolved--assoc-iatesv--As-scon-.as the-- danger and destructiv4-fotas of i.@ perceived as-vastly transcending the-se-if-and tht-pri#@d"ferenc* groups, however,, 2a rapid shift in the eefetential-and@@vational framework of behavior occurs. This shift coincldes-wlth the r*cogn-iti6h--that-the intog and con- tinuity of the-socl*ty--itsolf -- the social system which provides the und*rpinnings'vithout-whickLth*:@Mny social subsyit-"s-carLtLot-corit-inut to@@@ exist -- is thdan rod. FCc4i-thi*-Oiht on, we begin to so# a stop function or ginoric chango-in responses to_crisis-or stress----,a chang wh cannot be cccgtot*ly under2stood in terms of about the pro - existing systect-or-Wttrms @a"nb*@l-odg eactions-to stress, trausa, and privation which has been d*rived-fr-om--n-on- a-@i-saittr- *vonts. Er*r,(I*nt tsoc I oty of Suf f 4t"" - 12. With the recognition of tho-tCont@endental@quality ofthe disaster effects, thor*7#"rgt;@;@socioty of suffif*rc" who" r*mborship is recruited frco the fortuitous-in-volx-omnt--in-th*-don"2t@ privation&--imposed by the disest*r agent. is omrgent_ soci_*ty--dovel-60@i Ah-interactional-system uniquely its own ---e-system-which does not-bay* primary-reforenc# to the py-o - *xistirl'o system but-to-the situations &nd experiences produced-by the- disaster. Bath its-w*-Abership and interactional pattern W*rg* in the process of individual.and collktivo actiyity-aimtd at-tt"hending and coping with the effects of the disaster. -It-is this--tmrgont unit which will be 6 tocusod upon in the development of the model-suggostod here. -7 13. Th* iw*rgonc.-of -this "society of suff*rors", Is positod-as--t universal foatur.-ot-disesttrs where tht-survivors-art p.r-mittod to r4k*2 an uni"ded social adjustw*nt-to--th* 41-tttW effects - its p*rsistonc. in time and total-offttt-in-changing the pr@@ txist*ni social---systom---- or* varia6l.s power of the disaster, the potsibilitV@of-continUing or rocurrerit-deftior of similar magoitud., and by th#'power of remaining *<>cit*L-compontht$ to suprirq>ose, Ithor th*-prt - existing system or a variant system otv, 2 the merg.nt s(>Ctety@77in neral, h-.@@r it is assur*@ that th-is---- socl*ty will xist-in-pot*nt-and-act-Uvo form long enough to rinstat. basic socittai;funttion"hd:bthiev* at 1*6 t minimt_t 2 among its mft*,brship.-- (it my and frqu.ntly dos continue as a less potent associationaL@oj:L-i-d"tifidbtib6@61-Vnlt long after this time.) 14. Th. tharAg.s-in-struttort-@And forms of int6raction-adoptod by-2 this society of suffot*rs tt*--potittd-ei-b@>th individL-t*IAY and societally th.rap.ut I c I n' nat-U" amd-tf f @'t I n -ih4, -- -- -- - - -- - Y. 2 t- --p*rson*L-and-social oxis ing_ conflicts that-otght ndanor-th.-prestht-bnd future continuity of social life. 14.2 Att.nuat* or-pr.yont the usual 2 and smil - group--rospons.s-t67-d"q#t@:tteuma lots and-privation 14. 5 R"uc. or prvnt - s. I f all("tl and ant I - soc I -0 I behavior arisim!g-@@@@@6WIit@d-sOd-by th.-disaitr. 14.4: Rt@@mot-LV&-tt-t-h-c--act item -to devote their .otrgies to so-clotally reconstructive-and-roo#Aof*".tasks.----- raglyt I S Ado2t I vt -NIOA_n.LM- 2 15 *-- Th. iho-reput I c . I O"hts of soc i a I - adaptat I on-to d I so sttwr are usually subsumed-umd*r such bros@-rubritt7t",tociti:solldaritytl and *moral.," bvt these tems-have been us*d in-such -a gfqbal and static nnn.r 2 that fh*y-obscure many of tWliobttMt--Oh#A@*"*-and-processes that cca*pcis* them -Th. dovlopawnt-of -th.--K4s4mt-mod.1- vi I I - involv* an at-twpt to -specify In sosw dtail-both the s2ituational foaturos-76f- dl"st*r and il,@.-typicol adjust"nti to disaster that contributo-t6@-th. dtvolopment of; a-th*rap*utit social ml I letis F@@V-0-s-nt purposes,- these fe2atures hay. be" transtat*d Lht6-x*cKa-nit*4::@@tation and or..,- broadly outliniid as-folicus: 15.1'Tho swrc. of Oalh-end--sUff#rlho:IC§kj*ctified and spkifi.d as sbethin2g *hick-is *xternit to on(i byond the of any Individual wainbor of the system* It is dfint-d as sc&wthihg Rout thr." rather than "16-h#r*."- W --- d-ifining the causative as objectively --Speclfloblt "t1hi ns" In the *xtornol onv-tronw*nt, anxi*ty is conv#rtod-to-fost--6,id-humo-.norgy is fr"d to d.&]Airoctly with the feared object. (8*touse the threats and danQ*rs-from-disaster come from outside existing soc_ial and personal systees.-an-intograted response of th*-syst*m _qMa systom-is-facilitatod.-)-- 2 co-p*-with the fear*d-- obj*ct and its off*cts-art-trdnsiat*4-irtto clearly - definod, objective acts which ar'D withift the-capabiliti*s and resoui@'-cos of the humn-actors. (B*cau" r*mdial-noods@@in-;2-o'is--a-ster are ifnporatiyt,'and clearly sptcif iable i4 the exter-nal onvironownt, consensus on needs an-d-mquire@------- ments for need fulfiliment-i "apidly and readily achieved.) 15.5 Thoiw4 -i-s-6h!impi !cut @r"nit-ion that tho-most-*ff xwth<>d of ovei-c d4§@(@iz@6tion and achiovi"70#f*@Aol reintegration an4-stat>!-LLty-ihVoiVts a chang!k_of the system within which the actors-7p2#rform rather than changing the actors-individual-ly. The cec*dial a*asvtos,- in-other words, are viewed as a-coH"tivt---- responsibilli-V, requirtng-change in the collectivity as rather than simply -anl-ifidividual-@@--@"I I I ity. As a cons i quencre of - th i s r-*cogn i t 1 oni- - the "norma Ipro i- crisl"oclol system und*rg6os@-ubasic-transformation, involving t@,9, following -Chan 15. StIA"al d-h6t'ft which-ars- discordant with-prosoni@@lifo-condi-tions are sioughod.off and.yiewtd as irrtltvant: to tht=-s[tuattO@-N4iCAObC44d@@atv*s arts#-to-fit-- the present situational--itoeiitiVi@@2TK4--blankin"t of-post and concerns fr"@-human-onergy for a concenttat4d-att"k on present problems and p*rmits the actor-to-wasurt-h-Lt@@c-ts--against 'standards-which or* clearly adopted to present and im*di6t* needs. Thi"teik"hd- itowdiat* foodback-sitva"o6-pr@>ducos-a--s,6titfVing--tOnso-iiof-unity-of th*-- actor with tho-systoo.- distLnct-Lont--- 15.-32 @@)CI $T-L and constraints to social mobility--aro oliminatw -6-nd inany of the sources of sui@h in the distribution of §66" serviii@4-s,-and-bth*i@-@ib-l*--irevards)fe42Ltempo- rerily r*moyed. 7TK#ro Is a ii@@1-11400bo@tiibtion" of the social structure and the d*volopment-of a system of societal rewards-bastd on a@chiov"ont rath#r-thsn-,Sscripti6m. -What-a--O2*rtd&-does-for@--th* prosent society, rather-tha6 what he represented in the-pro existing soc-isty, hocco4s the b&sis for jun-ly ovtntuat*s In the-roconst"cti of-th*-f4@di*t"-ut sAso-16Tjp&hy-cas*s@@ 2 enables the soc[tty-to or-his" a-hlgmr level of lnt -ration vitality and prc4vctivi-ty than it had rebound'' effect can b*,attribut*d-to.the persistence of 0 noms, and forms-of soci&-L:-Ln-t2eractitA@@*IOW doring the w*rgiii@y period beyond the point vh*r* they or# n#44*4-to coinstituto,the pro - existing level of functionlng --- or,, In-oth*r words, to-tho-institutionalizati6n of some of th* c@4mg*;E@@@d by the disaster. 17. it is postutat*d-that these mochonism-and-changts appear In ac-cietat disast#rs of all typ**, but that they achlov*-their-maximol--- dov*lopmnt ii-disest4trs-vhith strik#-I-ndiscriolh6htly and-unoxp*ctedly, where the thrfats and-dangors ,-ero-cl*arly p*rc*lvabi*:and spocifibblo in the oxt*rnal environment vh*ro the danger$ and destructlyt off*cts con be attacked by-slmpl*, dir*ct, ccmbatlvt action by@th*-g*Aor*l populac*, where the atcc"_IisM"t of meliorative eind.r2*constructivo dsA tasks does not:invo-Lt* obvious mortal r to the ectors, and where ocess of'adaptation Is -by- orc*ful the PC @not lhtorf4r4d 2witii the f superimposition ot-art--oxtran*ous form of authority tnd@or nization. 2m ADOIIC 18. For purposes-of e4tlity-testing,--this model and.its-deriv*d Implications cetvbo -appi 2led both (a)--td@-tbe comparison, of.ditait*r- behav,ioc---- with b*havioc in-othtr f*rws-of crises and stress; and (b) to the analysis of behavioral phonmtna within 6--diittter framework. TK#-following paragraphs - suggest some of the hyoa"ot that tth be used in r*flning-ond testing the model within tboso--two-f-r-&-m"o-rks.- I ith p ILon of g.:-Iast#r 20ses w .2nies-to gib2or-F@@f-CEilL tress 18.1:Thi-w<>dol sugglsts that the bthavior of members of the----- society of suflor*rs in disaster will diffoVff6k@tW P*havior of victims who suffer--comparablo kihd"f loss or pr2ivation-in-# non@------ disaster contekt.- Tho-diffor*rwas suggested iftlVdt--tho-fol-lowiLng-. I$.-ii-eet-ater probability df-spontan*ous rwvssion of pro existent nturotic ohd,ptychosometic sym2ptoms.: :I$.-t2 Los;er tond*nc to deny the existonco-of a crises. -ove-would onabi.9-a-test-,of this hypothesis. 19-11-8y:Y!Ov*-of @oysical ii@cb@pd-citation:@or-other restrictions Qf opp<>rtunity-foe@- intora tion and -towunicaUtoo-with-- in the con ra -f io d other victims, Oeople located with@ t I interactional I may hav2e differtiit--d*gro*s of txposuro to the therap*UiiC UXiALtY. Insofar as thes.o-restrictions adhort to social roles (o.g;, wives-with-young-depondent children; the aged; etc.). wt may exp*ct p@rsons Qccupyin -thftC-tOl2ts to hav*--Io-s,s-oxposu to the therap*utic offects--@@@y-of suff*fet t", consequently, to *xperience grea,t*r-di-tficulties -in assimilating the disaster txporionce and restabilizing their lives. 2 y, 19 12 idin-9-1- the greater th*.froquoncy-of contact and corinu@ @ea'rt-6k@VM nt"t6us other d 1 saster v i et i ms-,-- the groater the expect*d -th*r*pW_i c_ of f bft *Lgg2r&ti62h- ooted by-Outlide gpAtc2l; Relief, L and &P&§bilitatio6 AOWies 19.2 The--chongo in-norms-and values In th* society of sufferers often 'times-goes-unrecognilod or--u62*valu*tod by-outside w_@*n4 i es, who att"t to at*d by the society of sufferors is a majbc-@-sou-rct--of- nootiv* r*spons* ano potential conf found in disaster populations. S2i thtr* art usually numrous-outtido ag,encies which'* I ,9*rat* in a given disastor--and these ornci.es-oftth- hdvo contrasting or.difftc*nt forms of-6e§*k@@@@s,of-,operation (00900 Pod Crois vs.- Sa4vat-ic-n Army) Wt-f*-bi-*--601>ortunities to test the hypothesis that outside ag*nciot will gain moro-roi>ld and widespi7ead acceptance of tholr--ocganizations and methods if thi@-odapt their ttrutture 2 *#4 Pod* of op4r*ticqv--to tht omrgtnt norms and sfrucfur*-of.--the society of sufferers. )4oe* specifically, it li--tuggottod that di"ster@@@ societies tend to judg* Iho od*queey and offici*6@t"f-outsido ago1ncies-by_the extent- to which those:agoncies' mod*-of, opqration-. 19.21-li-fl*3c!bly dOslgned-t.6-cover a vido@-range of needs, from si"lo acts-of owtional toossuranc*--to-th* r*plat*mnt of material losses;-- ig.222.- Assuw*s- x s n o a- I and comonality-of- suffOring-a--n-d-d-o as- not -*ttomt t t fine distinction% in degrees of loss or suffering;------ ----oxi-S-ti-n-g---so2-cial--a--Ad-culturat -dist'uyct-Lon and background characterist-i@M:Ajid-A-t-@bbsed -so-Wy--on disester@@nduced-noeds. 19.24:111--s-- -idi- dmi i to -d ith inimal-dtla@ 2 - cap y a n s re promise and delivery; 19.25- Plac*$--omphosis on basic surv (intorectional):@V41OW-rtth*r@ thW-p-rop--o-M rights or symbols of wea lth-or statutil 2 fo-tho- @190-26---Is 601@vered dirocfty victims and-off" indiscriminently, rathoc th*rL-t*qv,irin -initiative action-on@-@@t-of the sufferers or-Iltosts-of72411§_Wlity". p*tione 1,Lcontool@--tobt -a@dm t n givers and rocoiv#rs 19.2 --- is-accomp@@hiod-by 44r&ssions of intimate-- 2 I person& sentiments, utiliting the dit4itt-- - did--- ti6nal torminolog)@ emplo d y ,_can_t _-emo- yo b disaster sufferers 2 y iVff*titi:j"j@@if-their own needs-- and to ut I I I ze: the-& I d-i-"he 19-- von 4 - -- I s v I t 4--lln-o2-s t r-i n7g;-, -a tt a c.@ o d, 11 no f orm I I s t i c ritual of giving,----and no obvi6ut--att if-the act-of-givfng for OUtSidO PUCPO$030 Jim sum, in the LLiitlyA 19.4 It-is assumod-that-tho devolopmnt of tho-society of suffer- ors reaches its fullest expression-li@-the wmrg#fi@d imediate post-- emergency restorative p*rl6d-(*7oWod t4O(@--I"t-for wo*ks, months, or yo*rs, 2d*p*adtng on--tho i"* and d4@iteijttiVo-chara-ctiristict-of th*-disiitor). As the basic functions of-th*-socitty bo@cor* restored and as-moro and - Moro v2ictiws of.-stbbility the pr-ocoss-of social difforontiatio'n returns *Ad the solidarity of -th*-society of sufferers gradually- disintegrates ;or-loses@--its-potoncy.- Coiftidino wi-th.--this shift,,- the besf@- 2 Contextual roforoncs--thifts survival and recovery to more lhdivid"I!M--t@@-with motorl@ol--symbols--- of status, frco conctrns-with the prot"t-to concornsifor the future. When people b#gln eo --evaluating the3ir loiscs gains---and futuro-prospocts within a more stablo-or "norm L"ramwork-of reference, many of the more common sources of anxiety.-ili*nationv_p@o conflict wey r*appoar. 19.5 The -that-octurs in disastors-is In - -damocratizatidh most cases, a domocrat-Lzat@@@personal-sufforing-and2.srv7i*qualizatio@n- in the distribution-of survive-l-@L"sourcos;-it is not-usuall.Y a democratization of the means of 'roduction or the real (proptrty)-w*alth of the society. p The relatively p4r-"orm f ratic, achiov2emnt - oriented society cannot be sustained b*c-ause-tho-pre - existent sources of social distlnct,,ion.and,------, differentiation etmaln (Ibtthtly) imbedded in-tK-9-s"tem. 192.6 1t is-postuistod that many of-th*-p*rsonal arid--social conflicts that fty post - disaster- adaptation phase take their point of departure from th#-tbiitt4tting-char*ct*Ctst-i-cs of- social life in tht-society of sufft2tet--bnd-th* differentiated social--Iifo which develops in-th*-r*turn to the norms and valuot of on-equilibriatod society. A kind of lfpar6d!s# lost" dittfthd@htment and 4i*l"l I 660*ht #4v sot2 in as people r*al-lz"hat th*-"tWyiWg@@i W-in intergroup and @, @ as they see the @,a I ue s intocp*rsonal solid&"-at*!-boginning to disal>poa and norms of soci*t&L-u" bhd-tooperation-ihtr*bii "ly r*plactd by values and norms which 'rowar-d act"f stlf - ag"dizemnt and-*,ocItLit6OWitidn.---- 19.7 it is-hypoth*sizod that the rot-urh to ttabilliod'-forlas of,,. social life will hay*-&ALf2ftrtn oups-and-individuals, 4*p4mding on ths' *xton["o-vhl-c the benefits and tovbtds-deriy*d from the society of sufftr*r"nd-tho-ti*tN -structur* of post -idisastitr--Iife2 offer sourc*s of In-Jidious comwl%&V;@@Socifically, It is-hypothesiz*d that.- t9-71- Personal-end 4 conflicti--,(aihd th*tr-w-relativ* subjectiv# *xpr#sso'ont2-of--rs"ntmntl hosti-lity,--disi -11(islownt, alienation-, s*lf - ostrang*ftnt, tte.) increase progressively (ovet-Ith4t thbrbcteriztng--- the thor Wutic 'soclety) in--tho-pt2riod fcliowiho O*bottl soclOtbl--rtcovory, and are f ound ospocia I I y a" 1 nd I v I dua I t end -Itoo@@t-Who ach [iV*4 nott-@@-- and 'higher statu@s,-prosti , or feelings of security &Ad porsonal-worth-ih- the society of iuff#t4ws, but who lo" or experience 4 r*lati-vt this status, prosti , or -- security lh--tho-sub",q-u-ont rsturn to-nocft-L-I-if*.-- (At the op*ratione"ovol, thit-sL2Wests a careful look:at minority-group end lower class '**atbwa v-vl"tlr counterparts-and;tot the Individual level, at cases of---Individuali-'*hb-bthieved high prestige as a rosqlt of heroic "tiviiy-or- 2t P*roo4%al sacrifi m in the disaster, but who do not havt-tb6iktnd-@bf s6-c-lal-tbl#-in norft I life which allows them to susto I n @or ewto I I tC@Oi-th 1 s prost ige t9-72-TtW7sp*cifl@@-obj*cts of-n"2ative -oppra-ital or r#wtxont r4y V;a;y widely in-my particular disaster, but-ono-selient category of svch objects-wt-!-l -be -aq*nts of--tho old (pr*,- di "stfe) order (persons or gro4ps) who hey* r*t&14*d ih*ir r2*lativo power-positfoh, b4it-whoso--- present (Kot -'disast*r) posttl&@-bf-ito@@ @ prestige was not volidatc-- durinj the e"rg*ncy period by_tho society ofsufferers.- -indivi 1 a-riso in------- 19.73 als and groups status as a cont*quonc*-of their partitip4tiw In th*-sqcloty of sufferers and who have a Substantial base f or conso I I dat I ng or cap I ta IILftg OA - this new status (in the form of orofessional skills, own.ership-of busir@"$-#- continuation of imwrg@@- ro Ia in normal w*rgoncy or4oizationsi- etc.) in the post - disustor-so,;iety will usually be@-a4l*-to retain their newly - derived.statu or achieve "rub off" voluo-from it. -0664"Wtlyp -may expect people in this catogory to manifest-loss persotal-conti-ict greater f**Iingt of ld*ntity and othor-p(5ilti-v--*-*-Ya-l-y-at-ivt-artd-attutudlnal responses than those@-wkose newly-- gained statuses have,not in the post - disastor,society. (At the operational lov*l, this sugge 2ts the possible val.uo of--a--comparison of youriglmiddl_o - aged -"Ies who have played an attive cote-iti:::roscoo, r*li*f, or r4hbbilltatlon-act-Lvities, in terms of their Ossessioh or non@- possess2ton-of public rot# -whi h permit capitaliiatlo"f d' statuses.):. Work to bt QM9 on-Model 20.- lnsofe r a -the available timo and resources ptrmit, work on the model will involve the following in order of priority): Model 20.1 F- laboratibh--t"-rofinor*nt of the model including urth t documntation of-saltwat-tl*mnts of the model from nur4rou"i 20.2 fvtthor--optrational specification of d I s t I n2ct i on sLL6h*r#4t-L in model and of hypotheses r*lovant to model testing. 20.3 Aoplicati6"f-inodel and derived hyootheses-to-curr-ently available di"%t#r---VundiLngt to test-l"trbl consistency, and "go2odness of fit." 2D.4 MDreA lf!C tosts of derived hypothese by-.- 20.41 Tobulotion of *xlstihl--tbd*d dat which are presently not tabulated in f6tkl-r*ltv"t to the model-. (Etofia$is hot* will 2be placed @n@some of the mor* salient or criti'ca--I@hypothoses and on the mr* systeriatlc *xitt@ing studitt, especially the NCK7hti(Msat-study.) 20.42-S*Utttivt---e*--- analysis of_existio -tnterview 2 data .9 - - from various ti's-id-studit t d*vol content ca@@ @ which have not betn categoriztd oc-codd in *xisting analyses, but which cirt prov-ido--- useful tests of hypotheses sug sted 2by the model. 90 20.4 [Fe-c-tion of additio6al dot& to,fill major gaps_in content categor@ios-rolov*nt@to-th* mod*l. This-way tO.*-two possible forms: 20.-43F777Assf7tbly-and analysis of previously coll.ct.d data Which are r.lovant-to,tho,-Modol, but which have not boon brought Into a disaster research perspective (e.g., followup--interviows with Hicoshimaland Nagk@@ survivors co"octed by We Atomic Somb-Ossuel@ty Coffaission, misc*tlantous struck coommities and societi#s, etc.-)- 20.432 Sri-of flttd trip$ to $-Itos-of-proy4ous2- disaster studi*s-to colltct-f-o-il-o-w-----u-p--data--(i-n-c-iuding-p*rtin*nt statistical r*cord-dat"d--Iiit6-ev furnish information on parti.cular-problems p*rtin*nt t6 the mod*l). 2Qfvolpoing the ImRlitati6ht oflht --I 20.5 Tb* results of th4@@rk-accowplishod in mod*l-build[ng and testing will b*-transi-at*d-lnto: 200 i 6@di 2 other fones of crisis; 20.52 t ica! -fo"ir!6us -- k - it@6@@"h46e t @ -impli- ations sociological and-sociaL-- psychological--- -bi-- -@ie*as-encoMassed or touched 2 pro-- em by the i*dol formulatio6@7including:---- 20.521--Th*-relationsivip beiv"n p#rsonal and social stress; 2"2Z::@@@@46aiIA4o tat 1 on-an alienation in omtributin to r*nt2al illness. 20*525@@ llw*ntat h#alth"; 20 524--Tochniques of soctotat-or ectanumal th*rapy (the "hor6pouti; cogaunity" conc*p-t),- 20,525@@@s::@2i"StNflcnal-tzat-ion and goe 1 a I tmN*. 2,D. 55 Tho-statow*nt--oL-aajor,@*licati6ns for pra4ctical moa"res of disaster Ot"arotloOip tohteol, relief, and'r*covery.2 ##no