Approved For keleW 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-0078WO020001 0003-8 1, C, C %:- 13 11 V AG E I 13 i 4 F)",T)I'Y Oil CEIRTAIN SPEMINCLY PfMCKIIAL AND TRANS ."OHIls'ITIONS CI- FETALS C Cx, ussex d , Pechi n e;y u gi ne Ku h I m a ri n , E. a ri s , arld T, ot, v a is c 1, , i n e y A 1. v ni 5, 11 u P. 5, Ūr S 0 arc 1) t e r , V or (--' p pe I T, CE U CT 1"0 N of us suddenily Came a t i 0 T) C." t. a Eq Q t a 1. te sl- T,) i o cc a II C,-, x L e: C in - 3. f G r C C%, u e f t.-- 11 t: i t 1, a t o r S t 0 t -C y t o s ) s te ir, a t i LIP against a cas-e of tha w i -I,- It (,, ut t I e a, ya r e x-, t. i rkter ve ii t i r, n c u i; C! iff ys m. u r g J, ca 3. a '11.1 y st-. a d y !t I.A is t y pe o f p h and, t'lle uture, No. 3115 movoirber '1975), 1 1C. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For Relqpe 2000108/10 : CIA-RDP96-00.7SL3ROO0200010003-8 rcc -= 131 Is PAGE 2 1 C 6. End f ootnote -Allerefore, we went to J- P. Girard, who was reputed to have pi-oduc-od "abnormal" effects on metals and wisjjc~d to ccn, duct experiments in the pr,esp - ntists. Ile purpcse cf t1liz je.~crt is to describe ,nce of scie Ecmc 9f tile tests which we conductc~d with him ever a period of almost two years. Several weeks aftet cur tests vere begun, J. P. Girard informed iv~ thUt lie practiced pres-tidig-itaticn. some tinte later, two o1,-- threie soiky.rcos slAiuitaneously also informc-d us tbat lie had been writtell ujj 'i-11 the '~Maqiciangs YearLook." At first Ile vcrkr~d in a somewhat obsr,euxe and rounelabou.'C fast-!ion, resetribling the Etyle of an illusi,cnist. in spite of this, after this ixitial p,-riod, a, P. Girard produced interesting effects. Vari,ous scientific personalities attendc-d some of these demcrstriaticris. We gi:adually got J. P. Girard -tc zinplify his behavior and fcllow strictEr rrcceduLes. But on our recordings we observed ~scme movements. which- indicated muscular action. N This mixture of striking effects- and questionable elements l(A us tc Nake a rather lengthy critical study. Ve think it would be interesting to outline the uain stcy-s 1!ere. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For Relea&e 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-0078iWO00200010003-8 DOC = 1314 PAGE 3 In order to avail curselves of varied cpinions, sinca August 1S76 ue have written doun all of our observatIons, reflections, and doubts in a provisional repcrt uhicl.; vas -suLzeqvently distributed to Ifany scie~ntistsz- In this reFort, ue mentioncd wbat we knew about J.. P. Girard as a prestidigitator and scine of odr doubts cancerning the "Irops" which he could havc used uicre Ct IQkS CC.DSCi0US1_y during tho tents,. This report was suFl.,lemented with tbc presentation of docum(--Mts (test pi-eces, microphotograrhs, diagrams, I'video" recordings) , with sampling cf the reliahle tests and others whie.!~ "Ser,A. too T_jj~. 0 were not as reliable, since it would have keen yrong to cptimiztic a selection. WE also showed vaxicts- films of external arigin, thtis of unequal significance, iu tbEsc- Fresentation.,,; in order to enlarge on the informaticn on certain paLts. French and foreign illu.s.icnists attendcd scze cf the presentaticr~-:; they helped us to Wine our opinion in certain areas. one of thcz discovered an indi'cation of tri.ck.ery'irf a film which 0. P. Girard got for vi~-,; w"ithout telling us that it was faked. The oj-~inicns gathered during all of these discussions helped us make the critical study of our documents and various verifications wbich uc have Ulade since that ti,Kc. J. P. Girard agrecd to scme counter-tc-sts, at least one of which is very intarestingi. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For ReleaGO 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-0078%RO00200010063-8 DOC ~= 1314 PAGE 4 Fcctriote: 'Test No. 4 of Table TI. End footnote All of this took some tijoe, which explains the long delay between our initial tests and the ajyeax:ance of this article. But we feel that this critical study has gone far enough, if not too far, arid. that the time has came to publisb our most characteristic experiments. Thus, the se~lcctiop which we arc proserting is the result of a I-engthy screening proces:s. in only twenty out of ti-te 150 test pieces uhich J. P- Girard deformed or transfcrued in front of us or our ccllabcratcrs could we Fositively confirm tle T'abnormal" nature of the (-"ffects observed. In this report we wall describe eigh't of these case.s,.' the most charaCtEriStic. But it must be Kointed out that the rtajority of the tests wbich were eliminated werc-- do-finitely valid, for v,6, used too strict a screening process to eliminate the damc.n.strations which did not follow ~' pr'edefincd operating procedure. Cth<.r tests with extenscmctric gauqes will lc published later. Thus, our concern for strictness eliminate., rather ramarkabl(--,~ cbservations concerning deformations at a distance, deformations of Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For ReleW 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-0078WO00200010003-8 XOC = 1314 P AG E 5 objects or test pieces in the hands of the chservers themselves who wcrc Above any suspicicr, or those held an either sideby J. P. Girard and an observer. The tests which will be described uere cc~nducted undar our own reEFovsibility with -the authorization of ;PC-chiilcy-Llgi.ne-Kulllmann. We uould like to thank those of our collaboratcrs who were willing to help us in, the dclica,tv study of this ccij.txcve-rziaI area, in jartiQ::ular mr. J. Rauch, Yr- G- Jollant, and Mr. B. Dubost. We would also like to acknouledgE Prcfessor J. B. fla~Eted~ professor of physics ~At Urbeck, College of tLe Uviversity cf London, for agreeing to ,:j:cnspr a test in his labcratory. Description of Tests I~D order to make it impcssible for Jr P.~- zirard to surreptitiously lead a test piece, ve oftcn used, 1')ars with a xather large cross secticn itiade of varioius mctals: in particular, alaminum and light alloyz. (test pie4ces 250-350 nint long and B-1-0 urr in diametar), but alsc dcpper, soft steel, stainless steel,,, and magnesium. I?c--! determined the forces (bending ncaccssary to bend our test. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For ReleaGp 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-0078WO0200010003-8 DOC ;= 1314 PAGE 6 pieces by measurements and calculations. Zn order to be able to compare the values of tle resistance of the test pieces to thez, forces which they could liave withstood if faking ly surreptitious bending occurred, we determined tLe maxiiauu xcmEnt hich a man can create ulien seizing a test piece, in two hands usiDS all of his strength- which could not go unnoticcd! For thii2i rurFcse, ue used a dynamcnetric key with hand1cs 400 mm long, whicb we testea with marty individuals. The maximun ucuents vary with the individua)-s from 20-38 Now; J. P. Girard created 26 Nam wit.h a v.cr~- visible etfort. These values uere confirmed b) dixect tests cu baj:s; an example of thfis uill ~rllow (session of 27 Cctober 1119,746). Since our purpose here was neither to describe all of these testsi nor to make- a critical review, vc zsclcctcd the tuvo most tyjdc~ll sessions for this article: Session of 31 March 1976 at tbe Alu&.Inug~ Tc-clinical Cc-titer. Experimenters: 0. Raucl~ and G. joliant, with tI,,r- aid of a video, rc-cording a's'sistant. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For Releaeo 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-0078-WO0200010003-8 DCC = 1314 PAGE 7 During this session, in a rocrt adjacent tc the room J. P. Girard uas in, G. Jollant, an expeximenter, tock a Lar of hardened duraluuinum of alloy AU4G, st-ate T4 (i.e. i hardcned, aged) 250 nim long and 8 iTtm in diametiEr. Its bigh critical berding moment (15 Nam) u.akes it impcssible to tend without a vis,,itle Effort. G. jollant rcIled it cn a desk, stated that it vas not cut of round, marked it, and placed it himself in a class tute whicl) he closed with a stopper. This is the cnly time which we werc able tc arrange A so that 3- P_ Girard did not touch tb4E test bar to he beilit hefore it was enclosed in a tube. G. JollaAt brought the closed tube to J. Hauch, who immediately gav,E jA to 0. P. C,,irard, and everything was filircid from then on. I,ither the stopper, the tar in the tubc, pi both were always visible. After concentrating and. dcclaring that he felt something, J. P_ Girard gave the tube, still. clcsed,' -to .3. Faucb,_ Mr.dRauch uncorh-ed it, r6moved the bar, which was visih:ry L"ent, ard placed it on the desk, then on a flat bar in order to bring cut the bend, which was flius vade very obvious. Thi~2 hend uas 2 mm. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For RelUpe 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-00.74;RO00200010003-8 DOC = 1314 PAGE 8 Session of 27 October 1976 at Grencble Lixr.erimenters: 0. Bouvaist and B. Eutost. fiere we will. describe the test made oii ttc thickest bar. This war, a. tar 17 mm in diamc-ter and 300 itai long made of alloy AU2 (2.05g/c ccVr.(--r) Ln state T~' (hardc-ned in ccld uater ald. agod f or cne year) . Reference marks tiere, engravc-d ip thE mass of this bat:, and the placement of small, charac-tcristic f laws itlere ncted.. It was taken to the -e-.xreriT(ental site ir, a difforent car frcm tte in one which J. P. Girard was transported, and it was the ci;,Iy one of its kiiid in the exFcr~mental batch. This bar was preliminaiily subjected tc heudiag tests by ve).-y. stxan~ me4, apd only one mar. veighlrig 140 kg was able to make. a slight, but significant, deformatic-Ti after kittearing his hands witil vagresiurr, (a bend of O.f irlil correspondiug tc ar) applied moment of 33 Nam). Then the berlding 11ane was markEd Ixy ~Ecxatches made on the two cuds. Previous tests made it possihl<~- to ccnfirn that evert usinq a fixe,d half-length suppett, an averaqc, man ccu.1d not even increase Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For RelQa -RDP96-0074;RO00200010003-8 ,pe 2000/08/10 CIA ,DOC .= 13114 FhGE 9 tbis deformation by applying his entire weight (65 kq) to both ends. During the tests, the two experimenters sat at about a meter away gn either side of j. P. Girard, whc ucrked in shirtsleeves, with his s3eeves Lolled up, uithcut contact. J,- F. Girard d+Aormed this Lar four times in succession by holding o..nc. end in his right hand and 1~gbtly touching the frce Fart uith his left hard (bonds I and 2) or ky Flacing his ieft iiana five cm atovc the Epccimen (bonds 3 and 11). After each deformation, cne observer tcck tle rroftle of the test lat, ,while the other regain(d iiext tc J. P. Girard. The two largest defcruations ..(3 and 4) could he secri with t~e reye; both were produced tc.ward the bcttom during a time on the ordcr of 10-20 seconds. After each de-formation, it was verified that no heating up could be detected by touching tbE Lat with the b.and, and that the bends made vjthout forc,e by J. P. Girard vere all in 1--fe same lane (inclifted by P 340 relative to tb,,e initial bending plane mentioned above) , marked by the grooves indicatcd a~ovc. Tlese grocves alsc made it pc)ssible to vGrify that the save, bar. uas being used at all times. Immediately following the experiment, tle, ~cr-ecirens-we-x-c' F-lacad in a briefca!3e and ta.Ren to the laboratory. We will ilow descriLc tle labCTatCry -tCl:,tS-~ Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For Relea -RDP96-007WO00200010003-8 2000/08/10 CIA ECC.= 13111 PAGE 10 First, in the labcratory we verified tLat all of the utarks, groov-es and flaws which were origirally made cn the har ware present cn the bar returned froff. the experiment. This rade it possible unequivocally confirm that -there was no suhstitution of th..e speci'men. Figure I shows a picture of the bar after the experiment. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For RelqUe 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-007WO00200010003-8 uoc = 1314 PhGE 11 r~jq. 1. Phctograph of AU2 bar 17 mu, in diamcter after bending. Scale ir. centimeters. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 . . . . .. . . ... . . Approved For ReleVe 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-007WO00200010003-8 rcc := 1314 PAGE 12 Tile fonowing tests were nade for the nondestructive characterization of the charges madc ii~ the bar - more specifically, in section A - corresponding to the maxim.uz curvature. We cart see: - a significant increase in the hardncss cf the two grains Iccated in the bending flane, reaching a maximum of 11 points Vickers (or 27o/o) in section A, mbich correslcnds to the maximum curvature- The IC'Angth of the zone in which the hardness exceeds the initial value is around 12.0 mm (GC rui on either sldc of section A) the hardness measured on the c-ircumference of section A leirendicular to Ithe be7nding Flane is the maxinum in the bending plaDe~ and varies linearily uith t1e side relative to the neutral V~ line, as in the case of simfle bending- In order to d,etermine the moment which must be applied to the tar by mechanical bendirg.ir. order tc chtaiL the permanent bead cbserved, ve mechanically bent a ccntro.1 b-ar wbich vas identical to the preceding one with a di-ztance cf '200' wir', betweer. the fixed suir.arts. The variation in the residual hendinS measured as a fu-pct--cn of the moment arplied is given in lig. 2. From this we call coqclude that in order to c1tain the bond chserved on the bar bent by .1. 1). Girard (fr = 13-5 mim), it uould be necesscry to apply a moment, Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For Relque 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-0074;RO00200010003-8 ~F- 1314 PAGE 13 n cf around 75 Nem, or two and a half times tIC critica.1 moment, Mc 3c vow, and twice the mcment eiertcd by thE strcngest man whom we tec-ted. The total deformaticn energy can ,be calculated at 11 J. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 ,Ve 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-007UR000200010003-8 Approved For Rele Doc = 1314 PAGE 14 Fig. 2. Diagram of bending as a function of the moment applied to a cciftrpl bar identical tc that Ju Fig. 1. HY: (1) Moment applied. (2) Exreriment. (3) Calibration curve.. (4), Ec-nds. (5) Max. for men. (6) mean fcr men witli the fcrce of tvo hands. Residual bending at EXPERIENCE AU2-T4 JO =17 i; L =300 R?=63 IN R. 162 Kp, (-,3) 1A, 30 IM Ali= 2 r,, a 50 FLEXIONS 01 75 UT Z- 70 X" 62 1.J. P.G. 5 4 wn 0,6 3 6 10 13,5 Komnt ~ru" NO& rh,6t Ile _ir ii 20 CO Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For Releop 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-007WO00200010003-8 DOC = 1314 PAGE 15 The preceding results vake it possible to completely exclude the hypotheses of surreptitious deformaticns Pf muEcular origin which m.jgbt have e!~caped notice by the observers. Furthermoce, the fact that !Pnoriuai,, consolidation of th~--, defcymed zc-re is observed makes it rczsible tc exclude the surreptiticus use ot thermal or chemical means to decrease the Iccal mechanical Etrenqtb of the. alloy. .7n conclusion, the sct of cbsErvations made during and after the expfr.iwent cn the duraluminum bar -deforined ty j- P. Girard (luring the cxper.~,,m-ent of 27 Octobcr 1976 vakes it [ossibIC. to conclude: that the su-ccessive deformatic-nE reaji'w~~'d were riot and coule, not hAve been produced ty the normal muzcular fcrce of tha. subject, - that the final dcformation cltainod was in ail ways compafablra to that which would be obtained by applying a point force of 1500 N in tbc-, middle of the bar ulkn resting cr. itlt.,;c suirorts. Tests cn Stainless Steel in UoE-ed Iubes Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-0074WROO0200010003-8 NAW toC = 1314 PAGE 16 Haterials and Working Ccnditions Buring the sossion at the Aluninum Technical Center on 25 March 1936, three experimenters (C. Crussard, J. raucb and c,. Jollant' and fcur other spectators otserved martersiti-c trarzformations, with or without deformatiou, of t.(,,2,st piece's made frcm a cast of- austenitic stainless steel with a EpEcIal ncuccrnexcial ceNposition which had. Frevi,pusly been used foi: sttdyinq the martensitic transforptation by Oeforniatio.n. This cast cssertially ccrtat-ned: Cr- '17.6%, Ili ~~ 7.4'7,>, En = 1~56~1,, Si = 0.36"/o, C = 0-050'7c, IN' = 0'~034"Z.: Two test pieces left ever froiT this study uere used for this Fu.tr,ote. These were cylindrical test pieces (7 aw in dicameter and 35 un, Icrig) with smooth heads 12 mm in diametc.r. Tley vqre subjected to hardening in air at 105COC lone hourjn,a. zalt Lath), finishing treatnerit, and nitroflucric cogrosicn, uhick, gave the body of tho test piece a matt^o look- The resultant structure is nonmagnetic, except for several Fartz of the machiried zurface layer. The vartensitic tiansformaticn joints in this. statc are: Vis = 1400C and Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For Releep 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-007WO00200010003-8 r0C = 1314 PAGE 17 Md = t900C. These two test pieces were givmn to J. P. Girard for several days. At the beginning cf the sessicn, they wcxc marked No. 2 and 3 in lauge n-umbers circled with ar. irregular circle. hnoth(-,,-r test riecej marked No. 1 in the same manncr, v!as uscd for another test uhich uas riot significart and will. Ic used again later for a simulatio4 counter-test. lt~~ nark can be zeen in Fig. 5. This was the fiist time that test picces of this type wcic t!scd with J. P. G j. ra rd he me ~e t e e S ana tiiiat they were markcd IiI,,o this. Ttesv uere t - Sa t -,s pi c narke4 in this maii.ncr, uhich were tlakQr at the end of the tv_~,st under the conditions uhich we will- see; there was no I;ossibility of Eubstlituticn. afte,r marking , one of us (C. Crussard) verified the straightness of th6se U-_~st pieces (Nos. 2 and 3) ty rolling them; they vere not "cut pf round-" lie also ver~ificd tleix wagrictic state. A quick and sir(ple wethod of evaluating point-to-~[~c'inb Ragnc-tism for this purpose ccy)sists of using a sma-11 pcwerful hcrsc-s-boc magnet, made of Ticonal. 15.00 'i(polar surfaces of 7x4 rm-, 3.5 am aopaxt) suspended at the end cf a chain- To make the mea.E-urement, c4c chan9cs from a position in vhich the magnet is JLn contact with the test Fiece, with vertical. suspensioix; the test pic-ce is gradually witio-Caun until the magnet is Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For Rele ,jae 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-007UR000200010003-8 rqc -.= 1314 PAGE 18 Fulled away. measuring t~c- i,crizontal distance from the magnet to the te4t piece at this. roint D, and kncuing tbe mazrz of the magnet (22 q) and the length of suspensior, ve can calculate the pulling force F. During -this verification in the middle of tte two test rods anet on tbc, heads, the distance J) d(-fined atcve did nct exceed 2-3 Mill., This cciresr-ends to a pulling force F on the or(lcr fcf 0-01 N, due to some tLaces of surface inartensitc causo-,d Ly macIiining. After this check-, the test rods were Flaced on the desk beU.nd which J. P. Girard was vorking (in rclled-u~ sbirtsleeves) in the field cf view of the video camera, which die nct turn away from them (while J. P. Girard worited uith otlier test Ia.c,ces and madp an. vAttempt at a light-alloy bar without leaviag bis Seat) until the following cxjerixentz begun: a) J.. P. Girard carefully graiFps test Lar No. 2 by one head and uithout exerting force (tie filu Rakes it IcEsitle to confirm this),, r-laces it in a. tube and s'tcVs it with a cor.% (always ia front of the camera), taken the corked tube squarely_ia-Iis hand (the, left hand, with the cork always re-raining vJitsih-le), and ccincentrates. He then gives the tube to C. Cerssard and docs, not tou-ch the test piece front this time on. C,. Crus2ard remov(zs the test piece frcj& t1ir. tuba: it has a Approved For Release 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For ReleqW 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-0078ZR000200010003-8 ZOC = 1314 PAGE 19 slight bend, but very cicse to one end, visible to the eye, and which be verified by iolling tbc- liece. TLC verificaticn vith a maqnOt indicates very strong 1ccal magnetism near this same end (see Table 1)~. Since the entire operation was filmed* Lo substitution. could have taken Flace. C. CrussarZ returns tle test bar tc its box for future study; b) J. J?. Girard taker. test bar Ne. 3', uhich has remained visible tbi:cughout this time. The same operations as fcr No. 2 ace performed, except. that one spectatcr, at cne tigc, b1ccks the camera. After J. F. Girard had conckIntrated, C- Crussard took thf corked tube back, temcved the test piece frcm it, and rolled it. 11his test piece remained straight, but revei4J~eless its local iragnetism was similar tc that oll' test piece Vc. 2, but this time vitliout deformation. It was returned to the box, alEc for study. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For ReleW 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-OO7aWO00200010003-8 ,Dqc = 1314 PAGE 20 Table 1. KEY. (I ) measurement. (2) Test pic-ce- (3) Bending of one. side. (4) Bending of thc- ctler side. (5) rean kcading. (6) Pulling Jcrce t of the magnet (N) . (7) one bcaad. (8) 4~nd of cylindrical Ehaft, (9) middle. J10) cther -end of rylindj:ical shaft. (11) other beads. (12) Maximum valuc. (11 Mesurc ( bc,ho d'un c6t6 y 1 A Mche do 6; I'autro c6t6 y2 F16che y I I- y 2 moyenne y -(PIrcc d'arrachoment f do I'aimant (N) : unG tMe P)extr6mit6 du lot rylin- drique miliCLI Jj~)autre extr6nnit6' (ILI 10t cylindrique nutre t8te M Va!cur maximale. j)VOLJVCtte(j,~)EprouVottc W 2 n' 3 0,3 1.7 < 0,3 2,1 < 0,3 0,12(-)0,03 0,15 Zt 0,22 0.02 0,03 0,02 0,02 0,05 0,0 t Approved For Release 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For Relpase 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-007WO00200010003-8 LOC = 13111 PAGE 21 icitial measurements The next day, c- crussard evaluated tl~c xacnetism ani dcfcrmations. The same uagnct was always asEd tc evaluate magrtetism; the pulling forces F defined above are indicatc-d in Table 1 (at close to. 0.01 N) . In order to evaluate tl,,,r, defortTaticrs Y, one of the heads va-- rlaced against a ruler znd the distaijtzrL LEtween the other head (inside) and the raler uas measured. We coilfirmcd that the test pic-ces, "ran truc," at the Lecinrirq. cf the tc-st. IT-he bend close to cne lead car he seet very clearly in rig. 3. F,ig- 3. Photograph: of stainless steel test- [-iece No. 2 after the - experiment. --4 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For ReleVe 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-007faROO0200010003-8 Doc :;-- 1314 PAGE 22 laboratory Tests various tests, alsc destructivc, were vade on test piece No. 2. The bar was electrolytically cut even with the magnetic head. Thus, it vas rossible to insert the magnetic Ead cf tle cylindrical part of the b,~,.r into the spool of a Siginatest devicc: the specific saturation wagnetization is 2.8, uhich correstcnds t,,o e pycpartion. of 1~9'0/0 of the wayi)etic phase (all'. For test piece No. 3, tbe. nonde-structive X-ray study r(_-vealed i,arten;ij.tes a' and F., iii -the magnetic zone, t1c latter in a high I.,roportion, in aeld-ition to austenite, Hicxophotographs (test picce No. 2) c,n a surfaced polished vechan-ically, then electrclItically (Fig. 4& and 4b) reveal a mixture of maztcnsites 8. az)d a'. cci.,parcd Aitb Ecevictz studies made of this Fteel~, we can confirm that tbese structures have aeither the facies ef a xartenfiite obtained by cooling, nor thzt cf a martensite I Froduced by the densitizaticn of at_-tPnIte__I'y beating it. This could cnly be maxtensito frcm defcrmatioP (with scme traces of martei,-isite due tp the preparation of tle ground surfacc). The marteasite density appears to be rather unifcrx over the ertiLc ctcfs section.- in spite of the uncertainty which aluays accompanies micrography due to the Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For ReleUe 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-007RZpROO0200010003-8 Doc ;:= 13111 PiGE 23 field selection, Figures 4a and b show comparatie appearances on the surface a4d, in the interior. The amount of rrartcnsite observed on tbese. micrographs correEl-cnds to tbcse uhicb are obtained vith this stecl by tensile strain of !--107o; thus, it is much more intense than that uhich would correspond to the sliglit Lending observed (Fig. 3),. Its 1ccalization is very Euiprising. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For ReleW 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-0078,~WO00200010003-8 LOC = 1314 PAGE 24 Fig. 4- Micrographs of the locally transforned zone of stainless steel test piece No. 2 (a) near the surface, (1) in the intericr. jw 0 k~ A- ti jF, t Approved For Release 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For Relepje 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-007$ZROO0200010003-8 LCC ~= 1314 PAGE 25 Simulation Tests 11be local. magnetisa cf the head cf test ric-ce No. 2 could not have been missed in the verificaticr, made at the beginning of the test, vhich 'was focused espccially on the hEads. Nevortheless, since. twc confirmations axc letter than one, t,~e askcd ourselves if we cculd imagine a metallurgical process capable ct r:rcducing these, localized martansites while leaving the test pieces completely straight cr merely slightly hcnt. .Sincc- we are- dc-alinq with cold-rclled aartensite, tie must uork ulth defermation. The close5t means cf rap-roducing its localizatioti. v'Jit1h this abundance near cnc bead is alte-rviating bendi-ag. Ue ccnducted tests o4~ anotber test picce, No-- 1, u-tich was initially nonmagnetic: it was neces-sary to place one Eead in a vic'e, bend tlae t.ar by around 301D, and Etra:ighten it. But due tc the special jLcperties of this steel., tto tost Ficccj va.~;,, vcry visibly formed into an 5 (Fig. 5). In order to E~tralghten it ba,~gk cut, it would he necossary to tool a die and rcstamL the piece cr a Fress! Another d,iffererce-- cn test piece Nc. 1 thus treated, the magnetisin oil the ciid of the, shaft was comparable to that of test pieceN No. 2, but the tead vas not rqa(9ne,,ti(-,, uhicl-. is obviously Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For RelWe 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-0074;RO00200010003-8 EOC --- 1314 PAcE 26 Fig. 5. Test pic-~CCI Of stainless steel Nc. 1 after a simulation test. A wicrographic test made an anotber tc-st piece which was bent. everi more and straightencd rc-veals. c--2d-rcl-Jcd iTartens-i-te, but wilth a wery distinct heterogeneou;E distributicn~t tLe martpnsitp, density is lower in the interior than C11 t1le !~iULfacq pig. 6a and 1~), tihich is rcraal, but w1lich diffei:s from tcst piece Nc. 2. In ord,or to obtain uiAfozm density in, the cross sectien and in the amount observed, it vou).J te nc-cessary to bc- ab-le tc crteate tenEile strain deformation lccal~2ed on the end of t1je shaft and in tl)c- head (on the order of 5-1017b for test piece No. 2, and at least .10"74 for test pi~mce, No. 3) but which would not appreciably change th,:e diam(,-ters of eithc-r the zhaft or the head. Ycetnpte: 'For test piece No. 3, a slight dE-ctease in the cross sectic.ii (0.57,,) was measurod i.n the zone which Lecame, magnetic. We point out that we could have., a1sc conr~idexf-.d simul.ation by Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For ReleW 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-007WO00200010003-8 D V, C = 13 14 FACE 27 tuistipq, but we could not i~eei how this could 1-,csult in deformation localizc-d near cne- head ard in it., Erd fooftctc- It would be. necesoary to liave- a series of baArIMICrIlIg Out and 1.11-Meading cycles, al.14 done without leaving a zzr-k on ibe test bar! Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For ReleApe 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-007WO00200010003-8 Doc = 1314 rIGF 28 b est pieco Fig. 6. Micrograph,-, similar to t1jost, jj~ -4~9. 4, ut fo a t jected to a simu I at Ed ter-t: (a) rear thc surface, (b) i1i the u L iDtGriCr- ~4, N: Approved For Release 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For RelWe 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-007&i-~R000200010003-8 rcc = 1314 F)GE 29 Co4clusion The group of observaticns described aLcve makes it possible to state., - that a local martonsitic transfei:maticn was created in two te-st pieces during the tezt, accomFanicd b-y slight bending near one head ~cn one of them; - that we vere unaLle to think up a sirgle simple metallurgical. c~4~taticn uhich was car-able of exactly duplicating the structures c,b~sprved in the transfcripcd zonern;. Lccal Chaages in Hardness of Metal Plates 01, P. Girard performed this expcrime.nt four times in different place-s and in front of different cbscrve'rs. ruring the first session (2-1 Octobor 1976), one cf tl-.c expexiirentnr~ suggested that he ivr.rovise a new type of testi ba,rdening a mctal FIata in attempt to "cqmpress" the metal. ExceFt for a fc-,w closE d.Etails which will be pointcd out, the qxperincntal procedure used fcr this test, as well Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For Releqpe 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-OO7SaROO0200010003-8 DCC = 1314 PAGE 30 as for the t1iree others, uas as fcllcvs: J. P- Girard was given a duraluainum Flate whose dimcnsicils, cciuFositic-x. and reference mark. were Rncwn only by the cxperimenter (arid which were different for each nc-vi experiment). In-itiallyp J. F. Cirard came into contact with tb.e tv-~-t piece by rubbimg it or toucbinq it with his fingers under the clcse supervision of the experimenters., Tbc experimenter then placed the test piece in a torked glass tubc after verifying its ctraightness and the reference mark. Then tIP tube was given back to J~.i P. Girard for the test. 1he test piece rcyralned in the tuhe U~ntil .the lbbcratory test. FcK test No. 4, tle phase in the glass tube was eliminated, since it prcvided no additicnal guarantee after the initial procedure, whi.c.h p~etmitted band contact during the initial [I a -.:, e lost Materials and Morkiu.g Corditicns The four platcs whicli uero chan-gedw*re- made entirely of duralu;tinum in state T351 (hardened at 50511C in cold water, relaxing stretching of 1.2--27.-, aging for at 1~east 48 hours). Two compositions kverc u,--,c-.-d (quaternary aluminum alloy A-TJIISG witb a noncommercial ccx.Eositlon, and industrial alloy ~017). In aaoNymous symbol engraved Cp tlj~' metal of the Plate and Which waz diflerert. for eac4 experim4ent Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For ReleW 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-0078~&000200010003-8 LCC = 1314 PAGE 31 pervitted the observers tc unequivccally idcrtify the test plate by a EiTrFle glance. Each plate czme froir a Latch of identical plates which weze subjected tho, same treatment, and the cont,.rol plates of each latch we're preserved in labcratcry for cciurarison and future sivulaticn. tests. Table 11 !~MnMarj,2e.13 the places and the chiara,"',teristics of the test data of the fovi: exreriments. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For RelWe 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-007WO00200010003-8 DOC = 1314 PAGE 32 Tahle KEY." ( 1) Te2t. (2) Dat (3) PI. acc II. c. . (it) Observers. (5) Ivi-tial. ristics Epecimen. (6) Type. (7) characte of Dimensions. (8) Fefc-rence. mark. (9) Lon4cn.(10) and. (11 .), Lall-testing. [12) Tooling + Lall-testing. Caract6ristiques initiales Essai Date Lieu observateUrs de NchanLillon (-2)Dimensions Rop6re 1 27.10.76Grenoble I B. et 16 x 2,5 x A-U4SG-T351 B~D, 150 1 11 - I 2 25.11.76Lyon J.B., P.G.. X 2,4 x 11 - A-U4SG-T351 ct J.G 14 160 j 3 25.11.76Lyon J. a., . X 2,6 X 11 - A-LMSG-1-15i F).G. 14 160 11 et J.G + billage. 4 10.10.77Londr. S J.B. ct 12 x 3.0 x VG A-L)4G-T351 J.H. 1 GO ( usin6e + brillant6c Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For ReleW 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787JR000200010003-8 DOC =- 1314 PAGE 33 Cbservations Durin,q Experimcnt Yirst Test: During the phase of ccntact of the t~js cf the fingers (-2 lain) ue zudcessivoly observe4 tkc slight bendings of plate 11-I of (+I 111m) and (-0.5 mm), respectively, in opp9site dirc-ctions from each other. 17hen the tost piec7e. was placed in the glass tole with a total rcsidval bend of +0.5 mz (tte sligbtly co.nvex grain, correspondred to the enqvavcd surface). IhE tube was thei) ~qivei) Lack to J. P. Girard tuice (5 Inin). ~Qccnd Test: Nc bending be-fore heiiiq placed in the~-tutc-. Length of exposure: tbree. minutes. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For Releasp 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-007iQR000200010003-8 toC = 13111 EPGE 34 Ihird Test: Test piece 11-H waE Freliminarily shot-peered over- the length of the twc surfaces to see if additional local hardening was possible. Eurati.cn: around three minutcs, withcut defctination. Fourth Test: Test piece VG vas tested tvicE ly 0.~ F. Gitard (duratiora of exFostiLez tvice for two minutes). Laboratory Tests Fcr the four tQsts, coiipax:ative examiraticrs of the angravred. harks.'~ diwensions, weights, ant,"i thc marks o'. i ini-Itial hardness of the test pieces confirmcd tliat the test ricce's ictuined to the laboratory ueve Cleftnitely those which were prc-parc-d fcr the experiments. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For ReleW 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-007WO00200010003-8 I)CC = 1314 PAGE 35 Haidness: ytic polishing, the 'ardr.,es4 was measured witli a After electrol 43 NicRers wicTchardness meter under a load of thrce kq (-30 N) ()n the tuc suifaces of the test-, pieces subjected -to the experijac.-!uts, as well as on the control piecEE I;ekt at the labcrator~. The warks were ma-de. uith s-acing of from onc to two mai (dc-pen,~ding cn the case), Double-blird couniCermeazures used by different operators (for tests 2 and 4j 1(_--~d to equivalent results. The results obtained by this tcehy.tiguc., tvc cases of which are sliown in Fiqur,.'~s 7 and 8, riahe it rcsc-iblel to reveal appreciable Eluultaneous increa~ses in he.rdness on the tuc ~cFposizig surfaces. The JEijqthz of the modified zcncs and the maxiwuiii increases in harcIness are reorganizcd in Tablr,-, 111. CciisidEring tLe dispersion (rbaracterized by the t1pical dieviation in~icatc-d in parentheses at the scccnd-tc-last column), in a ccmpletely valid manner, these. cbservations show that the metal was cha4gcd during ~Lhe fDur tests. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For ReleW 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-0078-ZROO0200010003-8 LOC = 1314 P AG E 36 'r~ig. -I- Harduesses measura. on the tuc sidc--- of light-alloy test, piece 11-1, after test. Y~iy: (1) Vickc-rs tardness. (2) Test piece 11-1. (3) Side. (4) Load. (S,) Distance to tke merked end. AU4 SG T351 DURETE VICKERS epmuvette 11 -1 face -1 chayge:2,E~4 10 IT 30 face 2 1300 AY 90 J. T 1200 ,,oo Approved For Release 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For Relea4p 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787JO00200010003-8 DOC .= 1314 P1,GE 37 Fig. 8. Hardness measured on the two sides cf light-alloy tpst piece VG, before and after test. KEY: (1) V'ickc-rs hardness. (2) Plate VG. (3) Lpad. (11) Marked side. (1-15) Unuarked side. (6) Distance to marked end. A7) Hardness at mid-uidth (0) bc-fore/4-t) after experiment. DURETE VICKERS plaquoue vG. chargo :2,94 da-N Iace-re Wq~ 2f 2 V fa 11 2.2w N-) dirs',aMe a Iextr6rni16 rec)pr& 0 50 dui-06 a rni largeur apr~E, i 'expzn2nce I (:-,1) Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For Relew 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-007WO00200010003-8 DOC = 1314 PAGE 38 lable 111. KEY: (1) Test. (2) Test piece. (3) Maximum hardness in tl,,,c zone (MPa). initial I.,ardilicEz. (5) End of plate. (6) cliangpd (4) UptrO. andarddeviaticn) - .iqnlflcaytly length (mra). (st (7) changed ~, (E) Sjde. Duret6 DLjrctd initiale Longueur maxilml~ significativement Essal EPI-OLIvette' clans n10(j'f'6c`: Extr6n)R6 %min rnodifi6e la zone U\A Pa) p!aquctto (6-cart-type),(nIrn) 1 13 1240 1220 (15) 20 4 0 ~Xace 1290 1200 1230 (141 30 2 (R) 2 1340 1180 1180 (20) 20 race 2 1310 1190 1200 (21) 20 (R) 3 ~4ace 1420 1290 20 1 Fa c; 1380 1260, c 2 (H) 4 VG (54-1 1270 j200 1210 (15) 35 a c eI(R) (7) 2 1200 1200 1200 (10) 35 (9) -We can see that thIc laximun harderii1gs cb!Eerved range from (test 4) to 12"?o (test 2), uit.11 an average 81;t. Six 'Vickers were made beforiE tbe experi(nemf at aid-length during test 4, since hardening always occurred in this zcnrz in the preceding tests! yielding hardnesses cf 1200-1210. Thi~E Nakes it Possible to ccffr.lete.ly eliminate the hyrothesis of t1ib ncn.uriformity of the previous hardijess. lie will Fcint out in paE~ilrig that this test is Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For Releq&e 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-0078iiROO0200010003-8 DOC,= 1314 PAGE 39 Farticularly interesting because it vas conductEd in EngIdnd by ri:ofessor J. Hasted, a.-nd tEcause tle hardneEse~s were remeasured "blindly" and. confirmed in an inderendent, Erglish laboratory at the Elect'rical. Research hsscciaticz. IT.ternal. Strains: Tuo techniques werc used to rc-ve-al ppszible differ-en-ces in ita-sidual lcngitudinal strairs in tl:,e mcdIfi4id 2cnes. The technique of superficial measlarew.-ent Ly X-zciy diffracticr (I-Ite sin2 (t method) used cn Ep6ciwen 11-1 Indicates a significant chenge in the residual lc))qitudinal strain on the -two opposing sides cf the modified zone.- esEentially, we see residual strair cf -80 rEa cn the uamarked side. (slightly concave) , and of 480 MPa in tle cipcsing grain (marked). On the urchanged ends, we find again the statE of internal strain which is normal for this zetallurcical state, (TT-51), cr oR.'4 - 1-6 MPa. I-10his foint was confirmed 'by mcasurin,g the relative dehformati(.-~Vs created on side two during gradual cheinical treatment of thk- entire oEj~osing side (1) on teEt piece 11-0. Ui~inq thi-c techniqua (called t.be Rcsenthal-Nortcn method), we olserve a considerable and significant variation in the calibration mark Iccated straight above I Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For Rele%e 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-007WO00200010003-8 DOC = 1314 PAGE 40 the mo.dified zone, while a mark located on tbE name grain, but 25 mm frem the modified zone, exhihits ncrual 1,)ehavicr similar to that of the tuc marks on the ccrtrcl piece- 11hus, ue can unambiguously coriclude that the local change in hardness iz. associated with the local cliange in the state cf riesidual -straii. ir this zone. riclostructure: '11be test pieces moaificd during tests I and 2 and. the Corresrcjid-inq conCrols vei:e examilncd under a tronsmio-sion electron microscope (100 kV). Thin slices wlicse thickneEg. was carefully reduced in crder to avoid any defcrmaticn wcre taken parallel to the surface at mid-thickness and on the two opTcsitc sides of t.he a-odified %cne of test piece 11-1, as well az- in the modified surface 7cqe 1~2-ida 2) of test picce 11-J. Tn both cases, ve can see that fbew~fnodificd zones have characteristic microstructure ioith a very ligh density of small di-zIcdation rings arounj5 200 angstroms in eiameter (r-igures 9a and 10a avd b)- At mid-thicknesn: we find a lover ring density, but one which is significantly greater than in the initial metal taken from the evid of the test piccc (Fig. 9b) and frca a control. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For ReleUe 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00797*RO00200010003-8 Doc = 1314 F A G EIll pig. q.. Ej,ectron micrographs of the thill Slice and electron diffraction diagrams of light-alloy test ~PiEce 11-1: (a) surface bardened zcne; (b) unchanged part. Ccudlticns of identical contrast in hoth cases. 2 4- pi 3 12~ ")p" 0 % "14 tZ (y A, ev x"J'- A Y I um Approved For Release 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For Rele4;e 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-007WO00200010003-8 ECC - 1314 PACE 42 Fig. .10. Electron microcr,ar.1.9 of wc(lified sErface zoner, with ctilargement of 614,500 (friore i;cductIc)n)'-I a) iest piece 11-1, test vith J. P. Girard, side 1. t) Test piece 11-1, test With J. P. -Ipirard, side 1. c) Test piece for shot-peening Eimulation. d) Test r.iece fcc simulation by ccmEression )A A; ,4 ZZ, -k% 7i 3~ on a stzmp~~ J IrI J11 vr>. jl;~ -Ci a) Eprouvette 11-1, essai avec J.P. Girard, face 1. b) 1-7prouvette 11-1, essai avec J.P. Gil-ard, f(we 2. IM -7~ 4!1 .A ,Oh! 04. c) Eprouvelte de simulation par rrmafflagc. AF 4::~ 4P AC eff J' Al' ~F e d) Eprouvette de sinrulatioi i par compression b In Approved For Release 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For ReleQAe 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-007WO00200010003-8 rCc 1314 PAGI 113 -e ,,.?or test piece 11-1, cemparative ccuriting cf the rings visib] in the section (110) was realized a.. g = [~111]-c > 0. After measuring the rczpective -thicRneszes cf the different plates, the results given iii Tatle IV werc., found (acan for fiviE fieldn). 0. 11able 17. KEY: (1) Samplirig. (2) rensity cf visible rings. (3) ~elat,jve density ccmpariEd tc ccntrcl. (4) Ccuticl. (5) Modified, 7one. (6) Plid-thickness. (7) !Aide. CO Donsit6 do bouclos PrMbvement visibles Donsitd relative. p2.- oin t6 t aLl m rappor (cm-3) 11-1 (16rlioin RV 7.4 1013 1 1240 fact, 1 1013 18 Zone modifift HV 1340130 face 2 ~5' 1013 84 zone modifi&- . i HV = 1290 ml-6ppisseur 61 . 1013 J Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For Releoe 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-007UR000200010003-8 DOC = 1314 PP.GE 144 suraming up. we will note that the chanSes J. P. Girard produced in thO duraluninum Flat(,-s uticb veic: givesi tc Itim reveal, --irrultaneously: - surface hardening on the order of SO/. Iccated on the two s of the plates over. a lengt' which can reach 40 mm and a width side. YI of 10-15 mm; - the modification of the residual surfacc strains in the Rodified zcne; - the crc.-tion of z jarticulaL microEAL-iucture in U'U'S 20'niE~ with V., a very high density of small dislocation rings ( 4'200 angstrons) - the absence of wacrozcopic tending strain (except f or test I see abcve) Sivulation Tests As in the case of stainless stcel, we --'ought double -onf.irmal-ion. by t.rying to figure out a simple mcans of dcforuation by which the Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For Rele#je 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-007WO00200010003-8 D CC 13 14 PAGE 115 freceding states could te, simulated. First, we will point out that the clectrcD micrographs indicate that t~,c Guinier-Prestcr zcres are nct dissclvcd and are the same at the end of the test as in tic original statc. 11is eliminates any simulation by heat treatuept: in paLticular, ty surface heating (ipduction or optical radiation). Thus, we -bad to aeve3.op mechanical sciffulaticil tests. ,11ternatin.9 Bending Since hand co,ntact was r-ermitted during the first phase of the cxFerlmant, we might wc-nder if a s-orreptiticrs alternating bending cper-ation in the plastic rarge would be enctg1i to cause the changes cbEervcd~ Alternating bending tests made en 'co~nfxols permitted ils to sk~e that ~t was necessary tc inttoduce tctal plastic flow of at least 51/6 by alternating bending in order to ottaiik harde-ning on the order of that which was observed previously (-80/0).. ThiE Lo-quires betiding the test riece very intensively until a radiu-;s -.f curvature of 50 MM ir, reachEd (whicIt corresponds to a -bend oi) the erder of 30, which is Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 4 Approved For ReleaSe 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-007OW000200010003-8 DCC = 1314 UAGI 46 irccmFatible with the otservations made) , ti.,en straightening it by bending it in the opposite directicn. Mcwever, this simulaticn. does not Forpit us to duplicate the structural state observEd cr the test ~ieceE Ycditied by J. P. Girard. 'in fact, by electroq microscopy we teen observe mazes of dis1ccations in thle hardened zones, Lut iiot the significant increase; in the number of dislocaticr, rings. Ccurression Test on a Press A local compression test of contrcl platc -11-U conducted on a FreEs at 300 MPa (de~~ 220 Fla) made it pos~:itlc to obtain. hardening cii the surfaces coming iD ccrtact s%ith the z-taxr and the table,, reEFectively, close to that uhich was. sought IbFV = 140 MPa) with ticrc:~tructure similar to tl-,e wicrostruct,ure chserved on the moaified test picces (Fig. 10d) , but with a levei ring density. However, we ct-cerve a 13% decrease in thickness and a uiiiicrm change in -the cross secticn, of the structure and in ha.Ldnes--, which is not true of the te,.st pieces llhaLdenedll ky 0. P. Girard. Furtherxore, weasurements of the thickness of the plate revealed a rcductioi, in thickness or) the crder of 20/D straight abcvc t~,e mcdified zckc. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-007WO00200010003-8 DOC = 13111 PAGE 47 Ehct-Feening Test A surface shot-peening test of the t,wc oFrcsinq sides of the ccntrol (1 1-1-1) 1 made it Vos_,--ib.le to simulatc- t~e essential r.arts, of the p,~ints which we were trjing to reproducE: surface hardening AHV cf 70 MPa, 'the absence cf permanent tendIng, arid analogous micrastructure (heterogc-nects in thickness tith a maximum dislocation riijg 1density in the vicinity cf the surfaiceE). Fcotnctez 'Working conditicrs: matiasur mack-,ine, air pressure - 7 bars, flow rate - 0.85 w~/mr, glass talls (0- 15-110 pio), duration - 1 ain,10, End footnote Me,anvhlile, in Uis iflab.ncr we ottain a depolish~Ed surface- which locks very different from that of the test pieces mo6ified by J. P. Girard, and additional VoIishinc is necessary in cxdex to restore a ccorarable surface statc. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For ReleaGe 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-0078%RO00200010003-8 LCC = 1314 PAGE 46 The set of obserVatiODS and simulatims ~shcw that it would he necessary to apply compressive force perpendicular to the surface of thC Plates, thus CrEatiDg Lcterogenecu.-~ plaztic flov in the cross Eecticn, in order to durlicate the essential asFects of the physical properties ohserved on the uetal plates locally and superficially hardened by J. 11. Girard. Tle mechanical enci:gy required for simulating such a modificaticn can be c-~c-tinated according to the ccmrres~:,ior simulation test: we find 1.6 Z_ can also produce rings of this type Ly neutron irradiation. Conclusion The group of observaticris made cn the duraluminum plates given to J. P. Girard makes it Fossible to state: -- that the required hardening was definitely realized four times during the test; - that no simple mctallurgicaJ creiaticn krown to the authors nakes it pcssible exactly duplicate the different physical pccul~arities observed in tl:(z Iccally ~ardcred 2ones. t Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For Releaae 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-0078%RO00200010003-8 DOC = 1314 PAGE 49 Discussic.q and Co~tclusicn In this report, we described some deformations and transforma,tio4s of metals qttained urider sEcciflc conditions. The places in uhich th,ese tests vere madc and tle irdividuals who observed thein were varic-d; the only coqstant presence, common to all cf the tests, was that cf.J- 1,. Girard himsc-If. Thus, th er,e w a s a coxrelatio,r hetween his presence and the aprearance of the particular effects observed. Therefore, it apfear~s that we have the right- to satr that J. P. Girard is pa:rt of the "cause" of tlese effects. But during tbe-se deformations or transformaticn:~, wq:., reitler obsGVVed Dor reccrded any interventicn of muscular forces or physical effects on his part capable of causing tlcip. ;t thus appears thzt we can ccnclude. tte llabnor~alll nature of the~se effects, especially -if we consider" t1c fc)lowing observations: - for one of the dcfcrxcd test ricces WEE "Session of .27 Uctcber 1976"), the naturo cf the weasures taken to mark the. piece and the process of follcwinq thc deformaticL by succossively tracing Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For Relew 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-007WO00200010003-8 ICC = 1314 PAGE 50 the profiles proves that no zubstituticn occurrcd; we feel that the very high strength of t1is test picce. is encug4 to exclude all. exr.lavations by purely &anual and muscular ecticn; for the other test piece deformEd in the glass tube ("Session c.f 31 [larch 197611) , the wcrkirLg proccdure scesed to establish that the deformation, althouch slight, mas suffic.jently clear and was made while the test piece was in the tube; - for cases of local structural. transfcrmatioa, by a martensitic transf,cr.mation CITsts cn Stainless !',tcc-l In Clcs-ed Tubes'l) or by the ci~cation of wany sqall 6isIccaticn rings ("Local Modificatioiis... ?,etallicll) , the precautions descriLcd scow that no substitution Cccurred. 7he ge neraticii of these effccts in tLE tube or upon slight ccr)tadt eliminates any "Icrual" exFlarati..Cr. Even if substitution (lid cccur, we must point, that we found it ImppssiIjlE to either re.produce all of the physical peculiariitios cf th~e test pieces transformed in b4is nanner, or to imagine any simrle metallurgical Qperatioa capable cf doing it. our simulaticn tests essentially Tcriditted us to duplieate thc- new -structural cleirentz qeqvrated during the tests tuade uith J. P. Girard. By cembining sciveral of these actions in a complex manner (actions which wculd ctl-,erwi~.:,-E have left -traces on the -Fcciruen), we might be, able to simulate. the local texture and arrangement, of these structcral elcmentE, bj:t vc would produce, much Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For ReleW 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-0078,WmROO0200010003-8 LQ-C = 1314 PAGE 51 greater changes in dimensicts than tbcsc- olscrvEd, which are very zlight or nonexistent. ahe localizrd vatuxe of theso transformations is -suirrising. These experiments arc, Fart of a qLcup cf mi~ny more tests, which we screened and subjectcd tc an extensive ccrditicns describe;d in tl~e introducticn. ,co.ntains those in which ricthing bappened, clQarly obsei--ved muscular- in~-,etus cGulled cffc-cts. critical study under the 71,is group of tests also and ct-hers in which vfe 'Witb 1.ositively "abnormal" ;kt is a good idea to eiapl~asi7ze that thc eff"ec;ts observed flave a certa.i,.ii degree of re-producitility: the bends ir the bars were Frcduced repeatedly, the local martepsitic transformations -- twic'e, and thc local haracning.,- - four times. Vie. last of these, four tests, tbe t-e-st sFcnsored by Piotesso-r Hasted, is the nost significant, for .it iiicltides the moasurevent ef ha.Ldnc~~ss befcre the tests in the zone ir, which hardening subscquently vas realitc-d, ard because the increasc~ in hardness was verified in'twc irdej:endent laboratories, tbus an English laboratcry uorking llblind,-" J. P. Girard did nct produce unknowii structurt--','s in any of the tests,./ The structural mcdificaticns cbservc-6 arc of the type. produced Ly certain types of defcrmations- 'Ibeir distribution is noriiial for Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For Relea4W2000/08/10 : ClA-RDP96-0078'W000200010003-8 VCC = 1314 PACE 52 the case of simple bending, but abnormalfcr transformations without defcrmation or with slight deformaticn. T~f the effects had be(,--~ii produced by applying forces, the Vork which it would havc been nccezsary I-,c experd f~cr the largest test Fiece wculd have reached arcurid. 12 01. The ccrresponding increase. in entbalpy would be from 2-3 .3. 4.n this article, we have no intentio'n ct irrposing our conclusions as complete scicntifi.c facts. Eut we. felt it our duty to cbjec,tively describe the conditions and the rez-ults of thaso Q 0 d We found nc knxrlanaticn icr t~ ef f c ts obs rv - ncither in current- physics, nor by r-cssible trickery, but perhaps cthers uill be able to find theia. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 Approved For Rele4pe 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-0074;RO00200010003-8 LOC = 13111 PAGE 53 C(NCEINING THE ARTICLE EY CF. CHUSSARD AND 0. ECUVAIST 'The above article seas uritton fcjlcwing eyreriments which demonstratcd the abnormal bchavior of Petal~E or alloys in the riesence of J. P. Girard. I can confirm that t1cse experiments were made with considerable ~scicTtific strictneE-~c, in order to eliminate any trickery as much as rosf-:ible. fiowevc-r, some of them were not conviTicing, for the pos~EiLility of tricXexy is always present. Bany pheilomena are re-'cctcd by thc educated would because thoy are c.cnsiderQd to be ir-raticnal; but this i;~ mcre the a priori refusal to try to observe avd ccntrcl tbea for themselves, with c0i)cern foi: the truth, -Lattcr than giving yxccf of scientific L"C' r e S1 y . Sev,eral scientists did not hesitate to patticipate. in the, ExFcr~went's ct J. P. Girard, sirvply -in cr-dex to 'Isee" them, objectively. I myself had this oppor-tunity--and I war, sometimes troubledL by these experiments, which, as cnc of us pointed out, Flaces us, the physicists, in a very uncomfcrtahle position. out of all. of these exrerialents, most cf which were vidoo, Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-007-4;RO00200010003-8 Approved For Rele DOC ~= 13114 PAGE 54 recordcd with a considerahle-,, abundance of ccntrcl-9, C. crussarel and a, Bouvaist used oDly those which arc the subject of this article. Until proven otherwise, it uas not icssible tc find a rational cx1lanatior for tile tVaDSf0IMatj.0T1:S cbserved and described - which naturally does not wean that He will not fiTid one later.. %he. authors of this article fcu.nd ib interesting to publish their observations, knoving full w,~:11 tha,t thel would come up aqainst tathex general. scepticism - but one must on1y view the-ir actions a."~; t.he dcsire to iflake known IhEnowena WhiCII arE OlViouSly 4nexplicable in th6 current state of cur kncwlEdce. ,I myself agreed to add these few having had occasion to fc1lov these experimentE rather clcsr-].,Y, sinply in order to give, Dly advicia zdbout the scientific strictnesE uith which they gere. conducted ty the authors. Too many factors dire still undeterminod to make it possible to give a valiZ intcrpretaticn. J.10. Trillat, Member of the Acadewy of SciencE:s Bud-1314 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200010003-8