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  March 1, 1976
  Proposa'l for Research
  SRI No. isH 76-6&
  DETECTION OF REMOTE LOW-LEVEL EM SOURCES
  Part One--Technical Proposal
  Approved:
  Prepared by:
  Harold PuLhoff
  Russell Targ
         Electronics and Bioengineering
  Laboratory
  Earle D. Jones, Director
  Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory
  Bonnar Cox, Executive Director
  Information Science and Engineering Division

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 Proposal for Research SRI No. ISH 76-68
 DETECTION OF REMOTE LOW-LEVEL EM SOURCES
 I INTRODUCTION
 For the past three years we have had a progral in the Electronics
 and Biloengineering Laboratory of SRI to investigate human registration
 and perception of remote signals Of special interest is the ability
 of certain individuals to detect remote ele cLromagnetic stimuli which
 appear to be well shielded against detection.
 This includes a certain class of a.ppa rent coupling between remote
 electromagnetic (strobelight) stimuli and the human nervous system as
 detected by the measurement of variations in the subject's electroenceph-
 alogram (EEG), when overt responses (e.g., verbal reports) provide no
 evidence,of such registration.
 In this unsolicited proposal SRI proposes to undertake.a one-month
 EEG research program to investigate the abilities and characteristics,
 with regard to remote EM source detection, of an individual whose
 services will be made available by the client.
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11 BACKGROU~D
In a number of laboratories evidence has been obtained indicating
the existence of 'an as-yc t-uaidontified channel wI)eroin inCormation is
obsorved to couple from remote electromagnetic stimuli to the 11UM-In
nervous svsLem as indicated by physiological response, even Lhough
overt responses such as vorbalizaLions or lroy presses provide no evidence
for such information transfer. Physiological measures have included
1 2 3
pleLhysmographic response and EEG activity. Kamiya, Lindsley,
1.1ribram, Silverman, Walter, and others have suggested that a whole. range
of EEG respoi.-ises such as evoked potent ial s ' (EPs), sponLano ous EEG, and
the contingent negative variation (CNV) might be sensitive indicators
       of the detection of remote stimuli not mediated by usual SOYIS Dry
4
processes.
          A piloL study was therefore undertaken at SRI to dcLeriiiine wlict-hor
EEG activity could be used as a reliable indicator oE information trans-
Mission between an isolated subject and a remozo stimulus. Following
Clio earlier work by others, we assumed that perception could be indicaLed
by such a measure even in the absence of verbal or other overt indicators.
            With regard to choice of stimulus, it should be noted that Silver-
man and Buchsbaum attempted, wiLhout succe.ss, to detect EP changes in a
subject in response to a s.'inglo stroboscopic flash stimulus observed
by another subject.6 Kamiya suggested that because of the unknown.Lem-
,poral characterisLics of Clio information channel, it mighL.be more
appropriate to.use repetitive bursts of light to increase tho probability
of detecting information transfer.6 Therefore, in our study we chose,
to use repetitive light bursts as stimuli. The results, described below,
have been reported in the open literature under the title "Information
Transfer Under Conditions of Sensory Shielding," by R. Targ and 11.
Puthoff" Nature 252,, -18 October 1974, and reprinted in the 11SEE Communica-
Lions 0, 'January, 1975.
In Llio design of the study iL was assumed Chat Clio application
of remote stimuli would result in responses similar to those.
obCained under conditions of direct stimulation. Por example,
whon noriiial subjects are stimulated wiLh a flashing light,
Choi r EEG typically shows a decrease in Clio amplitude of Clio
resting rliyLlim and a drivirig of the brain waves at Clio 'fro-
quency of the hashos.'7 We hypothesized that if we sLimulated
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one subject in this manner (a [)uta-Li ve sender), the EEG of-
another subject in a. remot-o-'room with no flash present
(a receiver), might show changes inalpha (9-11 Itz) activity,
and possibly EEG driving similar to that of the sender,
either by means Of' COUPliI_1g to the sender's EEG., or by
coupting directly to the sLimul'us.
We informed our subject that at certain times a 'light was
to be flashed in a sender's eyes in a distan4_ room, and
if Lhe subject-, perceived Ch at event, consciAsly or uncoa-
sciously, it might be evident from changes in his EEG output.
The receiver was scaLed in a visually opaque, acoustically
and electrically shielded double-walled steel room shown in
Figure -1 .The sencler was seated. in a room about 7 iii from the
.receiver.
I
We initially worked with four female and two male voluriLcer
subjecLs. These were designated "receivers." The senders
were either other subjects or the experimenters. We decided
beforehand to run one.or two sessions of 36 trials each with
each subject in this selection procedure, -and to do a more
extensive Study With any subject whose results w.cre positive
A Grass PS-2 photosLimulator placed -about 1. m in front of the
sender Was used to present flash trains of 1.0 s duration. The
receiver's EGG acLivity.from Lhe occipital region (Oz), referenced
to-linked mastoids, W'as amplified with a Grass 5P-1 preamplifier
and associated driver amplifier with a bandpass of 1-120 Uz.
The EEG data were recorded on magnetic tape with an Aml-)ex SP
300 recorder.
On each trial, a tone burst of fixed frequency was presonLed
to both seader and receiver and was followed in one second by
either a 10 s train of flashes or a null flash interval [)rosenLed
to the sender. Thirty-six such trials were given in an expcri-
mental session, consisting of 12 null Urials--no flashes following
the tone--.1-2 trials of flashes at 6 f.p.s. and 12 trials of flashes
at 1-6 f.p.s., all. randomly intermixed, determined by enLries
[rom a t:able of random numbers. 117ach of the trials genera.Lnd
an UI-S l"IX; epoch. 4 s of Che epocli was seLectccl for
I The last
analysis to% minimize the d esynchronising action of Lhe warning
C11C. This /1-S segment Was subjecLud to F-ourier aiialysis on a
L-INC.8 computer.
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IcLrum analyses gave no. evidence of E
               EG driving in any re-
ce-iver, although in control runs the receivers did exhibit
driving when physically sLi'mul.aLod 'with the flashes. But
of the six subjects studied initially, one subject showed
a consistent alpha blocki'ng effect. We therefore undertook
further study with this subject.
DaLa from seven sets of 36 trials each were collected from this
,subject on. three separate days. This compri-ses all the data
coll-ecLed Lo daLe with this subject under tl~e test condiLions
described above. The alpha band was id.cnLified from average
spectra, then SCOYCS of average
_ power and peak power were ob-
Lained from individual trials and subjected to statistical
'Llia,lysis'.
E
Of Our six S~lbjccLs~ [1.11. had by far Lhe most monochromatic EEG
spectrum Figure 2 shows in ov-erlay of Lho three averaged
spectra from one of this subject's 36-trial- rU].1S, displaying
,cs in her alpha activit for the three stimulus conditions.
chang y
Dlean values for the average power and peak power for each
of the seven experimental sets are given in Table 1, The
,power measures were less in the 16,f.p.s. tase than in the
0 f.p.s. in all -seven peal, power measures and in sik out
of seven average power measures. Note also the reduced effect
in the case. tn which the subject was informed that no sender
was present (Run 3), It seems that overall. al.plia production
-is reduced for this run in con unction with the subject's ex-
W j
pressed apprehension about conducting the experiment withouL a
sender.. This is,in contrast to the case (Run 7) in which the
subject was not informed.
Siegel's Lwo-Lailed L approximation to the noriparamon-ic randomi-
zaLion Lost" was' applied to the data -from all sets, which ill.-
ClUded two sessions in which the sender was removed. Average
power on trials associated with the occurrence of 16 f.p.s. was
less than when there were no flashes (L = 2.09Y
d.f. = 118~ 11 < 0.04). The second measure, peak power, was
also significantly loss in the 16 f.p.s. conditions than in
Lho null. condition (t -- 2.16~ d.f. = 118~ P < 0.03). The
average response in the 6 f.p.s. condition was in the same
direction as that associaLed. with 16 f.p.s., but the effect:
Wis noL staListical.Ly Significant.
As parL of the experimental protocol the sub ject was asked
to indicate conscious assessment for each trial as to
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       FIGURE 2 OCCIPITAL EEG FRE QUENCY SPECTRA, 0 TO 20 Hz, OF ONE SUBJECT (Fo-i.)
ACTING AS RECEIVER, SHOWING AMPLITUDE CHANGES IN THE 9-11 Hz
BAND AS A FUNCTION OF STROBE FREQUENCY
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5 Hz lu tiz
            and 16 Hz flashos (12 trial avuages)
THREE CASES

CL
-n
0
U)
00
0
55
(.0
T
00
-4
-4
Table I
EEG DATA FOR H.H. SHM,,TU,-,G AVERAG" PGT,ER AN D P AK POWER !~N THE
EQTT
            -9 11 Hz B-1-ND, AS A K"NCTION 0-7 FLASH FIR UENCY AND SENDER.
T
EACH TAB~E tNTRY IS AINN AVERAGE O~TER 12 TRTALS.
Flash                                              
                                                   
                                      eak          
a                l                    Power        6
                 Average                0 6          
" 4 s h          Power                             
Freque-ncy       0                                 
Freq ~e-~cy      6                                 
Sender           16                                
S~en-er                                            
                                                   

J.L.             94.8 84.1 76.8       357.7 329.2  289.6
                                                   

R.T.             41.3 45.5 37.0       160.7 161.0  125.0
                                                   

'No Sender       25.1 35.7 28.2       87.5  95.7   81.7
                                                   

(Subject informied)                                  
                                                   

J.L.             54.2 55.3 44.8       191.4 170.5  149.3
                                                   

J.L.             56.8 50.9 32.8       240.6 178.0  104.6
                                                   

R.T.             39.8 24.9 30.3       145.2 74.2   122.1
                                                   

No Sender        86.0 53.0 52.1       3 18. 180.6  202.3
                                      1            
                                                   

(I S u blect not                                   
                                                   

informned)                                         
                                                   

Averages         156.849.9 4-3.1-     214.5 169.8  153.5
                                                   

                      -12% 2 4 7. (P<.      -21%   - 2 8 (P<.03)
                           0-/+)                   
                                                   

                                                   
                                                   

CL
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U)
0
       0
       

       
       

       
       

       
       

       
       

       
       

       
       

       
       

       
       

       
       

       
       

       -4
       

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w1lich sLimul-us was generated. The guess was ma dc known to
the experimenter via one-way LeLegraphic communication. An
analysis of these guesses has shown.Lhem to be at chance, ill-
dicaLing the absence of any supral"Llminal cueing, so arousal as
evidenced by significant alpha blocking occurred only at the
noncogniLive 'level of awareness.
Several. control procedures were undertaken to, determine if these
results were produced by system artifacts or by SUbtle cueing of the
subject'. 1,ow level. recordings were made from saline of 12 ld_~ resistance
in place of the subject, with and without the introduction of 10 117,~
50 p.V signals from a batLery-operated generator. The standard experi-
mental protocol. was adhered to and spectral analysis of the results
were, carrield out.. There was no evidence in the spectra of activity
asso~iatcd with the flash frequencies, and the, 10 Itz signal was not
perturbed by the remote occurrence flicker.
            .In another conL-rol proc, edure a five fooL pair of leads was draped
across the subject's chair (subject absent). The leads were connected
to a Grass P-5 amplifier via its high impedance input probe. The band-
width was set 0.1 11z to 30 Kliz with a minimum gain of 200,000. 7,110
output of L1.10 amplifier was connected to one input of a C.A.T. 400C
11averager." Two-second sweeps, triggered at onseL of the Lone., were
Lal<en once every 13.seconds for approximately two hours., for about 550
samples. No difference in noise level between the, foreperiod and the
onset of flicker was observed.
Finally, no sounds associated with flicker could be detected in the
receiver's chamber.
From these experiments we conclude thaL
         * A mechanism of extreme human perceptual sensitivity exists
           where-by the occurrence of remote electromagnetic sLimulL
can be detected by means of a perceptual modality not mediated
by physical. parameters as yet identified.
   * .['he EE'G procedure described appears to be a sensitive Lechni-quC
for detecting the occurrence of such information transfer,
even in the absence of overt cognitive response.
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   q efound ov-idcnce for EEG correlau2s, (alpha reduction arousal responsc)
   of the detection of remote strobelighL stisuli. The g0,11 Of SUCh rCpli-
   cation is the further delineation of. Lbe I:Jiarac teris tics of Lhe coupling
   mc,chauism under increasingly severe exporlmenLal condiLions to com-
   pieLely circumscribe poLeaCial mundane mecijanisms.
   To accomplish the proposed research objectives, SRI will furnish
   the personnel and facilities required for' the following effort s.
   (1) Evidence for detection of remote strobelight stimuli as
   indicated by EEG correlates sha'11 be investigatc6 as dis-
   Cussed in Section II, with the 'a(ldiLion of
                                           a. TJse.of a self -contained battery-driven lamp with iiechanical
   chopper to eliminate potential: pickup and re-
   radiation by a.c. power lines;
   Use of increased distance between source and receiver
   (kip to kilometers); and
   (2) Independent experimentation and analysis on the part of con-
   sultant Dr. Robert Ornstein., Lang ley -Port or Ne uropsychiatric
   InstiLute, University of California Medical Center, San
   Francisco, has been arranged to provide for intra-program
   checks and balances on protocols, data gathering, and
   analysi's.
   (3) Use of alternative st:imuli (e.g., audio
   tones) to follow up previous work -which suggests that
   physiological response to remote stimuli may constitute
   a class of non-specific arousal behavior in response to
   general stimuli. 0
   (4) The exploratory nature of the program, requires that 15
   percent of 'the effort will be set aside to explore, with
   the client's cognizance, additional avenues of research
   that may surface as high-priority iLems during the course
   of the program.
            SRI personnel shall undertake- a research program of approximately
   one-mQath duration. to investigate Lhe abilities and characteristics of the
   designated individual to be supplied by the clients.
   io
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D. -Reporting Schedule
           A technical'report detailing the tests and their results will be
delivered 60 days after the commencement date of the contract.
Throughout the effort the investigators plan to remain in close
telephone communication with the client.

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 IV QUALIFICATIONS OF SRI
  SRI is an. independent, nonprofit organization porforming a broad
 spectrum of research under contract to business industry, and 'govern-
 ment. The -Institute., which was formerly affiliated with Sranlord Uni-
 versity, was fo~inded in 1946. Its operations include the physical and
 life sciences, industrial and development economics, managcment: systems,
 engineering systems, electronics and radio sciences, information science,,
 urban and social systems, and various combinati.ons.of disciplines wiL11j:n
 these fields.
     SRI has no endowment; payments by clients under research contracts
 and grants amount to approximaLely $80 million annually and .are used to
 cover all operating costs. Such revenue also helps the Institute main-
 tain Lhe excellence of its research capabilliLies.
 SRI's facilities include more than one million square feet of office
 and laboratory space and incorporate the most advanced scientific equip-
 menc, including unique instrumentation developed by the staff. The bulk
 of these facilities and most of the research staff are located It the
 InsLitucels headquarters in Menlo Park, California. Regional office
 locations include Washington, D.C. ;' New York City; Chicago; 11ouston;
 and Los Angeles.
 Of SRI's total staff of, almost 3000, approximately one-half are -in
 professional and technical categories. Some 450 members of the profes-
 siona 1. s La ff have Ph. D. or equiva lent degrees ; 600 others have their
 master's degree.
 The project leader and other research personnel who would be active
 in Lfic proposed work are members of Lhe Electronics and Bioengincering,
 Laboratory. This group currently occupies 110,000 square feet of labora-
 Lory space, divided into many separate laboratory rooms, technicians'
 worb-, areas, a machine shop, and a computer room housing a LINC-8 and
 rc.LaLcd terminals and, equipment, In addition, a well-cquipped. computation
 center is available.
           The E'l.ecLroid-cs and Biocnginoering 1,aboratory eniploys a aumhur of
 tocl)nici.ans and engineering assistants and has available electronics
 and Lest equipmonL useful.in the research proposed here.
 suiLod to this worl, are a number of shicided rooms with various
 avaiLable.
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           Finally, a backup team of psychologists and statisticians can be
.brought into the project on an internal cpnsulting basis.
The proposed research will be conducted by SRI staff members within
the Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory unde-r the management of
its director, Mr. Earle Jones. The principal investigator will be Dr.
Harold Puthoff. Mr. Russell Targ of the Electronics and Bioengineering
Laboratory will be a co-investigator. Dr. Robert Ornstein of the Langley-
Porter Neuropsychiatric Ins titute, University of California Medical
Center, San Francisco, will act as consultant to this program.
       In addition to.the scientific personnel directly engaged in the
research aspects of this investigation, Stanford Research Institute
has established an internal technical advisory board. This board con-
sists of several directors of SRI's operating divisions, together with
,our legal counsel, all under the chairmanship of the senior vice president
for research. It is the function of this advisory board not only to make
recommendations and approve or disapprove every new direction taken by
the Institute in this research area, but also to monitor related ongoing
projects as well.
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EL",LE' D. i0,NES DT,_R,:"CT1 Oil,
ELECT?RONICS AJD To')V
INFO]"'LMATTLON SCIENCE AND DIV-:SIOI,l
SpeciaZlized professian.aZ competence
Analysis and design of electronic-opticai systems, television, fac--
simile systems including bandwidth compression techniques , electro-
static printing, bioeng-neering ins-crumentatioln, and ultrasonics
Representat'ive research assig-nments at SRI (since 1956)
. Director, Electronics and Dioengineering Laboratory; responsible for
four research programs:
. Optics: laser applications in oceanography, 9pectroscopy, and re-
mote detection
* Ultrasonics: real-time acoustic imaging for medical diagnostics
and nondestructive testing
. Electronics: electrostatic printing, television systems, and fac-
s imi le
Bioengineering: vision research instrumentation, prosthetic devices,
and diagnostic medical instruments
. Manager, Electronics and Optics Group; project leader, Meteorological
Satellite Facsimile System, color television cameras
. Research engineer; character generator design; electrostatic label
printer; delay line scanning; high density photographic recording.of
television signals; frequency synthesizer-s; time domain equalizer;
color facsimile;.bandwidth compression
Academic backgrowid
B.S. in electrical engineering (i956), Georgia Institute of Technology;
M.S. in electrical engineering (1958), Stanford University; graduate
              9
work (1965-68) including statistics, communication theory, Fourier
optics, and bioengineering
PubZications and patents
Many papers and reviews in the fields of character generators, cir-
cuitry, color television cameras, bandwidth compression, television
recording, and ultrasonic imaging
Seven issued U.S. patents in character generators, frequency synthe-
sizer, and electrostatics
                         Prof~essicnaZ, aseociat-l'o7,s and ho~-ors
                        Amt-rican Physical- Society
Eta Ka':~-Da 1"'*u; P"~,' ta Sigma'; i~hi Kappa Phi; Tau Bet:a P,
                                    Junr~ "4
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HAIDOLD F. PUTHOFF,- SENIOR PESEARCH ENGINEER
ELECTRONICS AND BIOENGINLE ABORATORY
           J RING L
INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DIVISION
Specia~ized professionaL competence
Tunable laser research and development; quantum electronics; biofeed-
back- and biomeasurement research; "paPanormal" perception
flepre,sentatiVe TV8earoh assignments at- SRI
~ Development of tunal)le ultraviolet laser sourpe for polluti.on studies
and medical research
~ Development of high-power tunable infrared laser source (50-25O.mi-
crons) for materials research
~ Assessment of potential of fiber optics and lasers for use in optical
computers
Development. of biofeedback monitors (GSR) for use in educational com-
pul:ers and other man-machine links
'Research and development of biofield measurements
Investigation of- "paranormal" perceptual abilities
Other professional experience
R6search associate, Hansen Laboratories of Physics and lecturer, Do-
partment of Electrical Engineering, Stanford UniverFity: teaching,
LexLb.ook author, and research supervisor of Ph.D. candidates in the
area of lasers and nonlinear optics
Consultant on applications of lasers to industrial and medical prob-
lems- and research assistant, Stanford University
Lieutenant, USNR: in-house research and contract monitoring on DoD
(NSA) contracts concerned with the development of ultra high-speed
(GHZ) Computers..
Research engineer, Sperry Electronic Tube Division and Sperry fellow,,
University of 171orida: design and testing of electron beam focusing
systems for use in microwave tubes
Academic background
                and M.S.E. (1960'), University of Florida; Ph.D. in elec-
.trical engineering (1967), Stanford University
PubZioations and patents
Coauthor of texlzbook FundamentaZs of' Quantzan E~ectronics (Wiley);
three reference book contributions; twenty-five papers in professional
Journals; seventeen national symposium papers; numerous technical
reports
Two pal-ents
1'rofeso,ionaZ associations and honors
Ameri(.-,,m) Association i--or the AdvancemeriL of Science; InsLitilLe oF
Electrical and Electronics Engineers; ~Phi Eta Sigma; Phi Kappa Phi
Sigma Tau; Sigma Xi
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           TARG, SENIOP RESEARCH PHYSICIST
 IMECTP.ONICS AND DIOENGINEERING LABORATORY
 T]WORMATIOP SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DIVISION
 Specialized professional competence
 DLvelopment of new gas lasers; FM laser and supermode laser techniques;
 laser rioise_ reduction; optical modulation arj'~l demodulation;. experi-
 ments in new gaseous laser media;. microwave t~iagnostic -techniques;
 microw ave generation from plasmas
 Professiona~ exper-zence
 Sylvania Corporation (1962-72); investigation oTtechniques for
  ,,as lasers, making use of his research with com-
 ,d(,.v(-lopin(,nt of new F
 pact, ,,elf-contained multi-kilowa-ft C02 lasers
 Technical Research Group (1959-62); experiments in new gaseous laser
 media
 Polytechn-ic ln:stitute of Brooklyn; assisted in the establishment of
 I.-he Elclctron Beam Laboratory
 Sperry Gyroscope Company, Elcctron Tube Division (1956-59)~ experi-
 mental work in microwave generation from plasmas; early work in the
 techriology of ult rah igh- vacuum and ion-pump design
 Ac(.0007iC background
 13.':'). in physics (19511), Queens College, New York;. graduate work in
 physics (1954-56), Columbia University, New York
 Publications and inventions
 AuLl~or o[ "Optical-Heterodyne Detection of Microwave-ModulaLcd. Eight,'
 Pvoo. 1LEE (1964); coauthor of numerous articles on lasers and plasma
 0~.~CillaLions
 Itivention of the tunable plasma oscillator at microwave frequencies
 Professional assooiations and honors
 IEEE; American Physical Society; The, Optical SocieLy of America
 Awarded the. position of research associate with the Polytechnic Insti-
 ~u(:e of Brooklyn
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 REFERENCES
1. Dean, E.D., Int. J. of Neuropsychiatry 2, 439 (1966).
2. Tart,.C.T., Int. J. of Parapsychology 5, 375 (1963).
3. Duane, T.D., and Behrendt, T., Science 150, 3674 (1965).
4. Cavanna, R. (Editor), Psi Favorable States of Consciousness, Para-
psychology Foundation, New York (1970).
5. Ref. 4, pp. 143-169.
6. Ref. 4, pp. 158-159.
7. Hill, D., and Parr, G., Electroencephalography: A Symposium on Its
.Various Aspects, Macmillan, New York (1963).
8. Siegel, ,S., Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences,
McGraw~-Hill, New York, 1956; pp. 152-156.
9. Ornstein, R. (Editor), The Nature of Human Consciousness, W.H. Freeman
and Co., San Francisco (1973). See especially articles by M.S. Gazzaniga
(pp. 87-100) and J.E. Bogen (pp. 101-125).
10. Artley, J.L., Physiological Correlates of Psi Processes, HEW-PHS
Proposal (1975).
11. D.H. Lloyd, New Horizons Transactions of the Toronto Society for
Psychical Research 1, No. 2 (1973).
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