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1 October 1973
Proposal for Research
SRI No. ISH 73-146
PERCEPTUAL AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES
Part One--Technical Proposal
Prepared by:
-/_ /_ 12 Z_ Z-.V- ~_' ~ - -
op,,D
Harold E. Puthoff
Sunior Research Engineer
Russell Targ
Senior Research Physicist
Approved:
Earle D. Jones, Dire r
Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory
Bonnar Cox, Executive Director
Information Science and Engineering Division
Copy No.
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CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
I INTRODUCTION . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
II BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
A. Exploratory Research in Remote Viewing . . . . . . . . 3
1. Global Targets--Training Mode . . . . . . . . . .. 3
2. Demonstration-of-Ability Tests: Double-Blind
Client-Supplied Coordinates . . . . . .. . . . . . 6
B. EEG Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
C. Remote Perception of Graphic Material . . . . . . . . . 23
III PROPOSED PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
A. Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
B. Technical Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
C. Statement of Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
D. Reporting Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
IV QUALIFICATIONS OF STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE . . . . . . . 43
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ILLUSTRATIONS
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Training Results (Swann) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Map No. 1 of West Virginia Site (Swann) . . . . . . . . . .
Map No. 2 of West Virginia Site (Detail--Swann) . . . . . .
Map of Urals Site (Price) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Map No. 1 of Kerguelen Island Site (Detail--Swann) . . . . .
Map No. 2 of Kerguelen Island Site (Swann) . . . . . . . . .
Map No. 3 of Kerguelen Island.Site (Price) . . . . . . . . .
Occipital EEG Frequency Spectra, 0 to 25 Hz, of
Jean Mayo, Receiver . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Occipital EEG Frequency Spectra, 0 to 25 Hz, of
Hella Hammid, Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shielded Room Used for EEG Measurements . . . . . . . . . .
Target 1 (Firecracker) and Geller's.Responses . . . . . . .
Target 2 (Grapes) and Geller's Response . . . . . . . . . .
Target 3 (Devil) and Geller's Responses . . . . . . . . . .
Target i (Solar System) and Geller's Response . . . . . . .
Target 5 (Camel) and Geller's Response . . . . . . . . . . .
Target 6 (Golden Gate Bridge) and Geller's Response-. . . .
Target 7 (Seagull Flying) and Geller's Response . . . . . .
Target 8 (Kite on CRT Display) and Geller's Response . . . .
Target 9 (Church, Stored in Memory of Text-Editing
Computer) and Geller's Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Target 10 (Arrow Through Heart, Stored in Computer
Graphics Program) and Geller's Responses . . . . . . . . . .
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18
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TABLE
Results of Global Targets Training--Run 10 . . . . . . . 5
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I INTRODUCTION
Stanford Research Institute proposes to undertake a one-year research
program to investigate, and develop techniques to enhance, human percep-
tual abilities.
The perceptual abilities that we have been investigating for the
past year are sometimes considered paranormal phenomena. However,
our
recent work leads us to consider them as, to a greater or lesser
extent,
latent in all people. The phenomena we have investigated most exten-
sively pertain to the ability of certain individuals to view with
great
clarity distant scenes not presented to any known perceptual sense.
In
addition, we have performed more modest experiments with unselected
sub-
jects who have been found to exhibit direct physiological (EEG)
evidence
of perception of remote happenings. Our accumulated data make it
appear
that both gifted and ordinary persons can be assisted in developing
remote perceptual abilities up to a level dictated by their individual
potentialities. The purpose of the proposed research is to investigate
the physical and psychological variables underlying these phenomena
so
that we may gain a greater understanding of this ability and a
more com-
plete grasp of its limits and applicability.
Section II of this proposal provides background material,, detailing
the evidence pertaining to remote viewing and other nonregular
percep-
tual abilities. In this section we describe:
0 Experiments with two gifted individuals who took part in
double-blind experiments to perceive scenes at intercon-
tinental distances.
0 Brain wave experiments in which ordinary (not specially
selected) subjects were asked to perceive whether or not
a remote light was flashing--the EEG data from several of,
these subjects indicates objectively that they did perceive
the presence of the light, even if only at a noncognitive
level of their consciousness.
Vill
This proposal has been prepared at the request of the client.
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Carefully controlled remote perception experiments with
Mr. Uri Geller, in which he, while located in an elec-
trically shielded room, was able to reproduce target
pictures drawn for the occasion at various SRI locations.
i
Section III describes the proposed program and presents a detailed
work statement, along with the major program milestones.
Section IV outlines the experience, facilities, and personnel of
Stanford Research Institute, and its Electronics and Bioengineering
Laboratory that are available to contribute to the successful completion
of this work.
A separate Part Two of this proposal covers contractual matters
and costs.
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II BACKGROUND
A. Exploratory Research in Remote Viewing
As a result of experimentation carried out in an eight-month program
to investigate the abilities of a gifted subject, Ingo Swann., Swann ex-
pressed the opinion that the insights obtained had strengthened an ability
that has been researched before he joined the SRI program; namely, the
ability to view remote locations. To test Swann's assertions SRI re-
searchers set up a series of experimental protocols on a gradient scale
of increasing difficulty.
1. Global Targets--Training Mode
For the first experiments considered to be a training mode.,
100 targets on the earth's surface (ten per day for ten days) were chosen
at random, often by different experimenters. For each ten-trial session.,
the experiment would begin with the subject (Swann) being given a target
location by latitude and longitude only, for which he had to provide an
immediate response of what he saw, Following his response, some brief
indication was given as to whether any correspondence existed between
his description and the target location. The next coordinate was then
given until all ten coordinates were exhausted. A run of ten coordinates
was always completed in less than 30 minutes.
The results obtained during the training mode are summarized
in Figure 1, where a least-squares fit to the data is shown by the solid
lines. Details for the final run (Run 10) are shown in Table 1.
The second coordinate in Run 10 (Table 1) affords a surprising
example of precision that sometimes occurred. The experimenter chose
3
The first step toward the proof that such an ability might exist
in principle was completed in our laboratory in a series of experiments
with another subject in which target pictures were successfully received
where the subject was separated from the target material either by an
electrically isolated shielded room or by the isolation provided by
East-coast/West-coast distances. These data are presented in Part C of
this section.
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10
8
HITS/RUN 6
out of
10 trials/run 4
2
0
8
LESSER 6
CORRESPONDENCES/ 4
RUN out of
10 trials/run 2
0
6
MISSES/RUN 4
out of
10 trials/run 2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
RUN NUMBER
SA-2613-1
FIGURE 1 TRAINING RESULTS (SWANN)
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Table 1
RESULTS OF GLOBAL TARGETS TRAINING--RUN 10
Target Response Evaluation*
45ON 1500W Ocean, beautiful blue-green H
waves, sun
(ocean) shining, ship toward north
2'S 340E Sense of speeding over water, H
landing
(eastern shore, on land. Lake to west, high
Lake elevation
Victoria, Africa)
550N 1500E Not many trees, patches of snow,M
marsh?
(Sea of Okhotsk)
640N 190W Volcano to southwest. I think H
I'm over
(20 miles ENE of ocean.
Mt. Hekla volcano,
Iceland)
55ON 1300E Wind blowing there, night., N
telephone
(Soviet Union) wires. Land,,flat place with
fields;
Cold.
60'N 900W Open water, stands of pine to H
north.
(Hudson Bay)
60ON 910E City, s~iow on ground, city N
to north-
(Soviet Union) east, factory to south.
300S 00 Ocean, Atlantic, deep blue water.H
(ocean)
420N 1050 Mountains H
(Gobi)
280S 1370E Islands, Land mass to east, H
west.
(Lake Eyre, Australia)An open sea, night.
H--Hit; good description of area in near vicinity of target.
N--Neutral; some possibility of correspondence.
M--Miss; clear lack of correspondence.
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the coordinate from a world map to represent the middle of Lake Victoria.,
Africa. However, Swann insisted that the coordinate, when given, turned
on a p*icture of land to the right of a large lake. Subsequent checking
with a detailed map of the region indicated that his perception had
been correct.
We must, of course, point out that the results of such a train-
ing mode can be taken as indicative only, since even under the carefully
controlled experimental conditions in force,
0 An individual could--in principle--obtain good
results on the basis of eidetic memory.
0 Given the hypothesis of extraordinary functioning
an individual could--in principle--obtain the data
subliminally from an experimenter who knows the
target location.
Therefore, the rapid global targets training mode was followed
up with a series of global targets supplied by Stanford Research Institute
personnel on a double-blind basis in which detail was obtained on build-
ings, roads, bridges, and the like. The results were sufficiently ac-
curate to lead us to propose the client-controlled demonstration-of-
ability tests described in the following paragraphs. The final evaluation
rests on the analysis of the double-blind targets used in the concluding
demonstration-of-ability tests.
2. 'Demonstration-of-Ability Tests: Double-Blind
Client-Supplied Coordinates
In order to subject the remote viewing phenomena to a rigorous
.test under control of the client, a request for coordinates was trans-
mitted to the client. In response, SRI personnel received the first set
of coordinates, hereafter referred to as the West Virginia Site.
a. West Virginia Site (Swann)
Date: 29 May 1973, 1634-1640, Menlo Park, California
Protocol : Coordinates 38023'
given by Dr. H. E. Puthoff to
initiate experiment. No maps
subject wAs asked to give an
session was recorded on video
6
45-48"N~ 79025' 00%
subject I. Swann to
were permitted and the
Lmmediate response. The
tape.
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Swann response:
This seems to be some sort of mounds or rolling hills. There
is a city to the north (I can see the taller buildings and
some smog). This seems to be a strange place, somewhat like
the lawns that one would find around a military base, but I
get the impression that there are either some old bunkers
around., or maybe this is a covered reservoir. There must be
a flagpole, some highways to the west, possibly a river over
to the far east, to the south more city.
The map of Figure 2 was drawn.
On the following morning, Swann submitted a written re-
port of a second reading, dated 30 May 1973, 0735-0758, Mountain View,
California.
Cliffs to the east, fence to the north. There's a circular
building (a tower?), buildings to the south. Is this a former
Nike base or something like that? This is about as far as I
could go without feedback, and perhaps guidance as to what was
wanted. There is somethin g strange about this area, but since
I don't know particularly what to look for within the scope of
the cloudy ability, it is extremely difficult to make decisions
on what is there and what'is not. Imagination seems to get in
the way. (For example, I seem to get the impression of some-
thing underground, but I'm not sure.) However, it is apparent
that on first sighting the general location was correctly
spotted.
The map of Figure 3 was drawn.
b. West Virginia Site (Price)
As a back-up test, the coordinates were given to a second
subject (Price) who appears to possess similar ability in casual testing.
The task was presented to. the second subject independently of the firstY
both to prevent collaboration and to prevent any sense of competition.
Date: I June 1973, 1700, Menlo Park, California
Protocol: Coordinates 38023' 45-48"Ny 79025' 00"W
given by Dr. H. E. Puthoff to subject Price by
telephone to initiate experiment.
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tww-wj
(~4w
FIGURE 2 MAP NO. 1 OF WEST VIRGINIA SITE (SWANN)
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FIGURE 3 MAP NO, 2 OF WEST VIRGINIA SITE (DETAIL-SWANN)
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On the morning of 4 June 1973 Price's written response
(dated 2 June 1973, 1250-1350, Lake Tahoe, California) was received in
the mail.
Looked at general area from altitude of about 1500' above
highest terrain. On my left forward quadrant is a peak in a
chain of mountainsy elevation approximately 4996' above sea
level. Slopes are greyish slate covered with variety of broad
leaf trees, vines, shrubbery, and undergrowth. I am facing
about 30-50 west of north. Looking down the mountain to the
right (east) side is a roadway, freeway country style--curves
around base of mountain from S.W.--swings north for a -few miles,
then heads E.N.E. to a fairly large city about 30-40 miles dis-
tant. This area was a battleground in civil war--low rolling
hills, creeks, few lakes or reservoirs. There is a smaller
town a little S.E. about 15-20 miles distant with small settle-
ments, village type, very rural, scattered around. Looking
across the peak, 2500-3000' mountains stretch out for a hundred
or so miles. Area is essentially wooded. Some of the westerly
slopes are eroded and gully washed--looks like strip mining,
coal mainly. I
Weather at this time is cloudy, rainy. Temperature at my alti-
tude about 540--high cumulo nimbus clouds to about 25,000-
30,,000'. Clear area, but turbulent, between that level and
some cirro stratus at 46,000'. Air mass in that strip moving
W.N.W. to S.E.
1318 - Perceived that peak area has large underground storage,
areas. Road comes up back side of mountains (west slopes),
fairly well concealed, looks deliberately so. It's cut under
trees where possible--would be very hard to detect flying over
area. Looks like former missile site--bases for launchers still
there, but area now houses record storage area, microfilm, file
cabinets; as you go into underground area through aluminum
rolled up doors, first areas filled with records, etc. Rooms
about 100' long, 40' wide, 20' ceilings with concrete supporting
pilasters, flare-shaped. Temperature cool--fluorescent lighted.
Personnel, Army 5th Corps Engineers. M/Sgt. Long on desk plac-
ard on grey steel desk--file cabinets security locked--combina-
tion locks, steel rods through eye bolts. Beyond these rooms,
heading east, are several bays with computers, communication
equipment, large maps, display type, overlays. Personnel, Army
Signal Corps. Elevators.
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1330 - Looked over general area from original location again--
valleys quite hazy, lightning about 30 miles north along moun-
tain ridge. Temperature drop about 6', it's about 480. Looking
for other significances: see warm air mass moving in from S.W.
colliding with cool air mass about 100 miles E.S.E. from my
viewpoint. Air is very turbulent--tornado type; birds in my
area seeking heavy cover. There is a fairly large river that I
can see about 15-20 miles north and slightly west; runs N.E.;
then curves in wide valley running S.W. -to N.E.; river then runs
S.E. Area to east, low rolling hills. Quite a few Civil War
monuments. A marble colonnade type: "In this area was fought
the battle of Lynchburg where many brave men of the Union and
Confederate Armys (sic) fell. We dedicate this area to all peace
loving people of the future--Daughters G.A.R."
On a later date Price was asked to return to the West
Virginia site with the goal of obtaining codeword information, if pos-
sible. In response, Price supplied the following information:
Top of desk had papers labeled:
Flytrap
Minerva
File cabinet on north wall labeled:
Operation Pool --- Ond word unreadable)
Folders inside cabinet labeled:
Cueball
14 Ball
4 Ball
8 Ball
Rackup
Name of site vaguely seems like Hayfork or Haystack. Personnel:
Col. R. J. Hamilton
Maj. Gen. George R. Nash
Major John C. Calhoun??
0
C. Urals Site (Price)
After obtaining a reading on the West Virginia site, Price
volunteered that he scanned the other side of the globe for a Bloc equiv-
alent, and found one in the Urals at 65000'57"N, 59"59'59"E, described
as follows.
Elevation, 6200'. Scrubby brush, tundra type ground hummocks,
rocky outcroppings, mountains with fairly steep slopes. Facing
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north, about 60 miles ground slopes to marshland. Mountain
chain runs off to right about 350 east of north. Facing south,
mountains run fairly north and south. Facing west, mountains
drop down to foothills for 60 miles or so; some rivers running
roughly north. Facing east, mountains are rather abrupt,
dropping to rollin g hills and to flat land. Area site under-
ground, reinforced concrete, doorways of steel of the roll-up
type. Unusually high ratio of women to men, at least at night.
I see some helipads, concrete. Light rail tracks run from pads
to another set of rails that parallel the doors into the mountain
(see Figure 4). "Thirty miles north (50 west of north) of the
site is a radar installation with one large (165') dish and two
small fast-track dishes.
The above reports were submitted to the client for evalua-
tion. A second set of coordinates was requested and obtained,'hereafter
referred to as the Kerguelen Island Site.
~lipads
MOUNTAIN FACE
FIGURE 4 MAP OF URALS SITE (PRICE)
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d. Kerguelen Island Site (Swann)
Date: 21 July 1973, 1708-1730, Menlo Parki California
Protocol: Coordinates 49020'S. 70014'E given by Dr.
H. E. Puthoff to subject I. Swann to initiate experi-
ment. No maps were permitted and the subject was asked
to give an immediate response. The session was recorded
on video tape.
Swann response:
My initial response is that it's an island, maybe a mountain
sticking up through a cloud cover. (Experimenter checks, gives
positive feedback.) Terrain seems rocky. Must be some sort of
small plants growing there. Cloud bank to the west. Very cold.
I see some buildings rather mathematically laid out. One of
them is orange. There is something like a radar antenna, a
round disc. (Subject draws map during report.) Two white cy-
lindrical tanks, quite large. To the northwest a small airstrip.
Wind is blowing. Must be two or three trucks in front of build-
ing. Behind, is that an outhouse? There's not much there.
That's all, I think, for now.
Swann submits map, Figure 5.
On the following day, 1152-1215, the identical protocol
was followed for a second reading. Again, no maps were permitted.
During this reading, Swann described following the coastline of the
island, drawing segments on 8-1/2" X 11" pieces of paper as he went,
resulting in Figure 6 when the pieces were assembled.
It's not completely dark there, sort of orangish light. If
I look to the west, hills; to the north flatlands andY I think,
airstrip and ocean in the distance; to the east, rolling bumpy
grasslands with bumps; to the south is -- I can't see anything
to the south. I move north to the coastline and follow it
around. That's point A (begins to draw map). Point B. rocks
sticking up out of the ocean, breakers on them. Point C, little
cluster of buildings with wharf, boats. Point D, jutty of land
sticking out. Point F* is sand basin, river coming through,
Lettering out of order.
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lots of birds. Point E~ brush of small trees. This is fun
(laughs), first time I've ever done this. (Following E) almost
a straight coastline, cuts in rocks, beach. Then curves back.
I see to northwest a mountain rising, snow on top. Area G is
irregular. Point H is a high cliff, Point I is a promontory.
Point J has big breakers, K is a bay, L is area I drew yester-
day (circles area, draws airstrip and buildings for orientation
to previous map). That will do for today. May be a lighthouse
(on tip?). I lacked courage going around Point G.
e. Kerguelen Island Site (Price)
Date: 20 July 1973, 1400, Menlo Park, California
Protocol: Coordinates 49020'S, 7001VE given by Dr.
H. E. Puthoff to subject Price by telephone to initiate
experiment.
Price Response:
On the morning of 21 July 1973 Price's written response
(dated 20 July 1973, 2055-2232, Santa Clara, California) was received
(hand carried) .
Picked 15,000' altitude. Looking south, 40 east of south, see
a -ite located on a cliff about 200' high above the ocean. In:-
stallation is a cluster of buildings and radar tracking station
(see Figure 7). Radar is a segment concave type rather than
circular dish type. Building #1 is the largest, L-shaped, front
facing NW, two stories plus basement. Buildings #2 and #3 about
75'-100' east of main building, also two stories plus basement.
Building #2 has recreation and dining facilities, building #3
contains living quarters. Building #4 is a shop and maintenance
area. Buildings are all interconnected on the ground floor.
I see a dock area at the base of the cliff, and 1/4 to 1/2 mile
from the buildings is an airstrip.
The installation has four functions:
1) Tracking (space)
2) Meteorological station
3) Monitoring equipment for radiation readings
4) Radio relay station.
I see a couple of other radar installations covered by geodesic
domes. There are two small tracking radars interlinked with
main radar.
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FIGURE 7 MAP NO. 3 OF KERGUELEN ISLAND SITE (PRICE)
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0 U'T"_ rAA-RDPS&Q07Z7RQ002W240004 .8
I had the impression that the personnel (military and civilian)
were French, but since I could understand what was being said
I assume personnel are American.
f. Analysis of Results (Double-Blind
Client Coordinates)
The results obtained with the double-blind client coordi-
nates have been evaluated separately by the client. (See attached
supplement.)
As an additional control with regard to the experimental
protocol., SRI personnel have not been informed before, during, or after-
ward of any details of the target series parameters, including the hit-
miss profile. However, SRI personnel have been informed that in each
experiment there have been at least some categories of information in
which the data exceed any possible bounds of coincidental correlation,
and exceed any possible bounds of acquisition by known means. It has
also been reported that some of the data possibly constitute ,'noise"
in the signal, but it has usually been difficult to negate totally any
information given by the subjects.
that:
Therefore, we conclude from this portion of the study
~ A channel exists whereby information about a
remote location can be obtained in the manner
described.
~ As with all biological systems the information
channel appears to be imperfect, containing some
noise along with the signal.
~ While a signal-to-noise ratio cannot as yet be
determined by SRI personnel with regard to client-
controlled targets, a semiquantitative signal-to-
noise ratio might be deterlmined with additional
experimental effort.
B. EEG Experiments
One premise underlying our investigation is that paranormal func-
tioning is distributed throughout the population in much the same manner
as every other ability, and indeed in much the same way as intelligence
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is distributed. We further conjecture that it is partially the "world
view" of the times in which we live that prevents paranormal ability
from surfacing to a greater extent.
Our EEG program was initiated in an effort to determine whether
objective physiological measures of paranormal functioning exist and
to relieve the subject from the burden of having to demonstrate voli-
tionally any sort of paranormal functioning. We inform our subjects
that a light is to be flashed from time to time in a distant room, and
if they perceive that light it may be evident from changes in their EEG
output. This experiment tests the hypothesis that perception may take
place and be measurable at noncognitive levels of consciousness, even
though not easily expressed verbally.
In our work with four female volunteer subjects, we have found
evidence in three of their EEG spectra that they are influenced by the
remote stimulus. Thus it appears from this exploratory work that we
have a repeatable perception experiment that yields significant results
even with unselected subjects.
The experimental protocol for the experiment is as follows: A
subject is seated in a shielded EEG monitoring room in the Life Sciences
Building of SRI. -A friend of the subject is seated in a remote room
with the stimulus generator, in this case a strobe light. The EEG out-
put is recorded from the vertexes and occiputs (regions of the brain)
simultaneously from both participants. On each trial, a tone burst
precedes by one second a ten-second train of flashes presented -to one
of the subjects designated as the 'tsender." The subject who does not
see the flashes is designated the "receiver;" this subject also hears the
warning signal. This signal evokes a contingent negative variation (CNV)
in each of the subjects as they anticipate the occurrence of the flashes.
Thirty-six such trials are given, each consisting of 12 null trials,
i.e.. 0 flashes/second, 12 6-11z flashes, and 12 16-11z flashes intermixed
in-a random order. Each of the 36 trials consists of a ten-second EEG
epoch. The EEG data are recorded on magnetic tape and digitized. The
12 data blocks associated with the OY 6, and 16 Hz trials are averaged.
A spectral analysis is then performed on the average.
This analysis has given two types of results. In two subjects we
have evidence of actual modulation of the EEG output at the flash fre-
quency. The other (more consistent) observation is that the dominant
alpha production of the resting subjects is pulled to higher frequencies
during the 6- and 16-Hz trials as compared with the 0 flashes/second
trials.
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In summary, the "receiver" subject knows when a trial period is
beginning but does not know whether the light will be flashed nor what
the flash frequency will be. However, from the accumulated EEG data,
we tentatively conclude that there is evidence strongly suggesting that
human subjects can directly--even though noncognitively--perceive remote
stimuli not presented to any known perceptual sense, and the perception
event can be recorded by an objective process.
Figure 8 shows the averaged EEG for a subject attempting to perceive
the remote stimulus. In this case the twelve averaged trials are for the
6- and 16-Hz light. The spectrum indicates a significant (p = 0.05) in-
crease in the 16-Hz component during the 16-Hz period.
Figure 9(a) shows an overlay of the three averaged spectra for a
different subject. Figure 9(b) shows the difference spectrum where the
0 trials data are electrically subtracted from the 6-11z data. This
difference curve shows a clear frequency shift in the dominant component
of the subject's alpha (9-11 Hz) production. Of our four subjects, this
subject had by far the most monochromatic EEG spectrum. Again the fre-
quency shift obtained from comparing the stimulus versus nonstimulus
trials was significant at the p = 0.05 level for the 6-Hz case and at
the p = 0.005 level for the 16-Hz case.
A second important use of the EEG technique is to allow a deter-
mination to be made of what confidence level to place on what a subject
reports that he is perceiving during the course of his remote viewing
experience.
Subjects taking part in these EEG experiments are asked to indicate
their conscious feelings, on a trial-by-trial basis, as to which stimulus
is being generated. They make their guess known to the experimenter via
one-way telegraphic communication. An.analysis of these guesses has
shown a-correlation between the correct calls and certain characteristic
changes in EEG output. These changes vary from subject to subject but
appear to be constant for any one subject. Having observed this apparent
correlation in exploratory work, it is important to continue this study
further to determine its constancy.
In experiments with Swann, the correlation took the form of a de-
crease in monochromaticity of his alpha production when his verbal re-
sponses to a stimulus condition were correct. (In this experiment Swann
was asked to determine whether a remote helium-neon laser was on or off.)
In the course of this experiment there was thus an apparent correlation
between the accuracy of his perception and his EEG production, even
though his overall task performance in this particular experiment did
not differ significantly from chance expectation.
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20
(a) SENDER STIMULATED WITH 6-Hz FLASHES
10 15 io
(b) SENDER STIMULATED WITH 16-Hz FLASHES
FIGURE 8 OCCIPITAL EEG FREQUENCY SPECTRA, 0 TO 25 Hz, OF JEAN MAYO,
RECEIVER
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-0
6
6
5 H2 liz
Hz 2'0 liz
(a) THREE CASES-O-, 6-, AND 16-Hz FLASHES (12-TRIAL AVERAGE)
10 H7.
(b) DIFFERENCE SPECTRA-6-Hz MINUS 0-Hz
FIGURE 9 OCCIPITAL EEG FREQUENCY SPECTRA, 0 TO 25 Hz, OF HELLA HAMMID,
RECEIVER
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In other work with Swann at the American Society for Psychical
Research, Dr. Karlis Osis has reported that when Swann attempted to
reproduce pictorially the contents of a hidden container, his EEG out-
put would consistently shift from lower to higher frequencies. Swann
was highly successful (eight out of eight) in this series of perception
experiments.
It therefore appears that monitoring of the EEG may prove to be a
good indicator as to the measure of confidence that should.be placed
in a subject's report about his perception of a remote scene.
C. Remote Perception of Graphic Material
The objective of -this group of experimental sessions was to inves-
tigate the apparent paranormal perception ability of gifted subject Uri
Geller under carefully controlled conditions with the goal of under-
standing the physical and psychological variables underlying such ability.
On each day of an eight-day experimental period, picture drawing
experiments were carried out. In these experiments, Geller was separated
from the target material either by an electrically isolated, shielded
room or by the isolation provided by having the targets drawn on the
East Coast. As a result of Geller's success in this experimental period,
we consider that he has demonstrated his paranormal perceptual ability
in a convincing and unambiguous manner.
Saturday, 4 August--Two drawing experiments were conducted this
day. In both of these, Geller was closeted in an opaque, acoustically
and electrically shielded room. This room is the double-walled shielded
room used for EEG research in the Life Sciences Division of SRI. It is
locked by means of an inner and outer door, each of which is secured
with a refrigerator-type locking mechanism, as shown in Figure 10.
The two drawings used in this experiment were selected by randomly
opening a large college dictionary and selecting the first word that
could reasonably be drawn. The first word obtained in this manner was
ti fuse" and the object drawn was firecracker [Figure 11(a)]. All target
selection and picture drawing was done with Geller already in the shielded
room. Geller was notified via intercom when the target picture was drawn
and taped to the wall outside his enclosure. Ile was continuously moni-
tored by a one-way audio circuit.
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1
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(a) TARGET (b) RESPONSE 1
Is"J
W RESPONSE 2
FIGURE 11 TARGET 1 (FIRECRACKER) AND GELLER'S RESPONSES
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Geller's almost immediate response was that he saw "a cylinder with
noise coming out of it." His drawing representing his response to the
target was a drum, along with a number of other cylindrical-looking
objects [Figures 11(b) and 11(c)].
The second word selected was "bunch , and the target was a bunch
of grapes. Geller's immediate response was that he saw "drops of water
coming out of the picture." He then talked about "purple circles."
Finally, he said that he was quite sure that he had the picture. His
drawing was indeed a bunch of grapes. Both the target picture and Geller's
rendition had 24 grapes in the bunch (Figure 12).
In this work the target picture is never discussed by the experi-
menters after the picture is drawn or brought near the shielded room.
The intercom operates only from the inside of the room to the outside,
except when the push-to-talk switch is depressed on the outside of the
room. In our detailed examination of the shielded room and the protocol
used in these experiments no sensory leakage has been found., nor has
any defect in the protocol been brought to our attention.
Sunday, 5 August--Geller is locked in the shielded room with one
experimenter outside as a monitor while the target is drawn in the other
experimenter's office about a half mile away. The target selected from
the dictionary was an outline drawing of a man, which evolved through
the drawing process into a devil with a trident [Figure 13(a)]. To
start the experiment, Puthoff, who was with Geller, called Targ, who,
was with the drawing. Geller spent almost a half-hour working on the
drawing before "passing," as he felt unable to get the drawing. We in-
clude his efforts nonetheless for the insight into the process that they
provide.
His drawings [Figures 13(b)-13(d)] were as follows:
Moses' Tablets , i.e., Ten Commandments.
~ Apple with a worm coming out of it, a snake was in the
same picture, and the Tablets symbolism of the first
drawing.
~ Composite picture with the Ten Commandments on top of
the world and the trident on the outside, along with a
neatly drawn leaf.
One is led to speculate that the Biblical representation in these three
drawings is perhaps associational material triggered by the target. The
inability on Geller's part to draw the devil may be culturally induced.
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With regard to the target Picture), Geller did draw the trident
from the target picturey but he did not draw the man who was holding
it.
From this it seems clear that Geller does not simply copy lines
from
the target picture, but rather he apparently performs some mental
pro-
cessing before drawing them.
The second target picture was drawn by an experimenter while he
was inside the shielded room with Geller outside the room with another
experimenter. In this case the target [Figure 14(a)] was a representa-
tion of the solar system. His immediate verbal reaction before drawing
was one of "space. Geller's drawn response to the target while outside
the room [Figure 14(b)] coincides well with the target drawing.
The
block in the center of Geller's picture, according to his statementY
was his afterthought suggested by the movie 2001 and was drawn as
an
77 addition just before comparing target with response.
Monday, 6 August--The experiment to be done this day was a pure
clairvoyance task. A picture was drawn by a scientist outside the
usual
experimental group. The picture was locked in the shielded room
before
Geller's arrival at SRI. Geller was then led by the experimenters
to
the shielded room, and asked to draw the picture inside the room.
He
drew a number of pictures, all of which he rejected as not being
appli-
cable. Ile said that he got no clear impression and passed. The
target
was a rabbit., and nothing Geller drew in any way resembled a rabbit.
It should be added that the picture was drawn by a scientist of
whom
Geller is not fond, and Geller asked at the outset if this was the
case.
The experimenters said that this was not the case, since they did
not
know who had drawn the picture. Geller felt vindicated to some extent
when lie found out that his initial guess as to the artist had been
correct.
Tuesday, 7 August--This day two target pictures were attempted with
Geller in the shielded room. He was connected to an EEG apparatus
to
allow measurement of his brain waves at the time that he was attempting
to perceive a hidden picture. The two target pictures were a tree
and
an envelope. He experienced difficulty, did not make a drawing that
corresponded to either drawing, and passed. Also, he found it very
difficult to hold adequately still to make good EEG records. The
same
skeptical experimenter who drew the rabbit was the EEG operator
on this
second unsuccessful day.
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K-7
,Ilk
(a) TARGET
VV
(b) RESPONSE
FIGURE 14 TARGET 4 (SOLAR SYSTEM) AND GELLER'S RESPONSE
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Wednesday~ 8 August--Three targets were drawn during the course
of this day's work. In the first, the experimenters closed the outer
door of -the laboratory in which the shielded room is located (in addi-
tion to the inner double doors) and worked in an adjoining room. The
target picture in this case was a camel. Geller felt unsure and passed,,
but his first choice drawing was a horse (see Figure 15).
The experimenters then returned to the room outside the shielded
room and drew the second picture, which was the Golden Gate Bridge
[Figure 16(a)]. Geller inside the shielded room drew some curved lines
with some squares underneath [Figure 16(b)]. He said that he didn't
know what the picture was and passed.
The third picture was a flying seagull. Geller said almost imme-
diately that he saw a flying swail over a hill. Ile drew several birds
and said that he was sure that his drawing was correct, which it was
(Figure 17).
Experiments were conducted in the shielded room for six days; good
results were obtained on four of the days when there was no openly
skeptical observer present.
Thursday, 9 August--The experiments were moved to SRI's Engineering
Building in order to make use of the computer facilities available.
After Geller was secured in a shielded room about 150 feet down the hall
and around a corner from the computer room and placed under continuous
monitoring, a picture of a kite was drawn on the fac*e of the TV screen
driven by the computer's graphics program. Shortly after Geller was
notified that the picture had been drawn., he had the computer room called
to determine if the target picture was a geometric picture or an object.
By talking to an intermediary, who was ignorant of the target picture,
we told him that it was an object. Geller's first drawing In this case
was a square with the diagonals drawn in. He then also drew some trian-
gular airplanes and passed. His first drawing was agood representation
of the actual target picture (Figure 18).
Friday, 10 August--Two pictures were drawn and stored in the com-
puter memory so that no visible evidence was available in the computer
room after the picture was drawn.
The first picture was a church. The picture was drawn and stored
in the memory of the computer. Geller's responses are shown in the
attached collection of drawings (Figure 19). It appears that both ot
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(a) TARGET
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(b) RESPONSE
FIGURE 15 TARGET 5 (CAMEL) AND GELLER'S RESPONSE
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ia) TARGET
M RESPONSE
FIGURE 16 TARGET 6 (GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE) AND GELLER'S RESPONSE
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LU
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0
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................................. ................. ..........................................
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(a) TARGET
(b) RESPONSE
FIGURE 18 TARGET 8 (KITE ON CRT DISPLAY) AND GELLER'S RESPONSE
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cooccocooocooo-o""
(a) TARGET
%
(b) RESPONSE I
W RESPONSE 2
FIGURE 19 TARGET 9 (CHURCH, STORED IN MEMORY OF TEXT-EDITING COMPUTER)
AND GELLER'S RESPONSES
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his attempts have some elements in common wi.th the target drawing, but
he had no idea that it was a church and he passed.
The second target picture was stored on the face of the TV tube
with the intensity turned off so that no picture was visible with tile
room lights turned on. Geller immediately drew an arrow under a rounded
brick and then drew another arrow inside a suitcase. We consider the
arrow in the suitcase similar to the target, which was an arrow through
a heart (Figure 20).
These latter two experiments admit to at least two hypotheses,
which will require further work to differentiate:
0 Perception of information stored in the computer.
41 Perception of mental contents, since there were several
people in the computer room, all of whom knew the nature
of the target that was stored.
A long-distance telepathy experiment was also done on 10 August.
An East Coast scientist was called and asked to draw a simple represen-
tational object for Geller to copy. [Following the experiment he indi-
cated that he drew two peaked mountains with a sun in the upper right.]
Geller drew two arches side by side with a circle in the upper right.
Geller's picture also had a train-liko object running through it. We
consider this to be suggestive of communication but not conclusive.
Further work along these lines is indicated.
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(a) TARGET
(b) RESPONSE I
FIGURE 20 TARGET 10 (ARROW THROUGH HEART, STORED IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS
PROGRAM) AND GELLER'S RESPONSES
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(c) RESPONSE 2
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III PROPOSED PROGRAM
A. Objective
The objective of the proposed program is to investigate and develop
techniques to enhance human.pevception of remote stimuli. Independent
measures, such as EEG correlates, will be used wherever appropriate as
an aid in performance evaluation and enhancement.
B. Technical Approach
Our past year's research has yielded considerable evidence that
certain individuals have developed the ability to perceive accurately
distant objects and scenes. In addition, it appears that ordinary
subjects (not specially selected) can also perceive remote stimuli at
a level of awareness sufficient to at least provide direct physiological
output as to the nature of the stimulus.
Therefore, SRI proposes to center a research program around gifted
subjects who have successfully participated in our research to date,
but also including unselected subjects. With these we shall endeavor
to define possible limitations with regard to remote viewing. We shall
be particularly attentive to the physical, physiological,, and psycholog-
ical parameters governing the phenomenon. We will use a variety of
physiological measurements to help both subject and experimenter to
meas ure the accuracy and reliability of the subjects' descriptions.
The overall goal of such a program is to make possible the separation
of signal (veridical material corresponding to a given remote location)
from noise (false internal information) so as to result in an ability
that can be usefully applied.
A detailed description of the "method of approach" to be used in
this research has been described in Section II of this proposal. The
investigation that we propose here is an extension of the work just
described, which we have been pursuing for the past year. We plan to
continue to employ those methods and techniques that have yielded the
greatest success in this recently completed research.
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C. Statement of Work
(1) By working with gifted subjects and SRI-generated target
materials, SRI will measure the accuracy of remote view-
ing as a function of such variables as length of viewing
time, target distance, and target complexity. Based on
the data accumulated, SRI will attempt to define the
characteristics of the information channel in terms of
bit rate, resolution, and other parameters of interest.
In order to determine the limits of the remote viewing
ability, both pictorial and geographic target material
will be used.
(2) In order to discriminate against the possibility of an
unknown experimenter/subject leakage channel, for some
experiments the client will provide geographical targets
unknown to the experimenters to ensure -that the subject
uses only a remote viewing channel in his determination
of the nature of the target.
(3) Following a lead provided by work at'another laboratory
in which a subject could identify pictorial material even
if the picture was only "mentally projected" onto a card
in a sealed envelope, SRI will study the use of pictorial
target material with a decreasing density scale from clearly
visible to invisible in order to measure the accuracy of
perception as a function of target density.
(4) The EEG portion of the program will be directed toward
the determination of physiological correlates of accurate
remote viewing. Based on previous work, SRI will inves-
tigate in detail the possibility that the frequency shift
in the alpha peak can be used as a measure to gauge the
reliability of perception of a remote stimulus. This and
other measures that may become available during the course
of study will be made available as feedback to the subject
to determine whether such information can be used to en-
hance discrimination between correct viewing of a remote
scene and false information.
(5) SRI will continue and expand our study with subjects whose
EEG patterns show direct fre quency correlations with the
flicker frequency of a remote stimulus. We will determine
whether such a (generally unconscious) perception channel
has sufficient reliability to serve as a possible communi-
cation channel. If continuing positive results accrue,
we will determine the effects of shielding and distance on
the efficiency of this channel.
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(6) The effects of the introduction of persons at the
remotely viewed target locations will be investigated
to determine possible enhancement or degradation of
signal-to-noise ratio.
(7) In view of the exploratory nature of the program,
15 percent of the effort will be set aside to explore,
with the client's cognizance, avenues of research other
than those listed and that may surface during the course
of the program.
SRI proposes to provide approximately 28 man-months of professional
effort with appropriate support toward accomplishment of the foregoing.
D. Reporting Schedule
Brief monthly progress letters will be delivered the tenth day of
each contract month, following the previous month's activity.
A final technical report will be delivered 13 months after the
commencement date of the contract.
Throughout this program the investigators plan to remain in close
telephonic communication with the client.
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IV QUALIFICATIONS OF STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Stanford Research Institute is an independent, nonprofit organiza-
tion performing a broad spectrum of research under contract to business
industry, and government. The Institute, which was formerly affiliated
with Stanford University, was founded in 1946. Its operations include
the physical and life sciences, industrial and development economics,
management systems~ engineering systems, electronics and radio sciences,
information science, urban and social systems, and various combinations
of disciplines within these fields.
Stanford Research Institute has no endowment; payments by clients
under research contracts and grants amount to approximately $70 million
annually and are used to cover all operating costs. Such revenue also
helps the Institute maintain the excellence of its research capabilities.
Au SRI's facilities include more than one million square feet of office
and laboratory space and incorporate the most advanced scientific equip-
ment,, including unique instrumentation developed by the staff. The bulk
of these facilities and most of the research staff are located at the
Institute's headquarters in Menlo Park, California. Regional office
locations include Washington, D.C.7 Now York City; Chicago; Houston;
and Los Angeles.
Of SRI's total staff of 2600, approximately one-half are in profes-
sional and technical categories. Some 400 members of the professional
staff have Ph.D. or equivalent degrees; 600 others have their Master's
degree.
The project leader and other research personnel who would be active
in the proposed work are members of the Electronics and Bioengineering
Laboratory. This group currently occupies 40,000 square feet of labora-
tory space, divided into many separate laboratory rooms, technicians'
work areas, a machine shop, and a computer room housing a LINC-8 and
related terminals and equipment. In addition, a well-equipped computa-
tion center is available.
The Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory employs a number of
technicians and engineering assistants and has available electronics
material and test equipment useful in the development and testing of
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the teaching machines. Especially suited to the work described In the
proposal are a number of shielded rooms with various instrumentation
available.
Finally, a backup team of psychologists and statisticians can be
brought into the project on an internal counsulting basis.
The proposed research will be conducted by SRI staff members within
the Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory under the management of
its director, Mr. Earle Jones. The principal investigator will be Dr.
Harold Puthoff. Mr.. Russell Targ, of the Electronics and Bioengineering
Laboratory and Dr. Charles Robert, a neuro-physiologist in SRI's Life
Sciences Division will be co-investigators. Professor Gerold Feinberg
of Columbia University and Professor Charles Tart of the University of
California may be called upon to act as consultants throughout this
program.
In addition to -the scientific personnel directly engaged in the
research aspects of this investigation, Stanford Research Institute
has established an internal technical advisory board. This board con-
sists of several directors of SRI's operating divisions, together with
our legal counsel, all under the chairmanship of the senior vice president
for research. It Is the function of this advisory board not only to make
recommendations and approve or disapprove every new direction taken by
the Institute in this research area but to monitor related ongoing projects
as well.
44
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EARLE D. JONES, DIRECTOR
ELECTRONICS AND BIOENGINEERING LABORATORY
INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DIVISION
Specialized professional competence
Analysis and design of electronic-optical systems; design of television
systems; facsimile systems, including bandwidth compression; electro-
static printing
Representative research assignments at SRI (since 1956)
Character generator for high-speed electrostatic printer
Delay line scanning techniques
High-density photographic recording of television information
Bandwidth reduction study for satellite cloud photographs
Design of bandwidth reduction system for facsimile
Development of communication line equalization system using automatic
transversal filters
Color facsimile systems with electrostatic printing
Design of a new frequency synthesizer
Other professional experience
~ Student engineer, Boeing Company; microwave airborne radar
~ Designer, Square D. Company; electrical equipment design
Academic background
B.S. in electrical engineering (1956), Georgia Institute of Technology;
M.S. in electrical engineering (1958), Stanford University
Publications and patents
. "A Versatile Character Generator with Digital Input," 1959 IRE WESCON
Conv. Rec.
. "Character Generator for Digital Computers," EZectronics (February
1960)
. Six patents in electronic circuitry, character generators, frequency
synthesizers, and electrostatic printing systems
Professional associations and honors
. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
. Optical Society of America
. Society for Motion Picture and Television Engineers
. Eta Kappa Nu
. Phi Kappa Phi
. Tau Beta Pi
. Phi Eta Sigma
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HAROLD E. PUTHOFF, SENIOR RESEARCH ENGINEER
ELECTRONICS AND BIOENGINEERING LABORATORY
ILIFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DIVISION
,3peciaLized professionaZ competence
Tunable laser research and development; quantum electronics; electron
beam devices; biofeedback and biomeasurement research
Representative research assignments
Development of tunable ultraviolet laser source for pollution studies
and medical research
Development of high-power tunable infrared laser source (50-250 microns)
for materials research
Assessment of potential of fiber optics and lasers for use in optical
computers
Development of biofeedback monitors (GSR) for use in educational com-.
puters and other man-machine links
o Research and development in biofield measurements
Other professionaZ experience
~ Research associate, Hansen Laboratories of Physics and lecturer,
Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University (1967-71);
teaching, textbook author, and research supervisor of Ph.D. candidates
in the area of lasers and nonlinear optics
~ Consultant on application of'lasers to industrial and medical problems
and research assistant, Stanford University (1963-67)
~ Lt., USNR (1960-63); in-house research and contract monitoring on DoD
(NSA) contracts concerned with the dQvelopment of ultra high-speed
(GHz) computers
~ Research engineer, Sperry Electronic Tube Division and Sperry Fellow,
University of Florida (1958-60); design and testing of electron beam
focusing systems for use in microwave tubes
Academic background
B.E.E. (1958) and M.S.E. (1960), University of Florida; Ph.D. in
electrical engineering (1967), Stanford University
PubZications and patents
* Coauthor of textbook,, Fundamentals of Quantum Vectronics, Wiley;
2 reference book contributions; 23 papers in professional journals;
14 national symposium papers; numerous technical reports
* 2 patents
ProfessionaZ associations and honors
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; Sigma Tau; Phi
Kappa Phi; Phi Eta Sigma; Sigma Xi
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PUBLICATIONS OF IIAROLD E. PUTHOFF
W. W. Peterson and H. E. Puthoff, "A Theoretical Study of Ion Plasma
Oscilla-
ti
tionq, IRE Elect. Devices, Vol. ED-6, p. 372 (1959).
11 It
H. E. Puthoff , Crossed-Field Focusing of a Hollow Cylindrical Electron
Beam
M.S. Thesis, University of Florida
%, Gainesville, Florida (January 1960).
,
A. D. Sutherland et al. , On the Use of Periodic Electrostatic Focusing
in.
Klystrons," presented at Int, Congress on Microwave Tubes, Munich,
West Germany
(June 1960). Also presented at 18th Conf. on Electron Tube Research.1
Seattle,
Washington (June 1960).
H. E. Puthoff , to Design of a Crossed-Field Electron Gun," presented
at 18th Conf.
on Electron Tube Research, Seattle, Washington (June 1960).
H. E. Puthoff, "Scaling Matrix for the Analog Computer NSA Tech.
Jour., Vol.
7 (1962).
J. T. Tippett and If. E. Puthoff The Status of Optical Logic Elements
for
Nanosecond Computer Systems t9 Proc. Pacific Computer Conf., Pasadena,
Cali-
fornia (March 1963)., Also published in NSA Tech. Jour., Vol. 8 (1963).
H. E. Puthoff, R. H. Pantell, and B. G. Huth Tunability of the Raman
Laser
J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 37, p. 86b (1966).
R. 11. Pantell et al., Mode Coupling in an External Raman Resonator
, Appl. Phys.~
Letters, Vol. 9, p. 104 (1966).
It
B. G. Huth et al., Characteristics of the Stimulated Raman Effect
in an external
It
Resonator, Proc. Sixth Int. Conf. on Microwave and Optical Generation
and
Amplification, Cambridge, England (September 1966).
"Q Quantitative Study of the Stimulated Raman Effect Using an Off-
It
Axis Resonator, IEEE J. Quant. Elect., Vol. QE-2, p. 763 (1966).
R. Pantell et al., "Theoretical and Experimental Values for Two,
Three, and'Four
It
Photon Absorptions, J. Chem. Phys.., Vol. 46, p. 3507 (1967).'
H. E. Puthoff et al., Near-Forward Raman Scattering in LiNbO 31 "
J. Appl. Phys.,
Vol. 39, p. 2144 (1968).
If
H. E. Puthoff, The Stimulated Raman Effect and Its Application as a Tunable
If
Laser, Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, California (June 1967).
01
R. 11. Pantell, G. Soncini, and H. E. Puthoff, Stimulated Photon-Electron
Scattering," IEEE J. Quant. Elect., Vol. QE-4, p. 903 (1968).
PI
J. Gelbwachs et al., "A Tunable Stimulated Raman Oscillator , Appl. P~zs.
Letters... Vol. 14, p. 258 (1969).
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J. M. Yarborough et al., Efficient Tunable optical Emission from NiNbO3
a Resonator 'i, Appl. Phys. Letters, Vol. 15, p. 102 (1969).
if
Infrared Radiation,
S. S. Sussman et al., A New Source of Tunable Optical and
Proc'. Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn International SymRosium of Submillimeter
Waves, New York, New York (March 1960).
11
B. C. Johnson et al., Power and Linewidth of Tunable Stimulated Far IR Emission
t t
in LiNbO3, Appl. Phys. Letters, Vol. 18, p. 181 (1970).
It
E. Anizallag et al., Stimulated Raman and Polariton Scattering in LiIO 3111
J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 43, p. 3251 (1971).
D. L. flecht et al., "Dye Lasers With Ultrafast Transverse Flow," IEEE J. Quant.
Elect., Vol. QE-8, p. 15 (1972).
H. Puthoff and R. H. Pantell, Fundamentals of Quantum Electronics (John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Yorkp New York, 1969). Published in Russian by
Mir Publishing House, Moscow, 1972.
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M. COLE, RESEARCH ANALYST
INFORMATION SCIENCE LABORATORY
T,NFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DIVISION
SpeciaZized professionaZ competence
Author of mathematics textbooks; curricula developer and author of
computer-assisted instruction courses
Representative research assignments at SRI
Survey and analysis of instructional technology for ARPA
Development of curricula for Educational Laboratory at SRI
Organized a continuing regional seminar on computer-assisted instruction
Other professionaL experience
~Mathematics teacher for secondary school students, elementary school
students, and teachers
~Participated in development of elementary school mathematics.text-
book series Sets and Numbers
~Writer-in-chief for computer-assisted instruction project to teach
mathematics at Brentwood (elementary) School
~Project leader, curriculum author of project to teach computer pro-
gramming to ghetto high school students via computer-assisted instruction
~Research associate, Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social
Science, Stanford University (1963-71)
A
dlicademic background
B.A. in mathematics (1962), Middlebury College; M.A.T. in secondary
mathematics education (1963), Harvard University
PubZications
Coauthor, junior-high school textbook series Sets, Numbers, and
Systems; "CAI for Elementary Computer Programming: SIMPER, LOGO, and
BASIC," Technical Report, Stanford University; coauthor of several
SRI reports
49
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CHARLES S. REBERT~ PROJECT SUPERVISOR
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY PROGRAM
,LIFE SCIENCES DIVISION
5p-eciaLized professional competence
Physiological psychology, especially the relationships between electro-
physiologv and behavior; DC potentials; single and multiple units;
animal behavior; electrical and chemical brain stimulation; experi-
mental design and statistics
RepresentatiVe research assignments at SR1 (since 1968)
~Development of human EEG laboratory
~Development of mosquito olfaction laboratory
~Studies on DC potentials in humans, monkeys, and cats
~Spreading depression in the brain
~Oifactory-trigeminal interactions
~DC and multiple unit responses
~Electrophysiology of paranormal perception
Other professional experience
~ Research assistant, Division of EEG and Neurophysiol.ogy, Department
of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa
~ Instructor, University of California Extension; courses included
Introductory Psychology; The Electrical Activity of the Brain; Man
and His Brain: A Survey
Academic background
A.B. (1961) dnd M.A. (1964) in psychology, San Diego State College;
Ph.D. in physiological psychology (1968), the University of Iowa
PubZications
0 Author of 22 scientific publications
Professional associations
~ American EEG Society
~ Neurosclence Society
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PUBLICATIONS OF CHARLES REBERT
D. A. Irwin, J. R. Knott, D. W. McAdam, and C. S. Robert, "Motivational Determinants of
the 'Contingent Negative Variation," Electroonceph. Clin. Neurophysiol., Vol. 21, pp.538-543
(1966).
D. W. McAdam, D. A. Irwin, C. S. Robert, and J. R. Knott, "Conative Control of the Con-
tingenL Negative Variation," Electroencoph. Clin, Neurophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 154-155 (1966).
C. S. Robert, D. W. McAdam, J. R. Knott, and D. A. Irwin, "Slow Potential Change in Human
Brain Related to Level of Motivation," J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., Vol. 63, pp. 20-23
(1967).
D. W. McAdam, J. R. Knott, and C. S. Robert, "Cortical Slow Potential Changes in Man
Related to InterstiMUIUS Interval and to Pre-Trial Prediction of Interstimulus Interval,"
Psychophysiology, Vol. 5, pp. 349-358 (1969).
J. Kaplan and C. S. Robert, "The Effect of Pressurized Air in Establishing Discriminative
Response Suppression in Stump-Tailed Macaques," Behavior Research Methods and Instrumenta-
tion, Vol. 6y pp. 262-263 (1959).
C. S. Robert, D. C. and Multiple Unit Recording in Lateral Geniculate Body of the Cat,"
Proc. American Psychological Associat-ion Convention, Vol. 77, pp. 215-216 (1969).
C. S. Robert and D. A. Irwin, "Slow Potential Changes in Cat Brain During Appetitive and
Aversive Classical Conditioning of Jaw Movement," Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol.,
Vol. 27, pp. 152-161 (1969).
D. A. Irwin and C. S. Robert, "Slow Potential Changes in Cat Brain During Classical
Appetitive Conditioning of Jaw Movement Using Two Levels of Reward," Electroenceph. Clin.
Neurophysiol., Vol. 28 pp. 119-126 (1970).
C. S. Robert "Spreading Depression in Squirrel Monkey Lissencephalic Cortex," Physiol.
and Behav., Vol. 5, pp. 239-241 (1970).
C. S. Robert and J. R. Knott, "The Vertex Non-Specific Evoked Potential and Latency of
Contingent Negative Variation," Electroonceph. Clin. Neurophysiol., Vol. 28, pp. 561-565
(1970).
H. Stone and C. S. Robert, "Observations on Olfactory and Trigeminal Interactions," Brain
Research, Vol. 21, pp. 138-142 (1970).
C. S. Rebert, "The Effect of Reaction Time Feedback on Reaction Time and Contingent Negative
Variationy" Psychophysiology, Vol. 9. pp. 334-339 (1972).
C. S. Robert, "Cortical and Subcortical Slow Potentials in the Monkey's Brain During a
Preparatory Interval," Electroonceph. Clin. Neurophysiol., Vol. 33, pp. 389-402 (1972).
E. D. Davis and C. S. Robert, "Elements of Olfactory Receptor Coding in the Yellow Fever
Mosquito," J. Econ. Entomol.y Vol. 65 pp. 1058-1061 (1972).
G. T. Steinmetz and C. S. Robert, "Post-Reinforcement Changes of Steady Potentials in
Premotor Cortex of Monkeys," Physiol. Behav., Vol. 9, pp. 769-772 (1973).
51
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C. S. Robert and K, G. Sperry, "Subjective and Rosponse-Related Determinants of CNV
Airiplitude~" Psychophysiology, VoL. 10~ pp. 139-1-44 (1973).
C. S. Rebortj "A Technique for Simultaneous Measurement of DC and Multiple Unit Responses,"
Eloctroonceph. Clin. Nourophysiol., Vol. 34~ pp. 324-326 (1973).
C. S. Robert and D. A. Irwin, "Simple Electrode Configuration for Chronic or Acute Record-
ing of DC Potentials from Subcortical Nuclei of the Brain," Eloctroonceph. Clin. Nourophysiol.,
Vol. 34, pp. 440-442 (1973).
C. S. Robert, "Some Elements of a General Cerebral System Related to CNV Genesis," in
W. C. McCallum and J. R. Knott (ods.), Event Related Slow Potentials of the Brain: Their
Relation to Behavior, Amsterdam: Elsevier (1973, in press).
C. S. Robert and J. j. Tecce, "A Summary of CNV and Reaction Time, in W. C. McCallum and
J. R. Knott (eds.), Event Related Slow Potentials of the Brain: Their Relation to Behavior,
Amsterdam: Elsevier (1973, in press).
C. S. Rebort, "Further Analysis of CNV and Reaction Time," Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol.,
Abstract (1973, In press).
C. S. Robert Slow Potential Correlates of Neuronal Population Responses in the Cat's
Lateral Geniculato Nucleus," Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol., Vol. 35, pp. 511-515 (1973).
C. S. Robert, "Slow Potential Changes in the Monkey's Brain During Reaction Time Foreperiod,"
in W. C. McCallum and J. R. Knott (eds.) Third Congress on Event Related Slow Potentials
(1974, in press).
C. S. Robert, G. T. Pryor, and J. Schaotfor, "Slow Cortical Potential Consequence of
Electroconvulsive Shock in Rats," Physiol. Behav. (1974, in press).
C. S. Rebert, R. Berry, and J. Morlo, "DC Potential Consequences of Induced Muscle Tension:
r.Ffpctq on Contingpnt Negative Variation," in W. C. McCallum and J. R. Knott (eds.) Third
Congress on Event Related Slow Potentials (1974, in press).
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C. .13. Robert and K. G. Sperry, "Subjective and Response-Related Determinants of CNV
Amplitude," Psychophysiology, Vol. 10, pp. 139-144 (1973).
C. S. Robert, "A Technique for Simultaneous Measurement of DC and Multiple Unit Responses,"
Electroonceph. Clin. Ncurophysiol., Vol. 34, pp. 324-326 (1973).
C. S. Robert and D. A. Irwin, "Simple Electrode Configuration for Chronic or Acute Record-
ing of DC Potentials from Subcortical Nuclei of the Brain," Electroonceph. Clin. Neurophysiol.,
Vol. 34, pp. 440-442 (1973).
C. S. Robert, "Some Elements of a General Cerebral System Related to CNV Genesis," in
W. C. McCallum and J. R. Knott (eds.), Event Related Slow Potentials of the Brain: Their
Relation to Behavior, Amsterdam: Elsevier (1973, in press).
C. S. Robert and J. J. Tecce, "A Summary of CNV and Reaction Time, in W. C. McCallum and
J, R. Knott (eds.), Event Related Slow Potentials of the Brain: Their Relation to Behavior,
Amsterdam: Elsevier (1973, in press).
C. S. Rebort, "Further Analysis of CNV and Reaction Time," Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol.,
Abstract (1973, in press).
C. S. Robert, "Slow Potential Correlates of Neuronal Population Responses in the Cat's
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus," Electroenceph.-Clin. Neurophysiol., Vol. 35, pp. 511-515 (1973).
C. S. Robert, "Slow Potential Changes in the Monkey's Brain During Reaction Time Foreperiod,"
in W. C. McCallum and J. R. Knott (eds.) Third Congress on Event Related Slow Potentials
(1974, in press). ;
C. S. Robert, G. T. Pryor, and J. Schaeffor, "Slow Cortical Potential Consequence of
Electroconvulsive Shock in Rats," Physiol. Behav. (1974, in press).
C. S. Robert, R. Berry, and J. Merlo, "DC Potential Consequences of Induced Muscle Tension:
Effects on Contingent Negative Variation," in W. C. McCallum and J. R. Knott (eds.) Third
Congress on Event Related Slow Potentials (1974, in press).
52
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RUSSELL TARG, SENIOR RESEARCH PHYSICIST
ELECTRONICS AND BIOENGINEERING LABORATORY
INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DIVISION
Specialized professional competence
Development of new gas lasers; FM laser and supermode laser techniques;
laser noise reduction; optical modulation and demodulation; experi-
ments in new gaseous laser media; microwave diagnostic techniques;
microwave generation from plasmas
Professional experience
~ Sylvania Corporation (1962-72); investigation of techniques for
development of new gas lasers, making use of his research with com-
pact, self-contained multi-kilowatt C02 lasers
~ Technical Research Group (1959-62); experiments in new gaseous laser
media
~ Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn; assisted in the establishment of
the Electron Beam Laboratory
~ Sperry Gyroscope Company, Electron Tube Division (1956-59); experi-
mental work in microwave generation from plasmas; early work in the
technology of ultrahigh-vacuum and ion-pump design
Academic background
B.S. in physics (1954), Queens College, New York; graduate work in
physics (1954-56), Columbia University, New York
Publications and inventions
~ Author of "Optical Heterodyne Detection of Microwave-Modulated Light,"
Proc. IEEE (1964); coauthor of numerous articles on lasers and plasma
oscillations
~ Invention of the tunable plasma oscillator at microwave frequencies
Professional associations and honors
~ IEEE; American Physical Society; The Optical Society of America
~ Awarded the position of research associate with the Polytechnic Insti-
tute of Brooklyn
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PUBLICATIONS OF RUSSELL TARG
R. Targ and L. P. Levine 11 Backward-Wave il Oscillations in a System Composed of an
Electron Beam and a Hydrogen Gas Plasma , J. of Appl. Phys., Vol. 32, No. 41
pp. 731-737 (April 1961).
M. Ettenberg and R. Targ, "Observations of Plasma and Cyclotron Oscillations,"
Proc. of the Symposium on Electronic Waveguides, Polytechnic Institute of
Brooklyn, New York (April 8-10, 1958).
P. Rabinowitz, S. Jacobs, R. Targ, and G. Gould, "Honodyne Detection of Phase-
Modulated Light," Proc. IRE, Vol. 50, No. 11 (November 1962).
G. Grosof and R. Targ, "Enhancement in Mercury-Krypton and Xenon-Krypton Gaseous
Discharges," Appl. Optics, Vol. 21 No. 3, pp. 299-302 (March 1963).
R, Targ, "Optical Heterodyne Detection of Microwave-Modulated Light," Proc. IEEE
(Correspondence), pp. 303-304 (March 1964).
R. Targ, D. E. Caddes, and B. J. McMurtry, "The Traveling-Wave Phototube. Part
II: Experimental Analysis 'ti IEEE Trans. on Electron Devicesl Vol. ED-11) pp.
164-170 (April 1964).
S. E. Harris and R. Targ, "FM Oscillation of the He-Ne Laser , App. PBXs.
Letters' Vol. 5) No. 10, pp. 202-204 (15 November 1964).
R, Targ, G, A, Massey, and S. E. Harris, "Laser Frequency Translation by Means
11
of Electro-Optic Coupling Control , Proc. IEEE (correspondence), Vol. 52, No.
10, pp. 1247-1248 (October 1964).
R. Targ and W. D. Bush , Automatic Frequency Control of a Laser Local Oscillator
it
for the Heterodyne Detection of Microwave-Modulated Light , Appl. Optics) Vol.
4. No. 11, pp. 523-1527 (December 1965).
G. A. Alassey, M. K. Oshman, and R. Targ, "Generation of Single-Frequency Light
Using the FM Laser," Appl. Phys. Letters,, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 10-11 (January
1965).
L. M. Osterink and R. Targ, "Single-Frequency Light from an Argon FM Laser ,
Appl. Phys. Letters, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 115-117 (February 1967).
R. Targ and J. M. ]French, "Stabilization of a He-Ne Laser , Proc. IEEE, Vol. 55,
No. 7, pp. 1185-1192 (July 1967).
L. M. Osterink and R. Targ, "Single-Frequency Light Using the Super-Mode Tech-
nique with an Argon FM Laser," Proc. of the Symposium on Modern Optics, Poly-
technic Institute of Brooklyn, New York (March 22-24, 1967).
R. Targ and L. M. Osterink, "Frequency Stabilization and 4uieting of the FM
t,
Laser, 1967 WESCON Convention Record, San Francisco, California.
R. Targ and J. M. Yarborough, "Mode-Locked Quieting of the He-Ne and Argon
Lasers "I Appl. Phys. Letters, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 3-4 (1 January 1968).
54
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D. E. Caddes, L. M. Osterink, and R. Targ, "Mode-Locking of the C02 Laser,"
Appl. Phys. Letters., Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 74-76 (1 February 1968).
R. Targ, J. M, Yarborough, and J, M, French, "Frequency Stabilization and Noise
Suppression in the Argon FM Laser)" IEEE J. of Quant. Elect., Vol. QE-4, pp.
644-648 (October 1968).
W. B. Tiffany, R. Targ, and J. D. Foster, "Kilowatt CO 2 Gas-Transport Laser,"
.Appl. Phys. Letters,- Vol. 15, No. 3 (1969).
W. B, Tiffany, and R. Targ, "The Gas-Transport Laser--A New Class of High-Power
Electro-Optic Devices," Laser Focus, pp. 48-50 (September 1969).
R. Targ and W. B. Tiffany, "Gain and Saturation in Transverse Flowing CO 2-N 2- lie
f,
Mixtures, Appl. Phys. Letters, Vol. 15., No. 9 U November 1'969).
S. E. Schwarz, T. A. deTemple, and R. Targ, "High Pressure Pulsed Xenon Laser
Appl. Phys. Letters, Vol. 17, No. 7 (1 October 1970).
J. D. Taynai, R. Targ, and W. B. Tiffany, "An Investigation of Tellurium for
Frequency Doubling with C02 Lasers," IEEE J. of Quant. Elect., Vol. QE-7
(8 August 1971).
It. Targ and M. W. Sasnett, High Repetition Rate Xenon Laser with Transverse
Excitation "I IEEE J. of Quant. Elect., Vol. QE-8, pp. 166-169 (February 1972).
R. Targ and M. W. Sasnett , ti Xenon-Helium Laser at High Pressure and High Repeti-
11
tion Rate, Appl. Phys. Letters, Vol. 19, No. 12 (15 December 1971).
R. Targ, "Pulsed Nitrogen Laser at High Repetition Rate," IEEE J. of Quant.
.Elect., Vol. QE-8', pp. 726-728 (August 1972).
ti
R. Targ and D. Hurt, Learning Clairvoyance and Precognition with an Extrasensory
Perception Teaching Machine 'fl Parapsychology Review, pp. 9-11 (July 1972).
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