Approved For Release 2000/08/07 :-CIA-RDP96-007 'I J 14 PAGE I 1 14 CPYRGHT SG1 I ,.Tury CF CYPTAIN SUNINCLY ALANCIEIMAI DHORM42"I'llONS ANT) C 'I- L ~ T, A LS C, Crussard, Nechiney Ugiyio Kuhlmann, rciris,, ape, Eouvais, Pechiney hlum~A~num rie5earch ce.ntcy, Vorc-ppe Alh'IFOLUCTION V,hen One of us SuCdenly ca'uliF: Up c1gai"nst a cd,st'.~ O'C'. tha df-ifcrv,ation of a iq~~tai te~:t pi,c Ce v it I-L Out t 1~ ,, a Y, pa Y-. i nt 'n Ve n t- iorl of an e),,,terual foi:cc;, 'we f,~Ic Jit dlat.y -as, invc-Stiqators to try to type of Oci(,,mces and thia Futui:e, Wo. 345 (Novcmbei- V175),, I 5 c V1 0 1 Approved For Release 2016108107-,:~-.C)A-,RDP96-007VROD)0.5QO,1.6000A~.0--,,(',.) / 1-1 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 CPYRGHT rCC .-= 1314 P AG E 2 1C6. End footnote T~erefore,, we went to J. P. Girard, mho was reputed to havo produced flabnormal" effects on metals and wisbed to cckiduct experiments in the presence of scientists. The purpose cf thJ.--- ie:rcrt is to describe scme pf the tests which we conductied vith him cver a p'eriod of almost two years. Several weeks after our tests vere begun, J. P. Girard informed us th,it he. practiced prestidigitaticn. Some timc- later, two or three souKcc-s simultaneously also infcrmEd us that he had been wxitteyk tip In the "Magiciarils YearLook." At first he wcrked in a sornewhat ahscuze and roundabout fashion, rese.robling the style of an illus~cnist. In spite of this, after this ir-itiai period, J- P. Girard produced iiiteresting offects. Various scie:ritific person alit ies attendc,d some of these derocrstratictis. 1we gradually got J. P. Girard -tc silarlif y his behavior and fc1low stricter prcceduLes. But on our recordings we observed some movempnt~~ whicb-indicated rduscular action. ,This mixture- of striking cffects and questionable eleiiients led us ic Nake a rather lengthy critical study. We think it would be interesting to outline the nain stcps liere. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 CPYRGHT Doc = 1314 PAGE 3 In 'order to avail ourselves of varied cPiniOlls, sincF- August 1976 we have writtion doihn all of our observations, ref lect ions, ar d doubts in a provisional repcrt which was--.sxjL:se9cently distributed to rfany scientists: In this rel'ort, we mention~ed what we knew about J- P. Girard as a prestidigitator and scme of our doubts concerning the "Trops" which he could have used mcre cr lezs cc-nsciously during the tests~. This Teport was sury.,lempnted with the presentation of documents (test pieces, microphotograrhs, diagraws, "video" xeccrdings) , with sampling cf the reliable tests, and others which uere not a,.s reliable, since it would have tcen mrong to present too cptimj,stic a selection. Uc also showed va.ricus films of eKtexnal crigin, thus of unequal significance, ir tbrese Fresentations in order to enlarge on the informaticn on ccrtain parts. French and foreign illusiYonists attended sciTe c.f the preseDtaticrE; they helped us to refine our opinion in ccrtain areas. one of them discovered an inditation of trickery, irf a film which 0. P. Girard got for us w.ithout telling us that it was fakEd. The opinicns gathered during all of these discussions helpod us wake the critical study of our documents and various verifications ubich we have- made since that tiae. J. P. Girard agreed to scme counter-tests, at least one of which is very intaresting'. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 DOC ;= 1314 PAGE 4 CPYRGHT Fcctnote: 'Test No. 4 of Table 11. End footnote -All of this took some time., which explains the long delay betveen our initial tests and the aFpEarance of this article. But we feel that tbis critical. study has gone far enouqi,~, if not too far, and that the time has come to publisb oux most characteristic experiments. Thus, the selection uhich wc arc- preserting is the r3sult of a JQr~qthy scEpening process. -in only twenty out :of -'Che 150 test pieces uhich J. P. Girard deformed or transfcxrred in front of us or our ccl.lab4,ratcrs could we Fositively confirm tke "ahnormal" nature of the effects observed. In this report we wall describe eigh~t of these case~31 the most charactc-ristic. But it iiust be Fointed out that 1--he itajority of tlie tests wbicf.i were eliminated were definitely valid, for we used too stricit a screening process to pliminate the demcnstrations which did not folloivj a predefincd operating proccdure. Cthcr tests with extenscmctric gauges wil-1 Le Fublished later. Thus, our concern for strictness elimirate~E rather ramarkable cbservations concerning deformations at a distance, deformations of Approved For Release 2000108/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 cpy~&f "" PAGE 5 cbjecrts or -test pieces in the hands of the cbscrvers themselves who mere Above any suspicicr, or those held oz either -side by J. P. Gixard and an obse.rver. The t~ests which will be described were ccnducted under our own re~Ej,,.orsibility with the authorization of ;PC-Chi1)C-y-Ugine-Kuhlma11n. we uould like to thank those of our collaborators who were willing to help us in. the delicate study of this co4ticvarzial area, in Farticular mr. J. Rauch, Pr. G. Jollant, and Mr. B. Dubost. We would also like to acknowledge Frcfessor J. B. Has'._-,edi professor of physics alt Eii:beck College of tLe Uriversity of -Lc~pdorj, for agreeing to nr.cnsor a test in his labcratory. Uescr:~ption of Tests In order to make it impcssible for J,,e Pr .Gal-rara to surreptitiously Ic-nd a test- pirece, we oftcn used barss with a rather large cross secticn made of various metals: in partic,ular, aluminum and. light alloys (test pieces 250-350 mm loiig and 8-1-1 mff in diametarr), but al.9c depper, soft steel, stainle-ss. steel, and magnesium. We detQrmined the forces (bc-nding mements) 4ecessary to bend our test Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 DOC - 1314 PAGE 6 CPYRGHT pieces by measurements and calculations. In order to be able to compare the values of the resistance of the test pieces to tlie forces which they could have withstood if faking ly surreptitious bending occurred, we dt--,termined t~,e rraxi-muii ircmcnt i~hich a man can create uh,en seizing a test piece in two hands using all of his strength... which could not go unnoticed! For this Furrcse, we used a dynamcmetric key with hand.Ic-s 400 Bim long, which we testeOk with many individuals. The iTLaximuix jicnents vary with the individuals from 20-38 Nam; J. P. Girard created 26 Nom with a verb visible effort..These value8 were confirmed bj direct tests cr bars; an example of this will fcllow (session of 27 Cc-tober IS7.6). Since our purpose here was neither to describe all of these tests nor to make a critical re-view, we selectEd the two most. tylical. sessions f or this ariticle: SessipD. of 31 March 1976 at the jklun-Inj~ Tc-chnical Center. Exr-crimenters: 0. Rauch and G. Jollant, with t.be aid of a video LECOrding assistant. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 DOIC = 1314 PAGE 7 CPYRGHT Buring this session, in a rocs adjacent tc the rooin j. P. Girard uas in, G. -joilarit, an experimenter, tock a Lar of hardened duraluKinum of alloy AU4G, state T4 hardcned, aged) 250 mm long and 8 mm in diantetcr. Its high critidal berdirg momenit (15 N,&jn) rakes it inirossible to Let1d without a visiille Effort. G. Jollant rc1led it cn a desk, stated that it vas not out of round, marked it, and placed it hims~!If in a class tuLe vhich, he closed with a stopper. Thi, 4s the. cy,!Iy time wbich we viere able tc arrange it so that J_ P. Girard did not touch tbc test bar-to te betit bc-fore it was enclosed in ,a tube. G. Jollau.t brought -the closed tube to 0. Bauch, who immediately qavE it to. J. P. Girard, and everything uas filTtcd from theD on. Ylitber the stopper, the tar in the tube, cx both were always visible. After concentrating and. dcclaring that he fElt something, J. P. Girard gave the tube, still closed, to a. Pauch. mr. Rauch uncorked it, x(~,moved the bar, which was visibly Lent-, ard placed it on the desk, then an a flat bar in order to bring cut the bend., which was tbus nade very obvious. THE bcnd %az 2 mut. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 DOC = 1314 PAGE 8 CPYRGHT Eession of 27 October 1976 at Grencble Ex Feri file lit erq.- 0. Bouvaist and B. DuLost. Here we will describe tLe test madeon the thickest bar. This was a bar 17 mm in. diawc-ter and 300 lim long made of alloy AU2 (2-05q/o ccpFer) Ln state T~ (hard-ened ira ccld water and agea for one year),. Referepce, marks were ongravcd Ly~ thc- mass of this bar, and the Flacement of small charactcy-j.stic flaws vexc ncted- It was taken to the exi,'eriitental site in a. different car frcm t~e in one wbich J- P~ Girard was transported, and it was the ci~ly one of its kipd in tbe. cxy,er4mental hatch. This bar was preliminaiily zubjected tc bGrding tests by very Etiong me4, aiid only one mar. weighiog 140 kS was able to wake- a slight, but significant, defrriyaticn,aftnr ~Emeariag his hands with xagnesium (a bend of 0.f Ym corresFonding tc ap applied moment of 38 Van)). Then the be4diixg 11anc tias markcd by scratches made on the two cpds. Previous tests made it possible to 1ccnfirm that even using a fixed half-length suy,~pcrt, an averagc Dian cculd -not even increase Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 ,DOC .= 13111 PA G E 9 CPYRGHT this deformation by applying Iiis entire. weight (65 kg) to both ends. During the tests, the two experimenterz sat at about a meter away on either side of 0. P. Girard, whc wciked in shirtsleeves, with his s,leeves rolled up, uitbcut contact- J,. r;. Girard deformed. tii-,s tar four times in succec-sicn by holding OME CIA ill his right haiid and 1~igbtly touching the fuce Fart uith bizz left hard (bends 1 and 2) or hy Flacing his left hand dive cm alovc- the Ercciutea (berlds 3 and 4). After each deformation, cne cbserver tcck-, tle Frofile of the test tar,, -uhile the othcr reiiainiE-d 'next to J. P. (,irard. The two largest defc-rma-tions (3 and 4) could be seen vith t~e iz',ye; both were. profiluced tcward the bcttom -dilring a time on the crdcr of 10-20 secoad~~';. liftel., cacli deformation, it vas verified tbat no licatipg up could. be dentected by touching tbc-, har will-h the hand, and that the bends macle uithout force by J. P. C~irard were all. iri. tic saute plane (1-i1clined. hy 3410 relative to tl~e initial bending plane mcntioned abOve) r Marked by the grooves indicated atovc. Tlese grocves alsc made it possible- to, verify that th.e same bar uas being usEd at all times. Immediately following the experiment, tLe; E-FecilleDs-werr; ylacad in a. briefcase anf] taken to the laboratory. lie will r)ow descriLc tle labcratcry tczts: Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 ECCI= 1314 PAGE 10 CPYRGHT First, in the labcratory we verified ttat all of the marks, groov~es and flaws which were origirally made cn the bar were present cn the. bar returned from the experiment. Ihis icade it possible unequivocally confirm that there was no sutstitution of th.e specimen, figure I shows a picturc of the bar after the experiment. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 DOC = 1314 PhGE 11 Fig. -1. Plictograph of AU2 bar 17 ma in diamcter after bending. Scale ir centimeters. A U 2-71 CPYRGHT Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 LCC = 1314 PAGE 12 CPYRGHT The following testz were zade for the nondestructive characterization of the charges made i4 tbc bar - more specifically, in section A - corresponding to the maximum. curvature. We cart see: a significant increase in the hardncss cf the two grains Icrated in the bending rjane, reaching a maximun of 11 points Vickers (or 27o/o) in section A, which corresEcuds to the maximum curvaturo. The 16-Ingth of the zcne in which thc: hardness exceeds the ir).itial value is around 120 inm (6C rr,,m on eit'hcr sidc. of section A) the, hardnass measured on the circumferepce of section A 1,.e.Tr.endicular to the bending plane is the maximum in tile bendinG plane,~ and varies lineaiily vith tle side relative to the n(-utral Ji.ne, as in the case of simFle bending- In order to deterwine the moment which must be applied to the lar by mechaiiical bendirg,ir order tc chtair the permanent bend c-b-gerved, we mechanically bent a centrol bar wbich was identical to the preceding one with a di!Etanc(--,, of '200' wir', betueen the fixed .:u[rort!~. The variation in the residual bendinc measured as a fu~ct.~on of the moment arrzlied is given in Fig. 2. From this we can co4clude that in order to citain the bend cl:served on the bar bent by .1. P. Girard Efr = 13-S, mm), it would be necessery to apply a woment Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 XCC ~-- 13114 PAGE 13 CPYRGHT H cf around 75 Nem, or two and a half times tic critical moment Mc 3C Nom, atid twice the mcment e)iertc-d hy the strcngest man whom we tested. The total deformaticn energy can be calculated at 11 J. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 ---- ------ Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-007.87ROO0500160003-9 CpNh~&Tr , , , " FAGE 111 Fig. 2. Diagram of bending as a function of the moment applied to a ccntrpl bar identical tc that in Fig. 1. HY: (1) Moment applied. (2) Ex~erimrant. (3) Calibration curvc. (4), Eends. (5) Max. for men. (6) mean fcr men with the fcrce of two hands. (V) Residual bending at half-length. EXPERIENCE AU2-T4 JO = 17 L = 300 m RP = 63 Kh = 162 N?j MC = 30 km 100- courbe A,%= 2r"a d"talonnaqe % ~ F L E X 10 H S 7 5 I;p 1 --- 70 Ir" 02- 02 1 G2 11m J. 1 P.G. 54 N. - - , ) rj 30 IM V11i Vint h 3 t,q krce i 2 un; --Ncht rizAtIlt 1 M~ lopli-tor, 016 3 6 10 1 -a, 5 20 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 DOC = 1314 PAGE 15 CPYRGHT The preceding results ffake it rossible to completely exclude the hypotheses of surreFtiticus de-formaticns of muEcular origin which might have e,scaped notice by the observers. Furthermore, the fact that !Inoruiall' consolidation of the defcrmed zc-re is observed makes it rcssible to exclude the surreptitious use of tbErmal or chemical Peans to decrease the Iccal mechanical Etrength of the alloy. .;Ln conclusion, the set of cbservatio,ns made durring and after the exFer~.ment cn the duraluminum bar deformed Ly 0- P. Girard during the exper.iment of 27 October 19-16 aakes it Eossiblc to concludez that the successive deformaticns realized wero, not and could not have been produced hY the ncrmal muEcular fcrce of th-a subject, that the final deformation cttained uas in all ways vompa-rable to thAt uhicb would be obtained by applying a point force of 1500 N in the middle of the bar ulin resting crit.wc ;~ujjorts., Tests cn Stainless Steel in Closed lutes Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 LOC = 1314 PAGE 16 CPYRGHT Eaterials and Working Ccudi-ticiis During the. session at the, A-luitinum Technical Center on 25 March 1S~,6, three experimenters (C. Crussard, J. faucl and G. Jollant) and fcur other spectators olserved martc-rsitic ttarz-formations, with or mithout deformation, of test pieces made frcm a. cast of austenitic stainless steel with a special ncnccarrex-.c.iaI ccirposition which had Frevi.pusly been used foi studying the martensitic transformation by defornation. This, cast cssertially ccrtai,;,-tc-6.- Cr 17.8%, Ni = 7.40/,, 1.561,, Si = C = 0.050-/c, V = O-P,34'7.. Two test pieces left over- frorr tbi~~ study tiere used for this Futpo8e. These were cylindrical test piecess (7 IT-m in diameter and. 85 KA! lcng) with smooth Ii,eads 12 mm in diametex. Tley were subjected to hardening in air at 105COC Icne hour,in,a salt bath), finishing treativent, and nitroflucric coT,,rosicn, 1-~Ii-ict gave the body of the test piece a matte look- The rc~sultant structur~E is normaglietic, vxr-cpt for several Farts of the- w-achiyied suLface layer. The Vartensitic tr'ansformaticn [(.Ants in this state are: Ms = 1400C and Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 rqC = 1314 PAGE 17 Md = +900C. CPYRGHT These two test pieces were given to J. P. Girard for several days. At the beginniDg cf th~e sessicn, they were marked No. 2 and -3 in large numbers circled with ar irregular circle. Another.test riere~ marked No. 1 in the same manncr, was used for auothex- test ubich was not significart and will le used agaip later for a simulatic4 counter-test. its nark can be seen in Fig. 5. This was the first time that test picc-es of this type wEic used with J. P. Girard a,nd tLat tbey were, markcd like, this. TEcsls uere the samc test pioces, uiarke,.d in this manner, which were takeri alt, the C--Yid of the, tu:-_-,t und,,n,,r the ccnditions uhich we will see; there, was no possibility of ,After marking, ODe Of us (C. Crussard) verified the straightn(_-,ss of thbse test pieces (Nos. 2 and 3) by rolling them; they ve~re. not "cut pf round-11 He alsc verifie'd tIcir magnEtic state. A quick and sit(Fle method of evaluating point-to-:~oin-b magnetism for this purpose cci~sists of usiiic a small pcverful horscs-hoe magnet made of Ticonal 1500 Jpolar surfaces of 7x4 u1mz, 8.5 um a,,part) suspended at the end cf a chain- To make the mea~surement, chic chanqcs from a position in uhich the magi).et is in ccntact with the t~-st picce., with vertical su~pensioa; the test picce is gradually v~tldravn until the magnet is Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 L43C ;z 1314 PAGE 18 CPYRGHT Fulled away. Measuring tLe Icrizontal distance from the magnet to the te4t piece at this. point D,, and kncwing t.he iva~sr- of the magnet (22 q) and the length of suspensior, ~4e can calculate the pulling force F. DuEing this verification In the middle of tLe two test rods and on the heads, the, distance 1) d4Efined ahcve did nct exceed 2-3 111m. This c~czresrcnds to a pulling torce F on thQ ordcr~cf 0-01 N, due to some traces of surface martensite caused ty machining. After this check, the test rods were Flaced on the desk behind which J. P. Girard was uorking (in rclled-uE sbirtsleeves) in the field ef view of the videc camera, which -did nct -turn away, from them (mhile J. V. Girard workc-d vitb otYer tpst rieces and made an att.'eWpt at a light-alloy bar witbout leaving his seat) unti.l. the following C-XF-C-riments ;here begull: a) J. P. Girard carefully grasps -test kar No. 2 by one head and uitbout exerting force (tie fila izakcs it Ici:sitle to confiri,,i this),, Flaces it in a tube and Etors it with a corR (always in front of the camer8i), takes the corked tube squarely in I'lis hand (th(~-_~ left hand, with the cork always remaining visihle), and ccipcentrates. He then gives the -tube to C. crtssard and docs not tou,ch the test piece ffrom this time cn. C. Crussard rEmoves the test piece frem the tube: it has a Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 mDOC = 1314 FAGE 19 CPYRGHT slight bend, but very close to one end, visible to the eye, and which he verified by rolling the jjecE. The vorif icaticn with a magnet indicates very strong 1ccal magnetisn near this saine end (see Table 1),. Since the entire operation was filmed, no substitution could have taken r1ace. C. Crussar~ returns tle test bar tc its box for future Etudyv- b) J. P. Girard takess, test bar No. 39 uhich has remained visible tbicughout this time. The same operations as for No. 2 are performed, except that one spectatcr, at cne tive, b1ccks the camera. After J. E-. Girard I-xad concentrated, C. Crussard took the corked tube, back, iewcved the test pioce frcm it, and rolled it- 1his test piece iemained straight, but revertheless its -local nagnetism was similar tc that of te-st, piece lqc. 2, but this time uitbout deformation. It was returned to the box, alko for study. d Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787.ROO0500160003-9 I Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 ,DOC = 13111 FAGE 20 CPYRGHT Table 1. KEY: (1) Bea sure xen t. (2) Test piece. (3) Bending of one side. (4) Pending of thc~ ctIcr side. (5) Zjean kcnding. (6) Pulling fcrce t of the magnet (N). (7) one licad- .(8) qiid of cylindrical :Ebaft, (9) middle. (10) cthcr end of cylindrical shaft. (11) other IiGad. (12) Maximum valuc-. (i~ Mesure n' 2 W 3 < 0,3 FIbchG do 6) I'aUtre c6t6 y2 1.7 < 0,3 F16cho y I Y2 moyenne y 2,1 < 0.3 orce d'arrachement f do J'almant Une 16te 0,03 ," I - Cxtr6Mi[6' du 101 cylin- drique 1 0,22 rnilio~u 0.02 0,03 autre extr6miRd dU fOt ! cylindrique 0,02 0.02 V 8LAre t6te 0,05 0,01 Va,!eur maximale. Ito) Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 LCC = 1314 PAGE 21 CPYRGHT initial Measurements The next day, C. Crusserd evaluatkd ttc nacnetism and deformations. The same zagnet WaS alWaYS;USEd to evaluate magnetism; the pulling forcos F defined above are indicatcd in Table 1 (at close to 0.01 N). In order to cvaluate tlc deforiraticrs Y, one of the heads uaE Flaced against a ruler end the distaijC-E Lctween the other head (ivside)-and the ruler Nas weasured. lie coi)firuid that the test piecer, "-ran true" at tbc Lecinvirg cf the tEst. The bend close to cne lead car te seen veil clearly in Fig. 3. -3. Photograph: of stainless steel test Eiece No. 2 after the Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 DOC -;= 1314 FIGE 22 CPYRGHT Laboratory Tests Various tests, a1sc destructive, mere made on test piece No. 2. The bar was electr olytic ally cut cven with the iragnetic head. Thus, it was possible to insert the magnetic c-nd cf t~e cylindrical rart of thE b~ir into the spool of a Sigmatest dcvicc: the specifiC,- saturation nagnetizaticn is 2.8, !whicb corresrcnds tlo a pxcportion of 1.90/0 of tile wagiietic phase (al). For test No. 3, the nondestructive X-ray study revealed Lrarteni:ites al and L., in tbe- magnetic zcnc,, tl~c latter in, a high- rtoportion, in, arldItion akl-o austenitc. Micro rhotogra p hs (test piece Na. 2) on a f~ui:face. polished riechanically, then elfectrclItically 4a ai)d 4b) rove-al. a mixture ct martensites & and a'. CcrparEd Ai-tb jx~evjcu~E studies, made of this i~teael~ we can confirm that these structures have neither the facies cf: a -,vartensitc obtained by cooling, nor thiEtt rf a martensite F-roduefd by the densitizaticn of atstenite.1y heating it. This could cnly bc-, martensite, from defcriaation (with scine traces of martensite due tp the preparation of tLo. ground surfacc). !he mar-11-leasite density appcars to be rather unjfcrx over tbe ertire cicss section-, in spite of thb uncertainty which alvays accompanies micrography due to the Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 DOC = 1314 PIGE 23 CPYRGHT field selection, Figures 4a and b show comparaLle appearances on the surface a4d in the interior. The amount of martcnsite observed on tlicse micrographs correzEcnds tc tbc-sc uhich are, obtained with this, stcel by tensi-le strain of S-10%; thus, it is much more intense than that which would corres[ond to the slight hEndirig observed (Fig. 3). its lecalization is very Euyprising. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 LOC = 1314 PAGE 24 CPYRGHT Fig. 4. Micrographs of the locally trapsfarvEd zone of stainless steel test piece No. 2 (a) near the surface, (1) in the intericr. t A/ tA A/41 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 rCC ~= 1,314 PAGE 25 CPYRGHT Simulation Tests The local magnetisyr cf thc head cf test FiEce No. 2 could not have been wissed in the verificaticr wado. at the beginning of the test, which was focused espEcially cit the b4Eads. -V(:_~vertheless, since tuc confirmations are I-otter than one, we askEd ourselves if we cculd imagine a metallurgical process, capable ct Frcducinq those localized martensites while leaving the test ric-ces completely straicht cr merely slightly bent. Since:. wE are dcaling with cold-rolled gartensite, wo T"ust. work viti) aefcroation. The closest means of rep-roducing its localization vit.h this abu4dance near cn(!: head is altex;ating bcading. We ccnducted tests ow another test picce, No-, 1, which ii-jas initially nonmagnetic: it was necessary to r-lace on..--% lead in a vice, bend the, tar by around 300, and, straighten it. But due Itc the special rrcperties of this steel, tl:c test r.Jccc was very visibly formed into ari S (Fig. 5). In order to straighten it -back cut, it would be necessary to tool a die and restamE the piecc cr, a press! Another d,'ffererce: Ca test piece Nc. 1 thus treatcd, the magnetism on the end of the. shaft was comparable to t.bat of test piece No. 2, but the tQad vas nct magneitic, uhicL is obviously ~qcrsal_ Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 EQC = 1314 PACE 26 CPYRGHT l,ig- 5. Test piece of stainleos steel Nc. 1 aftcr a simulation -test. A .A micrographic test made on another tcst piece which was bent even more and straightenEd revc-als ccld-rclled rartensite., but with a veary distinct heterogeneouE di-stritutiGn: tle vartensite density is lower in the intctrior than cn i-he surface (fig. 6a, and b), which is Tcrval, but vhich diffeis fron, test piece Nc. 2. In order to obtain uziforw density in the cross secticn and in the amount observed, it would he necessary to hc- able tc create ten~Eile strain deformation Iccalized cn the end of the s4aft and in tbc head (on the order oi. ,1-10% for test piece No. 2, and at least 10'Yh, for test piece Plo, 3) , but which would not appreciably cha,nge, the diamcters of either tbe f:haft or tbe head'. 11cctnete: 'For test piece No. 3, a slight d NJ 11m, II ~11 il"A NO m '7 01 If )7' v, 41 . . . . . . Vt 4541 "V r Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 DOC - 1314 PAGE 42 CPYRGHT Fig. 10. Electron microc-raFfs of mcdlficd strface zones with enlargement of 64,500 (Ectore 4cductio).n)-, a) lost pieco 11-1, test with J. P. Givard, side 1. L) Test piece 11-1, test with J. *P. Girard, side 1. c) Test piece for shot-peoning Ei.mulation. d) Test Tifce- for simulation by ccmrression on a'stamp., 4LV 71 (Xk rv -. ~ . W ~ ~~ / , J. 4 N (I ~ Ile 14, N- 17, ,4 4 I, n. A ti lip Z 4Z '4 Ik \t Na j.. a) Eprou'veric 11-1, essai avec J.P._.Girard, facc I b) Eprouvette 11-1, essai avec J.P. Gh-ard, face 2. T. -e t) t L o: > k~ 40 A ILI C) FI)Y-0111'effe etc Simulation par grenaillage. d) Eprouvette irIc shirielatio?,i par compression la I)ITSSC. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 rcc = 1314 PAGI 43 CPYRGHT ,For test piece 11-1, Ccloparativp ccu-nting cf the rings visible in the section (110) was reali-zed a: g = [111]s > 0. After measuring the respective thicRnesscs cf the different plates, the results given in Takle IV were found (mczan tcr fivrr 4 lable IV. BEY: (1) sarcplirg. (2) rensity cf visible rings. (3) lelative density ccmparEd tc ccntrcl. (4) Ccrtxcl. (5) Modified zone. (t) Mid-thickness. (7) Side- Densit6 de bOLICICS L DensiW relative PZ!7 Pr6l4bvement I go visibles (cnj-3) rapport au t6moin 11-1 ftcnioin) IN 1240 7,4.101-1 ~,q) (-I) face zone modifift I HV 1340 130 .1013 18 _fCCce' 2" 84 .1013 zone rnodifi6ie IN = 1290 11-1 rni-6paisse ,ur 61 .1013 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 DOC = 1314 PPG E 14 4 CPYRGHT Summing up, we will ncte that the chanSes J. P. Girard produced i4 tN~ duraluirinum FlatEs vHch weic given tc him reveal, SilTultal-leously: - surface hardening on the order of 80/0 Iccated on the two slides cf the, plate's over a length which cau reach 40 inm and a width of 10-15 mrci; - the modification of the residual surface strains in the kodified zcne; zone. Wi t%je creat-Lor, of a ~articuiay v.1cro-s""Ciucture in ci s t- h a very high density of Ema.11 dislocation rings (6200 angstrom.,s) the absence of macroscopic Lending strain (excep"- f or tost 1 Ecie abcve) Simulation Tests As in the case of stalriless stcel, we :~oucjht double c;oi-ifirmation Ly tryiDg to figure out a simple mcans cf deforiTation by vibich the Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 DCC ,= 1314 PACE 45 CPYRGHT y.rcceding states could te simulated- First, we will point out thcat the electron micrographs indicate that tte Guinier-prestcr zcres are nct dissclved and are the same at the cud of the test as in tLe original statc. Ifis eliminates any simulation by, heat treatrent: in particular, ty surface heating (ipduction or optical radiation). 11hus, we had to develop mechanical ~Sinulaticlj tests. Ilternating Eending Since hand contact was I.,,ermitted during the first- phase of the. 'exr-eritcent, ue joight wciidex if a surrEptiticus alternating bending cperation in the plastic rarge mould be e.-ncugh to cause the changes , Se r ve d. C b Alternating bending tests made cn --conk T-ols permitted us to see that ~t waz necessary tc intrcduce tctal plastic flow of at- least 5% by alternating bending in order to oltaiq hardening on the order of that which was observed preiiously This requires bending the, test r-ioce very intensively until a radius cf curvature of 50 mw is reachtEd (which corresponds to a bend oi) the crd#Er of 30, which is I Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 DCC .= 1314 U AG 146 CPYRGHT irccmpatible with the otservations nade.), t~eu straightening it by Lending it in the opposite directien. 111cwever, this simulaticn does not rezmit us to duplicate 'the structural state observcd cu the test FieccE rcdified by J. P. Girard. In fact, by electron microsccry we tlicn observe inazes of dislocations in the hardened zones, Lut not the significant increase in the number of dislocatici, rings. Ccrrre~~;Aoi) Test on a Press A local compression test of acntr-cl plate 111-U conducted on a jrcns at 300 MPa (oe~~ 220 VFa) made it poszltlE to obtain hardening cn the surfaces coming in ccrtact tith the ztamF and the 11C.able, te-cFectively, close to Ahat which was sought 140 1,112a) with Ricrostructure similar to tle microstructure chserved on the modifiod test pieces (Fig. 10d), tut witb a 16weK CjLg density. However, WO cLverve a 13% decrease in tbickness anO a ucifcrm change in the. cross section of the structurc and in hardnesE, which is not true of tho test pie-ces "hardened" ly 0. P. Girard. Furthervare, measurements of the thickness of the plate revealed a reduction in thickness on the crder of 2% straight abcve the mcdified zc~,e. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 DOC = 1314 PAGE 47 CPYRGHT Ehct-Ueening Test A surface shot-peening test of the t'VC OJECsing sides of the, ccntrol (11-M)' made it Fos:Eible to simulatc. tbe essential I.,arts of -the paints which ve. were trying to rCPEOdUCE: surface hardening AIIV cf 70 Mra, the absence cf permanent tending, and analogous microstructure (heterogencoxs in ttic]~Dess sAith a maximum dislocation rii)g density in the vicinity of -the surf&ces). YcotnPke: lWorking conditicrs: Matta.-'_'ur macbine, air pressure - 7 bars, floK rate - 0.85 m3/mw, glass Lalls (95- 751-110 pm), duration - I uin4 End. footnote FG.al)Whil(~, iD thiS MahKIEU WO ottaj..D ;.I di?.POj-iSj),AEd SUrfaCe Which 1001"S very differ(-,nt from that of the test pieces modified by J. P. (;ir,-.Ird, and additional polishinc is necessary in cidex to restore a ccrqarable surfaco statc. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 LCC = 1314 PAGE 48 CPYRGHT The set of observations aad simulatictijs ~Ehcw that it would be neceszary to apply compressive force pe .rpeodicular to the surface of the Plates, t4us, crc-itinq Ijctercq(--%necu;E plaztic flou in the cross Eccti,cn, in order to duFlicate the- essential aspects of the physical properties otserved on the uetal plates locally and superficially hardened by J. P. Girard. Tle mechanical. encigy reqiiired for simulating such a modification can be estinatcd according to the ccmrrezs-ior simulation tezt: we find 1.6 J- Die can also produce rings of this type hy neutroa irradiation. onclusion Tbe group of o"C'servaticns made cn the duraJuninum plates given c J. E. Girard makes it Fcssihle to state: - that the required hardening was defiuitely rcalized four times, urinfj the test; - that no simple, m. 4etal-lurgical cpei:aticn. kroisn to the autbors luakes it pcssible exactly duplicate the different physical cculjarities observed in tke Iccally hardrrcd 2ones. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 DOC = 1314 FPGE 49 CPYRGHT Discussio4 and CD4ClUSiCI) In this report, we described some deformations and transforma,tio4s of metals cttained urder sFEcific conditions. The places in uhich th,ese tests were maric and tle individuals Who observed them were varic-d; the cnly coqstant presence, commoll to all cf the tests, was that cf J_ P. Girard himsElf. Thus, therc vas a co-rrelatio.n letueen his presence and the apFcarance of the par-ticular effects observed. Therefore, it aprears that Ne h&ve the Y-*iqht -to say that -0. P. Girard is part of the "cause" of tle-se effects. But during these deformations or transforwaticn-s, me, re-ither observed nor reccrdi.:~d any interventicn of muscular torces or physical effects on his part capable of causing ticm. Zt tbus appears thvt we can ccnclude tie "abnorin"4111 nature of tbe:~e effects,, especially if we consider" t~E fcllowiag observations: - for one ot the dcfcrvx_,d test Fieces (scE "Session of 27 ectcber 1976"), the nature cf the-measures taken to mark the piece and the process of follcwing the deformatIct. by successively tracinq Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 ECC = 1314 PAGE 50 CPYRGHT the profiles proves that no zubstituticn occurred; we feel that the vely high strength of t1is test picce is eucuq4 to exclude all exElauations by purely manual and muscular acticn; - for the other -test piece deformrcd in the glass tube ("Session cf 31 March 197611) , the wci:king rroccdure sceirc- d to establish that the deformation, althoucl slight, uas sufficiently clear and was made vhile the test picce was in the tube; - for cases of local structural tranzfcrwatian, by a martensitic transtczmaticn ("Tests on Stainless Stec.1 in Clcsod Tubes") or by the Cr,cation of many smal.1 dislcraticn rings ("local riodific&tions ... lv.etallicll), the precautions describc-d show that no substitution cccuEzcd. 7he ge neraticn of these effects in tte tube or upon slight cc4tadt el:Uninates any "noraall, exFlaraticr. Fven if substitiatioln did cccur, we must point that we found it Impps~-Ulc to either reproduce all ot the physical peculiarities cf the test pieces transformed in this nanner, or, to imagine many siuqle tictallurgical gperation capable cf doing it. our simulaticn. tests css,en tially .1,crmitted us to duplidate the new structural elements qeqeratcd during the tests wade t-ith 0. P. Girard. By combining several of these actions in a complex ma.nner (actions wthich wculd ctberwise have left traces on the r,FEciwcD), we might, be able to simulate the local texture and arrangement of these structural elcirivnt:~, but %c would produce much Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 La,C = 13114 PAGE 51 CPYRGHT greater changes iii dimensicrs than thcsr. okservEd, which are very slight or Donexistent. Ihe localized natuxe of these transformations is Eris Dig. Vaese experiments are yart of a grcup we screened and subjected tc an extensive ccrditicns described in the introduction. contains those in which ncthing happcned, ,clearly observed muscular inpetus ccurlcd effccts. cf mzny wore tests, which critical study under the I~is group of tests also and cthers in which we uith lositively "abnoLmal" Xt is a good idea to eirip1jasize that the offects obsorved havo a. certa.in degree of reproOucilility: the bends iii, the bars were Frcduced repeatedly, the local marte.nsitic transformations, - twice, and the local. hardeningn - four times. Ihe.. last of these four tests, the t~est spcnsored by Professor HastQd, is the most signi.-Cicant, for .it includes the measureaent cf hardness befcre the tests in the zonc~ 1r uhich hardening subsequently was reali.zcd, ard beciause the increas~e in hardness was verified in'twc irdeFqrdent laboratories, tbus; an English laboratcry TAorking z1h1ind," 0. P. Girard did nct produce upknowxi structures in any of the tests,,d.The structural mcdificaticii's cbserv(-4 ai:,e of the type. produced Ly certain types of defcrmations. 1heir distribution is normal for Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 VGC = 1314 PAGE 52 CPYRGHT the case of simple Lending, but abnormal-fcr transformations uithout deformation or with slight deformaticn. If the effects had been produced by apF.Iying -forces, the work which it would havc been neccf-sary tc experd f-cy the largest test Fiece wculd have reached arcund 12 a. The ccrrcsponding increase in entba Ipy w oula be f rom 2- 3 0. --(En this article, we have no intcntio'n cf inj.-osing our conclusions as complete scicntific facts. Eut,we felt it our duty to cbjectivel-,, describe thc coiiditions and the ref-ults of these ex~eriitent,,~. We found nc exrlanaticn icr t~,(:- effects observed, neither in current physics, nor by ~cssible trickery, but perhaps c-thers uill be able to find them. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 LCC = 1314 PAGE 53 CPYRGHT CUCEHING THE ARTICLE FY CF. CRUSSAED AND 0. LICUMST 7he above article uas stritten fcllcwing eiiyeriments which demonstrated the abnormal bEbavior of wetals or alloys in the FreEence of J. P. Girard. I can ccnfirm that thcso experime"ts were irade with considerable scic-r..tific ztrictneEE, in order to eliminate any trickery as much as possible. ,'However., scme of them were not convincing, for the possiLility of tricke-ry is always present. - Bany phe4omena are re-4cctcd by the educated world because they are censidered to be irraticnal; but this is mcre the a priori xefusal to try to observe ard ccntrol them ior themselves, with coi)cexn for the truth,. tatl'.Er thac giving ILccf of scientific 1-z C r" es t y . Several scientists did -.not hesitate tc participate in the, cxFeriw~ent-s of J. P. GiiaKd,, siTply ir, crde-t. ',-,%c "sp-eu them objectively. I myself had this opportunity and .1 was soiiietimes tzoubled by these experiments, which, as .cnc of us pointed out, places us, the physicists, in a very uncomfcrtatle position. out of all of these exreriments, most cf which were video Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9 DOC .= 13111 PAGE Eli CPYRGHT lecorded with a considerable abundance of ccntucls, C. Crussard and J. Bouvaist used only those which are the subject of this articlex. Until proven otherwise, it ~,as not ~cssible tc find a rational ex~lanatior for the tra,Dsformatioas cbscrVEd and d(,!::-,cribcd - which vaturally does. not mean that we will not find one latfnx. S(he authors of this article found it interEsting to pul)lisli their observations, knoving full well tha(t they would come Lip aqainst iather general scepticism - but one wust only view their actions as tbc, desire to make known rbcnoriiena which arc- olviously inexplicable in the current state of cur kvew1cdcc. myself agreed to add these few line-s, having had occasion to fc1low these experim-entE rather c1csely, siHrIy in ordc-r to give xy advice. atout the scientific strictneii~c uitb uhich they ve-re conducted by the authors. Too many factors are still uncletermined to Make it possible to give a valie inteirretaticu. 0. 0. Trillat, Member of tfic Acadomy cf: Sc-ir-n-cc-, End-13111 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500160003-9