PHYSICS, ENTROPY, AND PSYCHOKINESIS Harold Puthoff and Russell Targ Stanford Research Institute Electroni6s and Bioengineering Laboratory To be presented at the Conference on Quantum Physics and Parapsychology Geneva, Switzerland, August 26-27, 1974 Approved For Release 2000108107 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 In dtPoi, W r ej~g, 6f4_W6p9gj0ffftk606id6d4666_j at Stanfo d pprove r se Research Institute which indicate anew that certain individuals are capable of producing physical effects in the environment by means of some as yet unidentified modality, generally referred to psychic or psychoener-etic. Such phenomena have of course been under scientific consideration for over a century. However, even a cursory review of"the literature reveals that in spite of well-conducted experiments by reputable researchers yielding reproducible results (e.g., Sir William Crookes'study of D.D. Home, or von Reichenbach's researches as reported in The Dynamics , London, 1851), the study of these phenomena has never emerged from the realm of quasi- scientific speculation. One reason for this is.that, in spite of experi- mental results, no satisfactory theoretical construct has to date been advanced to correlate data or predict new experimental outcomes. Consequently, the area in question remains in the recipe stage reminiscent of electrodynami-cs before the unification brought about by the work of Ampere, Faraday, and Max~,iell. The overall goal of our research program is the determination of the laws underlying these phenomena. That is, our goal is not just to catalog interesting events, but rather to uncover patterns of cause-effect r(~lation- ships of the type that lend themselves to analysis and hypothesis in the form with which we are familiar in scientific study. The results presented here constitute for us a first step toward that goal, in that we are estab- lishing under Irnown conditions a data base from which departures as a function Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 I P . Aa r,?ve fff F~qllRap~y;qOolygpkqaic4.41R~PM-OPT§7RPOPTOOQRQOQZ-lfuture work. Our CY I p P I y 1~1;q -1 observations to date have led us to conclude that such phenoroena can be studied under laboratory conditions. It is our expectation that with the sensitive instrumentation and powerful theoretical tools presently available, progress in this field will be forthcoming. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDPP6-00787ROO0700090007-1 Magnetometer observation (Pilot Experiment) One of the first psychoenergetically-produced physi6al effects observed by SRI personnel (H.P.) in early research (1972) was the appare nt perturbation of a superconductor-shielded Josephson effect magnetometer: by a gifted subject, Mr. Irgo Swann. Following is a fairly detailed .account of that first observation, since it reveals a. number of aspects of PK research that we consider to be of si-nificance. This magnetometer is located in a well under a building and is shielded -metal shielding, an aluminum container, copper shielding and, most' ,by ~1 important, a superconducting niobium shield. (See Fig. 1). The magnet' ometer is of the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) 7- ,variety, which has an output voltage whose frequency is a measure of -the :rate of change of magnetic field present. Before the experiment, a decaying magnetic field had been set up the ma-netometer, and its decay with time provided a background .calibration signal that registered asa pnriodic output on an X-y recorder, .the frequency of the output corresponding to the decay rate of the -6 .calibration field (-10 Gauss). The system had been running for about an hour with no noise. Mr. Swann was shown the setup and told that if he were to affect the magnetic field in the magnetometer, it would show up as a change in the output recordingg. Then, to Liso his own description, lie placed his atten- tion on the interior-of the ma.-netometer-1- at--vihich--Lir~e--ttio-frequency of Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 DEWAR FALSE 12" H-~i P-METAL SHIELD CONCRETE BLOCK FIGURE 1 MAGNETOMETER HOUSING CONSTRUCTION FLOOR OF BUILDING INCRETE ,SING Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 the output doubled for about two of'the cycles or roughly thirty seconds. This is indicated by A in Figure 2. Mr. Swann was next asIzed if lie could stop the field change being indicated by the periodic'output.on the recorder. He then apparently proceeded to do just that, as can be seen at B in the graph, for a period of roughly forty five seconds. Ile then Vt let go," at which time the output returned to normal (C). Upon inquiry as to what lie had done, he explained that he had direct vision of the apparatus inside and that the act of looking dt different parts seemed to him to be correlated with -the different effects. As he described what he was doing, the recording again traced out a double frequency cycle (shown at D), as had occurred before. An atypical dip (E) in the recording took place then, and on questioning him about what was happening he said he was looking at a new part, the niobium ball sitting in a cup. This ball was inert at the time, not being used in the magnetometer experiment. He was asked to refrain from thinking about the apparatus, and-the normal pattern was then traced out for several minutes (continued on lower trace) while he was engaged in conversation on other subjects. At one point he started to discuss the magnetometer agdin, at which point the tracir.- went into J a high frequency pattern, shoAi at F. At our request he stopped, and the observation was torniinat4M because IIJr. Swann was tired from his effort. We then left the Iab, while the apparatus was run for over an hour with no trace of noise or nonunifoi%n activity,.as indicated in Figure 3, where the Approved For Release 2000/08107 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 ~^r 3nnntnQtn7 I-IA-DF-IDar,-nn7st7-6knn7nnnannn7-I LU cc LU w 0 F-- LU W LL Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 6-46s~C!OOD 198A T'. i~-Rly MF S~O ppr ... .. . .... .... ... ... ... .... --- --- . .. ... .... ... .77 It T- 4:.. m: . .... .... .... . .... .... .... .... . . .... .... -T) .. . .. .... .... F ... ..... .... .... . 7-F . ......... ... 7T7. L . .... .... d F- T-. D .... ... .. ... ... . 4+ ... .... .... . . .... .... ......... =-r= H.H.- -- --------- --- ... .... .. .... .... ... .... .... .... .... . .... ... 4-- 7:77 . .. ... .... ...... .. .... ............. - ----- Jm~. .... i . ..... ......... IL . ... ..... .. T- 77: ------ - --- - .... ........ -7F -(T, -444- T, ............. TTT D X 0 c[: 0 LU uj 0 w CC CY) LU c[: LL Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 top two traces show a continuing record following termination of the experi- went. The third trace was ta~-en some time later, the increase in the period indicatin- the reduced rate of magnetic field decay. At various times during this and the following day when similar data with Mr. Swann were taken, the experiment was observed by numerous other scientists. The conditions of this observation, involving as it did a few hours use of an instrument committed to other research, of course prevented a proper investigation. The number of data samples was too few to permit meaningful statistical analysis, and the lack of readily-available multiple recording equipments prevented investigation of possible "recorder only" effects. Therefore, the following longer term study with a similar device was undertaken. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 A,,p?roved For Rele se 2,000/08/07 i CI&RD~9~- 078 00700090007-1 0 re n7ftO perimenus w a uperconcuc 1A.- 1 a, Magnetometer (Gradiometer) A series of experiments were carried out using a Develco Model 8805 superconducting second-derivative gradiometer manufactured by Develco, Inc. Mountain View, California. The assembled device is shown in Figure 4. Basically, the gradiometer is a four-coil Josephson effect magnet- ometer device consisting of a pair of coil pairs wound so as to provide a series connection of two opposing first-derivative gradiometers, yielding a second-derivative gradiometer (i.e., a device sensitive only to second and higher order derivative fields.) As a result, the device is relatively insensitive to uniform fields and to uniform gradients. This arrangement allows for sensitive measurement of fields from nearby sources while dis- criminating against relatively uniform magnetic fields produced by remote sources. The device is ordinarily used to measure magnetic fields originating from processes within the human body, such,-s action currents in the heart which produce magnetocardiograms. The sensitive tip of the instrument is simply placed near the body area of.interest. In our 'application, however, the subject is local;ed. at a distance of four meters from the gradiometer probe. As a result,the subject is located in a zone of relative insensitivity; e.g., standing up, sitting do-,,--I, leaning forward, and arm and leg movements produce no signals. From this location the subject is asked, as a mental task, to affect the probe. The results of his efforts are available to him as feedback from three sources: an oscilloscope, a panel moter, and a chart recorder, the latter providing a permanent record. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 2 FIGURE 4 SUPERCONDUCTING DIFFERENTIAL Ntt~GNETOAIETER Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 Approved 4r~*~kA'~'260(Y/(MY67--dAT~RDWJI~-GOV87ROO07GUM07Ltd as fono~-vs:. The subject removes all metal objects, and the effects of body movements - checked at,the start of each experimental period. The subject -then ,ire works with the machine in a learning mode, observing effects being produced, if any, via feedback from the instrumentation. Once satisfied -that a possibility exists of producing effects on command Linder experimenter control, the experimenter announces the start of the experiment. A random- ization protocol (discussed in the Appendix) is then used to generate ten activity periods of equal length (e.g., twenty-five seconds) pre-deter- mined by the experimenter. A sample run with a second gifted subject, Mr. Patrick Price, is shown in Figure 5. The randomly-generated ON (activity) periods are Nos. 2, 8, and 9. As observed, signals appear in each of these three periods. The signal appearing'in period 9 was strong enough t o cause loss of continuous tracking. This latter type of signal can be the result of an exceptionally strong flux change, or an RF burst whether subject-generated or artifactual, and are handled on the basis of statistical correlation as discussed below. An artifact due to the passage ofa truck in the parking lot adjacent to the laboratory (under continuous surveillance by the experimenter) is noted -9 in period 6. Each of the signals on scale corresponds to an input - 1.6 x 10 Gauss/cm2 (second derivative ~ 2B 2 equivalent to - 3.5 x 10 -7 Gauss z Z referred to one pickup coil. RF interference effects are sometimes in evidence dua to pro-, I were observed. Of these 63 events, 42 were distributed among the activity periods, 21 among the no-activity periods, a correlation significant at the p = 0.004 level. With the exception of. the first run ~,,,hero 25-second trials %vere used. Approved For Release 2000108107 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 We LI10reifO_CC COIIC-ILICIC thaL the obsorved nurioar o:L procisely tij-,,ecl ,~: CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007 ftelFase .3000/08~0 Awned For J s In pi o word: coup e with the statistically significant (P = 0.004) correlation between subject effort and signal output in controlled runs indicate a highly probable cause-effect relationship. Thus it appears that a gifted subject can interact with a second derivative magnetic -radiometer of sensitivi ty - 10 -9 Gauss/cm 2- from a distance of four meters. Further work would be required to determine absolutely the precise nature of the interaction, although given the equipment design the generation of a,magnetic field is the most probable mechanism. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 Apprc)~4bct#6iF;bmi~§62obo7oo/v7ir-c-iA4:zDpgramoOm66&7ouGgdft7j-!-Ly that a subject ma-7 be able to exe-rt a physical influence on a remotely located physical sYstem. The tarcret is a torsion pendulum suspended by a metal -.Fiber inside a sealed glass bell jar. The pendulum consists of three 100 gra-in balls arranged symetrically at 1200 angles on a 2 cm raddus. The entire apparatus is shock mounted, and protected from air currents by the enclosing bell jar. The angular position of the pendulum is measured by means of an optical readout system. The system consists of- a laser beam from a lo. po-~.'er argon laser reflected from a small mirror on the pendulum onto a position sensing silicon detector 1.5 meters from the pendulum. The detector yields an output voltage proportional to spot position. The output from the detector is monitored by a chart recorder ttt which provides The system exhibits a sensitiv-ity of approximately 10 microradians. Under typical experimental conditions random accoustical fluctuations drive the pendulum in its torsional normal mode of 10 second period to a level -.:, 100 microradians angular deviation. During control runs the pendulum executes harmonic motion with a maximum variation in'. amplitude of 10 percent over an hour period. Sudden vibrational perturbations in the environment produce oscillation of the pendulum, in the vertical plzzme at a frequency of I Ht, as contrasted with the torsional mode in the horizontal plane at 0.1 11z. ~Spectra Physics Mod~EA 262 I't United Detector Tccltnolo~-v Model SCIIO ++t Brush Mo(iel May!-, 200 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 Appro~Rd F ,ff!07 , CLI~-flR~?611~OT,~~7 2,qqp~ s s?,~jR,~~ a!Ef a ~0607fofoeoc9to%T_'pendUlUM motion, the results of which would be available as feedback from the chart recorder The subject is then encouraged -to work Nvith the pendulum from a distance of I meter, observing effects being produced. If satisfied that there is a possibility of producing effects (typically following a week's activity, a couple of hours per day), an experiment is begun. As in other experiments, subject efforts to increase or decrease oscillation amplitude are determined by an experimenter utilizin-- the uni- versal randomization protocol described in (a). Each expeiJiment lasts one hour and consists of six 5-minute work periods alternated with six 5-minute rest periods. In later work, the subject is removed to a room 12 meters down the hall with three intervening office spaces to determine whether effects can be produced from a remot'e location. The subject is provided feedback at the remote location either by closed circuit video or by a second chart recorder in parallel with the recorder in the enclosed target laboratory. The remote aspect was instituted both to prevent artifactual effects from body heat, etc., and also to determine whether energy can be coupled via the remote viewing channel to a remote location. Both experimental evidence and theoretical work indicate that distance may not be a strong factor in paranormal phenonena. See, for exabple, E.H. Walker "Properties of Hidden Variables in Quantum Theory: Impli- cations for Paraphysics", U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 I !I PJ_ I (J 1, S ~AIU_L'_6 V-: UoL~~2_C V,:,U 000700090007-1 ?ved For Rekease 2100/08 c J?7: CIA-RDP96-00787~ I subject ocatec in ie same room is ab e, by concent ration, to increase or decrease pendulum motion on command while sitting qui6tly one mater fro-,I the bell jar. The change -to -baseline ratio is often 5:1 or better so the effects are not small. A sample chart showing a rest period follo-.*I;ed by a decrease period is given in Figure Vibrational artifacts can be ruled out on the basis that when such i.:Lputs occur. a marked I Hz oscillation signal due to vertical motion is superimposed on the 0.1 Hz torsional motion. What is especially interesting are -he decreases which tahe the motion below that generally observed due to en- vironmental noise driving. Such observations indicate the an ,plication of a constraint which couples. energy out of the pendulum motion. Similar ob- servations have been observed with the subject removed to the second location 12 meters away. Although less pronounced (change-to-baseline ratios typically 2:1), the effect remains easily observable. The universal rand6mization protocol is used throughout to deter-aine increase/decrease periods. Control run data are being collected to be sub- jected to the same analysis. Multiple recording is used throu-ghou't to --tile out artifacts due to recorder effects. Finally, an electr=eter ,-.Iith the base of the bell jar serving as one electrode. is monitored to record acoustic vibration independently. Due to the potential significance of such finclings, considerable data is bein- taken in orde3~ that the matter can be subjected to statistical analysis over a large sample involving hundreds of wor'"- periods. A few hundred data samples have already been collected for this purpose, an tIne results ~vill be published %1.-hen available. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 -=7 -=T. :7- E Z7- ------------ Approved For Release 2000/OEI/07 I-=- 47 ---------------- --- ---------------- -- CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 4 P4 ~D cv, 4J C14 0 r4 c0 ~4 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 Speculations Here we present soii,.e speculations about the nature of the paradoxes associated with psychoenorgetically-produced physical phenomena. These ideas. fall into the category of intuition based on integration of obser- vation over time. Thus, they are not conclusions drawn from statistically significant data, but rather conceptualizations or hypotheses around which specific experiments can be designed. (1) Researchers in the area of psychol,.inesis appear to be plagued' by results whose amplitudes have a signal-to-noise ratio near unity, re- gardle8s of the process or mechanism involved. A number of our observa-- .tions indicate that, rather than simple perversity, what is being arti- culated.is a coherence phenomena involving partial mobilization of system noise, and thus the magnitude constraint . That is, when a subject Js asked to interact with an experimental setup one often first observes ,a reduction in noise followed by a signal, as if the components of the .noise spectrum had been brought into phase coherence. The subject thus appears to act as a local negentropic. source. If true, it- may be more advantageous as a practical matter to work with extremely noisy, systems, rather than with highly constrained or organized systems, in order to maximize possible effects due to the introduction of order. (2) Psychokinobic phenomena often appear to be more the result Of coincidence than the effect of.a ~~;ell-defined cause.- Again, rather than Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 Approved For Release 2000108107 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 being the result of the perversity of nature, the observed goal-oriented synchronicity may indicate that physical systems are more easily manipu- lated at the global level of boundary conditions and constraints rather than at the level of mechanism. Thus, the apparnncy that a given desired result can be explained away by a coincidental but "natural" event needs to be explored more fully. Unexpected but naturftl causes may be the effect of a series of causal links, outside the defined experimental boundaries but representing an unforseen line of least resistance. At worst, such causal links may in fact be unobservable in the sense of the hidden variables concept in quantum theory, but nevertheless, act as instruments of the will. VU (3) Psychokinetic phenomena appear to be intrinsically spontaneous; i.e., it is difficult to evoke psychokinetic phenomena/"on .cue", with the result that the phenomena is often considered to be not-under good control, and therefore not amenable to controlled experimentation. This difficulty is so pronounced that it is likely that we are observing some macroscopic analog of a quantum transition, an event similarly unpredictable in tire except as a pi~obability function. If the analogy is correct, ex-perimentation, in this area simply needs to be treated in the manner of, for example, Nveak photon experiments. (4) Possibly related to item (3), the more closely one attempts to observe psychokinetic bhenomena, the -less likely one is to see it, a Ajproved Fo~ Release 2000108107 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 factor considered by many to support-hypotheses of poor observation, fraud, etc. To a sophisticated observer, however, simple dismissal does not stand up under scrutiny. Invokin.- again the idea of a macroscopic analog of a quantum transition, we may, as observers of delicate phenomena, be witness to observer effects generally associated with the tincertainty principle. Paradoxically, from the subject's viewpoint, the production of -the phenomena may also be an observer effect, perturbing as it does the expected behavior of a piece of instrumentation. In this model the scrutiny of psychokinetic phenomena under laboratory conditions could in principle be considered to be a collective phenomena involving interfering observer effects in a manner known to occur at the microscopic quantum level. (5) Finally, we find it useful as a guiding principle to recognize that all of the phenomena we deal with in macroscopic psychoener-getics are totally permissible at the microscopic level within-the framework of physics as presently understood. It is simply that time reversibility, tunnelin- through barriers, simultaneous multiple-state occupation, etc., are generally unobservable as gross macroscopic phenomena for statistical reasons only, as codified in 'the concept of increasing disorder (entropy). Therefore, it may be appropriate to consider an individual with psychokinetic abilities primarily as a source of ordering phenomena of sufficient mag- nitude so as to restructure the otherwise random statistics of the macro- scopic environment. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 'qj&M~~6-007~7 00700090007-1 Approved For Releasi~gpqqfq8197~, ro~O ion oco It was deemed desirable in our work to esLablish a universal randomi- zation protocol independent of the particular experiment under consideration. The only exceptions were to be automated experiments where target selection is determined by radioactive decay or electronic randomization. The randomization procedure is designed around a ten-unit base, e.g,, ten targets, ten work periods, etc. A ten-digit sequence governing an experiment is blind to both experimenter and subject, and is uncovered by means of the following procedure. A three-page RAND Table of Random Digits (Table 1) is entered to obtain the ten-digit sequence, the entrance point being determined by four throws of a die,t the first 1, 2, or 3 deter.minino- page, the next 1, 2, 3, or 4 determining column block, and the final throw determining from which of the first six rows in the block the ten-digit sequence is to be taken. An opaque card with a single-digit window is then moved across the row to uncover digits one at a time. If a multiplicity of targets exist, the digits 0 through 9 ar e employed directly. If a binary command is required (e.g., increase/decrease or activity/no activity) the parity of the digit (even or odd) is employed. 1- A technique found in conLrol runs to produce a distribution of die fzices differing nonsi-nificantly from charico expectation. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 1"'dgits Table of RlandomTj 11 16 43 63 18 75 06 13 76 74 40 60 31 61 52 83 23 53 73 61 21 21 59 17 91 76 83 15 86 78 40 94 15 35 85 69 95 86 09 16 10 43 84 44 82 66 55 83 76 49 73 50 58 34 72 55 95 31 79 57 36 79 22 62 36 33 26 66 65 83 39 41 21 60 13 11 44 28 93 20 73 94 40 47 73 12 03 25 14 14 57 99 47 67 48 54 62 74 85 11 49 56 31 28 72 14 06 39 31 04 61 83 45 91 99 15 46 98 22 85 64 20 84 82 37 41 70 17 31 17 91 40 27 72 27 79 51 62 10 07 51 48 67 28 75 38 60 52 93 41 58 29 98 38 80 20 12 51 07 94 99 75 62 63 60 64 51 61 79 71 40 68 49 99 48 33 88 07 64 13 71 32 55 52 17 13 01 57 29 07 75 97 86 42 98 08 07 46 20 55 65 28 59 71 98 12 13 85 30 10 17 26 45 73 27 38 22 42 93 01 95 63 99 97 54 31 19 99 25 58 61 55 57 64 04 86 21 01 18 08 78 13 79 87 68 04 68 98 71 30 62 49 09 92 15 84 98 72 87 59 24 21 66 34 44 21 28 30 70 44 16 97 59 54 28 33 22 65 59 03 59 13 83 95 42 71 16 85 76 09 29 47 85 96 52 50 41 43 19 66 34 55 63 98 61 65 99 05 70 48 16 38 11 50 69 52 45 88 88 80 33 00 78 56 07 38 71 23 15 12 58 72 20 36*78 26 18 86 94 97 12 89 35 40 48 33 IS 68 13 46 88 26 77 60 68 25 06 77 75 71 25 41 68 78 75 78 35 26 79 13 92 00 84 48 97 08 58 86 14 90 19 18 66 96 02 51 35 14 77 99 07 25 58 61 49 85 09 53 72 82 96 15 59 50 09 27 42 97 29 18 79 89 32 94 48 88 39 25 42 11 29 62 16 65 83 62 96 61 24 68 48 44 91 51 02 44 12 61 94 38 12 63 97 52 91 71 02 01 72 65 94 20 50 42 59 68 98 35 05 61 14 54 43 71 34 54 71 40 24 01 38 64 80 92 78 81 31 37 74 00 83 40 38 88 27 09 83 41 13 33 04 29 24 60 28 75 66 62 69 54 67 64 20 52 04 30 69 74 48 06 17 02 64 97 37 85 87 5121 39 64 04 19 90 11 61 04 02 73 09 48 07 07 68 48 02 53 19 77 37 17 04 89 45 23 97 44 45 99 04 30 15 99 54 50 83 77 84 61 15 93 03 93 94 16 52 79 51 06 31 12 14 89 22 31 31 36 16 06 50 82 24 43 43 92 96 60 71 72 20 73 83 87 70 67 24 86 39 75 76 96 99 05 52 44 70 69 32 52 55 73 54 74 37 59 95 63 23 95 55 09 11 97 48 03 97 30 38 87 01 07 27 79 32 17 79 42 12 17 69 57 66 64 12 04 47 58 97 83 64 65 12 84 83 34 07 49 32 80 98 46 49 26 15 94 26 72 95 82 72 38 71 66 13 80 60 21 20 50 99 08 43 31 91 72 08 32 02 08 39 31 92 17 64 58 73 72 00 86 57 10 01 17 50 04 86 05 44 11 90 57 23 82 74 64 61 48 75 23 29 92 42 06 54 31 16 53 00 55 47 24 21 94 10 90 08 53 16 15 78 .35 54 25 58 65 07 30 " 70 10 31 30 94 93 87 02 33 00 24 76 86 59 52 62 47 18 55 22 94 91 20 75 09 70 24 72 61 96 66 28 72 11 53 49 85 58 03 69 91 37 28 53 78 43 95 26 65 43 78 51 * Thi5 table appears through the courtesy of The RAND Corporation and the McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. and is reprinted by permission from The Compleat Stratcgyst, by J. D. Williams. pp. 219-221 [441. 1 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 07 42 85 88 63 96 02 38 89 36 35 37 92 79 22 28 90 65 50 13 10 98 22 28 07 10 92 02 62 99 90 12 73 33 41 77 80 61 24 46 63 00 21 29 90 23 51 06 87 74 40 77 9a 63 82 48 45 46 52 69 43 21 61 26 08 18 16 78 46 31 96 16 76 43 75 74 10 89 36 43 70 97 56 26 93 35 68 47 26 07 85 81 26 18 75 23 57 07 57 54 97 92 94 12 20 40 56 83 32 22 41 46 39 29 35 93 04 06 64 76 76 86 93 93 00 02 98 25 79 91 94 47 97 65 00 52 29 17 58 22 03 68 40 36 00 58 93 92 83 66 86 43 19 44 85 40 48 69 11 22 17 06 17 82 52 24 99 04 10 99 84 97 80 75 04 50 76 59 19 30 39 17 00 66 29 95 96 69 09 47 52 83 15 53 81 86 76 56 74 65 37 10 06 24 92 63 64 24 76 38. 54 7Z 35 65 27 53 07 63 82 35 53 40 61 38 55 38 51 92 95 00 84 8Z 88 12 48 25 54 83 40 75 55 17 28 15 56 18 85 65 90 43 65 79 90 19 14 81 36 30 51 73 40 35 38 48 07 47 76 74 68 90 87 91 73 35 49 48 21 37 17 08 18 89 90 96 1:2 77 54 15 76 75 26 90 78 81 73 71 18 92 83 77 68 14 12 53 40 92 55 11 13 26 68 05 26 54 22 88 46 00 63 52 51 55 99 11 59 81 31 06 32 51 42 58 76 81 49 88 14 79 97 00 92 21 43 33 86 73 45 97 93 59 97 17 65 54 16 67 64 20 50 51 15 08 95 05 57 33 16 68 70 94 53 29 58 71 33 38 26 49 47 08, 96 46 10 06 04 11 12 02 22 54 23 01 19 41 08 29 19 66 51 87 28 17 74 41 11 15 70 57 38 35 66 95 34 47 37 81 12 70 74 93 19 71 22 72 63 84 57 54 98 20 68 75 66 47 57. 19 98 79 22 22 75 02 26 53 32 98 60 62 94 51 11 32 37 00 69 90 26 98 92 66 55 20 86 34 70 IS 15 82 52 83 11 47 40 87 86 05 59 46 70 45 81 42 28 68 42 60 99 77 96 69 21 77 17 59 63 23 15 19 02 74 75 76 84 95 49 86 66 87 03 41 56 72 77 20 36 27 93 67 80 10 31 99 46 90 72 02 98 59 53 03 89 96 51 02 06 45 58 72 96 11 01 07 10 85 30 90 20 96 85 21 24 54 36 32 85 66 46 07 56 48 50 34 73 35 21 09 61 70 44 08 37 35 49 30 25 15 18 25 01 66 95 83 09 54 06 98 57 94 24 81 74 30 57 75 09 14 29 33 91 94 42 27 81 21 60 32 57 61 42 78 04 98 26 84 70 27 87 51 54 80 17 69 76 01 14 63 24 73 20 96 19 74 02 46 37 97 37 73 21 12 05 68 63 02 43 34 13 40 29 36 50 19 77 98 69 86 49 76 87 09 52 99 24 66 50 89 91 05 73 95 46 95 46 75 36 28 96 88 19 36 94 51 89 39 84 81 47 86 77 50 82 54 96 26 76 31 12 34 98 99 00 18 47 21 86 78 90 67 54 80 61 79 88 16 00 80 01 88 47 42 97 46 26 31 65 79 81 66 16 30 57 66 62 90 55 46 51 80 14 87 88 69 25 87 16 12 27 34 81 76 29 80 56 49 94 66 87 26 22 30 20 09 44 29 62 41 38 21 67 68 06 71 13 49 39 19 59 97 62 47 60 93 58 15 04 50 52 03 21 53 13 93 44 68 85 58 31 58 83 66 2 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 51 39 28 59 36 43 89 85 05 96 54 23 94 19 18 79 52 64 62 74 57 89 27 33 94 07 16 09 02 62 02 33 07 47 36 53 27 44 44 68 76 11 52 92 47 55 34 25 12 99 63 31 28 18 86 29 03 52 01 01 27 63 22 15 70 34 27 45 64 26 06 33 56 21 11 44 01 45 25 67 64 14 23 76 76 21 35 88 87 73 28 43 62 54 68 75 23 57 53 70 28 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86 06 80 41 IS 61 21 99 12 62 28 14 80 11 91 92 71 02 52 82 12 10 47 42 75 22 65 52 21 52 4Z 84 55 47 45 60 27 97 55 49 23 90 65 00 61 70 07 30 00 97 04 36 09 96 15 77 54 35 71 36 69 19 56 90 38 14 96 19 50 70 59 22 40 89 49 58 53 89 62 35 08 22 56 50 24 75 49 43 82 07 72 65 62 03 46 84 20 24 62 69 41 09 43 30 91 67 95 55 27 34 56 76 05 30 51 50 13 26 63 13 89 19 09 55 80 35 16 22 75 69 29 00 25 87 90 18 60 84 66 97 32 00 21 00 48 63 41 29 80 47 63 35 16 63 27 31 16 57 88 81 40 69 12 56 94 42 00 97 70 44 81 42 04 40 86 49 34 82 23 58 43 78 46 88 23 80 13 92 07 87 61 12 31 19 28 08 07 75 30 40 73 58 52 08 00 22 08 39 53 70 43 37 88 03 41 72 04 20 49 44 34 62 79 88 19 02 46 16 66 72 06 01 61 94 37 69 96 77 01 94 40 29 70 04 20 93 87 76 77 76 07 03 74 20 16 13 65 98 96 28 43 10 91 73 44 58 29 88 09 52 88 21 64 44 65 87 06 64 49 47 84 66 99 56 18 12 36 24 83 66 66 14 89 45 92 73 8a 95 04 60 77 34 65 11 20 38 12 38 62 96 56 30 47 42 59 64 21 48 29 54 22 02 00 23 36 71 5Z 06 87 38 01 52 18 81 94 91 55 13 76 10 39 02 00 66 99 13 41 72 75 21 71 56 71 90 60 54 98 44 18 15 29 59 60 76 52 25 3 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 Approved For SGII The following brief summary presents some conclusions and observations derived from an independent, and somewhat critical, study of extra~scnsory perception over the past several months, These~ op inions are based unon study of the literature, material presented at the Geneva Conference of the-- Parapsychology- Foundation in August 1974 and, in particular, the work of Puthoff and Targ at SRI as reflacted in their.publications as well as their oral presentation in Washington. First some-general observations and recommendations in this area are presented, then a brief comment on the SRI work.$ and finally some--remarks about-practical applications, GENE RAL OBSERVATIONS AND RECO11,1ENDATIONS 1. A large* t~ody of reliable-experimental evidence points to the inescapable7~conclusion that extrasensory perception does exist as a real phenomenon,, albeit cha racterized by rarity and-lack of reliability. It appears as a low-capacity., high-noise information channel e3~Libiting data rates orders of magnitude less than normal perceptive process-es. Almost by definition extra-sensory percepti6n must involve-.in an essential way the operation of the human mind. 2. There- exists no satisfactory theoretical -understanding of. these phenomena. Present theories,, of which there-are-many., are both speculative and unsubstantiated. They range in content from.the physical th-roug1i the psychological to the metaphysical. One theory- that of the French physicist, Costa de-Beauregard- offers the possibility of interpreting psi phenomena within a-modest extension of established physical theory, but in general these efforts appear premature. At this stage of knowledge the most meaningful basic research consists of a search for correlates- physical, physiological, and psychological- to which the phenomena may be quantitatively related. Guidance -must consist of general ideas which are -not dependent upon possibly overspecific theoretical assumDtions. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 Approved For Release 20001.08107 : CIA-RI)P96-00787ROO0700090007-1 All the experimental evidence to date is consistent with-the assumption that paranormal perception behaves as an inforna-tion channel in the conventional sense of information theory. The information theoretic approach to Investigation in this area has probably not been adequately exploited but offers definite possibilities of aiding understanding as well as practical advantages. The success of enhancement techniques such as redundancy, najority vote, etc. is indicative 'of the efficacy of even simple applications of information theory in parapsychological research. a, Information theory in itself makes no assivuptions of specific mechanism, but contains a body of concepts ( bit rate, redundancy, equivocation., etc.) by which expcriment~l results may be quantitatively presented and analysed.. 11oreover these quantities have direct -meaning in terms of applications. b. Although problems of coding are of central concern in information theory, it is innately an inp-ut--outprut theory. Experiments can be devised to measure information rates in comparatively unstructured situations., independently of coding ass=Dtions. c. The very low information rates ( 0.01 to 0.1 bits/sec ) measured in extrasensory perception -way ex~plain the failure.-. to detect physical energy or correlated physical variables associated with the phenomena. A: signal lower in strength than thermal noise and only detectable through its high redundancy would exhibit a similar low rate-of information transmission. Physical energy less than thermal noise would be - .,yery difficult to detect, The complete ESP channel -may or may not involve a detectable physical link. but it most c r-t - e ainly does involve a psychological one, Ithough difficult to quantify there do appear o e ist so-me genuine psy9hological correlates of paranormal perception. Rather than detail these, mention is made of only one aspeA which seems especially significant, namely the striking similarity between many psychologicai feat-uxes of paranorTml perception and normai, though sijbliminaj- perception. Clearly this suggests that similar processes may be operative in both cases and that stiidies of subliminal perception below the -conscious thresh6ld -my be of relevance to the psychological part of paranormal perception. The physiological correlates of extrasensory perception which have been -measured are autonomic responses and therefor~-somewhat related to emotional responses. Variations of EEG alpha rhythm, galvanic skin resistance and blood capillary volume have all been identified in relation to extrasensory act^ivity. There is some experimental evidence for believing that these physiological responses may be Approved For Release 2000108/07: CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 W \4 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 more sensitive indicators of paranor-mal comaunication than consciously controlled responses. Presuma-bly a large part of the noise in the paranorm-al channel originates by the interfering effect of conscious processes, and -measurement of autonomic responses could short circuit a noisy part of the channel. Also the physiological responses themselves are directly accessible to physical, instead of only psychological, measurement. THE RESEARCH AT STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITM The work at SRI, using gifted individuals., has acheived some convincing and striking demonstrations of the existence of paranormal perception, and has demonstrated perhaps less convincingly the possible existence of psycholr-linetic infl-vences upon sophisticated physical instrumentation. The careful and systematic use-of sensory shielding in these experiments has excluded a large class of gross physical correlates of parranormal perception. The work has been less successful in.showing unambiguous relations of inhibition or enhancement between paranormal performance and possible physical, physiological, and psychological conditions. The enhancement method used was selection of special individuals either through prior reputation or through preliminary screening. Thus the approach was ,y rather than enhancement one of enhancement through selecti-vit -~7 Ye (or inhibition) by deliberate mani-oulation of variabies. This research produced some information measurement of alteration of alpha rhythm., amplitude and measurement bf neurological profiles, relevant to the question of correlates but was not aimed primarily in this direction. The contribution to fundamental understanding was a minor part of this work, but it produced manifestations of extrasensory perception sufficiently sharp-and clear out to justify serious consideration of possible applications. A separate point is that the high apparent bit rate of inforTmtion transmission implied by successful replication of drawings or recital of detailed descriptions may be dllusory. In no case was the perci-Dient asked to replicate or describe unfamiliar or un1mown objects. A low bit rate -may trigger detailed stored associations i4hich in themselves have high information content. PRALTICAL APPLICATIONS No matter how gifted the paragnost existing iffnor6nbn 6f-the basis of paranormal phenomena together with the capricious and unreliable nature of the channel dictate that information derived from this source can never stand alone and must be used with caution. Extrasensory Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1 ~S theoretic capabilities information should at be~3t supplement normal information or guide its collection) but should never serve in place of it. Even such limited use of this information channel would seemLto require- much -more detailed investigation of its character and limitations. A certain bare zainimum of understanding, or at least experience, is required to establish confidence. Ex-oerimental tests guided by a thorough information analysisil as alluded to earlier., offer the closest coupling with applications and the best prospect of usefully quantifying the of this information channel. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0700090007-1