Approved For Releo4p,,2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00 March 7, 1978 SG1A SG1A Dear' I am writing to request that you return to us the original tape casettes of the Price-crane experiment. SG1A In our original'agreement with e were to archive all of the original data in our files so t@a-t4w@ would continue to be available for further research, and we were to supply =with duplicates. In I the case of these Price tapes, however, we were in a time bind and therefore submitted our originals. If you need copies for your files, I am certainly willing to take responsibility to duplicate them for you. The reason I wish to get them back, beyond having complete data in our archives., is that we believe we have developed a set of linguistic indicators which permit us to begin to discr'minate as to what is correct and what is incorrect in rpmote viewing transcripts. We are now in the process of checking our hypothesis by passing old trans- cripts through our discrimination sieve, and we are especially anxious to reexamine our best transcripts from the past. SG1A SG1A I believe there is nothing irregular in our request, as you can determine by talking with=and we sorely need the data to help us evaluate our new discrimination procedures. An- SRI 'International F,2rpR 9 000@4-4 -333 Raven swoAPARRYA arpR~~ali5c?rRiHPE?l~4q!?YFt-D6p2 R_-Ocoa e: ROEOS1, N', e SG1A SG1A .With best regards SG1A H. E. Puthoff., Ph.D. Senior Research Engineer Radio Physics Laboratory HEP:dlt es /C I cc: @SGM '46 1:@7I Final Report December 1, 1975 Covering the Period January 1974 through February 1975 PERCEPTUAL AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES Part Two--Research Report By: Harold E. Puthoff and Russell. Targ Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory SRI Project 3183 Classification Determination Pending. Protect as though classified SECRET. Approved by: Earle Jones, Director Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory Bonnar Cox, Executive Director Information Science and Engineering Division Certain individual pages of this document are UNCLASSIFIED. However, the association and compilation of this material may indicate defense information, the unauthorized disclosure of which could reasonably be expected to cause serious damage to the national security; hence, an overall classification of SECRET is warranted. SECRET Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP'79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved Fo,&Pelease 2003/0'CdELtR-EtP79-009VO00300100034-4 RESEARCH REPORT Page Illustrations iii Tables iv I ABSTRACT I II PROGRAM RESULTS--APPLIED RESEARCH EFFORT 3 A. Remote Viewing 3 1. Long-Distance Remote Viewing: Sponsor-Designated Tar.gets 3 (Exploratory Research) a. West Virginia Site (S3) 4 b. West Virginia Site (Sl) 6 C. Urals Site (Sl) 7 d. Summary of Exploratory Research 8 2. Long-Distance Remote Viewing: Sponsor-Designated Target 8 (Operational Target, Semipalatinsk, USSR) 3. Long-Distance Remote Viewing: SRI-Designated Targets 12 (Exploratory Research, Costa Rica Series) 4. Short-Distance Remote Viewing (Cipher Machine Analog) 15 5. Short-Distance Remote Viewing (Technology Series) 17 B. Detection of Secret Writing Target Material 27 III PROGRAM RESULTS--BASIC RESEARCH EFFORT 35 A. Screening Tests 35 1. Remote Viewing of Natural Targets Under Standard Protocol 36 Conditions a. Subject Sl (Experienced) 38 b. Subject S4 (Learner/Controls) 40 C. Subjects S2 and S3 (Experienced) 46 d. Subjects S5 and S6 (Learner/Controls) 49 e. Sponsor Subjects (Learner/Controls) 49 f. Summary of Remote-Viewing Experiments (Standard 53 Protocol) 2. Four-State Electronic Random Number Generator 66 a. Machine Description 67 b. Data from Experiments 69 B. Identification of Measurable Characteristics Possessed by 76 Gifted Subjects 1. Medical Evaluation 76 i Approved For Release 2003/CS/FhCd"ZP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Rft-J" HICIL6*SStIgIED0999AOft3OOlOOO34-4 TJ P @ q e, 2. Psychological Evaluation 19 Evaluation by ClinicaL Psychologist Administering Tests -60 1). Evaluation by Chief CLinical Psychologist 83 3. Netiropsychological Evaluation 68 C. Identification of Neurophysiological Correlates That Relate 94 to Paranormat Activity 1. Remote Strobe Experiment 97 2. Mid-Experi-ment Monitoring of Physiological Parameters During 103 Routine Experimentation in Remote Viewing 1). Identification of the Nature of Paranormal Phenomena and Energy 106 1 .I'xperiments with Physical Apparatus 106 @1. ExperiMent S with Geiger Counter i06 1). Experiments with Laser-Monitored Torsion Pendulum 107 C. Experiments with Superconducting Differential Mag- 108 neLometer (Gradiometer) d. Discussion of Physical- Perturbation Effects 113 2. Discussion of Possible "Mechanisms" in Remote Viewing 117 ,3. Communication Theory Approach to Channel Utilization 121 4. SoViet EfforLS 129 5. Conclusions 1 -30 IV PROGRAM SUMMARY 132 REFERENCES L'35 APPENDI C ES A. Remote Viewing Transcript for Subject S6, Learner/Control, A-1 First Experiment B. Instructions to Subject: EEG Experiment B-1 C. Universal Randomization Protocol G-I ii Approved For Rele1JAM iLeA4S94ftE7DO999AO00300100034-4 'W-110 Approved F%pelealMr t2A. S1S-FPJ1E-E)9W000300100034-4 ILLUSTRATIONS I. Maps of West Virginia Site Drawn by Subject S3 2. Map and Detail of Site Drawn by Subject S1 3. Artist's Rendering of Site 4. Costa Rica Site Drawings and Photographs 5. Abacus/Clock Drawings and Photograph 6. Video Terminal 7. Typewriter 8. Xerox Machine 9. Drill Press 10. Procedure for Card Sorting by Sequential Sampling 11. Swimming Pool Complex (Sl) 12. Pedestrian Overpass (S4) 13. Bicycle Shed (S4) 14. Tennis Court (S2) 15. Palo Alto City Hall (S3) 16. White's Plaza, Stanford University (S6) 17. Merry-Go-Round 18. Windmill 19. Four-State Random Number Generator Used in This Experiment 20. Data Summary for Subject S2 21. Drawings and Interpretations by Associative Visual Agnosia Patients 22. Shielded Room Used for EEG Experiments 23. Occipital EEG Frequency Spectra of Subject S4 24. Polygraph Data from Subject S4 25. Superconducting Differential Magnetometer (Gradiometer) 26. Gradiometer Data 27. Enhancement of Signal-to-Noise Ratio by Sequential Sampling Procedure 28. Operating Characteristic Curve for Sequential Sampling Procedure 29. Average Sampl e Number for Sequential Sampling Procedure iii Approved For Re1eaJJNGkAS6-Jf d-E-0999AO00300100034-4 Approved For R@WjWeJ/0,N*,. MfIEM-00999AA300100034-4 168-%%# TABLES 1. Subject, Target Selection Procedure, and Figure Numbers for Tech- nology Series. 2. Rank Ordering Match of Drawings to Target Locations (Blind Judging, Technology Series) 3. Critical Values of Sums of Ranks for Preferential. 11,4tching 4. The Probability of M Correct Guesses of N Distinct Items 5. Key for Secret Writing, Experiment 6. Raw Data Call Sheet tor Secret Writing Experiment 7. Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target Setection for Subject SL, Experienced. 8. Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target Location for Subject S4, Learner/Control 9. Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target Location for Subjects S2 and S3, Experienced 10. Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target Location for Subjects S.5 and S6, Learner/Control L1. Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target Location for Sponsor Subjects, Learner/Control 12. Summary--Remote Viewing of Natural Targets 13. Four-State Electronic Random Number Generator Summarv 14. Randomness Tests for Machine Ml Output during Successful Experimental Series 1_5. Randomness Yests for Machine M2 Output during Successful Experimental Series L6. Randomness Tests for Entire Machine Output During Successful Experi- mental Run 17. Subject S2 Selections On Machine MI during Successful Experimental Series 18. Subject S2 Selections on Machine M2 during Successful Experimental Series L9. Neuropsychol-ogy Test Battery 20. EEG Data for Subject S4 21. Geiger Counter Experiment Summary 22. Five-Bit Code for Alphanumeric Characters iv Approved For Re1etJWt6&4- SifPPM0999A000300100034-4 F_% fto a. aw Approved Fq4PFe1eaVWt!tA:5Sff I-E-D99QA000300100034-4 I ABSTRACT As a result of exploratory research on human perception carried out in SRI's Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory, we initiated a program to investigate a perceptual channel whereby individuals can access by means of mental imagery and describe randomly chosen sites remote from their physical location. This ability appeared to be sufficiently well developed in certain individuals to allow them to at times describe cor- rectly--often in great detail--geographical or technical material, such as buildings, roads, laboratory apparatus, and the like. In this final report (Part Two--Research Report'@), we document in detail the 12-month study at SRI of this human information-accessing capability which we call 11remote viewing," the characteristics of which appear to fall outside the range of well-understood perceptual or information-processing abilities. This phenomenon is one of a broad class of abilities of certain indivi- duals to access, by means of mental processes, and describe information sources blocked from ordinary perception and generally accepted as secure against access. The phenomenon we investigated most extensively was the ability of individuals to view remote geographical locations (up to several thousand kilometers away), given only coordinates (latitude and longitude) or a person at a location on whom to target. The development at SRI of suc- cessful experimental procedures to elicit this capability has evolved to the point where (a) visiting personnel of the sponsoring organization without any previous exposure to such concepts have performed well under controlled laboratory conditions (that is, generated target descriptions of sufficiently high quality to permit blind matching of descriptions to targets by independent judges), and (b) subjects trained over a two-year period have performed well under operational conditions (that is, provided data of operational significance later verified by independent sources). Our accumulated data thus indicate that both specially selected and un- selected persons can be assisted in developing remote perceptual abilities to a level of useful information transfer. The primary achievement of the SRI program was thus the elicitation of high-quality remote viewing by tFor summary, see Part One--Executive Summary Approved For ReleaUt4CPLA.&94;FfiBD999AO00300100034-4 Approved For RftyN*b*,S-SIWRtE-000999Ad%300100034-4 individuals who agreed to act as subjects. In @@arrying out this i.')rogram we concentrated on what we considered to be our- primary responsibil.i.ty--to resolve under unambiguous conditions the basic issue of whether this class of paranormal perception phenomenon exists. At all times the researchers and SRI management took measures to prevent sensory leakage and subliminal cueing and to Drevent deception, whether intentional or unintentional. All experiments were carried out under prococols in which target selection at the beginning of experiments and blind judging of reSUIts at the end of experiments were handled inde- pendently of the researchers involved in carrying out the experiments, thus assuring evaluations independent of the belief structures of both experimenters and judges. The program was divided into two categories of approxlmately equal effort--applied research and basic research. In Section IT we summarize the results of the applied research effort in which the operational utility of the above perceptual. abilities was explored. In Section TIT we summarize the results nt: the basic researrh effort, which was directed toward ioentification of tho. characteristics of individuals possessing such abilities and the determination of neurophysiological correlates and basic mechanisms involved in such functioning. With an eye toward selection of future subjects, individuals possessing a well-developed natural ability in the area under investigation underwent: complete physical, psychological, and neuropsychological profiling, the results of which suggest some hypotheses for developing a screening procedure. ,rhe program summary is presented in Section IV. With regard to understanding the phenomenon, the precise nature of the information channel that couples remote locations is not yet under- stood. However, its general characteristics are compatible with both quantum theory and information theory as well as with recent developments in research on brain function. Therefore, our working assumption is that the phenomenon of interest does not lie outside the purview of modern physics and with further work will- yiel-d to analysis and specification. Finally, it is concluded by the research contractor (SRI) that the development of experimental procedures and the accrual of experience in 2 Approved For Releu "%6fiA SitrRtE7000999AO00300100034-4 qNPW 11 %ff Approved Fo,&,ReleasUhW"SISJM-D9WOOO3OOlOOO34-4 three years of successful effort constitutes an asset that could be utilized in the future, both for operational needs and for training others in the development and use of the remote-sensing capability. II PROGRAM RESULTS--APPLIED RESEARCH EFFORT A. Remote Viewing As mentioned in the Abstract, the phenomenon we investigated most extensively was the ability of individuals to view remote geographical locations (up to several thousand kilometers away), given only coordinates (latitude and longitude) or a person at a location on whom to target. Individuals exhibiting this faculty include not only SRI participants but also visiting staff members of the sponsoring organization who par- ticipated as subjects so as to critique the protocol. As observed in the laboratory, the basic phenomenon appears to cover a range of subjective experiences variously referred to in the literature as autoscopy (in the medical literature); exteriorization or disassociation (psychological literature); simple clairvoyance, traveling clairvoyance, or out-of-body experience (parapsychological literature); or astral pro- jection (occult literature). We choose the term "remote viewing" as a neutral descriptive term free of occult assumptions or-bias as to the mechanisms involved. We begin our report in subsections 1 and 2 with experiments under the control of the sponsor. These experiments were designed to provide a vehicle whereby the sponsor could establish independently of SRI, some degree of confidence as to the existence of the long-distance remote viewing faculty. 1. Long-Distance Remote Viewing: Sponsor-Designated Targets (Exploratory Research) So as to subject the remote-viewing phenomena to a rigorous long-distance test under external control, a request for geographical coordinates of a site unknown to subject and experimenters was forwarded to the sponsor's group responsible for threat analysis in this area. In response, an SRI experimenter received a set of coordinates identifying 3 Approved For Releasgg~&A$15-kEr)--PrLimriLP999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Re4%*§ F4(L3Y1L6* S(M"ED0999AB%300100034-4 1W what is; hereafter referrpd to as the West Virginia Site. The SRI experi- Menter then carried out remote-viewinp experimentq with two sub-iects on a double-blind basis, that is, with target content blind to experimenter as well ;@s to subjects. (Following the experiment both subjects Claimed urifamil.i;,rity with the WeRt Virginia area.) The experiment had as its goal the determination of the utility of remote viewing under conditions approximiiting an operational scenario. a. 1.1est Virgi-iiia Site (S3)* Oate: 29 May 1973, 1634 to 1640 hours, Menlo Park, Cali- fornia. Protocol: Coordinates 38023'45"to 48"N, 79025'00,,W, described simply aE; being in West Virginia, were relayed to experimenter Dr. H.E. Puthoff by telephone, who then relayed this information to subject S3 to initioce experiment. No maps were permitted, and the subject was asked to give an immediate response. The session was recorded on video tape. Tbe oral. responso- is reproduced here from rhe tape: This, seems to he some sort of mounds or rol-lang hills. There is F citv L.o the norrh (I can see the taller buildings and some smop). Fhis seems tn be a strange place, somewhat like the lawr@, that one would tind around a military base, but I get the Lmpres@,ion that Hipre are either some old bunkers around, or niaybe t1his is a covered reservoir. There must be a flagpole, somE highwiiys to the west, possibly a river over to the far east., to t1te soui:-h more cirv. 'rile map in Figure l(a) was drawn by the subject. ()n the following morning, S3 submitted a written report of a second reading, dated 30 May 1973, 0735 to 0758 hours, Mountain View, Cal i-fornia: Cliffs to the east, ience to the north. There'--- a circular builling (it tower?), buildings to the south. Is this a former Nike base or something like that? This is about as far as I coul,if go without feedback, and perhaps guidance as to what was want-1-d. There is something strange about this area, bnt since -1 oloij't know partictilarly what to look for within the scope of the -loudy ability, it. is extremety difficult to make decisions on wliat is there and what is not. Imagination seems to get in the way. (For example, I seem to get the impression of something S3 identifies a subject. A key to numerical designations for subjects is avaiLible from the sponsor's Contracting Officer Technical Repre- sentativ,.@ (COTR) r- r% Approved For Releu")G11" SAMENW0999A000300100034-4 Cl) Cl) La cc LL > 0 CL CL CS 103rGnS AS NAAV60 gliS VIN196iA IS3M :10 Sc4VA i 3i4nqi:i lIV13CI (q) M3lAH3AO %Aftwl pw)ej- @JIcj grill in (I Jl-@, Cl) Cl) a) tA 0 LL > 0 CL CL Approved For ReAel'Vffelf %4t gtff fff 0999AOff6300100034-4 underground, but I'm not sure.) However, it is apparent that on ltrst sighting, the general location was correctly spotted. The map in Figure l(b) also was drawn by the subject. b. 'West Virginia Site (Sl) As a backup test, the coordinates were given to a second subject, S1. The task was presented to the second subject independently of the first subject, both to prevent collaboration and to prevent any sense of competition. Oate: I Jime 1973, 1700 hours, Menlo Park, California. Protocol: Coordinates '38'23'45t' to 48"N, 79'25'00"W were given (with no further description) by experimenter Dr. H.E. Puthoff to subject S1 by telephone to initiate experiment. On the moro-hig of 4 June 1973, Sl's written response (dated 2 June 1973, 1250 to 1350 hours, Lake Tahoe, California) was re- ceived in the mail: Looked at general area from altitude of about 1500 ft above highest terrain. on mv left forward quadrant is a peak in a chaiii of mountains. elevation approximately 4996 ft above sea level. Slopes are grevish slate covered with variety of broad- leaf trees, vines, shrubbery, and undergrowth. i am facing about 3'to 5' west of north. Looking down the mountain to the right (east) side is a roadway--freeway, country style--curves then heads ENE to a fairly large city about 30 to 40 miles distont. This area was a battleground in civil war--low rolling hills, creeks, few lakes or reservoirs. There is a smaller town a little SE about 15 to 20 miles distant with small settlements, village type, very rural, scattered around. Look- Ing across the peak, 2jOO to 3000 ft mountains stretch out for a huadred or so miles. Area is essentially wooded. Some of the westerly slopes are eroded and gully washed--looks like strip mining, coai mainly. Weatilier at this time is cloudy, rainy. Temperature at my altitude about 54'F--Iiigh cumulo nimbus clouds to about 25,000 to 3(_),000 ft. Clear area, but turbulent, between that level and some cirro stratus at 4-6,000 ft. Air mass in that strip moving WNW to SE. 13.18 hours--Perceived that peak area has large underground storage areas. Road comes up back side of mountains (west slopcs), fairly well concealed, looks deliberately so. It's cut tinder trees where possible--would be verv hard to detect yit-ig over area. Looks like former missile site--bases for launchers still there, but area now houses record storage area, microfilm, file cabinets; as you go into underground area 6 Approved For Re1eJy1q1e/F6&4C 45if IIEIY0999AO00300100034-4 a. #-% ftf Approved Fq&Release 2003/C&FPC,"IP79-009M,~000300100034-4 through aluminum rolled up doors, first areas filled with records, etc. Rooms about 100-ft long, 40-ft wide, 20-ft ceilings, with concrete supporting pilasters, flare-shaped. Temperature cool--fluorescent lighted. Personnel, Army 5th Corps Engineers. M/Sgt. Long on desk placard on grey steel desk--file cabinets security locked--combination locks, steel rods through eye bolts. Beyond these rooms, heading east, are several bays with computers, communication equipment, large maps, display type, overlays. Personnel, Army Signal Corps. Elevators. 1330 hours--Looked over general area from original location again--valleys quite hazy, lightning about 30 miles north along mountain ridge. Tempterature drop about 6'F, it's about 48'F. Looking for other significances: see warm air mass moving in from SW colliding with cool air mass about 100 miles ESE from my viewpoint. Air is very turbulent--tornado type; birds in my area seeking heavy cover. There is a fairly largo river that I can see about 15 to 20 miles north and slightly-, west; runs NE then curves in wide valley running SW to NE; river then runs SE. Area to east: low rolling hills. Quite a few Civil War monuments. A marble colonnade type: 'In this area was fought the battle of Lynchburg where many brave men of the Union and Confederate Armys (sic) fell. We dedicate this area to all peace loving people of the future--Daughters G.A.R.' On a later date Sl was asked to return to the West Virginia site with the goal of obtaining information on code words, if possible. In response, Sl supplied the following information: Top of desk had papers labeled "Flytrap" and "Miner,,.-a". File cabinet on north wall labeled "Operation Pool..." (third word unreadable). Folders inside cabinet labeled "Cueball", "14 Ball", 114 Ball", "8 Ball", and "Rackup". Name of site vaguely seems like Hayfork or Haystack. Per- sonnel: Col. R.J. Hamilton, Maj. Gen. George R. Nash, Major John C. Calhoun (M. C. Urals Site (Sl) After obtaining a reading on the West Virginia Site, Sl volunteered that he had scanned the other side of the globe for a Communist Bloc equivalent and found one located in the Urals at 65'00'57"N, 59' 59'59"E, described as follows: Elevation, 6200 ft. Scrubby brush, tundra-type ground hummocks, rocky outcroppings, mountains with fairly steep slopes. Facing 7 Approved For Release 2003/059CA-kXP79-00999AO00300100034-4 - ANN" Approved For ROdase 2003SEC RJEWDP79-00999AdftOO1 00034-4 north, about 60 miles ground slopes to marshland. Mountain chain runs off to right about 35' east of north. Facing south, mountains run fairly- north and south. Facing west, mountains drop down to foothills for 60 miles or so; some rivers running roughly north. Facing east, mountains are rather abrupt, dropping to rolling hills and to flat land. Area site under- ground, reinforced concrete, doorways of steel of the roll-up type. Unusually high ratio of women to men, at least at night. I see some helipads, concrete. Light rail tracks run from pads to another set of rails that parallel the doors into the moun- tain. Thirty miles north (5' west of north) of the site is a radar installation with one large (165 ft) dish and two small fast-track dishes. The two reports for the West Virginia Site, and the report for the Urals Site were verified by personnel in the sponsor organization as being substantially correct. The results of the evaluation are con- tained in a separate report filed with the COTR. d. Summary of Exploratory_Research The observation of such unexpectedly high-quality descrip- tions earl-y in our program led to a large-scale study of the phenomenon under secure double-blind conditions (i.e., target unknown to experimenters as well as subjects), with independent random target selection and blind judging. The results, presented later, provide strong evidence for the robustness of this phenomenon, one whereby complex remote stimuli can be detected by a human perceptual modality of extreme sensitivity. Before discussing these results, however, we consider further examples of both operational and operational-analog experiments. 2. Long-Distance Remote Viewiag: Sponsor-Designated Target (Oper- ational Target--Sejq@iR41atin@@, qSS@) To determine the utility of remote viewing under operational conditions, a long-distance remote viewing experiment was carried out on a sponsor-designated target of current interest, an unidentified research center at Semipalatinsk, USSR. This experiment, carried out in three phases, was under direct control of the COTR. To begin the experiment, the COTR furnished map coordinates in degrees, minutes, and seconds. The only additional infor- mation provided was the designation of the target as an R&D test facility. The experimenters then closeted themselves with subject SI, gave him the 8 Approved For Release 2003SEC Rif-RTDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved Fb*Release 2003/00 E -C ft- &T79-0099"000300100034-4 map coordinates and indicated the designation of the target as an R&D test facility. A remote-viewing experiment on the target was then carried out. This activity constituted Phase I of the experiment. Figure 2(a) shows the subject's graphic effort for building layout; Figure 2(b) shows the subject's particular attention to a multi- story gantry crane he observed at the site. Both results were obtained by the experimenters on a double-blind basis before exposure to any addi- tional COTR-held information, thus eliminating the possibility of cueing. These results were turned over to the client representatives for evalua- tion. For comparison an artist's rendering of the site as known to the COTR(but not to the experimenters until later) is shown in Figure 3(a), with crane detail shown in Figure 3(b). Were the results not promising, the experiment would have stopped at this point. Description of the multistory crane, however, a relatively unusual target item, was taken as indicative of possible target acquisi- tion. Therefore, Phase II was begun, defined by the subject being made 11witting" (of the client) by client representatives who introduced them- selves to the subject at that point; Phase II also included a second round of experimentation on the Semipalatinsk site with direct participa- tion of client representatives in which further data were obtained and evaluated. As preparation for this phase, client representatives purposely kept themselves blind to all but general knowledge of the target site to minimize the possibility of cueing. The Phase II effort was focused on the generation of physical data that could be independently verified by other client resources, thus providing a calibration of the process. The end of Phase II gradually evolved into the first part of Phase III, the generation of unverifiable data concerning the Semipalatinsk site not available to the client, but of operational interest nonetheless. Several hours of tape transcript and a notebook full of drawings were generated over a two-week period. The data describing the Semipalatinsk site were evaluated by the sponsor, and are contained in a separate report. In general, several details concerning the salient technology of the Semipalatinsk site ap- peared to dovetail with data from other sources, and a number of specific 9 Approved For Release 2003/06ECA IETP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For -Re*leyl'aU IqCt/AniFFrEbIDD999A6ftOOlOOO34-4 6 zi ,occ- (a) SUBJECT EFFORT AT BUILDING LAYOUT lb) SUBJECT EFFORT AT CRANE CONSTRUCTION FIGURE 2 MAP AND DETAIL OF SITE DRAWN BY SUBJECT Sl 10 AIL, Approved For Relea+j*jCt/3k.S5ff 1-f -0999AO00300100034-4 Approved Fq&Release 2003/fpiC- Rff P79-009WO00300100034-4 (a) TARGET SITE (b) CRANE COMPARISON FIGURE 3 11 Approved For Release 2003AW R&lBP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For RI"LI/L6MS4flED0999AOfftOO100034-4 large structural elements were correctly described. The results contained noise aloag with the signal, but were nonetheless clearly differentiated from the -,hance results that were generated by control. subjects in compar- ison experiments carried (,ut by the COTR. 3. Long-Distance kemote Viewing: SRI-Designated Targets (Explora- torN Research, Costa Rica Series) The experimentai -cirocedures of Subsections I and 2 were designed to provide a vehLcle whereby the client could establish, independently of SRI, some degree of confidence as to the existence of a long-distance re- mote VieWi.ng faculty. Airtiough the results were indicated to be positive, from the standpoint of SRJ1 nersonnel who could not participate in the evaluation phase, it was considered necessary to supplement the above experiMent.is with a similar set Linder SRI control. Therefore, SRI-controlled experiments were undertaken to enable the experimenters to participate directly -in the evaluation nhase of the remote-viewing experiments. Two subjects (SI and S4) were asked to participate in a long- distance experiment fot-using on a series of targets in Costa Rica. The subjects said they had never been to Costa Rica. In this experimenr, one of the experimenters (Dr. Puthoff) spent ten. days uraveling through Costa Rica on a combination business/pleasure trip. This information was all that was known to the subjects about the traveler's itinerary. The experiment called for Dr. Puthofi to keep a detailed- record of his loca @_ ion and activities, including photographs, each of seven target days at 1330 PDT. A total of 12 daily descriptions were collected before the traveler's return: six responses from Sl, five responses from S4, and one response from an SRI experimenter, w1io acted 'is a subject in one experiment on a day in which S4 was not available and the other subject arrived late. Por it@@ illustrative value we consider first the single response submitted by the experimenter filling in as a subject. The response, a drawing submitted for a dav in the middle of the series, is shown in Figure 4 together with photographs taken at the site. Although Costa Rica is a mountainous country. tne subject unexpectedly [)erceived the traveler at a beach and ocean setting. With some misgivings, he described an 1.2 Approved For ReleU4*GLA,651irRbMO999AO00300100034-4 Approved Fq&ReleasUW6L2A.964PVE-(D~AA000300100034-4 AIRPORT IN SAN ANDRES, COLOMBIA, USED AS REMOTE VIEWING TARGET 110:ve' A SA -3183-20 FIGURE 4 AIRPORT IN SAN ANDRES, COLOMBIA, USED AS REMOTE VIEWING TARGET ALONG WITH SKETCH PRODUCED BY SUBJECT IN CALIFORNIA 13 Approved For ReleasUCNAGJL44fVWI"99AO00300100034-4 Approved For RftIqJCrA4SSJfJIL7CP0999A6ft, 00100034-4 airport oii a sandy beach and an airstrip with the ocean at the end (correct). An airporr building also was drawn, and shown to have a large rectangular overhang (correct). The traveler had taken a one-day unplanned side trip to an offshore island and at the time of the experiment had just disem- barked from a plane at a small island airport as described, 4000 kilometers from SR-1. The sole discrepancy was that the drawing showed a Quonset-hut type of building in place of the rectangular structure. The above description was chosen as an example to illustrate two major points observed a number of times throughout the program. First, in opposition to what might be expected, a subject's description does not necessari-Ly portray what might reasonably be expected to be correct (an educated or "safe" guess) but often runs counter to even the subject's own expecrations. Second. individuals other than those with putative "paranormal ability" are able to exhibit a remote viewing faculty. The remaining submissions provided further examples of excellent correspondences between uarget and response. (A target period of pool- side relaxation was idenLified, a drive through a tropical forest at the base of a truncated volcano was described as a drive through a jungle below a large bare table mountain, a hotel room target description, in- cluding such details as rug color, was correct, and so on.) So as to determine whether such matches were simply fortuitous, i.e., could rea- sonably be expected on the basis of chance alone, when Dr. Puthoff re- turned lie was asked to blind match the 12 descriptions to the seven target locations. On the basis of this conservative evaluation procedure, which vastly underestimates the statistical significance of the individual descriptions, five correct matches were obtained (two each of subjects S1 and S4, and the single submission by the experimenter). This number of matches is signiEicant aL p = 0.02 by exact binomial. calculation.* The probability of a correct daily match by chance for any given tran- script is p = 1/7. Therefore, the probability of at least five correct matches b,@ chance out of 12 tries can be calculated from 12 N71 : .@, 1 .1 1- 6 12-i. P 0.02. JI(1@2-i)! 7 i=5 ,4 Approved For ReIe4-A6Jqf0/J6JJ4C, 45if IIEIY0999AO00300100034-4 AT. I. r-% fto Approved Fqr*Releas4j*IAGEASWIM-WO00300100034-4 Therefore, this pilot study, completely under control of SRI, provided confirmatory data supporting that obtained under sponsor control, indi- cating the existence of an apparent long-distance remote viewing faculty. 4. Short-Range Remote Viewing (Cipher Machine Analog) As a further test of operational utility of the remote viewing faculty, the COTR tasked the contractors with an experiment designed to duplicate as closely as possible an operational situation of current interest, the remote viewing of an abacus-type device. During a trip to the East Coast, the experimenters were to proceed to New York, where they were to purchase locally an abacus to be used as a target in a remote viewing experiment. (The abacus was to constitute a target anal- ogous to a cipher machine of particular interest.) Following the purchase they were to contact a subject who lived there (S3) by telephone with a surprise request to come to the experimenters' hotel room later that day to participate in a remote-viewing experiment. The above steps were carried out in preparation for the experi- ment. In this case the experimenters knew what the target was, an ex- ception to the double-blind rule followed in all our other work. There- fore, while awaiting the subject's arrival, a preamble for the experiment was prerecorded by one of the experimenters (Targ) and carefully checked to ensure against verbal cueing: Hal and I have brought a present for you. We wandered around New York this morning and we bought an object. This object is of the type that one interacts with, and Hal will use it for its normal purpose. Today is Friday, September 26, 1974. As in all our remote viewing experiments, we'd like to ask you to describe the object as you see it rather than attempting to give the object a name. When the subject entered the hotel room, this instruction tape was played by one experimenter (R.T.) while the other experimenter (H.P.) took a large locked suitcase containing the target object into an adjacent room, locked the door, and removed the abacus, shown in Figure 5(a), actions verified earlier as being inaudible. Thus the only available cue was an upper bound on the size. The subject produced the outline drawing I of Figure 5(b) in approximately one minute. (The large purplish-silver object corresponds 15 Approved For ReleaJJN-GLA:SLS-WA-BD999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 ri M n M (a) ABACUS/CLOCK TARGET (TECHNOLOGY SERIES) (b) SUBJECT S3 RESPONSES I AND 11 TO ABACUS/CLOCK TARGET He Described Target as "Game Box with Little Balls" SA-3183-1 FIGURE 5 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved ForReleasUlACLAS54FAE(RwOO0300100034-4 to the suitcase interior and is not taken to be evidential.) The experi- menter remaining with the subject asked for more detail, and the subject produced the drawing II of Figure 5(b), describing the object as a "game box with little balls." The entire experiment was tape recorded and extreme caution was taken to prevent cueing of any kind. The experiment took place in five minutes total time. Considering the high-strangeness factor of the target item, and essentially total lack of restriction on the possibilities as far as the subject was concerned, the correlation of subject drawings and target was taken as indicative of a potential utility for remote viewing of tech- nological targets, and resulted in a decision to experiment further in this area. After the target was shown to the subject, a short follow-up experiment was carried out to determine whether the position of the balls on the abacus could be determined by remote viewing, but this degree of resolution was found to be beyond the subject's capability. 5. Short-Range Remote Viewing (Technology Series) So as to measure the resolution capability of the remote viewing phenomenon, a series of experiments targeting on remote laboratory equip- ment within the SRI complex was carried out. Thirteen experiments were carried out with five different sub- jects, two of whom were sponsor staff personnel. A subject was told that one of the experimenters would be sent by random protocol to a laboratory within the SRI complex and that he would interact with the equipment or apparatus at the location. It was further explained that the experimenter remaining with the subject was kept ignorant of the contents of the target pool to prevent cueing during questioning. (The remaining experimenter only knew that from time to time, on a random basis, previously used targets would be reinserted into the target pool to provide an opportunity for multiple responses to a given target, and that during sponsor visits the targets might be selected by sponsor staff personnel rather than by the established random protocol procedures.) The subject was asked to describe the target both verbally (tape recorded) and by means of drawings during the time-synchronized 15-minute interval in which the outbound experimenter interacted in an appropriate manner with the equipment in the 17 Approved For ReleasYlOifthl4k:~a-WA-PO999AO00300100034-4 Approved For RO' - " rWt.§1fM!b00999AOft3OO1OOO34-4 3740iff target area. In the 13 experiments eight targets were used: a drill press, computc,r-driven flight simulator (Link trainer), Xerox machine, video terminal., chart recorder, four-state random target generator (used in screening tests described later), typewriter, and machine shop. Three of these were used twice (drill press, video terminal, and tvpewriter) and one (Xerox machine) came up three times. As an example of drawings generated by subjects, al.1- of the subject outputs generated for the latter three (video terminal, typewriter, and Xerox machine) are shown in Figures 6, 7, and 8. A summary of subject and target selection procedure is given in Table 1. ,@s @s apparent from the illustrations alone, certain of the ex- periments provide circumstantial evidence for an information channel of useful bit rate. This includes experiments (Experiments 4 and 13) in which sponsor staff personnel- participated as subjects to observe the protocol . lo obtain independent objective judgment of the quality of the remote viewing of technological targets, various analyses based on blind judging were employed. In the first Judging procedure, a judge was asked to blind-match the drawings alone (i.e., without tape transcripts) to the targets. Multiple subject responses to a given target were stapled together, and thus there were seven sublect-drawing response packets to be matched to the seven different targets for which drawings were made. (No drawings were made for the Link trainer.) The judge did not have access to our photographs of the target locations, used for demoristration only (as in Figures 15 through 8), but rather proceeded to each of the target locations by list. While standing at each target location, the judge was required to rank order the seven subJect-drawing response packets ("presented in random order) on a scale one to seven (best to worst match), as shown in Table 2. The statistic of interest is the sum of ranks on the diagonal, lower values indicating better matches. For seven targets, the sum of ranks could range from seven to forty-nine. The probability that a given sum of ranks s or less will occur by chance is given by: 18 Approved For RelifNle:JfOA2C.S;I"ILPlYO0999AO00300100034-4 a. r1% 40 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 z > mn rn TARGET: VIDEO MONITOR FOR TEXT EDITING (TECHNOLOGY SERIES) 5- @Ak-P@W 9 C67 W k06 S SUBJECT (S4) DRAWING OF "BOX WITH LIGHT COMING OUT OF IT . . . PAINTED FLAT BLACK AND IN THE MIDDLE OF THE ROOM" SECOND SUBJECT (V2) SAW A COMPUTER TERMINAL WITH RELAY RACKS IN THE BACKGROUND SA-3183-8 FIGURE 6 DRAWING BY TWO SUBJECTS OF A VIDEO MONITOR TARGET Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 c z el min m Approved For P4WU NC0j6jk MfMED0999AW300100034-4 TECHNOLOGY SERIES TYPEWRITER TARGET S& 6(@ i&t .0w - IL23 bt, ot Sul-% llkllz i@ @.,' b*4v.$ k7 atK wo w V-VA tu" "f6me SUBJECT S3 RESPONSE SUBJECT S4 RESPONSE TA-760525-5 FIGURE 7 DRAWINGS OF A TYPEWRITER TARGET BY TWO SUBJECTS 20 Approved For ReleaU NcCdbA-9-&-IfHWD&999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 z > M TARGET LOCATION: XEROX MACHINE (TECHNOLOGY SERIES) &L TO ADD INTEREST TO TARGET LOCATION EXPERIMENTER WITH ll`@ HIS HEAD BEING XEROXED > M TA-760525-6 FIGURE 8 DRAWINGS BY THREE SUBJECTS (S2, S3, AND V3) FOR XEROX MACHINE TAK.GET When subject (V3) was asked to describe the square at upper left, the subject said, "There was this predominent light source which might have been a window, and a working surface which might have been the sill, or a working surface or desk." Earlier the subject had said, Approve~'~~PPZglWatgl~OCf~f66lf4e: Shown at right. Approved For R*ITjf4erNSSI-FilgII0999AG&4300100034-4 TABLE 1 SUBJECT AND TARGET SELECTION PROCEDURE FOR TECHNOLOGY SERIES Experiment Target Target Selection Procedure* Subject I Link trainer a SRI-S4 2 Video terminal a SRI-S4 3 Drill press a SRI-S4 4 Xerox machine b Sponsor-Vl 5 Xerox machine b SRI-S2 6 Random number C SRI-S4 generator 7 Machine shop b SRI-S4 8 Typewriter b SRI-S4 9 Typewriter C SRI-S3 10 Chart recorder c SRI-S3 11 Xerox machine c SRI-S3 12 Drill press c SRI-S3 13 Video terminal C Sponsor-V2 *Target selection procedures a. Outbound SRI experimenter selects target site arbitrarily after leaving subject area. b. Visiting sponsor staff member selects target site arbitrarily after leaving subject area. C. Standard protocol, in which a target is issued to outbound experimenter by division director who selects the target by random number technique from a target pool stored in a secure safe. 22 Approved For ReIA-l6p4lC:VOML24Z-SVMD00999AO00300100034-4 %7 &M #-% @ftf Approved FarwReleaseYCK44 M-4W-JA QW000300100034-4 TABLE 2 RANK ORDERING MATCH OF SUBJECT-DRLWIDTG RESPONSE PACKETS TO TARGET LOCATIONS (BLIND JUDGING, TECHNOLOGY SERIES) Sub 'ect Subject Place Drawing Place Drawing Visited Number Visi um ted @N ber 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Video terminal 1 E 1 7 5 6 4 3 Random number generator 4 4 6 5 7 2 3 1 Xerox machine 6 1 2 5 7 4 3, Machine shop 5 2 1 3 4 6 7 Drill press 7 3 5 1 2 4 6 Typewriter 3 7 5 6 1 2 H4 4 Chart recorder 4 7 5 3 6 1 2 Note on judging procedure: When standing at target locations shown on left, each of the seven subject-drawing response packets (originally labeled in random order) are rank ordered one to seven (best to worst match) by the judge. Statisitic of interest is the sum of ranks on the diagonal, lower values indicating better matches (see text). The sum in this case (18) is significant at p < 0.04. 23 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Rg-'NGLA:SS*ifi2999AO*ft3OOlOOO34-4 e% M k i-NZ -1 Prob(s or less) = Nn n-1 J_=n where s obtained sum of ranks N number of assignable ranks rL number of occasions on which rankings were made takes on values from ..ero to the least positive integer k in (i-rO/n. Table 3 is a table to enable easy application of the above formula to those cases in which N = n. The sum in this case (18) is significant at p < 0.04. In the second judging procedure, another judge was given 12 subject-response packages, which included drawings and tape transcripts, and asked! to blind match, without replacement, the 12 response packages to 12 target locations, which he visited. (The thirteenth location, the machine Shop, included in the first judging, was left out of this judging by an oversight.) In the forced-choice matching without replacement, (that is, each response packet used only once), the judge obtained four direct hits, the Link trainer (Experiment 1), video terminal (Experiment 2), drill. press (Experiment 3) and Xerox machine (Experiment 5). (The Link trainer, I-or which no drawings were made, was matched on the basis of' tape-recorded transcrip-L alone. It is a standard computer-controlled flight simulator that resembles the cockpit of an aircraft. It was cramped quarters for the outbound experimenter who flew the trainer ac- cording to a printed flight plan book laid over his arm. The windows were frosted and translucent. Subject S4 gave a description of the ex- Perimenter crowded into a very small space illuminated by gray diffuse light and with a long paper, such as a waiter's towel, over his arm. Although not unambiguous, the subject's description was nevertheless essentially devoid of incorrect statements.) As indicated bv Table 4, the probabilitv of obtaining by chance four direct hits out of 12 matches is p = 0.015; thus, this judging pro- cedure also indicates that, from a statistical standpoint, there is significant evidence of useful information transfer. In a third judging procedure the COTR arbitrarily selected the 24 Approved For ReleiANre/L&S$A-EAJ$QO999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 TABLE 3 Critical Values of Sums of Ranks for Preferential Matching C z r) r@ M Number of Probability (One-Tailed) that the Indicated Sum of Ranks or Less Would Occur by Chance Assignable T@0_1@ 5 Ranks (N) 0.20 0 0 0.002 0.001 ).0005 10-4 10-5 10 10-7 .1 0.@4 10.025 0.01 0.0051 4 7 6 5 5 5 4__ 4_1 1 5 11 10 9 8 8 7 6 6 5 5 6 16 15 13 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 10 7 22 20 18 0 17 15 14 12 12 11 9 8 8 29 27 24 24 22 20 19 17 16 15 13 11 9 8 9 37 34 31 30 29 26 24 .22 21 20 17 14 12 10 10 46 42 39 38 36 33 31 29 27 25 22 19 16 13 11 56 51 48 47 45 41 38 36 34 32 28 24 20 17 12 67 61 58 56 1 54 49 47 43 41 39 35 30 25 22 This table applies only to those special cases in which tne number of occasions on which objects are being ranked (n) is equal to the number of assignable ranks (N). Each entry represents the largest number that is significant at the indicated p-level. Source: R. L. Morrisl C z r) > (A mn Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 TABLE 4 The Probabilities of M Correct Guesses of N Distinct Items C z r) r@ > "n M 4 N 1 2 3 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 0 5000 3333 .3750 .36667 .36806 .36786 .367882 .367879 .367879 .3678794 .3678794 1 @1.000 ... 1.5000 .3333 .37500 .136667 .36806 .367857 .367882 .367879 .3678795 1.3678794 2 .5000 ... .2500 .16667 .18750 .18333 .184028 .183929 .183941 .1839396 .1839397 3 .1667 ... .08333 .05556 .06250 .061111 .061343 .061310 .0613137 .0613132 4 0417 ... .02083 .01389 015625 .015278 .015336 .0153274 .0153284 5 .00833 ... .00417 .003125 .003056 .0030671 .0030655 6 .00139 ... .000694 .000463 .000521 .0005093 .0005112 7 .00020 ... .000099 .000066 .0000744 .0000728 8 .000025 ... .000012 .0000083 .0000093 9 .000003 ... .0000OL4 .0000009 10 .000000 ... .0000001 11 .0000000 ... 12 .0000000 Source: N. Feller2 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 z n r@ > tA M quo Approved FQ,&Release 2003/OSSCRfiTP79-00WO00300100034-4 data of Experiment 3 (drill press/S4) as a test case. An analyst of the sponsor organization, blind as to the target and given only the subject's taped narrative and drawings (Figure 9), was able, from the subject's description alone, to correctly classify the target as a "man-sized ver- tical boring machine." In general, it appears that use of multiple-subject responses to a single target provides better signal-to-noise ratio than target iden- tification by a single individual. Further, our observation is that most of the correct information is of a nonanalytic nature pertaining to shape, form, color, and material rather than to function or name. That is, we often observe the correct description of basic elements and patterns coupled with incomplete or erroneous analysis of function. As a result, we have learned to urge our subjects simply to describe what they see as opposed to interpreting the perceived data. One should not infer that analytic functioning in the remote viewing mode is never observed,-however, as indicated by codeword retrieval in the West Virginia Site experiment discussed in Subsection 1-B above, and by the sponsor-staff-member-generated response of Figure 6. B. Detection of Secret Writing (SW) Target Material To determine whether documents containing secret writing (SW) could be differentiated from other documents, SRI carried out a double-blind experiment under sponsor control. Twenty-seven numbered envelopes con- taining target drawings of variable content and preparation, sealed and specially secured by the sponsor, were submitted to SRI researchers for sorting. The goal was the differentiation of the 12 envelopes containing the SW drawings from the envelopes containing either pencil drawings (6) or blanks (9). This distribution was the only datum given to researchers and subject. The key, shown in Table 5, remained under sponsor control until the experiment was completed and the data were submitted to the COTR. A series of sorting runs to detect SW material was carried out with SRI subject Sl. The series consisted of 24 runs through the 27 cards, choosing 12 cards each run, the goal being to choose the 12 SW cards. Thus, each run consisted of a sort into one of two binary channels, non- SW or SW, say (0,1). The numbered envelopes containing the target 27 Approved For Release 2003/0i)KI=P79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Rd%U ffa/AnjjVflM999A0ff300l00034-4 \VV :,A-- 3183-7 FIGURE 9 SUBJECT (S4) DRAWING OF DRILL PRESS SHOWING BELT DRIVE, STOOL AND "VERTICAL GRAPH THAT GOES UP AND DOWN" 28 Approved For Releatj IM/AC-thlfpLZI)D999AO00300100034-4 BELT DRIVE FOR DRILL PRESS (CAN BE SEEN ONLY FROM ABOVE MACHINE) TARGET: DRILL PRESS (TECHNOLOGY SERIES) Approved For RUI ase 2003/06/fiCCRETP79-00999AgW3OOlOOO34-4 TABLE 5 KEY FOR SECRET WRITING EXPERIMENT (Kept blind to experimenters until experiment completion) Card No. Target Material Target Content 1 Pencil Large X 2 Pencil Small A 3 Pencil Large A 4 Blank Blank 5 Blank Blank 6 Pencil Large 0 7 Pencil Small x 8 Pencil Small o 9 Blank Blank 10 Blank Blank 11 CD-294 Small A 12 CD-294 Large X 13 CD-294 Large A 14 CD-294 Small o 15 Blank Blank 16 CD-294 Small x 17 Blank Blank 18 CD-294 Large 0 19 CD-175 Large 0 20 Blank Blank 21 CD-175 Large X 22 CD-175 Small A 23 Blank Blank 24 Blank Blank 25 CD-175 Small o 26 CD-175 Large A 27 CD-175 Small x 29 Approved For Release 2003 SE-r-:R,g M672zr' -IDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved FoPRe1eUW(!f 6 ,&41Z. 9f l5VE7DP0990POO0300100034-4 an #-% 60 material were randomized before each run and placed inside unnumbered opaque envelopes before being presented to the subject for sorting. The appropriate analysis technique for a binary sort (0,1) is the method known as sequential sampLing. 3 The sequential method gives a rule of procedure for making one of three possible decisions for each card following a given binary sort: accept 1 as the bit being carried by the card; reject I as the bit being carried by the card (i.e., accept 0); or continue sampling of the card under consideration. The sequential sampling procedure differs from fixed-l-ength statistical analysis procedures in that the number of sorts required to reach a final decision on a card bit is riot fixed before sam-oling, but depends on the results accumulated with each sampling run. The primary advantage of the sequential sampling procedure as compared with the other methods is that, on the average, fewer sorts per final decision are required for an equivalent degree of reliability. USE! Of the sequential sampling procedure requires the specification of parameters that are determined on the basis of the following consid- erations. Assume that a labeling bit (0 or 1) is being carried by each card. From the standpoint of the sorter, the probability of correctly identifying the bit being carried is some value p C because of chance alone. An operative sensing channei could then be expected to alter the proba- bil-ity of correct identification to a higher value p = pe + Good psi functioning on a repetitive task is observed to result in @ 0.12, as reported. by Ryzl.4 Therefore, let us assume a baseline psi parameter J@ b =0.12. The! question to be addressed in the case of sorting 12 SW cards from among 27 cards is whether a given card is sorted into the SW channel at a low rate, po commensurate with the hypothesis Ho that the card in ques- tion is a non-SW card, or at a higher rate p, commensurate with the hy- pothesis 11 1- that the card in question is indeed an SW card. The decision- making process requires the specification of four -oarameters: (1) Po : The probability of sorting incorrectly a non-SW (0) card LnLo tile SW (1) channel. In the sort of 12 SW cards from among 27, the probability of correctly sorting a non-SW (0) card into 30 Approved For Releas Efom'099AO00300100034-4 UNMAssirr W Approved For RWse 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AW300100034-4 UNCLASSIFIED the non-SW (0) channel is p = p, + @b = 15/27 + 0.12 = 0.676. Therefore, the probability of a non-SW (0) card being incor- rectly sorted into the SW (1) channel is 1 - p = 0.324 = po. (2) p1: The probability of sorting correctly an SW (1) card into the SW (1) channel. In the sort of 12 SW cards from among 27, the probability of correctly sorting an SW (1) card into the SW (1) channel is PI = Pe + 1Pb = 12/27 + 0.12 = 0.564. (3) a: The probability of rejecting a correct identification for a non-SW (0) card (designated in statistics as a Type 1 error). We shall take a = 0.1. (4) @: The probability of accepting an incorrect identification for an SW (1) card (designated in statistics as a Type TI error). We shall take 0.1. (Lower values for a and result in increased accuracy, but at the ex- pense of requiring longer runs. Therefore, a compromise must be made between the desire to maximize reliability and to minimize redundancy.) With the parameters thus specified, the sequential sampling procedure provides for construction of a decision graph as shown in Figure -1-0. A cumulative record of sorts of a given card is compiled run by run until either the upper or lower limit line is reached, at which point a decision is made to label the card as 0 (non-SW) or 1 (SW). As indicated in Figure 10, during the 24 runs carried out, SW cards 13, 18, 21, 22, 25, 26, and 27 correctly emerged through the upper limit line to be labeled SW, along with pencil cards I and 2 and blank card 17, the latter three incorrectly. We note that five of the six CD-175 cards ended up correctly sorted. With regard to the lower limit line, pencil cards 3, 6, and 8, and blank cards 4, 20, and 23 correctly emerged through the lower limit line to be labeled non-SW, along with (incorrectly) SW cards 12, 16, and 19. Thus, of the 19 cards that emerged through the limit lines, 13 are correct. Although we cannot rule out the possibility of obtaining 13 correct choices out of 19 labelings by chance (p = 0.09 by 31 Approved For Releas4UJgQLAAASJFP~f-(999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 14 12 z < (D w 10 < 0 en z w Lu m Z) 8 a w cl) 2 Lu LL (D 6 < 0 cn U) cc Lu LLJ 4 rn E LLJ cc ui 2 > 1- < -1 0 -2 -4 SW-22 SW-21 SW-18 DECISION 1 0 P-1 ACCEPT -11- AS THE BIT BEING CARRIED B-17 SW-25 DECISION 3 CONTINUE SW-27 SAMPLING 0- 1 P-2 @ SW-26 SW-26 1 - - P-3 _13 SW-13 SW-- B-4 SW-1 SW-16 6 @ B-23 000 ' 4 P-6 0-0 / _. SW-11 2 SW-11 2 DECISION 2 DECIS I@ B-20 B-20 0 ACCEPT "0" AS ACCEPT P-8 P_8 THE BIT BEING THE 8 IT CARRI CARRIED S-19 SW_jq W 9, 14, 5,7 : 11, 1; 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 RUN NUMBER, N UPPER AND LOWER LIMIT LINES GIVEN BY: F-1 = d + SN, 1 F-0 = -d + SN, 0 Where log d Pi (11 -P 0) log - PO (1 -P1 1 --u log > do P(i -P -1 0 log - P -P 0 1 pol log pi) m S @- P1 (1 -P0) log 1300-pil TA-760582-23R FIGURE 10 PROCEDURE FOR CARD SORTING BY SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING Po = 0.324, p, = 0.564, o: = 0.1, 0 = 0.1, BROKEN LINE SHOWS SAMO SAMPLING SEQUENCE FOR CARD NO. 25 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 ,V300100034-4 Approved For RUI asUINEL2.A SI&jFff-j)999AO exact binomial calculation*), the result indicates a tendency toward cor- rect labeling that could be explored further. With an increased number of runs, the probabilities for a and @ errors can be reduced while still permitting a large percentage of labelings to be made. (For completeness we include the raw data call sheet as Table 6.) A second shorter series of 18 sorting runs through the 27 cards to choose the six pencil cards yielded chance results. Recognizing that the probability of a correct choice by chance is the probability that an SW card is sorted into the SW channel, or a non-SW card is sorted into the non-SW channel, we have 12 12 + ]@_5 5 P(corr) x x 1- = 0.506. _@ _7 27 27 From this the probability of at least 13 correct choices by chance out of 19 tries can be calculated from p 19 19! (0.506) 1(0.494) 19-i = 0.09 Z i!(19-i)! i=13 33 Approved For ReleasUbICLASA54fp~E6Q99AO00300100034-4 Approved FoOftleUWef 6 ,&44: gtfVtrtf 099OA000300100034-4 in ftf TABLE 6 RAW DATA CALL SHEET FOR SECRET WRITING EXPERIMENT (SEILEC T 12 PER RUN) Car d Chosen P P P B B P P P B B SW SW SW SW B SW B SW SW B SW SW B B SW SW SW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Run x x x x x x x x x x x x 2 x x x x x x x x x x x 3 x x x x x x x x x x x x 2i x x x x x x x x x x x x 5 x x x x x x x x x x x x 6 x x x x x x x x x x x 7 x x x x x x x x x x x x 8 x x x x x x x x x x x x 9 x x x x x x x x x x x x 10 x x x X x x x x x x x x Il x x x x x x x x x x x x 12 x x x x x x x x x x x 13 x x x x x x x x x x x x 14 x x x x x x x x x x x x i15 x x x x x x x x x x x x 16 x x x x x x x x x x x x 17 x x x x x x x x x x x x ,18 x x x x x x x x x x x x 19 x x x x x x x x x x x x 20 x x x x x x x x x x x x 21 x x x x x x x x x x x x 122 x x x x x x x x x x x @23 -x x x x x x x x x x x x @24 x x x x x x x x x x x x 34 Approved For ReleL4Mt6&4C%.OlfR'OE71)DO999AO00300100034-4 . F-% ftf Approved For RUI aselYNLe/L4AcTgzPFMD99AW300100034-4 III PROGP_*1 RESULTS--BASIC RESEARCH EFFORT In addition to experimentation carried out under conditions appropri- ate to assessing the operational utility of paranormal abilities, approx- imately 50 percent of the program effort was devoted to a basic research effort that included: (1) Identification of measurable characteristics possessed by gifted individuals, (2) Identification of neurophysiological correlates that relate to paranormal activities, (3) Identification of the nature of paranormal phenomena and energy. A. Screening Tests To meet the above objectives, the first prerequisite was the estab- lishment of criteria capable of differentiating individuals apparently gifted in paranormal functioning from those who were not. This pre- requisite was met by carrying out a series of screening tests under fixed protocol conditions. The tests were designed to ensure that all conven- tional communications channels were blocked, and that the outcomes could be sufficiently unambiguous to determine whether paranormal functioning occurred. Individuals gifted in certain areas of paranormal functioning could then be differentiated from those who were not on the basis of whether their results differed significantly from chance. Two experimental paradigms were utilized as screening tests on the basis that these tests had been useful for such purposes prior to this program (in the sense that certain apparently gifted individuals did exceedingly well in at least one of these tests, whereas the results of unselected volunteers did not differ significantly from chance expecta- tion). The tests were (a) the remote viewing of natural targets, and (b) the determination of the state of a four-state random target generator. The first type of test constitutes a so-called "free-response" paradigm in which the subject originates freely about contents of his awareness; furthermore, the channel in general may involve both direct perception of the remote site and perception of the mental contents of an observer at the site. In the second type of test, on the other hand, the target 35 Approved For Release 2U-#-W-,L.ASSkf;I-D-E-DA000300100034-4 Approved FoOReinast4lffXt:§[&-PTIPdOO99MOO0300100034-4 U If ff is more a-iistract (an electronic state), the target is blind to all par- ticipants, and the subJect's choice is precisely constrained. For i.-he purpose of screening, a result is considered unambiguously paranormal if the a priori probability for the occurrence ot the result A result with p <10-2 by chance, under the null hypothesis, is p -10- 6 is taken as strongly indicative of paranormal functioning, while @1 result at p < 0.05 is taken as circumstantial evidence for paranormal functioning but requiring further exploration before assessment can be considered secure. Six -;ubjects were chosen for the study, subjects Sl through S3 con- sidered gifted or experienced, subjects S4 through S6 acting as learners/ (.,.ontrols. The dichotomy between gifted and learners/controis was based on the former group having been successful in other studies prior to this program either at SRI or elsewhere; the latter group being naive with regard to paranormal experimentation. An e!fort at parity between the two groups was a factor in subject Subject S5 (I-earnericontrol), a male, age 54, is matched by Selection. age and s"x with experienced subject Sl, a male, age 55. Learner/control subject S6, a female, age 34, is by age and background matched with ex- perienCed subject S2, a maie, age 31 (both are research analysts at SRI). T I Learner/control S4 (female, age 53) and experienced subject S3 (male, age 41) are matched on the basis of similar artistic interests, back- grounds, and occupations (orofessional photographer and painter, re- g spectivelv). 1. Remote Viewing of Natural Targets Under a Uniform Standard Protocol Observations described earlier in this report (Section II-A) suggested the hypothesis that it may be possible for a subject to access and describe, by means oi. mental imagery, randomly chosen geographical sites located several miles from the subject's position and demarcated by some appropriate means. An experimental series was therefore set up to test tiiis hypothesis under rigorously controlled scientific conditions. The experiment consisted ot a series of double-blind tests with local targets in. the San Francisco Bay Area so that several independent judges 36 Approved For ReleUMEG&C S1trRtE7&0999A000300100034-4 F-,% *0 Approved For RQpase . C 9A4300100034-4 could visit the sites to establish documentation. The protocol was to closet the subject with an experimenter at SRI and at an agreed-on time to obtain from the subject a description of an undisclosed, remote site being visited by a target team. In each of the experiments one of the six program subjects served as remote-viewing subject, and SRI experimenters served as a target demarcation team at the remote location chosen in a double-blind protocol as follows. In each experiment a target location within 30-minute driving time from SRI was randomly chosen by SRI management from a list of targets kept blind to subject and experimenters and used without replacement. (A set of target locations clearly differentiated from each other had been chosen from a target-rich environment of more than 100 targets of the type used in the experimental series. Before the experimental series began, the Director of the Information Science and Engineering Division, not otherwise associated with the experiment, established the set of locations as the target pool. The target locations were printed on cards sealed and kept in the SRI Division office safe. They were available only with the personal assistance of the Division Director who issued a single randomly selected target card that constituted the traveling orders for that experiment.) In detail, to begin the experiment, the subject was closeted with an experimenter at SRI to wait 30 minutes before beginning a narrative description of the remote location. A second experimenter then obtained from the Division Director a target location from a set of traveling orders previously prepared and randomized by the Director and kept under his control. The target demarcation team, consisting of two to four SRI experimenters and, occasionally, sponsor staff personnel, then proceeded by automobile directly to the target without any communication with the subject or experimenter remaining behind. The experimenter remaining with the subject at SRI was in ignorance of both the particular target and the target pool so as to eliminate the possibility of subliminal cueing and to allow him freedom in questioning the subject to clarify his descriptions. The demarcation team remained at the target site for an agreed-on 15- 37 Approved For Release4oNQkAAASJfpig(Q99AO00300100034-4 Approved FdfteleUMLASSI"700099ftOO0300100034-4 minute period foil-owing the 30 minutes allotted for travel.* During the observation period, the remote-viewing subject was asked to describe his impressions of the target site into a tape recorder and to make any draw- ings he thought appropriate. An informal comparison was then made when the demarcation Leam returned, and the subject was taken to the site to provide feedback. -a. Subject Si (Experienced) To begiri the series, experienced subject S1 participated as a subject in nine experiments. In general, Sl's ability to describe correctly buildings, docks, roads, gardens, and the like, including structural materials, color. ambience, and activitv--sometimes in great detail--indicated the functioning of a remote perceptual ability. None- theless, the descriptions contained inaccuracies as well as correct statements. A typical example is indicated by the subject's drawing in Figure 1.1 of one of the targets in which he correctly described a park- like area containing two pools of water: one rectangular, 60 x 89 ft (actual dimensions 75 x 100 ft); the other circular, diameter 120 ft (actual diameter 11.0 ft). He incorrectly indicated the function, however, as water, filtration rather than recreational swimming. As discussed earlier in connection with the technology series, we often observe es- sentially c-orrect descriptions of basic elements and patterns coupled with incomPlete or erroneous analysis of function. As can be seen from his drawing, he also included some elements, such as the tanks shown in the upper right, that are not present at the target site. We also note an apparent left-right reversal, often observed in paranormal perception experiments. To obtain a numerical evaluation of the accuracy of the remote-viewing experiment, the experimental results were subjected to independ.ei)t judging on a blind basis by an SRI research analyst not The. first subject,(SI) was allowed 30 minutes for his descriptions, but it was found that he fatigued and had little comment after the first 1-5 minutes. The viewing time was therefore reduced to 15 minutes for subjects S2 through S6. 38 Approved For ReleLJJ%GL" SIREQ0999A000300100034-4 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 J-j AV E. TENNIS COURTS ELECT DIST. 75 :1E1 100 z PLAY GROUNDS SERVICE POOL HOUSE YARD CONCRETE BLOCK > FIRE STATIOnN tA .00 PICNIC AREA/ (a) (b) FIGURE 11 SWIMMING POOL COMPLEX AS REMOTE VIEWING TARGET (a) City map of target location, (b) Drawing by S1. Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Lv @-7 T- TA-760525-1 tA Approved F96ReleaUNC(L6A M.MED094POO0300100034-4 otherwise associated with the research. The subject's response packets, which contained the typed transcripts of the nine tape-recorded narratives along with any associated drawings, were unlabeled and presented in random order. While standing at each target location, visited in turn, the judge was required to blind rank order the nine packets on a scale of one to nine (best to worst match); the results are shown in Table 7. As mentioned in Section II-A-5, where this procedure was used in the judging of the tech- nology series, the statistic of interest is the sum of ranks assigned to the target-associated transcripts, lower values indicating better matches. For nine targets the sum of ranks could range from nine to eighty-one. The actual sum of this case, which included seven direct hits, was 16, a result significant at p = 2.9 x 10-5 by exact calculation. In experiments 3, 4, and 6 through 9, the subject was secured in a double-walled, copper-screen Faraday cage. The Faraday cage provides 120 dB attenuation for plane wave radio frequency radiation over a range of 15 kHz to 1 GHz. For magnetic fields the attenuation is 68 dB at 15 kHz and decreases to 3 dB at 60 Hz. The results of rank order judging (Table 7) indicates that the use of Faraday cage electrical shielding does not prevent high quality descriptions from being obtained. As a backup judging procedure, a panel of five additional SRI scientists not otherwise associated with the research were asked simply to blind match the unedited typed transcripts (with associated drawings) generated by the remote viewer, against the nine target locations which they independently visited in turn. The transcripts were, of course, unlabeled and presented in random order. A correct match consisted of a transcript of a given date being matched to the target of that date. Instead of the expected number of one match each per judge, the number of correct matches obtained by the five judges was 7, 6, 5, 3, and 3, respectively. Thus, rather than the expected number of five correct matches from the judges, 24 such matches were obtained. b. Subject S4 (Learner/Control) Following the first series of nine experiments with exper- ienced subject S1, a nine-target replication series was carried out with learner/control subject S4 who had no previous experience in paranormal functioning. 40 Approved For Rell~Lkle:tn"Sifl[EwMO0999AO00300100034-4 . %09F'* -N-V-Vw Approved For RUI aseUNI~/L*M*IsEof)99AO00300100034-4 4W TABLE 7 Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Transcripts Associated With Each Target Location for Experienced Subject (SI) Target Location Distance (km) Rank of Associated Transcript Hoover Tower, Stanford 3.4 1 Baylands Nature Preserve, Palo Alto 6.4 1 Radio Telescope, Portola Valley 6.4 1 Marina, Redwood City 6.8 1 Bridge Toll Plaza, Fremont 14.5 6 Drive-in Theatre, Palo Alto 5.1 1 Arts and Crafts Plaza, Menlo Park 1.9 1 Catholic Church, Portola Valley 8.5 3 Swimming Pool Complex, Palo Alto 3.4 1 Total sum of ranks 16 (P=2.gxlo-5) 41 Approved For Releasemti$;~A5-wj-gp9AO00300100034-4 Approved FooReleVRt!IL6A4SSifIL71yO9MOOO3OOlOOO34-4 because ot this subject's artistic background, she was cap- able of drawing and describing visual images that she could not identify in any cognitive or analytic sense, an asset in remote viewing. (Subjects are encouraged to make drawings of anything they visualize and associate with the remote location, since drawings made by subjects are in general more accurate than the subject's verbal. description.) When the target demarcation team went to a target location which was a pedestrian overpass, for example, the subject said that she saw "a kind of trough up in the air," whif@h she indicated in the upper part of her drawing in Figure 12. She went on to explain that "If you stand where they are standing you will see sometning like this," indicating the nested squares at the bottom of Figure 1-2. As it turned out, a judge standing where she indicated would have a Nriew closely resembl.ing what she had drawn, as can be seen from the accompanying photographs of the target location. In another experiment, the subject described seeing "an open barn-like structure with a pitched roof." She also saw a "kind of slatted side to the structure making light and dark bars on the wall." Her drawing and a photograpn of the associated bicycle shed target are shown in Figure 13. For the entire series of nine, the numerical evaluation based on blind rank ordering of transcripts at each site was significant at p = 1.8 x 10 and included five direct hits and four second ranks for the target-associated transcripts (see Table 8). Again, as a 6ackup judging procedure, a panel of five addi- tional SRJ_ scientists not otherwise associated with the research were asked simply to blind match the unedited typed transcripts, with associated drawings, generated by the remote viewer, against the nine target locations which they independently visited in turn. A correct match consisted of a transcript of a given date being matched to the target of that date. In- stead of the expected number of one match each per judge, the number of correct matches obtained by the five judges was 5, 3, 3, 2, and 2, re- SpeCtiVelV. Thus, rather tnan the expected number of five correct matches from the judges, 15 such matches were obtained. 42 Approved For ReleUNCL6kSfo-FICYI)0999AO00300100034-4 Approved For R&asijWletikSWIED99AW300100034-4 PEDESTRIAN OVERPASS TARGET e- C- X-- - SA-3183-5 FIGURE 12 SUBJECT S4 DRAWING, DESCRIBED AS "SOME KIND OF DIAGONAL TROUGH UP IN THE AIR" 43 Approved For Releas4j(NAetdAd"IE099AO00300100034-4 Approved FdifteleaU AMMM S(:giFfM990*000300100034-4 NCEA _ly SA-3183-19 FIGURE 13: SUBJECT S4 RESPONSE TO BICYCLE SHED TARGET DESCRIBED AS AN OPEN "BARN-LIKE BUILDING" WITH "SLATS ON THE SIDES" AND A "PITCHED ROOF" 44 Approved For ReleaU JM/AQ IFFrLZ&999AO00300100034-4 ..7 X DETAIL OF BICYCLE SHED BICYCLE SHED TARGET Approved For P.OasJJCN)CLA(SAC*LSIED99AqV3OOlOOO34-4 TABLE 8 Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Transcripts Associated With Each Target Location for Learner Subject (S4) Target Location Distance (k-m) Rank of Associated Transcript Methodist Church, Palo Alto 1.9 1 Ness Auditorium, Menlo Park 0.2 1 Merry-Go-Round, Palo Alto 3.4 1 Parking Garage, Mountain View 8.1 2 SRI International Courtyard, 0.2 1 Menlo Park Bicycle Shed, Menlo Park 0.1 2 Railroad Trestle Bridge, Palo Alto 1.3 2 Pumpkin Patch, Menlo Park 1.3 1 Pedestrian Overpass, Palo Alto 5.0 2 Total sum of ranks 13 (p=1.8xlO-6 45 Approved For Rel6a U 3qkA4:9-VAA-R999AO00300100034-4 s e 104 Approved FeIRRel-l-,16N(!IOM.S;Ifl[LPlYO099ftAO00300100034-4 %T C. SUbjects S2 and S3 (Expe_@ienceq_) Having completed a series of 18 remote-viewing experiments, nine each with experienced subject Sl and learner/control subject S4, it was apparent that the projecLed completion of an additional series of nine each for experienced subJects S2 and S3 and learner/control subjects S5 and S6 was beyond the limits imposed by funding and time available. There- fore, on a best-effort basis, it was decided to complete four each with the remaining subjects. To place the judging on a basis comparable to that employed with S1 and S4, the four transcripts each of experienced subjects S2 and S3 were combined into a group of eight for rank order judging, to be compared with the similarLy combined results of the learner/control subjects S5 and S6. The series with experienced subjects S2 and S3 provided a further example of the dichotomy between verbal and drawing responses during an experiment in which two sponsor staff personnel (the COTR and an associate) participated as members of the target demarcation team, the COTR choosing the target. The target, a tennis court, is shown in Figure 14, along with the drawings generated by the subject (S2). In discussing the drawings, the subject. indicated that he was uncertain as to the action, but had the impression that the demarcation team was located at a museum in a particular park. In fact, the tennis court was located in that park about- 100 yards from the indicated museum. Once again we note the characteristic (discussed earlier) of a resemblance between the target site and certain gestalt elements of the subject's response, especially as regards the drawings, coupled with incomplete or erroneous analysis of the significances. When rank ordering transcripts one through eight at the site, this transcript was ranked second. A second example from this group, however, indicates the level of precision that can be attained. The target location chosen by the standard double-blind protocol was the Palo Alto City Hall. Subject S3 described a tall building with vertical columns and "set in" windows. (His sketch, together wich the photograph of the site is shown in Figure 15.) He said there was a fountain, "but I don't hear it." At the time the target team was at the. City Hall during the experiment, the fountain was not running. He also made an effort to draw a replica of the designs 46 Approved For Rele*JNC(OlkSS4R*(DO999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 z > 4A -4 m SA-3183-18 FIGURE 14 SUBJECT S2 DRAWINGS IN RESPONSE TO TENNIS COURT TARGET z > tA m Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 TARGET-TENNIS COURTS c 00 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 sum. 13 fl" 71. a WZ& I&&,. tww a-ulab 0.k dt" Vwx J.Wft .4. W4. Y CAO% VO5 b SA-3183-14 FIGURE 15 SUBJECT S3 RESPONSE TO CITY HALL TARGET Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 TARGET-PALO ALTO CITY HALL Approved For R&asVKUUL3rM-4.515- k PA-99 9 9AQW 3 0 010 0 0 3 4 -4 in the pavement in front of the building, and correctly indicated the number of trees (four) in the sketch. For the entire series of eight, four each from S2 and S3, the numerical evaluation based on blind-rank ordering of transcripts at each site was significant at p = 3.8 x 10-4, and included three direct hits and three second ranks for the target-associated transcripts (see Table 9). d. Subjects S5 and S6 (Learner/Control To complete the series, four experiments each were carried out with learner/control subjects S5 and S6. The results in this case, taken as a group, did not differ significantly from chance. For the series of eight (judged as a group of seven since one target came up twice, once for each subject) the numer- ical evaluation based on blind-rank ordering of transcripts at each site was nonsignificant at p = 0.08, even though there were two direct hits and two second ranks out of the seven (see Table 10). One of the direct hits, which occurred with subject S6 on her first experiment, is an example of the "first-time effect" that has been rigorously explored and is well-known to experimenters in the field.5 In the narrative, the subject began to describe a large square with a fountain. Two minutes into the experiment she recognized the location and correctly identified it by name (see Figure 16). It should be noted that in the area from which the target locations were drawn there are several other fountains, some of which were in the target pool as well. As an example of the style of the narratives generated during remote viewing experiments with a naive subject, and the part played by the ex- perimenter remaining with the subject in such a case, we have included the entire unedited text of this experiment as Appendix A. e. Sponsor Subjects (Learner/Control) Two.sponsor staff personnel participated as subjects in five experiments so as to experience the protocols from the subjects' viewpoint. In this role they provide an additional calibration for this part of the program with regard to: 49 U N qkA Approved For Releas-eZU03 4M-WAR0999A000300100034-4 Approved Fd4fte1et+jqC/L6A4S gi-FTErZY099ftOO300100034-4 YABLE 9 DistT[bution of Rankin@@s Assigned to Transcripts Associated With Each Target Location for Experienced Subjects (S2) and (S3) Rank of Distance Associated ubject Target Location (km) Transcript S2 BART Station (Tr.-Insit System), 16.1 1 Fremont S2 Shielded Room, SRI, Menlo Park 0.1 2 S2 ITennis Court, Palo Alto 3.4 2 S2 iGolf Course Bridge, Stanford 3.4 2 S3 iCity Ball, Palo Alto 2.0 1 S3 IMiniature Golf Course, Menlo 3.0 1 Park S3 !Kiosk in Park, Menlo Park 0.3 3 S3 iBaylands Nature Preserve, 6.4 3 a l.o ALto Total sum oi ranks 15 (p='3.8xlO 50 Approved For ReleaU NC(641 C(4UF*c.D0999AO00300100034-4 VA"Jr,w Approved For R&aseLM/Ctf4 IkSWJfV99AW0300100034-4 TABLE 10 Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Transcripts Associated With Each Target Location for Learner Subjects S5 and S6 Subject Target Location Distance (km) Rank of Associated Transcript S5 Pedestrian Overpass, Palo Alto 5.0 3 S5 Railroad Trestle Bridge, Palo 1.3 6 Alto S5 Windmill, Portola Valley 8.5 2 S5,S6 White Plaza, Stanford (2) 3.8 1 S6 Airport, Palo Alto 5.5 2 S6 Kiosk in Park, Menlo Park 0.3 5 S6 Boathouse, Stanford 4.0 1 Total sum of ranks 20 (p=0.08, NS) 51 FI-M Approved For ReleasUNZ&A$iS&"1)999AO00300100034-4 Approved Fdftelea --rJA-ffr&990000300100034-4 u ffax ay SUBJECT DREW WHAT SHE CALLED "CURVY BENCHES" AND THEN ANNOUNCED CORRECTLY THAT THE PLACE WAS "WHITE PLAZA AT STANFORD" SA-3183-4 FIGURE 16 SUBJECT S6 DRAWING OF WHITE PLAZA, STANFORD UNIVERSITY 52 Approved For Releau ffftA sCtNFfrM999A000300100034-4 WHITE PLAZA AT STANFORD UNIVERSITY Approved For F3&as URaASSMEMP99AW300100034-4 (a) Indicating the level of proficiency that can be expected- from unselected volunteers, and, (b) Providing sponsor personnel with firsthand experience against which the results contained in the report can be evaluated. The first sponsor staff member (V3) participated as a sub- ject in a three-experiment series. All three experiments contained ele- ments descriptive of the associated target locations, the quality of re- sponse increasing with practice. The third response is shown in Figure 17, where again, as in the results reported previously, the pattern ele- ments in the drawing appeared to be a closer match than the subject's interpretation of the target object as a cupola. The second sponsor staff member participated as a subject in two experiments. In his first experiment he generated one of the higher signal-to-noise results we have observed. He began his narrative "There is a red A-frame building and next to it is a large yellow thing (a tree --editor). Now further left there is another A-shape. It looks like a swing-set, but it is pushed down in a gully so I can't see the swings." (All correct--see Figure 18.) He then went on to describe a lock on the front door that he said "looks like it's made of laminated steel, so it must be a Master lock." (Also correct.) For the series of five, three from the first subject, two from the second, the numerical evaluation based on blind rank ordering of the transcripts at each site was significant at p = 0.017, and included three direct hits and one second rank for the target-associated transcripts (see Table 11). f. Summary of Remote-Viewing Experiments (Standard Protocol) The descriptions supplied by the subjects in the experi- ments involving remote viewing of natural targets, although containing in- accuracies, were sufficiently accurate to permit the judges to differen- tiate among various targets to the degree indicated. A summary tabulation of the statistical evaluations of these experiments, carried out under standard protocol, is presented in Table 12. The overall result, eval- uated conservatively on the basis of a judging procedure that ignores 53 Approved For Re1easLPhdAEL2A- S1rjfWA%-99AO00300100034-4 ir WNTO LT z m Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 a NOV 81974 *,@Al* 4L X- ra z m RESPONSES OF VISITING SPONSOR SUBJECT V3 SA-3183-17 FIGURE 17 SUBJECT V3 DRAWING OF MERRY-GO-ROUND TARGET Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 4 1 1 MERRY-GO-ROUND TARGET Approved For ljoease 24 IN6q~.-C~5-AXF9!ASR,~OJO300100034-4 WINDMILL TARGET. SPONSOR SUBJECT V2 CORRECTLY DESCRIBED "RED A-FRAME BUILDING WITH DECK, YELLOW TREE, A-FRAME SWING SET, AND GRAY TRANSFORMER," ALL SHOWN IN PICTURE. HE ALSO DESCRIBED "MASTER TYPE LOCK OF LAMINATED STEEL" WHICH IS ON FRONT DOOR OF WINDMILL (NOT SHOWN). FIGURE 18 55 Approved For Release 2YON1 S@ -' 'MIPMA000300100034-4 Approved ForM%IeaU Nfi&jk Wf"ED099ftOO300100034-4 TABLE 11 Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Transcripts Associated With Each Target Location for Visiting Sponsor Subjects V3 and V2 Subject Target Location Distance (km) Rank of Associated Transcript V3 Bridge Over Stream, Menlo Park 0.3 1. V3 Baylands Nature Preserve, Palo 6.4 2 Alto V3 Merry-Go-Round, Palo Alto 3.4 1 V2 Windmill, Portol.a Valley 8.5 1 V2 Apartment SwimminF Pool, 9.1 3 Mountain Vi-ew Total sum of ranks 8 I (p=0.017) ,56 Approved For ReleaU hKIA o999AO00300100034-4 Approved For P#rjeaseUNr&LAcS&bHSDgAoj03OOlOOO34-4 TABLE 12 Summary--Remote Viewing of Natural Targets Experienced Subjects Subject No. Experiments p-value, rank order judging Sl 9 p = 2.9 x 10-5 S2 4 S3 18 4 p = 3.8 x 10- 4 Learner/Control Subjects Subject No. Experiments p-value, rank order judging S4 9 p = 1.8 x 10-6 S5 4 18 p = 0.08 (NS) S6 4 Sponsor Subjects Subject No. Experiments p-value, rank order judging V3 3 15 p = 0.017 V2 2 57 @AMAPAANA000300100034-4 Approved For ReIeaSIrZD(73q Approved For4%letML5/L6M§4flEvDO999fftOO300100034-4 transcript quality beyond that necessary to rank order the narratives (vastly underestimating the statistical significance of individual descrip- tions), clearly indicates the presence of an information channel of useful bit rate. Furthermore, it appears that the primary difference between experienced subJects and naive volunteers is not that the latter never exhibit the faculty, but rather that their results are simply less reli- able, more sporadic. Nonetheless, as described earlier, individual transcripts from the latter group of subjects number among some of the best obtained. Such observations indicate a hypothesis that remote view- ing may be a latent and widely-distributed perceptual ability. 'fhe following is quoted from a report on an analysis of patterns observed in the remote viewing transcripts. This report was submitted to the researchers by the judge responsible for the independent blind rank-order judging, an individual not otherwise associated with the research. These observations are based on a survey of the remote viewing transcripts from the SRI experiments. In the process of judging --attempting to match transcripts against targets on the basis of the information in the transcri,pts--some patterns and regu- laritieS in the transcript descriptions became evident, partic- ularly regarding individual styles in remote viewing, and in the perceptual form of the descriptions given by the subjects. Styles of Res_@ons@. rhe transcripts were taken from several different subjects. Comparing the transcripts of one subject with those of another revealed that each person tended to focus on certain aspects of the remote target complex and exclude others, so that each had an individual pattern of response, like a signature. Subject S3, for example, frequently responded with topographical descriptions, maps, and. architectural features of the target locations. Subject S2 often focused on the behavior of the remote experimenter or the sequence of actions he carried out at the target. The transcripts of' subject S4, more than those of other subjects, had descriptions of the feel of the location, and experiential or sensory gestalts, e.g., light/dark elements in the scene; indoor/outdoor and enclosed/open distinctions. Prominent features of SI's transcripts were detailed descriptions of what the target persons were concretely experiencing, seeing, or doing, e.g., standing on asphalty blacktop overlooking water; looking at a purple iris. The range of any individuaL subject's responses was wide, and anyone might draw a map, or describe the mood of the remote 58 Approved For ReleaUNCWILJ&S&Rr-u'mr-DO999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Was 99A UNUASSIVIVU V0300100034-4 experimenter, but the consistency of each subject's overall approach suggests that just as individual descriptions of a directly viewed scene would differ, so these differences also occur in remote viewing processes. Nature of the descriptions. The concrete descriptions that appear most commonly in transcripts are at the level of sub- units of the overall scene. For example, when the target was a Xerox copy machine, the responses included (S2) a rolling object (the moving light),ordials and a cover that is lifted (S3), but the machine as a whole was not identified by name or function. In a few transcripts the subjects correctly identified and named the target. In the case of a computer terminal, the subject (V2) apparently mentally saw the terminal and the relay racks behind it. In the case of targets which were Hoover Tower and White Plaza, the subjects (SI and S6, respectively) seemed to identify the locations through analysis of their initial images of the elements of the target. There were also occasional incorrect recognitions; gestalts that were incorrectly named, e.g., swimming pools in a park being identified as water storage tanks at a water filtration plant (SI). Phenomenological descriptions, e.g., "motion past the ex- perimenter," and "red outlining blue," occurred occasionally, but were not frequent in the transcripts. The most common perceptual level was thus an intermediate one--the individual elements and items that comprise the target. This is suggestive of a scanning process that takes sample perceptions from within the overall environment. When the subjects tried to make sense out of these frag- mentary impressions, they often resorted to metaphors or constructed an image with a kind of perceptual inference. From a feeling of the target as an "august" and "solemn" building, the subject (S4) said it might be a library. It was a church. A pedestrian overpass above a freeway was described as a conduit (S4). A rapid transit station, ele- vated above the countryside, was associated with an observatory (S2). When the remote experimenter climbed into a Link trainer, the subject said it was a small place, like a bathroom; perhaps he had locked himself in a closet. These responses seem to be the result of attempts to process partial information and occur similarly in other para- psychological experiments. When the subjects augmented the verbal transcripts with drawings or sketches, these often expressed the target elements more accurately than the verbal descriptions, and sometimes corresponded with the targets more clearly and precisely than the words of the transcript. 59 Approved For ReleasL;M(&2A:SiStFff-1)999AO00300100034-4 RON-IS Approved For4ftle UREVAt WYEff 0999MOO300100034-4 The descriptions given by the subjects sometimes went beyond what the remote experimenter experienced, at least consciously. For example, one subject (S4) described and drew a belt drive at the top of a drill press, which was not even visible to the remote experimenter who was operating the machine. Curiously, objects in motion at the remote site were rarely mentioned in the transcript, e.g., trains crossing the rail- road trestle target were not described (S4), though the remote experimenter stood very close to them. Also, in a. few cases, the subject descriptions were inaccurate regarding size of structures. A 20 foot courtyard separating two buildings was described (SI) as 200 feet wide, and a small shed was expanded to a barn-like structure (sO. Blind judging of transcripts. The judging procedure involved examining the transcripts for a given experimental series and atte-impting to match the transcripts with the correct targets on the basis of their correspondences. The transcripts varied from coherent and accurate descriptions to mixtures of correspondences and non-correspondences. Since a judge did not know a priori which elements of the descriptions were correct and incorrect, the task was complicated, and transcripts often seemed plausibly to match more than one target. A confounding factor in these studies is that many target locations have similarities that seem alike at some level of perception. For example, a radio tele,;cope at the top of a hill, the observation deck of a tower, and a jetty on the edge of a bay all match a transcript description of "looking out over a long distance." A lake, a fountain, and a creek may all result in an image of water for the subject. In m@ own judging, the procedure that was most successful was a careful element by element comparison, testing each transcript agai.,Ist every target, using the transcript descriptions and drawings as arguments for or against assigning the transcript to a particular target. In most cases this resulted in either a cl,-.,ar conclusion or at least a ranking of probably matches, and these matches were subjected to statistical anslyses. A subjective viewpoint of the remote viewing process as stated in a report to the researchers by subject S3 likens the difficulties in remote viewing to those occurring in subliminal (low level) or tach- istoscopic (high speed) viewing by ordinary sensory modalities. The following is quoted from his report. Current Status. Experimentation in viewing of remote targets conducted at SRI has provided data confirming the existence of a paranormal remote viewing ability. Several. breakthroughs were needed to uncover the remote viewing possibilities. These have accumulated and are reflected in previous clients' reports. If breakthroughs have tended to expose such ability, subsequent 60 Approved For ReleatJ MOM(fA M"M999AO00300100034-4 Approved For lWeashbM (L*.SlS-ffl7E-0999AUO300100034-4 VEF-irlot quantitative analysis has also established the existence of certain qualitative problems that need to be resolved if remote viewing abilities are to move from a general to an operative category. The General Problem. Among the several subjects tested, dependable data resolvable from viewing targets at remote locations seem to have a signal-to-noise ratio in the range of approximately 25 to 75%. This percentage is an estimate and has differed between subjects and between experiments. In experimentation the emergence of even 25% accurate information does establish strategic implications; the occurrence of erroneous or super- fluous data in subject responses to the degree that it is currently observed, however, tends to obviate tactical or operational deployment of the discovered ability. For various reasons as described below, the emergence of erroneous data in subjects' responses to given targets has been given the working name of '7analytical overlay." Definition of Analytical Overlay. Accumulated responses from subjects' attempts to view distant targets indicates that the target often is actually viewed, but in some way the target also acts as a prompter for the spontaneous appearance of seemingly irrelevant data. This is especially obvious when the subject's drawing of the target is by observation specifically applicable to the target, but his interpetation, either verbally or in the form of mental image pictures, is far from the mark. Since verbalization, or imagery, presupposes mental analysis, it seems reasonable to assume that we are dealing with automatic analytical functions of some sort, and that hypothetically these are the source of the diluted or erroneous response. Analytical functions are associated with resolving, breaking down, and dissecting incoming information in terms of experience and memory. In sensory perception, this process takes place on an almost automatic basis and is governed by learned logical necessity. Since at the sensory level these processes are continuously taking place at sub-awareness levels, it is often forgotten that logical familiarity is a learned condition, governed by experi- ence applied to memory. This is easily demonstrable by presenting a person with some- thing he has never seen before. The analytical functions of the mind spontaneously output data-rich memories that assist in identification, either by similarity or differences, with the unfamiliar object. Further, in determining the nature of the unfamiliar object, the analytical processes, busily overlaying sequences of logical possibility, are prompted by sensory (tactile, visual, etc.) appreciation of the object. In this manner, the person eventually is able to logically place the unfamiliar object by means of his total fund of experience and knowledge. In terms of objective space, time, and matter, this entire procedure is anchored by a continual flow of sensory data about the object. A decision-making process buttressed by sensory 61 Approved For ReleaUNAGLAS65-If d-E-0999AO00300100034-4 Approved ForftleaUf4OCl!XSSPt"Et)0999lbOO300100034-4 perception thus takes place. In the paranormal sense, however, ordinary sensory buttressing is absent since experimental safeguards ensure sensory separation of subject and target. The subject is therefore thrown back solely on the perception and possibilities inherent in the unknown modes of acquiring information that are currently under study. In such case, one of two things can now take place: either the subject can by paranormal modes inflow accurate information on a bit-per-second basis sufficient to allow him to make an accurate or semi-accurate decisional response as to the character or nature of the target; or his response to the target and experimental- situation is weak and irresolute or perhaps displaced, at which time the content of multiple ana- lytical processes seem to be selected. When this latter occurs, it i@, identified as analytical overlay. Some.-Observations. It is safe to assume that in experiments where the response did not at all accord with the target, no psi func- tiOning took place and that mental functions of some other nature were offered up by a subject. In examining research results, however, one consistency can easily be identified, this consis- tency giving rise to the term analytical overlay as contrasted to a-aalytical error. Descriptors pertaining to the target can ofterL be found imbedded in the subject's response to a degree be-ocid that expected by chance, even when the majority of the Y respc)nse appears to be involved with something else. Since this is so, it seems relevant to hypothesize that the subject is perceiving the target at some level of awareness sufficient to prompt logical mental processing in the subject. The subject's response therefore usually includes not only descriptors relevant to tqe target, but also other details coming out of the logical analytical comparison doubtlessly going on as he tries to "recog- nize" the target. This kind of situation is exactly one that might be expected where a person is treated to only a momentary glance at an unfam- iliar object and then asked to determine what it was. A series of analytical statements such as, "looks like this", or "looks like that", or "it is similar to", will probably be volunteered by the experient deprived of a continuing sensory information inflow about the object. The sensory and parasensory situations thus hold in common certain structures that can be studied either in the !3ensory or in the parasensory function. With regard to their differences, in ordinary sensory perception, the decision-making response is held in place. by continuous sensory perception of the object, and logical deduction and decision depends upon the solidity provided by the sensory faculties. In the paranormal sense, however, we are indeed asking the subject to begin his perception at some as yet unknown point and work. simultaneously toward both perception of thle object and decision as to what it is. 62 Approved For ReleaU fM/A_q3@"JDflM999AO00300100034-4 Approved For i@&a ' 1L' J &A:.%1&JfJ-J-D999A&0300100034-4 AMC L.O. Since descriptors pertaining to the target can almost always in some form be found imbedded in the subject's response, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that perception of the target is taking place, but in some unaccustomed modality. If this is so, as the data suggest, then the problem is not solely one of parasensory perception, but also one of conversion of the contents of the psi field into constructed form. Let us assume that a gifted subject is gifted because he can resolve psi-field signals into recognizable mental patterns, which are in turn then converted into experiential, logical sequences. This kind of conversion process resembles that which takes place in the semaphore system or that of Morse code. The thing that is missing in the psi-field conversion process would be, of course, familiarity with the signals emanating from the psi-field matrix. As experiments demonstrate, these signals typically emerge in an unaligned sequence along with the partly logical possibilities volunteered by the analytical process. That this is so is understandable if we observe that it is human nature to depress or suppress the unfamiliar in favor of the familiar; therefore such scattering of the unfamiliar data in favor of the memory-familiar takes place both in the sensory and parasensory functions. In the paranormal case, when the data are signal-wise sufficient to bypass analytical assistance fortuitously being provided by the catalyst of memory, the so-called psi phenomena can result in exceptionally good data. Otherwise, a mixture is obtained. Summary. Experimental results confirm the probability of abilities that permit identification and description of objects at locations at a distance. The simultaneous inflow of ex- traneous data termed analytical overlay seems to dilue the correctness of the overall response and detract from the oper- ational form of the remote viewing ability. Enough data about this difficulty has been gathered to establish that it is not necessarily a perceptual problem but in all probability a process problem concerned with the converting of the signal of the psi- field matrix into a correct analytical sequence. It seems reasonable to assume that could the process difficulties be resolved, then the analytical overlay would convert into a positive adjunct of the conversion process, rather than working against it. Any concept of utilizing remote viewing ability in an operational form has to entertain a minimum as well as a maximum criterion for proficiency. 'So far, in experimental expectation only the maximum possibility has been entertained. The entire onus of responsibility of achieving the maximum has lain in the ex- pectation of attaining precise information; whereas even minimal efficiency of target perception by the subject might yield enormous clues as to the nature of the target if reviewed by professionals concerned with such a target; the target itself may have no correlate within the subject's logical repertoire 63 Approved For ReleaIRAGLA&SIf MQ999A000300100034-4 Approved Forftlearq 0999ft0300100034-4 vi MCUNSISMED and may not be correctly prompted via memory. Thus, to achieve operational status, both changes in expec- tation of the ability, as well as an increased familiarity with the oroblems associated with analytical overlay may lead to results of increasing practical Utility. From the viewpoint of the researchers, we do not yet have an understanding of the nature of the information-bearing signal that a subject perceives. We know only that the subjects commonly report they perceive the signal visually as though looking at the object or place from a position in its immediate neighborhood. Furthermore, the subjects' perceptual viewpoint has mobility in that they are able to shift their point of view to allow them to describe elements of a scene that would not be visible to an observer simply standing at ground level and de- scribing what he sees. (In particular, a subject often describes cor- rectly elements not visible to the target demarcation team.) Finally, motion :is in general not perceived; in fact, moving objects often are not seen at all even when nearby static objects are correctly identified. In compari.ng the remote-viewing results (a so-called free- response task) with the random number generator results discussed in the next section, we note that from a statistical viewpoint a subject is more likely to describe accurately a remote site, chosen at random from nearby locations, than he is to select correctly one of four random numbers. Our experience with these phenomena lead us to consider that this difference in task performance may stem from fundamental signal-to- noise considerations. Two principal sources of noise in the system apparently are memory and imagination, both of which can give rise to mental pictures of greater clarity than the target to be perceived. In the random number task, a subject can create a perfect mental picture of each of the four possible outputs in his own imagination and then attempt to obtain the correct answer by a mental matching operation. In remote viewing, on the other hand, the subject is apparently more like to approach the task with a blank mind as he attempts to perceive pictorial informa- tion from remote locations about which he may have no stored mental data. (Subjects SI, S3, and S4 were unfamiliar with the San Francisco Bay area at the start of experimentation, their homes having been elsewhere.) 64 Approved For ReleA-LI40./b6AL4ctS4fi[TD0999AO00300100034-4 %T RM N--"% ow Approved For Wea*Me(L/2A-S!S-JfJ-f -[)999WO300100034-4 Finally, our observation is that most of the correct infor- mation that subjects relate to us is of a nonanalytic nature pertaining to shape, form, color, and material rather than to function or name. That is, we often observe the correct description of basic elements and pat- terns coupled with incomplete or erroneous analysis of function. In consultation with Dr. Robert Ornstein of the Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute, San Francisco, and with Dr. Ralph Kiernan of the Department of Neurology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stan- ford, California, we have formed the tentative hypothesis, based on these observed characteristics, that remote viewing may involve a specialization characteristic of the brain's right hemisphere. This possibility, discussed in detail later, is derived from a variety of evidence from clinical and neurosurgical sources, which indicate that the two hemispheres of the human brain are specialized for different cognitive functions, the left hemisphere being predominantly active in verbal and other analytical func- tioning, the right hemisphere in spatial and other holistic processing. 6,7 Further research is necessary to elucidate the relation- ship between right hemispheric function and paranormal abilities. None- theless, we can say at this point that the remote viewing results of the group of subjects at SRI have characteristics in common with performance that require right hemispheric function. The similarities include the highly schematicized drawings of objects in a room or of remote scenes. Verbal identification of these drawings is often highly inaccurate and the drawings themselves are frequently left-right reversed relative to the target configuration. Further, written material generally is not cognized. These characteristics have been seen in left brain-injured patients and in callosal-sectioned patients. As a result of the above considerations, we have learned to urge our subjects simply to describe what they see as opposed to what they think they are looking at. We have learned that their unanalyzed perceptions are almost always a better guide to the true target than their interpretations of the perceived data. One should not infer that analytic functioning in the remote viewing mode is never observed, however, as indicated by codeword 65 Approved For RelealJN-GLA.-%Fk*IEQ999AO00300100034-4 Approved For4fteaLafflef6fi4e. t!+PJ1rJY0999ftOO300100034-4 U retrieval in the West Virginia Site experiment discussed in Subsection I-b, earlier, the recognition of a computer terminal by the sponsor staff member in the technology series, and the recognition of Hoover Tower and White Plaza by subjects S1 and S6, respectively, in the natural target series. 2. Four-State Electronic Random TarRet Generator This study provided an opportunity to determine whether the remote-sensing capabilitv could be extended to the perception of the internal state of a piece of electronic equipment. For this purpose, an automated experiment designed around a four-state electronic random target generator was initiated. The solid-state machine, manufactured by Aquarius Electronics, Mendocino, California, has no moving parts and provides no sensory cue to the user as to its target generation. To determine unambiguosly whether a result was meaningful, the following strategy was used. First, so as to discriminate against sub- ject strategies based on machine statistics, four machines were checked for departures from randomness by a statistical analysis of over 10,000 pre-experiment trials, and only the three machines that showed no sig- nificant. departures from randomness were used. Second, the subjects interacted with the machines to generate the data, the machines being interchanged at arbitrary intervals without the subject's knowledge (to interfere with possible learning strategies associated with even non- significant departures from randomness). Third, for any subject whose score was significant, the statistics of the machines during the successful f.2Teriment were tabulated to ensure that the machines' outputs had not departed from randomness in the period Ln which the significant result was obtained. Fourth, even in the absence of a departure from randomness, the optimum strategy as determined post hoc from the distribution of actual machine outputs was compa.re6 with subject strategy. Fifth, a subject generating a good score was asked to repeat the entire experiment one month later under continuous observation by an experimenter. Finally, the entire data analvsis was carried out by an independent statistics group at SRI under the direction of Dr. Richard Singleton. 66 Approved For ReleUMt6i&AgtrRtC7VO999AO00300100034-4 F--% #40 Approved For IZa1eas4JCNGJAf)6ff J&D99A,00300100034-4 a. Machine DescriDtion The machine configuration provides as a target one of four art slides (reproductions of paintings) chosen randomly (p = 1/4) by an electronic random target generator. The generator does not show its choice until the subject indicates his choice to the machine by pressing a button (yellow, green, blue, or red) associated with each art slide (see Figure 19). (The machine has four stable internal states. A 1.0- MHz square-wave oscillator sends pulses to an electronic "scale-of-four" counter which passes through each of its four states 250,000 times per second. The state of the counter is determined by the length of time the oscillator has run--that is, the time between subject choices.) As soon as the subject indicates his choice, the target slide is illuminated to provide visual and auditory (bell if correct) feedback as to the correctness or incorrectness of his choice. Until that time, both sub- ject and experimenter remain ignorant of the machine's choice, so the experiment is of the double-blind type. Five legends at the top of the machine face are illuminated one at a time with increasing correct choices (6, 8, 10, ...) to provide additional reinforcement. The machine choice, subject choice, cumulative trial number, and cumulative hit number are printed automatically on continuous fanfold paper tape. After trial number 25, the machine must be reset manually by depressing a RESET button. A methodological feature of the machine is that the choice of a target is not forced. That is, a subject may press a PASS button when he wishes not to guess, in which case the machine indicates what its choice was. The machine thus scores neither a hit nor a trial and then goes on to make its next selection. Thus, the subject does not have to guess at targets when he feels that he has no idea as to which to choose. Under the null hypothesis of random binomial choices with probability 1/4 and no learning, the probability of observing .< k successes in n trials is approximated by the probability of a normal distribution value, t, t > (k - n I 3n/16) 4 2) 67 Approved For Relea E)P73PANA000300100034-4 Approved For'*(?Iea"NLT(L6*SVfWED0999*00300100034-4 SA- 2613-3 A, FIGURE 19- FOUR-STATE RANDOM TARGET GENERATOR USED IN THIS EXPERIMENT An incorrect choice of tarqet is indicated. Two of the five "encouragement lights" ,it d-te top of the machine are illuminated. The printer to the right of the machine records data on fan-fold paper tape. "I 15- Approved For ReleaU f ff ED0999AO00300100034-4 Approved ForW Ie ... UNLIASSWIED9Q00300100034-4 b. Data from Experiments Data were collected from subjects Sl through S6. Each sub- ject was asked to complete 100 25-trial runs (i.e., a total of 2500 trials each). The results are tabulated in Table 13. (One subject, S3, declined to complete the 2500-trial run, citing a lack of rapport with the machine and, hence, a lack of motivation for the task.) Of the six subjects, only one (S2) scored significantly above chance, For the 2500 trials, S2 averaged 29.36 hits/100 trials rather than the expected 25/100, a result whose a priori probability under the null hypothesis is p 3 x 10-7. His scores are plotted in Figure 20. TABLE 13 Four-State Electronic Random Target Generator Summary Subject Mean Score/100 Trials over 2500 Trials Binomial- Probability S1 25.76 0.22 S2 29.36 3 x 10-7 S3 24.67 (750 trials) 0.60 S4 25.76 0.22 S5 25.20 0.33 S2 27.88 4.8 x 10-4 All trials 26.47 1.1 x 10-5 (15,750 trials) The statistics of the machines during the successful run of subject S2 were tabulated for the entire 3483 machine transitions (2500 choices, 983 passes), both by machine and in total. The results, shown in Tables 14 through 16, indicate no significant departures from random expectation during the successful run, and therefore, the signifi- cant result cannot be attributed to machine malfunction. 69 Approved For ReleasJ4N)QkAS4Upl'z99AO00300100034-4 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 C z r) > 0 M MACHINE M2 @-M 14 12 10 z M D.c 8 Lo (n " 6 0 4 0 2 0 M mi M2- 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 RUN NUMBER - 25 trials/run P = 1/4 per trial FIGURE 20 DATA SUMMARY FOR SUBJECT S2 2500-trial experiment with four-state electronic random number generator (significant at p = 3 x 10-7). Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 -p + 3a 4W -11 + 2a - + Ju C 2a SA-4265-1 Approved ForWeaEUNCLA-.%S-Wi-E-D999UO0300100034-4 TABLE 14 Randomness Tests for Machine MI Output During Successful Experimental Series by Subject S2 (Runs 9 through 16 and 45 through 80) Buttons Number Binomial Yellow Green Blue Red of Trials Chi-Square probability Transitions Y 96 79 88 92 355 1.789 > 0.50 To G 85 87 86 88 346 0.058 >0.99 Fr B 0@m 85 82 90 87 344 0.395 >0.90 R 91 91 83 92 357 0.591 >0.80 Initial states 8 14 9 13 44 2.364 >0.50 All states 365 353 356 372 1446 0.622 >0.80 Nondiagonal transitions 261 252 257 267 1037 0.466 >0.90 Diagonal transitions 96 87 90 92 365 0.468 >0.90 TABLE 15 Randomness Tests for Machine M2 Output During Successful Experimental Series by Subject S2 (Runs 1 through 8, 17 through 44, and 81 through 100) Buttons Number Binomial Yellow Green Blue Red of Trials Chi-Square probability Transitions Y 108 120 Ill 124 463 1.458 > 0.50 To G To 107 131 136 119 493 4.095 >0.20 From B 126 124 138 135 523 1.061 >0.70 1 R 118 115 140 129 502 3.100 >0.30 Initial states 16 15 13 12 56 0.714 >0.80 All states 475 505 538 519 2037 4.149 >0.20 Nondiagonal 351 359 387 378 1475 2.247 >0 50 transitions . Diagonal 108 131 138 129 506 3.960 >0 20 transitions . 71 Approved For ReleaWN1003"AA MUDM- 0999AO00300100034-4 Approved ForIkeblease -1-jmPwqqgAVo0300100034-4 tj ffffA 5-51 I'A.'ABLE lb RANDOMNESS TESTS FOR ENTIRE MACHINE OL:TPUT DURING SUCCESSFUL EXPERIMENTAL RUN Numberi Binomial- hitttons lChi-Square @Yeltow !Green Blue Red or Trials I probability 'Transtions Y 204 1 1,99 199 216 818 0.944 > 0.80 Tc G 192 1 2,18 222 207 839 2.578 > 0.30 Fr B 211 j 206 228 222 867 1.397 > 0.70 R 209 206 223 221 859 1.009 > 0.70 Initial states 24 1 29 22 25 100 1.040 > 0.70 I-All states 840 1 858 894 891 3483 2.364 > 0.50 Nondiagonal 1 61-2 1 611 644 645 2512 1.736 > 0.50 transitions i ;Diagonal 204 @18 228 221 871 1 399 > 0 70 transitions . . d"116114 9C41-FqFFf)0999A000300100034-4 Approved For Releopov I. &K S @71 Approved ForWeajmcLA-55-LEAfe-09994WO300100034-4 With regard to the possibility that the subject developed an optimum strategy based on slight, even though nonsignificant, machine departures from chance expectation, it is sufficient to determine the most favorable strategy based on machine statistics and examine whether use of such a strategy would be capable in principle of producing a re- sult as significant as that produced by the subject. For machine MI the optimum strategy, according to Table 17 is: if in the initial state, press green; if yellow, press yellow; otherwise, pass. Use of such a strategy would, in the 44 runs carried out, result in 14 correct initial state selections and a scoring fraction 96/355 = 0.2704 on the remaining 44 x 24 = 1056 transitions, resulting in 300 hits. For machine M2 the optimum strategy, according to Table 18, is: if in the initial state, press yellow; if red, press blue; other- wise pass. Use of such a strategy would, in the 56 runs carried out, result in 16 correct initial state selections and a scoring fraction 140/502 = 0.2789 on the remaining 56 x 24 = 1344 transitions, resulting in 391 hits. Thus, an optimum strategy derived from the machine distri- bution post hoc yields a scoring fraction 691/2500 = 0.2764, significantly less than the observed scoring fraction 0.2936. In any case, it is clear from an examination of the compilation of subject choices (Tables 17 and 18) that subject selections, although extremely nonrandom, differed widely from those strategies favorable to the production of results based on machine statistics. Further, there is no evidence of learning to sup- port the hypothesis that a successful strategy was developed. A more detailed analysis of strategies, confirming these conclusions, was carried out by the sponsor under the direction of the COTR. When subject S2 was asked to repeat the entire experiment at a later time, he was able to replicate successfully a high mean scoring rate (27.88/100 average over 2500 trials, a result whose a priori proba- bility under the null hypothesis is p = 4.8 x 10-4). We thus conclude from the machine study that of the six subjects tested, one subject (S2) was able to generate a significant and replicable result. From these results, we conclude that there is evidence for the existence of a human perceptual capability whereby electronically 73 Approved For ReleaW MIA SAVDM- 0999AO00300100034-4 Approved ForV1eajq ffej/ .4 ktPfflV999ftr0300100034-4 ['ABLE 17 @;IIKJFUT S2 SELECTIONS ON MACHINE MI OURTNG SUCCESSFUL EXPERIMENTAL SERIES (Runs 9 through 16 and 45 through 80) r-ansitions y G Fr B O@ R fla-s aitial states I.I. states Yellow Green Blue Red Pass 4 51 47 35 141 73 45 12 13 70 30 30 17 2 38 16 149 58 37 82 110 73 36 13 108 116 14 4 6 19 1 362 174 106 458 346 TABLE 18 S2 SELECTIONS ON MACHI NE M2 D-,JRTNG SU CCESSFUL EXPERIMENTAL SERIES 'Runs i through 8. 17 thro@igh 44, and 81 through 100) Buttons Yellow Green Blue Red Pass iTransitions Y 67 77 54 179 1.25 G 68 2 14 107 38 Fr B 50 22 2 40 15 R 208 96 38 31 ill 105 33 22 129 348 i 1-n J t ia 1 srates 21 7 1 27 0 'All states 519 237 131 513 637 14 Approved For Rele (3j" (6 . ASA&PIFff 00999AO00300100034-4 TIP YJ11 Approved ForigWeas'WWWRAISM 4fi-D999AW0300100034-4 stored information can be accessed by means of a perceptual modality not mediated by physical parameters as yet identified. The characteristics of such a channel can be specified in accordance with the precepts of communication theory. The bit rate asso- ciated with the information channel is calculated from 8 R = H(x) = H y(x) (1) where H(x) is the uncertainty of the source message containing symbols with an a priori probability p i 2 H(x) 7- Pi log2Pl (2) L=l and Hy (x) is the conditional entropy based on the a posteriori probabil- ities that a received signal was actually transmitted, 2 HyW Y P("j) 1092 Pi(j) (3) i,j=l For S2's first run, with pi = 1/4, p i (j) = 0.2936, and an average of 30 s/choice, we have a source uncertainty H(x) = 2 bits and a calculated bit rate R = 0.007 bits/symbol or R/T = 2 x 10-4 bits/s In a larger study for NASA, devoted specifically to the question of whether learning could take place, 147 subjects were screened. 9 Of these subjects, six showed a positive learning slope significant at the 0.01 level or better; the binomial probability of'this occurring by chance is 3.8 x 10-3. At the other extreme, no subjects had a negative slope at the 0.01 level or better, in contrast to those six who had a positive slope at the 0.01 level. The slopes of the remaining 141 subjects (448,000 trials) were found to be normally distributed. 75 Approved For ReleaUlACLAnWb~Eagb999AO00300100034-4 Approved For-Rdleall PWIL6/AI SO "O-SVqDO999AOF00300100034-4 rim In T-1 r. B. identification of Measurable Characteristics Possessed by Gifted ub jects 1. Medical Evaluation The medical evaluation of program participants was assigned to the Palo Alto Medical Clinic. Coordination of the program was handled 'by Dr. Robert Armbruster. Director of the Clinic's Department of Environ- trientat Medicine. lhp testing procedures fall into six categories: (10 General- physical examination, including complete medical .;TId Jaiii-Liv @)istory. (2) Laboratory examinations, including SMA-12 panel blood chem- .3tries. Drotein electrophoresis, blood lipid profile, iirinalvsis, serology, blood type and factor, pulmonary @@iucfion screening, and 12-lead electrocardiogram. ('0 Neurological examination, including comprehensive and I'li-ci.roenceptialogram (sleeping and routine). (4) Audiometric examination, including comprehensive, Bekesy hoDe Conduction, speech discrimination, and impedance cidge test. (5) ophthalmologist examination, including comprehensive, I-Ird tesLinw, peripheral field test, muscle test, dilation iinduscoi)e. and indirect ophthalmoscopic and fundus -xaminarion. (5) EMI brain scan. -P'-ip detailed subject-by-subject test results are on file with the sponsor. Following are the summary evaluations prepared by Dr. Armbruster. d. abject Si (Experienced) This 55-year-old male completed an extensive medical evaluation Leceiitly in conjunction with special studies being performed at SIU T-or personnel gifted in paranormal functioning. Asidi- frum a duodenal ulcer in 1952, his past medical history .-Ms essentially normai. At present significant defects on Physical examination were small, bilateral inguinal hernias, ADd dental caries. An electrocardiogram was interpreted as ;JIL-Mormal, showing characteristics of coronarv artery disease. i6 A"116AA dCAfq[?J)0999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Rele-1-1-mv S Irr Approved For Wease UyRf AS-SJFF1fD9QP0300100034-4 S1 was advised of this report by letter on August 9, 1974, with recommendations for further evaluation by a cardiologist.* Laboratory data--including waking and sleeping electroencephalo- grams, protein electrophoresis, complete blood count, serology, a'nd urinalysis--were normal. He has blood type AB, Rh positive. Blood chemistries were essentially normal with the exception of slight elevations of uric acid and cholesterol with marked ele- vation of triglycerides. Ophthalmological examination revealed a minimal refractive error corrected easily to normal. An extensive neurological examina- tion and history were considered normal. The EMI computerized brain scan was considered negative except for slight enlargement of the right ventricle. No significance can be presently pl-aced on this finding. Audiometry revealed a mild bilateral high-frequency hearing loss at 3000 cps secondary to pasL exposure to high noise levels. b. Subject S2 (Experienced) This 31-year-old male research scientist completed an extensive medical evaluation recently in conjunction with special studies being performed at SRI for gifted psychic personnel. His past medical history reveals a right inguinal herniorraphy and appendectomy. Physical examination revealed no significant abnormalities. Laboratory data--including electrocardiography, protein electrophoresis, audiometry, pulmonary function, serology, blood chemistries, urinalysis, waking and sleeping electroenceph- alograms, and EMI brain scan--were normal. Ophthalmological exam revealed a myopic refractive error cor- rectable to 20/15 bilaterally. Neurological examination was negative. History revealed the presence of periodic muscular contraction headaches. Migraine headaches have been completely relieved since institution of biofeedback training. C. Subject S3 (Experienced) This 40-year-old male research consultant completed an extensive medical evaluation recently in conjunction with special studies being performed at SRI for gifted psychic personnel. His past medical history, other than a case of hepatitis while in the Armed Services, was essentially noncontributory to this study. Physical examination was entirely within normal limits. In spite of follow-up medical treatment, we note with sadness hi.s death in July 1975 due to a coronary. 77 Approved For Releasd Ink] f4 .A(SWI'rh 99AO00300100034-4 _W-VV/G ZED Approved ForlR61 OWMAWIMFO-009994 000300100034-4 kabor,itorv data--inefuding electrocardiography, protein electro- Phoresis, audiometry@ pulmonary function, complete blood count, serojoogv, urinaiysis., and EMI brain scan--were normal. Blood (Aielni,tries were normal with the exception of moderate elevation ui '61-,-)od iipids. He has blood type A, Rh positive. He ria-_ Myopic astigmatism correctable to 20/20 bilaterally; other- wise -i normal ophthalmological examination. Neurological historv. examination, and both sleeping and waking encep@laiograms were reported as normal. Subject S4 ( 'Learner/Control) "t'his A-veai-old female photographic consultant completed a med- h-.al -,vatuation recently in conjunction with special studies being perfor-med at SRI for gifted psychic personnel. Excepr for several surgeries, her past history is essentially noncontributory to her medical record. Her Dhysical examination was normal with the exception of a minor gynecological problem. Laboratory data-- inc luding electrocardiography, protein electro- phore-is, audiometrv, pulmonary function, complete blood count serol-gy, blood chemistries, and urinalysis--were normal. Blood tvpe is 0, Rh positive. Ophthalmological examination was normal excepr tor a mild correctable refractive error. Both waking and sleeping electroencephalograms were normal as were rhe neurological history and physical examinations. A'he EMI brain scan was reported as suggestive of very mild frontal acrop.-.y. No other abnormal features are noted. Subject Sb (Learner/ Control) This ..14-year-old male staff scientist completed an extensive med- L-al evaluation recentiv in coniunction with special studies being perfutmed at SRI for gifted psychic personnel. His past history reveals a duodenal ulcer in 1-9b4 but is other- wise not significant. Fhvsical examination was essentially neg- ,,I T- i've . Labor.-itory data--inciii-lding electrocardiography, lipoprotein elec- trojoh,..,resis, complete blood count, serology, blood chemistries, blooci lipids, urinalysis, and EMI brain scan--were normal. Audi- ontetry revealed a mild bilateral perceptive-type hearing loss ar 'W"A cos Drobabiv due to noise exposure. Pulmonary function gge@,@,ted mild pulmonary obstructive disease secondary to ciga- rettu smoking. Ophthalmological exam was normal except tor a corrective rerrac- tive -.,,rror. Neurological history revealed rare migraine aurae wittlout headache. Neurological examination was entirely normal. Approved For Re1UEqitt0f1/2t4 @JtTEIPMA-00999AO00300100034-4 Aa E V Approved ForRelease (Jfltf fiSSTIFf e1ff9V0 0300100034-4 14aw f. Subject S6 (Learner/Control) This 34-year-old female completed an extensive medical examina- tion recently in conjunction with special studies being performed at SRI for gifted psychic personnel. Her past medical history was essentially noncontributory except for the vague but unlikely possibility of Reiters Syndrome. Laboratory data.--including electrocardiography, protein electro- phoresis, audiometry, pulmonary function, complete blood count, serology, blood chemistries, urinalysis, and EMI brain scan--were normal. She has blood type A, Rh positive. Ophthalmological examination, with the exception of a moderate but corrected myopic astigmatism, was within normal limits. Although her waking EEG was abnormal, her sleeping EEG and neurological examination were perfectly normal. It was not considered necessary or advisable to pursue this mild abnormality any further, especially in view of a normal neurological exam and EMI brain scan. The patient was not made aware of this minor deviation. Neurological history substantiates period muscular contraction headaches. 9. Summary of Medical Ev aluation In summary, it appears that the medical profiling is noncontributory to the study, all subjects showing essentially normal medical profiles without any discernible spread among the subjects. 2. Psychological Evaluation The psychological evaluation of the program participants was assigned to the Palo Alto Medical Clinic. Coordination of the program was handled by Dr, J.E. Heenan, Chief Clinical Psychologist of the Clinic's Department of Psychiatry. The testing itself was carried out by Dr. Karen Nelson, Clinical Psychologist at the Clinic. The tests administered included: (1) In-depth interviews, including objective events and subjective views relating to the discovery and enhance- ment of paranormal capacities; socioeconomic, cultural, familial, religious environment; outstanding emotional peaks, traumas; values, motivation, interpersonal style. (2) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) (3) Bender Gestalt Visual Motor Test (4) Benton Visual Memory Test 79 Approved For ReleascUqq'OmEikSWJE099AO00300100034-4 %r Approved For@ft1UWeJ/OJqk MJ:JtM-00999*WO300100034-4 N. #-% fto 15) Wec-hsler Memory Scale @b Luscher Col-or Test r7) Strong Vocational Interest Blank f8) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (NNPI) ;9.) Edwards Personality Preference Schedule (EPPS) (iO) Rorschach inkblot (It) T@iematic Aoperception Test (TAT) @tie detailed test results for each subject are on file with the COTR. Due to the personai nature of the data we present here only the summary evaluations, first by the clinical psychologist who administered the tests and interviewed the subjects in depth, and second by the chief ctinical psychologist who analyzed the data on a blind basis. F @vaiuation bv Clinical Psychologist Administering...Ke@sts Thi@@ following is quoted from the psychologist's report: Durinp- late summer ana early fall, 1974, six subjects were re- ferred to the Clinic for testing for the parapsychology study at Stanford Research institute. Three of the subjects were desig- nated as sensitive subiects and three of the subjects were desig- nated as controls. it. was planned that I would do the testing without knowledge of which subjects were considered sensitive and which subjects were considered controls. However, in the course ot my contacts with these subjects, it proved impossible not to know which subjects belonged to which group, since I was to inter- view each person in depth. Since personal experience with appar- euElv extrasensory perception is a fairly dramatic event, subjects rould not avoid talking about these events and still be honest in ,JII io-depth interview. Consequently, a secondary plan was developed in which i would do the psychological testing and write individual reports for each subject, and the Chief Clinical Psychoi- ogist, Dr. Heenan, wouid read the test blind and see whether he could pick out three test records which seemed more similar to (1;iCh ut-her than the rest, thereby discriminating between sensitive '11-1d non-sensitive subiects. fi@tul]-ectua, f-.unctioning All of the subjects in this study displayed distinctly above- jvera5-,,e intellectual abilities. Most subjects reached the superior j-ange, and several or the subjects reached the gifted range. As 1t hav)pened, the control subjects tended to show higher average intellectual functioning scores than did sensitive subjects, :i1though the difference could not be said to be significant, -,iven that there were only three subjects in each group. Two of Lhe subjects from the sensitive group showed highly variable 80 Approved For ReIA--&-N(2:JfOAX.Sl"[LPM00999AO00300100034-4 17 16 J'% 60 Approved For Release"CLM&ME099A 0300100034-4 subtest scores within their intelligence test battery. That is, some of the subskills would be extremely high and other subskills would be extremely low. The variable patterns shown are consistent with ambivalent motivation as regards learning tasks and academic situations. I was able to spot no consistent trends as to which subskills tended to be high and which sub- skills tended to be low. For all six subjects, verbal and per- formance skills tended to be about evenly balanced, and memory skills were approximately what would be expected, given the in- telligence scores attained. The number scores on memory tests as well as the performances of the subjects themselves reflect a slight tendency toward better memory for material which is organized logically or which appears in a meaningful context than for rote memory material. In the control group, this tendency seems less pronounced and in fact one subject showed a clear preference for rote memory material. The subjects themselves did not feel that any of the intelligence test material tapped skills or propensities on their part which might be linked to their extrasensory capabilities, and since the patterns of strength and weakness within the test profiles varied so widely, I am inclined to accept their judgment with one possible exception. It is possible that sensitive subjects tend to be holistic perceivers rather than analytic perceivers; that is, to perceive in Gestalt rather than analytic elements. This might underlie the tendency for better short term memory of contextual logical material. Psychological tests which are directly relevant to this difference in perceptual style appear not be standardized as yet and so it is difficult to follow this lead. Personality Functioning When looked at from the point of view of psychopathology, the indicators both in projective and in objective testing do not appear to me to show marked trends, either for the six subjects taken together or for the subjects in each group. There does appear to be an interesting similarity in defensive style, par- ticularly when this is taken together with a similarity in interests and vocational aptitude, which can be seen in a large number of the subjects both in sensitive and control groups. To elaborate, all six subjects tended to have high feminine scores on the masculinity-feminity scale of the MMPI. That scale does not measure sexual orientation but rather sex role stereotype. For example, a person who is highly active in expressing his aggression, who is self assertive and who adopts "masculine" interest in, say, sports, mechanics, etc., is likely to get a high masculine score; a person who tends to be fairly passive in expressing aggression, even manipulative, who tends to be interested in the arts, in music, in aesthetic sensitivities, is likely to gain a high feminine score. Both the men and women in this group of subjects tended to have high feminine scores. The trend is seen again in the vocational aptitude survey, the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, wherein all of the subjects tended to achieve high scores in music, art 81 Approved For Release Effff:L4jk.%-SIFIIEf2~wto9AO00300100034-4 Approved For-Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999A#00300100034-4 UNCLASSIFIED A.Aid writing, but particularly in writing was this consistent. The @@;,,ore on writinv- aptitude appeared to be above average for the 'general population in each subject and for several of the .@libjects it. was one of the highest scores obtained. These two irends in the objective personality test data can be compared with -@r trend tound in the projective test data, namely on the llors,: Iiach. Here, the responses ot the subjects tended to emphasize -emphasize color. This pattern aaimal or human movement and to de is common in people wno tend to be introspective, to have a rich hiiiet fantasy life, and in fact to prefer that kind of expression @)f thoir emotions to interpersonal expression. The caDacitv to -;tand back from one's feelings, observe them, analyze them, even L.o savor them, is cormnon among artists and particularly among Y_Infortunately, two of the subjects (Sl and S3) from the sensitive %j ;,z,roup were 6ighly defensive about test-taking and their defen- z;iveness was most pronounced in the projective personality tests. The result was that tney gave verv minimal records, very few rf-spoTises, and were cLose-mouthed in talking about their responses. irience, the pattern to which I refer can be seen more clearly in '-Ae (.-ontrol subjects than in the sensitive subjects even though ii@ appears Lo occur Jor all six subjects. IT) tb(' course ot the uesting, the control subjects began to tell 'ne that as they participated in the SRI study, they appeared to 'r)(21 developing more and more sensitivity on the experiments per- I.ot,med and each was not certain that he should be properly as a control subject. In talking with Dr. Puthoff, I leprned that thev did appear to be showing some sensitivity @Vtit that their performances were not reliable and so they still be said to be iiii-Dortantly different from the sensitive 3abjec.ts. if the sensitive subjects could be induced to be loss defensive in tesr-taking, it is possible that their records would show a pattern which could be distinguished from that of Ihe (,c)ntrol subjects. Since that is not the case, we are left with a dilemna. A tendencv toward artistic interests, a rich lantasy life and an introversive style of emotional expression mav be accidental in all of these six subjects. It may be of persons who are willing to participate in studies. it mav be characteristic of persons who have some extrasensorv capacity, whether great or small, or it- mnv relate to some other variable@which happens to be common Lo tLese six. subjects. Stiould the pattern of emotional style and aesthetic interest prove relevant to extrasensory capacity, it would seem that the Rorschach gets at the most fundamental level of this quality. The objective tests are more likely to be measuring the end .roducts of that fundamental level of emotional expression. 0 @@.ace my reading oi projective test material is likely to be ,@,o[ored by my acquaintance with the subjects and what they said tlbout themselves, I will be interested to see whether Dr. Heenan 8-1 Approved For RelparfJO~3CX§:§IA--RMID00999AO00300100034-4 IFFE Approved For,&1easefJf4R!:tACTff RED99UP0300100034-4 can discern the same pattern, and for my own curiosity I would like to be able to test the sensitive subjects again, without them having read this report, to see whether I could put them more at ease on a second contact and get more productive records from them. Two of these subjects (Sl and S3) said frankly that they were alienated at the thought of psychological testing because their experience was that people with extrasensory capac- ity were written off as nuts and that psychologists and psychi- atrists always examined them with an eye toward any pathology they could discover. If they could be reassured that that was not the point of interest and at the same time not be coached as to what kinds of responses I was interested in, another session of projective testing might be productive. Karen L. Nelson, PhD Clinical Psychologist Palo Alto Medical Clinic b. Evaluation by Chief Clinical Psychologis_t_(On. a Blind Basis An effort complementary to the overall analysis performed by Dr. K. Nelson was carried out by Dr. J. Heenan, Chief Clinical Psychol- ogist, Department of Psychiatry, Palo Alto Medical Clinic. He took on as a task the ferreting out of responses to specific test items to deter- mine whether a particular cluster of items might serve as the core of a screening procedure. Dr. Heenan's analysis was carried out on a blind basis, that is, without knowledge of which subjects were labeled sensitive and which were labeled control. The following is quoted from Dr. Heenan's report: I have finished going over the psychological test data on the six subjects tested and this is a summary of my thoughts, impressions, clinical judgments, guesses and comparisons of various dimensions. The six persons tested are labeled Sl through S6. Subject Sl would not take the TAT test and did not return the EPPS test, and there is not a Strong vocational interest test in the file on him. I included him in the comparisons on the tests which he did take. What I did was formulate some hypotheses and then examine the test data, ranking people according to what their tests reflected on those hypotheses, and from that arrived at which subjects might have, according to the hypothesis, a more than ordinary ability to communicate by non-ordinary means. First of all, I examined all the test data rather carefully from a clinical psychologist's point of view and without any specific hypotheses--that is, on the basis of my overall intuition--made guesses, for each battery of tests, whether or not I thought this person would be likely to have unusual abilities. On this basis I guessed subjects S3. S6 and S4 as the most likely ones to have been high achievers 83 Approved For ReleascUqqwmEASWIEV99AO00300100034-4 IV Approved For R61 nr-i:S qlpf rff-00999A-000300100034-4 UWfA i.ti votir experiments. the foilowin2 is a series of hypotheses on the Rorschach Ink 31ot iest and following each hypothesis are the three subjects who best fit that hypothesis from the test da,-a. HYPOTHESIS #1. White sDace responses reflect lower ability to itse non-ordinary means of communication. PoS11.1ts: Sublects S3, S6 and S4 have the fewest white t;pace responses and therefore, according co this hypothesis, -ou'd have the higher ability among this group. HYPOTHESIS #2. PreoccuDation with minor details (Dd) will be i.ticonsistent with the ability to communicate by non-ordinary rueans. im'esill-ts: Sub iects S3, S6 and S4 reflect the least use @:'_ Minor deLails in Rorschach responses. HYPOTHESIS #3. Those persons with the highest percentage of human movement responses will be those most liKely to be able Lo coirffnunicaLe by non-ordinary means. iii'stil-ts: Subjects S4, S6 and S2 are the three highest in @ his re vard. HYPOTHESIS #4. The use of instant whole responses will be 'greater in those persons with the ability to communicate by kion-ordinarv means. Subjects S3. S6 and S4 are the ftighest in this HYPOTHESIS #5. Using shading responses as an index for anxiety, those who have the most shading responses will do the least weli in communicating by non-ordinary means. S and S2 have the most shading I ts: Subjects S4, 1 _,snonses. HYPOTHESIS #6. Those subjects able to communicate best by Tion-ordinarv means wi Iil tend to be more childlike in their generat approach to life and this will be reflected by higher animal content percent on the Rorschach test. @:@F'Ults; Subjects S5, S4 and S1. HYPOTHESIS (This hypothesis is relevant to Hypothesis #6.) Those subjects with the most: animal movement responses will tend 1-o be a0le to communicate more by non-ordinary means. e-; L I It,-.; @Subjects S4, S6 and S2. i11YPOTH_ES1S_.#8_. The persons who most use color in their re- sponses wili be most likely to be able to communicate better by non-ordinary means. _ozsu I ts :There -is no spread among the sub,jects on this 'artic-IlLar scoriniz determinant. HYPOTHESIS #9. Those subjects using the most emotional deter- ii.iiiiant-s will be most likely to be able to communicate by lion-ovdittarv means. sults: Subjects S3, S6 and S4 have the most use of ,WLiL.)oai determinants on the Rorschach Test. Approved For ReIA&KI266 11/9 A24401 -51f IIEPD-oO999AO00300100034-4 Approved For,&Ieas AMCCASW1115 99UP0300100034-4 On the MMPI, the following hypotheses were checked out. HYPOTHESIS #1. Subjects who show the most unusual configurations on the MNPT will be those most likely to be able to communicate by non-ordinary means (scores above 70). Results: Subjects S3, S6 and S2. HYPOTHESIS #2. Those subjects who reflect the most emotional energy as measured by the Ma score will be most likely to com- municate by non-ordinary means. Results: Subjects S6, S3 and S2--the opposite of this hypothesis is that those with the lowest Ma scores were subjects Sl, SS and S4. HYPOTHESIS #3. Those subjects who show the most interest in human interaction will be most likely to do well in non-ordinary com- munication as measured by the Si score; the rank among the sub- jects from highest to lowest is S5, S4, S6, S2, Sl, S3. There- fore, subjects S5, S4 and S6,according to this hypothesis, would be the successful ones. HYPOTHESIS #4. Those subjects showing the most depression would be least likely to be able to communicate by non-ordinary means; the rank on the depression score among the subjects is from highest to lowest--S6, S4, S3, S2, Sl, S5, with S6, S4, and S3 being the predicted least likely to do well at your tasks, and subjects S2, Sl and S5 the most likely. The Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence Scale hypotheses were simple and easy to check. The first hypothesis on the results of the Wechsler, HYPOTHESIS #1, is that higher intelligence as measured by the IQ score will reflect higher ability to communicate by non-ordinary means. Using the Full Scale IQ score, the rank from highest to lowest on IQ is subjects S5, S2, S6, S4, SI, and S3. Therefore, S5, S2, S6, according to this hypothesis, would be the subjects most likely to have succeeded. There is very little difference in the ranking in general, using the verbal IQ and the performance IQ. Taking a closer look at the subtest scores of the Wechsler, the following hypotheses were checked out. HYPOTHESIS #2 on the subtest scores: Persons with the highest ability in visual motor coordination. as reflected by the Block Design subtest, will be most likely to be able to communicate by non-ordinary means. The rank on the Block Design subtest from high to low is S5, S3, S6, S4, S2, and S1. HYPOTHESIS #3. Those with the best immediate memory as reflected by the Digit Span subtest will be the most likely to achieve in the non-ordinary communication modality. The rank for subjects from highest to lowest on Digit Span is S3, S6, S4, S5, S2, and Sl with very little spread among them. Other aspects of the Wechsler which were specifically checked out were the Picture Completion subtest and the Arithmetic subtest. The rank from highest to lowest in Picture Completion is Sl, S2, S5, S3, S4, S6, and the rank on the Arithmetic sub- test is S5, S4, S2, S3, Sl, and S6. I did not have a hypothesis about these particular subtests since they are reflections of 85 Approved For Relea+JNICJ/3k..%S-Witi-D999AO00300100034-4 Approved For@ft]Wktffft fffl[f 600999AiDO0300100034-4 1. A-% #.F 1,1gher 10, which was already covered before. Caretitl review of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank results, tabulating various scored categories and profile configuration, reveaLed no pattern Lniat separated any group of subjects from _ny ot-her group of subjects. This, however, is a multi-dimensional Lest witti manv variables and perhaps a more complex statistical such as analysis of variants, may show some clusters not vis@ Lble to this examiner. On the Bender Gestalt Visual Motor test, the simple hypothesis was m@tde tha-1 the higher the ability to reproduce better designs, rhe m)re -Likely would be the person's ability to communicate by non-ordinar-Y means. tbe Bender test results were ranked according LO (JuaiiLy in form, Gestalt and accuracy, and tne following ranks were obtained. From highest to lowest, subjects S4, S3, S6, S5, S], a.-id S2. No other evident material was reflected on the Bender 1.t apoears to me thaL according to most of the hypotheses I came up wiLh, subjects S3, Sb and S4 are the most likely candidates. The results of the Luscher and TAT tests, after careful examina- Lion, do not suggest any systematic means for breaking this @7,roup 01 six into two groups of three. However, on the TAT sub--jects S3@ S6 and S5 appeared to this examiner to reflect iiiore @@ponLaneity and cuildiike exuberance for living and there- ght be inferreJ to possess more sensitivity or awareness fore wis U to nou-cognitive dimensions of experience; therefore, 1 think subjects S3, S6, and S4 are the most likely ones to have done the e.,,.periments well. 1 aiso note that those who couldn't apparenti-y were iearri.Lag how, and t:herefore apparently whatever t:hi'3 abiiity is, it is a learnable one--of course, if such com- riiunication does exist. that should be true since we all come ,;ith essentially the same basic equipment. J E. Heenan, PhD @kiei -inical Fsvchologist C1 P-1c, Alto Medical Clinic ,'n ;-1 Post hoc basis, we can examine the various hypotheses -ia aetermine wnich ones tend to correlate with suggested by I.r. Heenan aL ifl)servable paranormal tunctioning. However, given the small sample size, no significanr conclusions can be drawn--rather, tnese points simply suggest hypotheses to be- examined in future testing. ne basis ot tne remote viewing and random target generator oxperimetits, experienced subjects S1 through S3 and learner/control S4 performed reliably in contrast to learner/control subjects SJ and S6. There were four tests which tended to correlate with this partition :in @he sense Lhat three ot tlie tour successful subjects lacked a trait .j SIHM7p)OO999AO00300100034-4 Approved For ReleaffeVA4 Approved ForJRe1easPm2DGtt2 T P. -6 999AP0300100034-4 ., IM Mt fit which was possessed by both of the unsuccessful subjects. These were the traits considered in Rorschach Hypothesis #5, MMPI Hypothesis #3, and WBIS Hypotheses #1 and #2; the four hypotheses suggested by Dr. Heenan were all counterindicated, that is, the responses suggested as probable for successful subjects were found to hold for the unsuccessful ones. On the basis of this small sample, therefore, one might consider investi- gating the following traits as potentially indicating a lesser ability in paranormal functioning: low anxiety index as indicated by low degree of shading response in the Rorschach, a high degree of interest in human interaction as measured by the Si score of the MNPT, an exceptionally high IQ (gifted range) as measured by the Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence Scale, and excellent visual motor coordination as reflected in the Block Design subtest of the Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence Scale. It must be emphasized, however, that although s.ubjects scoring highest with regard to the above factors did least well in the tests of paranormal functioning, all sub- jects scored higher than the norm in these psychological factors, so it would be erroneous to extrapolate on the basis of these data that low scoring might indicate paranormal ability. It is simply that extremely high scores are observed to correlate negatively with success on the particular paranormal tasks investigated. Finally, we reiterate that the correlation as observed on the basis of such a small sample may be gratui- tous and should therefore only be considered as a basis for further hy- pothesis testing. 87 Approved For ReleaU fM/Ar= FFFEIY999AO00300100034-4 J-5 -1 Approved For Fk@1qapQtO!X2 -§IA--Rlf ff00999AU00300100034-4 if I 1 9 IFI 3. Neuropsychological Evaluation Nouropsychological profiles on the six subjects were obtained by the administration of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Test Battery as well as other tests known to be sensitive to brain. dysfunction. These tests have proven useful in predicting, for example, both the presence and location of brain damave in a variety of neurological diseases. Since, whE-.,n no damage is present these tests also reflect abilities dependent on brain function, it was hoDed that some meaningful pattern of test performance would emerge for the program subjects. The testing and evaluation was handled by Dr. Ralph Kiernan, Clinical Neuropsy- c-hologist, Department of Neurology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California. 1,11t, following is his evaluation; A-1-1 @;ubjects were given the folowing tests: (1) Halstead Category Test (2) Tactual Pertormance Test ('13) Speech Perception Test (4) Seashore Rhvthm Test (5) Finger Tapping Test (6) Trail Makin e Test (7.) Knox Cube Test (8) Raven Progressive Matrices (9) Verbal Concept Attainment Test 1110) Buschke Memory Test @11) Grooved Pegboard Tests Two ;idditional tests were added after several subiects had been tested and were not administered to all subjects. These were: ,,121) The Gottschaldt Hidden-Figures Test @@13) The spatial relations subtest of the SRA Primary Mental AbiliLies Test. A de@cription of these tests along with subject scores is given. in Table 19. Sinc2 other psychological testing was completed previously on Liiese, same subieCLS at the Palo Alto Medical Clinic, 11.1e restilts of two ot Lhese tests (The Wechsler Adult in- felli,,@en.ce Scale and the Benton Visual Retention Test) were ['Oas@llted in the overall neuropsychological evaluation. Verv few ot the results are common to ail six subjects. In tact, the only ones that are common involve general 88 Approved For RelpinalWf AS. glfM7D00999AO00300100034-4 0 Approved For Release 2003106124: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 C z > tA "0 MrI M Test 'FABLE 19. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY TEST BATTERY Scoring C z > tA M Description Sl S2 v,3 s4 S,i S6 Y 0 Halstead Category Nonverbal test requiring abstraction of conceptual relationships. 7 14 33 26 6 28 JA 15 15* Test Score: Total errors. SD 5 5 Tactual Performance Requires placement of 10 geometrically shaped blocks in their 11 4 7 14 Test correct locations on a formboard while blindfolded. 16.4 11.8 7.7 7.7 !1.4 6.9 . . SD 3.6 4.8 Separate RT, LT, and bimanual trials. Score: Total time (minutes). Speech Perception Discrimination of nonword speech sounds. 4 5.5 4 2 0 2 5 3 SD 3 2.5 Test Score: Total errors. MAX 0 1 0 Seashore Rhythm Test Discrimination of nonverbal rhythms. Score: Number correct. 27 25 28 29 2 6 29 1A 26 25.5 SD 3 3 MAX 30 30 Finger Tapping Test Measure of finger oscillation rate for 10-second period, RT/LT RT/LT RT/LT RT/LT RVLT RT/LT P 50/43 44/39 both RT and LT hand trials. Score: Number taps per 10 seconds. 53/50 53/49 48/47 54/53 4@/47 48/43 SD 6/6 _11/10 Trail Making Test Requires connecting numbered circles in order from I to 25. ' P 26 33 (Part A) Paper and pencil task. Score: Total times (seconds). 40 16 18 19 @O _ 27 SD 11 9 Trail Making Test Requires connecting alphabetic and numbered circles by alrerna- 6 0 5 50 54 53 62 79.5 (Part B) ting 1,A,2,B, and so on. Score: Total time (seconds). 5 5 5 SD 16 31.0 Knox Cube Test Measure of attention span and immediate visual memory. 13 13 Score: Number correct. 13 14 13 16 17 17 SD MAX 4 18 4 18 Raven Progressive Nonverbal intelligence test involving spatial matrices. @I 35 42 Matrices Score: Number correct. 39 53 49 55 60 54 SD MAX 10 60 10 60 Verbal Concept Requires abstraction of verbal conceptual relationships. 21 21 Attainment Test Score: Number correct. 22 24 27 23 21 24 SD MAX 5.4 27 5.4 27 Buschke Memory Requires learning a 20-word list in a maximum of 12 trials with Total: Total/ List Test repetition of words omitted after each trial. Score: Maximum 14/20 17/20 18/20 19/20 20/20 20/20 is. /] 2 number words correctly remembered; List: Number words consis- List: SD 3/2* tently remembered. 8/20 14/20 11120 16/20 15/20 16/20 MAY 20/20 (9 trials) (7 trialu) Grooved Pegboard Requires insertion of 25 pegs in their holes in it pegboard. RT/LT RT/LT RT/LT RT/LT RT/LT RT/LT 61/66 70/7E Test Both RT and LT hand trials. Score: Total time (seconds). 76/74 69/70 58/67 59/67 72/70 48/50 SD 9/9 10/11 Spatial Relations Requires mental rotation and identification of figures rotated 60 52 28 28 Subtest of the PHA in two dimensions. Score: Number correct minus number of crrors. SD 14 14 Gottschaldt Hidden Requires tracing outline of simple figure hi@@den within lines Poor Avg. V. goo d Out st. Outst. Norte Figures Test of more complex figure. Score: Time and number correct. Ava ilable *Approximate; Y,Age <35; O,Age @@35. Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Qoe"QM 61JUED309994W0300100034-4 intelligence as measured by the Wechsler Adult intelligence Scale. All subjects were in the bright average to very superior range of intelligence with full scale IQ's ranging from 116 to 134, the average IQ being 125. Performance IQ's tended to be slightly higher than Verbal IQ's (126 average ver- sus 123). All other test performances ranged widely from the mildly below average to the very superior range. A consistent pattern of test results does emerge, however, when four of the subjects are looked at in a single group. These four subjects are S3 through S6. All tests which depended heavily on spatial abilities were extremely well performed by these subjects. The block design subtest of the WAIS is the most sensitive subtest to brain injuries which disrupt spatial abilities. Although these subjects obtained excellent WAIS scores in general, their near-per- fect performances on this subtest are significantly better than most of the other subtest scores. The Tactual Per- formance Test (TPT) is also very sensitive to brain dys- function involving spatial abilities. This test was ex- tremely well performed by these subjects with three of them obtaining total times of 7.7 minutes or less. Times of less than eight minutes are very rarely achieved on this test. The TPT and block designs are two of the most sensi- tive tests to variations in spatial ability. A third test, the spatial relations subtest of the Primary Mental Abilities test, was given to only two of the four subjects in this group. Again, very superior scores (quotient scores greater than 130) were obtained by each. This test is not highly correlated with general intelligence, and high scores in- dicate special proficiency in visual-spatial ability. Two additional tests which appear to measure general ability but which depend upon visual-perceptual ability for their correct performance were performed in the superior range. These are the Raven's Progressive Matrices and the Gottschaldt Hidden Figures. Other test performances varied substantially among these four subjects. Three of the four had difficulty on the Category Test and on the Buschke Memory Test. No sensible interpre- tation of these results is readily apparent. The two remaining subjects, Sl and S2, were quite different in their test performances from the above group. S2, who obtained the second highest full scale IQ, did well on the spatial tests described above but not as well as any of the four above. His spatial abilities appeared to be less well developed than his verbal skills. Sl was even less like the group than S2. His spatial test performances were only average for his age, and the TPT and Gottschaldt tests were poorly performed. 90 Approved For ReANGW %C?'A',ACF-R'FPE)-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For..ReleastffiffA. ftTfft1Y9Q&00300100034-4 In summary, the single, most compelling conclusion from the test data is that six subjects studied are of significantly above-average intellectual ability. In addition, there is consistent evidence that four of the six subjects were parti- cularly proficient on measures of visual and tactual spatial ability. The performance of tests which measure this ability is most seriously impaired by lesions which involve the right, posterior cerebral hemisphere. There is more than presumptive evidence that normal performance of these tests is mediated by the right hemisphere. Therefore, at least four of the subjects obtained test results consistent with proficiency on these right hemisphere related tasks. It should be pointed out that this finding can be, at best, considered as a basis for hypothesis formation regarding paranormal ability. Verification of such hypotheses would depend on the results of future research. The test results for S2 are not in conflict with the above interpretation. Those obtained for Sl, however, are in conflict with this hypothesis and are not readily reconciled with it. As pointed out above, further research is necessary to elucidate the relationship between spatial abilities, the right hemisphere and paranormal abilities. Nonetheless, it can be said at this point that many of the tasks per- formed by the group of subjects at SRI have at least a superficial resemblance to performances which require right hemisphere function. The similarities include the highly schematicized drawings of objects in a room or of remote scenes. Verbal identification of these drawings is often highly inaccurate, and the drawings themselves are frequently left-right reversed relative to the target configuration. Further, written material is generally not cognized. These characteristics have been seen in left brain-injured patients and in callosal sectioned patients. More relevant, perhaps, than right hemisphere functioning per se are the resemblances to a class of functioning known as associative visual agnosia. Associative visual agnosia involves the inability of a patient to name or otherwise identify objects which he is capable of seeing. Such patients who do not have more generalized intellectual impairment are rare, and only a few have been described in the neuro- logical literature. Several of these patients have demon- strated the ability to copy with pencil and paper the pic- ture or object which they failed to name. It is this quality which impressed me as being similar to the remote viewing performances of the SRI subjects. In a recent review of such casesio five patients were found who had the ability to draw an object without being 91 Approved For ReleashWtOIL2,4-Sl PF47E-[)999AO00300100034-4 WXF_1r'% & Approved For MeaseaffXt §IfffbOO999AM0300100034-4 U ;ifile to name it. These are the Patients renorted by Mack @-r 'Il. (19;1WO, Alhprt et al. (1975)11, Davidenkov (1956)12, Rubens and Benson (1971)i_@, and Lhermitte and Beauvois (1973)il. ,Irav-lngs and attempted namings of pictured material for one 4)L 1 he. vatients in trrie studies is shown in Figure 21. 11-1 JiLteRlDting to name an object, these patients would gen- @-ra@[y Pro(fuce inappropriate names which, nevertheless, --efiected some visual.. form characteristics of the object in ouestion. Their attempts seem forced and made in piece- mea@ fashion to various characteristics of the picture -ather thau to the Picture as a whole. In similar fashion Teuher's Patient (19/5)ITJ described the figure below as an -ipp@o wrth a worm and worm holes in it. T4e above uescriDtion and many of those in the references r.fe,@rlv illustrate that the patient sees the object and is Jhlf: to respond to at least some of its visual characteris- Lics. Mosi of the Lli-dwini!s in the references are sufficiently comp@.ete s(i that an ooserver would be able to name the obiect replesenteo. Yet the author or the drawing cannot do this. Chi,. type (!f defective performance was frequently seen in Lhe SRI- surjecLs when they were producing drawings in the remc?@_e viewing experiments. Two obvious differences exist, @iowever, between the patients with associative visual -ignusia and the SRI. sabjects. The SRI subjects are able I-o T#ame ob@ects avprupriaLely when pictures are presented f1irE,CtlV to the visual modality. The patients cannot do Lhic., and. in addition. these patients have a variety of Ocher visual disabiii-LieS. The latter difference is to be expeoted s-nce the paLienLs have substantial brain injury. Vhe @ocation of braln damage in associative visual agnosia is -fairly well established. Two disconnections appear necessary In order Lo oroduce this symptom. One involves aestructior of the left visual area as evidenced by the --!_g]A_- humomonous hemianopia invariably found in these pat:1 eri Ls. The seCUTICI involves isolation of the right N.Ji-sital are;i from speech areas in the lert hemisphere. This can be the resuiL 01 extensive destruction oL left visual .iSS(Wiarioi, areas or- oi..damage to the posterior portion of @Iie corpus callostim. The net result of these injuries is that. obiects cait 11)e seen because of visuaL input to the i_i.gi--r hemisphere visuai area but that they cannot be named because of-_ isolation ol this area from left hemisphere i @;inviiage areas. use ui these objects and the drawing of plctures c)j them can i)t-- accomplished because of intact p.itln,vavs wt.Lhin the right hemisphere. Approved For RelepsWVA4 _V .5 51"P+E7E)00999A000300100034-4 Approved Forii&ieaseUWLmLAIS-WFI-ED94WO300100034-4 FIGURE 21 DRAWINGS AND INTERPRETATIONS BY ASSOCIATIVE VISUAL AGNOSIA PATIENTS Copies of line drawings. Patient was unable to identify any before copying. After making copy, his identifications were top left, key - "I still don't know"; top right, pig - "Could be a dog or any other animal"; bottom left, bird - "Could be a beach stump"; bottom right, locomotive - "A wagon or a car of some kind. smaller one." icle is being pulled The larger veh by the 93 Approved For ReleaseUkdZL4AS &-bF+rD0b9A000300100034-4 Approved For--R61et7ffl!1F6JJ4<. 9tPVFV0999AM0300100034-4 it-is to specu-LaLe Oil the meaning Of Lhe similarity Detween the patienLS described above and the SRI subjects. I,'- ."loiiLd first be noted that the similarities are more than -ii-cial- in LhaL the verbal descriptions attempted by ()I the SRI subjects bear a striking resemblance in kin(J to those of tlie patient stiown in Figure It is as if @iev are strugg-Ling w-LL-h similar difficulties in verbai- JzJ-ng the image wfticti they can readily draw. in this regard ,.he IaLeralization involved is consistent with other indica- iio7is ot right hemispnere tunction in the SRI subjects. A @i@Lgldy speculative nypothesis is that during remote viewing IJ he subjects "see" a grossly degraded image which is not -1-1s.i inct enough to encode directly into a verbal. label. @Ien e Lhe oieceme-a-L. verbalization similar to that tound in parienus with assoc-1-ative visual agnosia. -t@.mirliary, LL- wuuid appear that the neuropsychoiogical data are compatible with the rlypotheses that (1) information received H a put.3tive i:ewote viewing mode is processed pi.ecemeai in pattern form (consistent with a low bit rate process but not necessarily requiring i-t) and (2) the errors arise in the processes oi aLLuiupil-ed integration ol i-he dita into larger pacterns di-rected toward verbal labeling. C. ldcatill-ication Ot Neui:-00 sioiogicai Correlates That Relate to @Iar@tn.ormal activities Thi,; part. oi the program had as its goal Lhe idenritication ol iieurophysioiogical correiaces ot .paranormai acLiv-LLY. The existence of !@uch correiates is hypothesized on the expectation Lhat, in addition to ol)Lainiri@-Y overt responses such as verbalizations or key presses from a ;;Ubject, it should be possible to obtain objective evidence of iniorma- Vion transler by direct mtz@.asui-emenc ol some physiological parameter oi !@ subjecL. Kamiya, Lindsley, Pribram, Silverman, Walter, and others brought Cogether to ctiscwss pitysiological methous to detect ESP tunction- Jiiv, foi exampie, have buggesced tftat a whole range of electroenceptiaio- gram (Ei--) responses--sucii as evoked potentials (EPs), spontaneous EEG, 'Llid the contingent negative variation (CNV)--might be sensitive indi- cators of the detection oL remote stiiiluii not mediated by usual sensory Processt2s. ib 11- piirpose ot un-Lb parL ot the study was twor.-old: (a) to obtain hifni-Tnai ioii about the neurophysiological state associat.ed with paranormai 1)4 Approved For Re1eaSJN?ML1Jk:Sr!5ff IED999AO00300100034-4 Approved Fo@&Iea . qfftE UffeLAS bD99UP00300100034-4 activity in general, and (b) to determine whether physiological correlates could be used as an indicator of paranormal functioning, hopefully to provide indicators that differentiate between correct and incorrect responses to a paranormally applied stimulus so that an independently-determined bias factor could be applied during the generation of data by a subject. Early experimentation of this type was carried out by Douglas Dean at the Newark College of Engineering. In his search for physio- logical correlates of information transfer, he used the plethysmograph to measure changes in the blood volume in a finger, a sensitive indica- tor of autonomic nervous system functioning. 17 A plethysmographic measurement was made on the finger of a subject during paranormal communication experiments. A sender looked at randomly selected target cards consisting of names known to the subject, together with names unknown to him (selected at random from a telephone book). The names of the known people were contributed by the subject and were to be of emotional significance to him. Dean found significant changes in the chart recording of finger blood volume when the remote sender was looking at those names known to the subject as compared with those names randomly chosen. Two other early experiments using the physiological approach were also published. The first work by Tart 18 and the later work by Lloyd 19 both follow a similar pattern. Basically, a subject is closeted in an electrically shielded room while his EEG is recorded. Meanwhile, in another laboratory, a second person is stimulated from time to time, and the time for that stimulus is marked on the magnetic tape recording of the subject's EEG. The subject does not know when the remote stimulus periods occur. At SRI three facilities are in use for the purpose described above. One is a standard EEG facility under the direction of Dr. Charles Rebert, Life Sciences Division. This facility consists of a visually opaque, acoustically and electrically shielded, double-walled steel room, as shown in Figure 22, a Grass Model 5 polygraph, and an Ampex 95 Approved For ReleaJJNCDLA:SS*if2D999AO00300100034-4 Approved For R'ge--a-'k'AG"il6&4SGMFqFEf)0999A"0300100034-4 w riv 0. mr-m Iii. ,;A-2fil 3-14 FIGURE 22 SHIELDED ROOM USED FOR EEG EXPERIMENTS 96 Approved For Relea"NCr!IL6*S(%E*UED0999AO00300100034-4 "C Approved For WeasetiNCiL4A&W*099UP0300100034-4 SP-300 magnetic tape recorder. The second facility is a standard EEG facility under the direction of Dr. Jerry Lukas, head of SRI's Sleep Studies program. This facility consists of two sound-isolated rooms with appropriate signal lead connections, an eight-channel polygraph for recording visually, and a magnetic tape/computer processing/printer readout that provides on-line processing of the polygraph data. In our configurationwe obtain a hardeopy printout of five-second averages of eight channels of polygraph information 15 minutes following a 15-minute run. At present we monitor broad band alpha (7 to 14 11z) and beta (14 to 34 Hz) brainwave components from the left and right occipital regions, galvanic skin response, and two channels of plethysmograph data (blood volume and pulse height). The third facility is a smaller, semiportable four-channel polygraph with a GSR channel, reflected-light plethysmograph indicating blood volume/pulse height, one channel of unfiltered EEG activity, and a fourth EEG channel with zero-crossing digital filtering, The last permits percent-time measurements in any band, with upper and lower band edge settings in one-hertz increments. Two lines of investigation were pursued in the SRI program. The first was basic in nature, an effort to determine whether, in a re- peatable experiment under laboratory conditions, the remote viewing of a specific stimulus (strobe light in another laboratory) would provide any evidence of EEG correlates. The second involved mid-experiment monitoring of a number of physiological parameters during routine experimentation in remote viewing. 1. Remote Strobe Experiment The following is a description of the first line of experi- mentation, the remote viewing of a strobe light stimulus. With regard to choice of stimulus, it was noted that in previous work others had attempted, without success, to detect evoked potential changes in a subject's EEG in response to a single flash stimulus observed by another subject. 20 In a discussion of that experiment, Kamiya suggested that because of the unknown temporal characteristics of the information channel, it might be more appropriate to use repetitive bursts of light 97 Approved For ReleasVMA;12455-kFFIA-1)999AO00300100034-4 Approved For,ftleal" OIILTIL6*S("fff D0999ftOO300100034-4 Ty ri Jo increase the Probablilltv of detecting information transfer. 'I There- i-ore, in our study we chose to use a stroboscopic flash train of ten seconds duration as the remote stimulus. Ii, r-be design of the study, we assumed that the application of the reino,@e stimuius wouid resuIt in responses similar to those obtained ander conditions of direct stimulation. For exaMDle. when an individual i,@; StiMiflated with a low-frequency (< 30 Hz) flashing light, the EEG typically shows a decrease in the ampLitude of the resting rhythm and a 42 driving of the brain waves at the frecuency of the flashes. We hVDO- Lhesized that if we stimulated one subject in this manner (a putative sender) the EEG of another subiect in a remote room with no flash Dresent (a receiveri might. show changes in narrow band alpha (9 to 11 Hz) activity and possibly an EEG driving similar to that of the sender, either by col.1pling to the sender's EEG,'@'3or by coupling directly to the stimulus. Ile i-iformed our subject (S4) that at certain times a light was to be flashed in a sender's eyes in a distant room, and if the subiect perceivec-i that event. consciously or unconsciously, it might be evident From chaTiges in his EEG output. The instructions to the subject are in accordance with requirements governing activities with human subjects (see Appendix B). The receiver was seated in the visually opaque, aroustic,--iliv and electricatly shielded double-walled steel room shown in Figure 22. The sender was seated in room about seven meters from the I't'Ce [Ver. A Grass PS-Z nhotostimulator placed about one meter in front kif the sender was used to T)resent flash trains of ten seconds duration. The receiver's EEG activitv from the occipital region (Oz), referenced co linked mastoids, was amDlified with a Grass 5P-1 Dreamplifier and .-SSOCiated driver amDliiier with a bandpass of 1 to 120 Hz. The EEG daLa Were@ recorded on ma2netic tape with an Ampex SP 300 recorder. On e.9oh triaL. a tone burst of fixed frequency was presented I.o both sender and receiver and was followed in one second by either a ten second train of flashes or a null flash interval presented to the sender. Thirty-six such trials were sziven in an experimental session, consisting 98 Approved For Relea's'bl'2'$CVIASSA-F&BOO999AO00300100034-4 Approved Fo~&leasU#4CPL2ASS4fPtED9WO0300100034-4 of 12 null trials--no flashes following the tone--12 trials of flashes at 6 fps and 12 trials of flashes at 16 fps, all randomly intermixed, determined by entries from a table of random numbers. Each of the trials generated an 11 second EEG epoch. The last 4 seconds of the epoch was selected for analysis to minimize the desynchronising action of the warning cue. This 4 second segment was subjected to Fourier analysis on a LINC 8 computer. Spectrum analyses gave no evidence of EEG driving in any receiver, although in control runs the receivers did exhibit driving when physically stimulated with the flashes. Data from seven sets of 36 trials each were collected from the subject on three separate days. This comprises all the data collected with this subject under the test conditions described above. The alpha band was identified from average spectra, then scores of average power and peak power were obtained from individual trials and subjected to statistical analysis. Figure 23 shows an overlay of the three averaged spectra from one of the subject's 36-trial runs, displaying differences in alpha activity for the three stimulus conditions. Mean values for the average power and peak power for each of the seven experimental sets are given in Table 20. The power measures were less in the 16 fps case than in the 0 fps in all seven peak-power measures and in six out of seven average-power measures. Note also the reduced effect in the case in which the subject was informed that no sender was present (Run 3). It seems that overall alpha production was reduced for this run in conjunction with the subject's expressed appre- hension about conducting the experiment without a sender. This is in contrast to the case (Run 7) in which the subject was not informed. Siegel's two-tailed t approximation to the nonparametric randomization test 24 was applied to the data from all sets, which in- cluded the two sessions in which the sender was removed. Average power on trials associated with the occurrence of 16 fps was significantly less (-24%) than when there were no flashes (t = 2.09, d.f. = 118, P < 0.04). 99 Approved For ReleasJJNQLASASJiFptgcQ99AO00300100034-4 Approved For Rgleat 6* S(R"EED0999A"0300100034-4 @j.@ 2b13-15 FIGURE 23 OCCIPITAL EEG FREQUENCY SPECTRA, 0 TO 20 Hz, OF SUBJECT S4 ACTING AS RECEIVER, SHOWING AMPLITUDE CHANGES IN THE 9 TO 11-11z BAND AS A FUNCTION OF STROBE FREQUENCY 100 Approved For Reled 'bWta/ACrthifbPM999AO00300100034-4 r A M 1%.w ft7-;3rl 10 Hz 15 Hz T'-lQEE CASES 0, 6 and 16 Hz flashes (12 trial averages) C z M Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 TABLE 20 EEG Data for Subject S4 Showing Average Power and Peak Power in the 9- to 11-Hz Band, as a Function of Flash Frequency and Sender. (Each Table Entry is an Average Over 12 Trials) Flash @Flash equency 7Sen er equency Sender @d 0 Average Power 6 16 Peak Power 0 6 16 J.L. 94.8 84.1 76.8 357.7 329.2 289.6 R.T. 41.3 45.5 37.0 160.7 161.0 125.0 No Sender 25.1 35.7 28.2 87.5 95.7 81.7 (Subject informed) J.L. 54.2 55.3 44.8 191.4 170.5 149.3 J.L. 56.8 50.9 32.8 240.6 178.0 104.6 R.T. 39.8 24.9 30.3 145.2 74.2 122.1 No Sender 86.0 53.0 52.1 318.1 180.6 202.3 (Subject not informed) Averages 56.8 49.9 43.1 214.5 169.8 153.5 -12% -24% -21% -28% (P <.04) (P <. 03) Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 14W z M Approved For Rel (NCOLOgkS-SIHP+E-000999WO300100034-4 IWAJ The second measure, peak power, was also significantly less (-28%) in the 16 fps conditions than in the null condition (t = 2.16, d.f. = 118, P < 0.03). The average response in the 6 fps condition was in the same direction as that associated with 16 fps (-12% in average power, -2-1% in peak power) but the effect did not reach statistical significance. As part of the experimental protocol, the subject was asked to indicate a conscious assessment for each trial (via telegraph key) as to the nature of the stimulus; analysis showed these guesses to be at chance. Thus, arousal as evidenced by significant alpha blocking occurred only at the noncognitive level of physiological response. Hence, the experiment provided direct physiological (EEG) evidence of perception of remote stimuli even in the absence of overt cognitive response. Several control procedures were undertaken to determine if these results were produced by system artifacts or by subtle cueing of the subject. Low-level recordings were made from saline of 12 kQ resis- tance in place of the subject, with and without the introduction of 10-Hz, 50-liV signals from a battery-operated generator. The standard experi- mental protocol was adhered to and spectral analysis of the results was carried out. There was no evidence in the spectra of activity associated with the flash frequencies, and the 10-Hz signal was not perturbed by the remote occurrence flicker. In another control prodecure, a 5-ft pair of leads was draped across the subject's chair (subject absent). The leads were connected to a Grass P-5 amplifier via its high-impedance input probe. The bandwidth was set 0.1 Hz to 30 1CHz with a minimum gain of 200,000. The output of the amplifier was connected to one input of a C.A.T. 400C "averager." Two-second sweeps, triggered at onset of the tone, were taken once every 13 seconds for approximately two hours, for about 550 samples. No difference in noise level between the fore period and the onset of flicker was observed. Finally, no sounds associated with flicker could be detected in the receiver's chamber. Three further experimental runs were carried out in the sleep lab under the direction of Dr. Lukas, this time with monitoring of 102 Approved For ReUN"ASS19-f-FUM 00 0 9 9 9AO 0 0 3 0 010 0 0 34-4 Approved For,.Relea*y"(L*.SIS-Vpq7E-E)99WO0300100034-4 right and left occipital regions. Each experiment consisted of 20 15-second trials, with 10 no-flash trials, and 10 16-Hz trials randomly intermixed. Reduction of alpha activity (arousal response) correlated with remote stimuli was observed as in previous experiments, but essen- tially only in the right hemisphere (average alpha reduction 16% in right hemisphere, 2% in left, during the 16-Hz trials as compared with the no-flash trials). This tends to support the hypothesis that para- normal functioning might involve right hemispheric specialization, but the sample is too small to provide confirmation without further work. In comparing the results of our work with that of others, we note that whereas in our experiments we used a remote light flash as a stimulus, Tart 18 in his work used an electrical shock to himself as sender, and Lloyd 19 simply told the sender to think of a red triangle each time a red warning light was illuminated within his view. Lloyd observed a consistent, evoked potential in his subjects; whereas in our experi- ments and in Tart's, a reduction in amplitude and a desynchronization of alpha was observed, an arousal response. (If a subject is resting in an alpha-dominant condition and he is then stimulated, for example in any direct manner, one will observe a decrease and desynchronization in alpha power.) We consider that these combined results thus provide evidence for the existence of noncognitive awareness of a remote stimulus, and the EEG procedures described appear to be sensitive techniques for detecting the occurrence of such information transfer, even in the absence of overt cognitive response, at least when used to detect discrete arousing stimuli. 2. Mid-Experiment Monitoring of Physiological Parameters During Routine Experimentation in Remote Y:iewing In this series of experiments measurements were obtained during a random selection of seven remote viewing experiments. The subject was connected to the physiological recording instruments of the smaller, semiportable four-channel polygraph described above. Baseline and experimental measures of the following observables were made: 103 Approved For ReleaUI46UASCSIFFb~FbQb999AO00300100034-4 Approved For RdletVt/f 6Kk gif Vrtf 0999AC00300100034-4 W6 fi-% fto @'A.) Galvanic skin response (GSR) was recorded using liiiyer electrodes taped in place on second and fourth fingers f-2) Blood volume/pulse height was recorded using a reflected-light pLethysmograph 0) Unfiltered EEG was recorded from the right occipital vegion ,Z4) Percent-time in alpha (8 to 12 Hz) was recorded on Hio fourth channeL; the alpha filter was a sharp cutoff 611-ital tvpe with essentially zero-pass outside the prescribed bandpass iimits. A sample chart record is shown in Figure 24. (Time runs from right to left.) The traces, too to bottom, are the unfiltered EEG, blood volume/ pu[se height, GSR, and filtered (alpha) EEG. 0iiringr the course of an experiment, the subject was asked to describe 'his perceptions as to the nature of the remote target. His rotinnents were r-cipe-recoraecl and noted on the polygraph, along with the @ime. A correiation was then attempted between ttiose descriptions that were found to be uniquely correct and accurate, and the corresponding sections Of D01vgraph recording. 14-ve -n experi-MeTILS 01 this type were carried out. In our inves- tigations we did not lind any significant corretations between the obsetved physiological parameters and the indicators of accuracy in the data. The I.--tilure c:o ooserve any physiological correlates of a [)utative "state" associated with paranormal functioning thus parallels tile similar failure to observe ally physiological correlates of the putative hypnoLic state reported by others. In a survey of the major li-Lerature on hvponsis by 6arbin and Slagle, entitled "Hypnosis and Psychophysiological Outcomes" :@''i , they cataloged experiments dealing with ME!asuremenLs of heart rate, hemodynamics and vasomotor functioning, genitourinary lunctions. gastrointestinal functions, endocrine and metabolic @unction@.,, cutaneous tuncLions, dermal. excretions, skin temperature, clecrrodermal changes, evoked potentials, spontaneous EEG activity, rapid eve movements, siow eye movements. optokinetic nystagmus, changes -104 Approved For ReleasipffC16A4 Qf16-PJJf tY0999AO00300100034-4 U a. AV-,% S S I Approved ForjR ,eleasJM/G+.A&WISD9qoOO300100034-4 i 7 -j -T-- -7 F -T F F 1 _Irv A! y7w (a) PERCENT ALPHA (5 sac INTEGRATION) (b) GSR t (c) PLETHYSMOGRAPH 7-F T 7 7 7 F -4- - t L ILL 1. Mill 1 4- (d) RAW 4 M 4 k I" i 4-1 1-1 4-1 J t AB l H il - 77 L I SA-3183-10 FIGURE 24 POLYGRAPH DATA Correct verbal description given during time interval t AB' 105 Approved For ReleaseUt4r&L4AcS&bF*Db9AO00300100034-4 Approved For RL§teaVe'249,&A'AA-FAAI-10999AftO3OOlOOO34-4 in pupillary diameter, and ocular anatomy. Their conclusion is that "rhere is no evidence for a physiological process that could serve as an indeperadent criterion of the postulated hypnotic state." Similarly, WE! found no evidence in tfie ohysiological processes that we monitored Liiiat: couid serve as an indicator of the postulated paranormal state beyond the general EEG arousal response observed for discrete stimulus cnnditions. D. Idenrification of the- Nature of Paranormal Fienomena and Energy Tbis portion of the Drogram was devoted to efforts to understand Lhe nature and scope or oaranormal phenomena, including investigation ot the plivsical- laws underivinp, the phenomena. I. ExperimenrswitriPhvsical Apparatus J. ExperimenLS with Geiger Counter serie,@ '-f experiments were conducted with subject Sl to determine whether a Geiger counter in the y-rav mode (i.e., beta shiel.d in place) would register subject-directed efforts. -"he outnu- o- a Geiger counter,* fed into a Monsanto Model 1020 counter/timer. indicated that the background count due to cosmic ravs was approximar-eiv 35 counts/minute. Experimental protocol required t--he subject to trv to change the registered count by concen- tration on the Geiger counter probe from a distance of about 0.5 m. Each run consisted of 15 60-s trials, with 10-s separations between the trials. Preceding each run was a control run of equal duration. 'the resiiltq- shown in 1.able 21, indicate no effect of statistical significance. either in the mean or s@:andard deviation of counts. Table 21 ('.t,JGFR CMUNTER E37PERIIIETTT S=fARY Control Rut-is Experimental Runs Run Mean Standard Deviation Mean Standard Deviation 1 36.07 5.73 35.33 6.00 2 34,87 6.23 33.87 7.27 1 3%.87 5.88 34.00 5.25 3 5: . 20 5.09 35.67 5. 7 7 OCD11 Item No. CD V-700. Model No. 66. Electro-Neutronics, Inc., Oakland, California. IS Approved For Release 209 /0;K/,,J' @#JQPZ9-00999AO00300100034-4 UNU ED Approved Fo~ZeleaMNCLA-55-LEAfg-099WWO0300100034-4 b. Experiments with Laser-Monitored Torsion Pendulum In this series of experiments we examined the posstbility that a subject may be able to exert a physical influence on a remotely located mechanical system. The target was a torsion pendulum suspended by a metal fiber inside a sealed glass bell jar. The pendulum consists of three 100-g balls arranged symmetrically at 120' angles on a 2-cm radius. The entire apparatus is shock mounted, and protected from air currents by the bell jar. The angular position of the pendulum is measured by means of an optical readout system. The system consists of a laser beam from a low-power argon laser* reflected from a small mirror on the pendulum onto a position-sensing silicon detectortl.5 m from the pendulum. The detector yields an output voltage proportional to spot position. The output from the detector is monitored by a chart recorder'@, which provides a continuous sine wave record of pendulum position. The system exhibits a sensitivity of approximately 10prad. Under typical experimental conditions, random acoustical fluctuations drive the pendulum in its torsional normal mode of 10-s period to a level -100@jrad angular deviation. During control runs the pendulum executes harmonic motion with a maximum variation in amplitude of ±10% over an hour period. Sudden vibrational perturbations in the environ- ment (artifacts) produce oscillation of the pendulum in the vertical plane at 0.1 11z. The subject is asked, as a mental task, to affect the pendulum motion, the results of which are available as feedback from the chart recorder. The subject is then encouraged to work with the pendulum from a distance of 1 m, observing effects being produced. If satisfied that there is a possibility of producing effects, the subject is removed to a room 22 m down the hall with three intervening office spaces to determine whether effects can be produced from a remote loca- tion. The subject is provided feedback at the remote location either by closed circuit video or by a second chart recorder in parallel with Spectra Physical Model 262. tUnited Detector Technology Model SC/10. Brush Model Mark 200. 107 Approved For Releas4MAGJAfVWI&D99AO00300100034-4 Approved For Meat fqtfArCJAiFprJDM999AM300100034-4 ,1 331 the recorder in the enclosed target laboratory. The remote aspect was instituted both to prevent artifactual effects from body heat, motion, and the like, and also Lo determine w'lether eneri@v can be coupled via the remote-viewing channel to a remote location.* hi an exr)eriment, timing of subJect efforts to increase or decrease oscillation amplitude are determined by an experimenter utilizing a randomization protocol described in Appendix C. Each ex- periment lasts one hour and consists of six five-minute work periods :ilternated with six five-minute rest periods. Although there appeared to be some evidence in pilot .-3tudies that a subject could, by concentration, increase or decrease pendulum motion on commana, data taken in three controlled experiments produced 11 changes in rhe correct direction out of 18 tries, a result aonsignificant at D = 0.24 by exact binomial calculation. _xp_eriment_s with Superconducting Differential Yl@u,;netometer (Gradiometer) @ne ol the Ti f 'irst psychoenergetically produced physical etfects observed by SRI personnel in early research (1972) was the ."ipparent perturbation ot a josephson effect magnetometer. 2:' The conditions of that pilot study, involving a few hours use of an instru- meric conimitted to other research, prevented a proper investigation. The number of data samples was too few to permit meaningful statistical analysis, and the lack of readily available multiple recording equipment prevented investigation orl possible "recorder only" effects. At the suggestion of the sponsor, a series of experiments was carried ouL using the superconducting second-derivative gradiometert shown in FiRure 25. 11oth experimental evidence and theoretical work indicate that distance iiiav not be a strong iactor in paranormal phenomena. See, for example, oitndaLions of Paraphvsi-cal and Parapsychological Phenomena,' by E.H. Walker, U.S. Armv Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Marvland.26 Develco Model 8805, Develco, Inc., Mountain View, California. @1.08 Approved For Rele.*# W(L6* S(%C*Cdm 999AO00300100034-4 T ETJO Approved For,,&Iease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-0099QM00300100034-4 UNCLASSIFIED W- Approved For Rftease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AN0300100034-4 1,,INCLASSIFIED @',asicallv, the gradiometer is a four-coil Josephson effect magnetOME-Eer device consisting of a pair of coil pairs wound so as to provide a series connection of two opposing first-derivative gradiometers, yielding a second-derivative gradiometer (that is, a device sensitive only to second- and higher-order derivative fields). As a result, the device iF, relatively insensitive to uniform fields and to uniform gradi- ents. This arrangement allows for sensitive measurement of fields from nearby sources while discriminating against relatively uniform magnetic lields produced by remote sources. The device is ordinarily used to Liieasure magnetic fields originating from processes within the human body, such as action currents in the heart that produce magnetocardiograms. The sensitive tip of the instrument is simply placed near the body area ol interest. in our aPI)iication, however, the subject is located in . a .n adjoining laboratory at a distance of 4 m from the gradiometer probe. As a resui-t the subject is located in a zone of relative insensitivity, for exampte, standing up, sitting duwn, leaning forward, and arm and leg movements produce no signals. From this location the subject is asked, as a menr.al task, to affect the probe. The results of his efforts are available to him as feedback from three sources: an oscilloscoDe, a panel meter, and a chart recorder, the latter providing a permanent record. 'A protocoi tor subject participation was instituted as follows. The subject removes all metal objects from his clothing and body, and Lhe effects of body movements are checked at the start of each ex- perimentai period. The subject then works with the machine in a learning iiiode, observing effects being produced, if any, via feedback from the tastrumentation. Once satisfied that a possibility exists Of producing effects on command under experimenter control, the experimenter announces the start ot the experiments. A randomization protocol (discussed in Appendix C) is then used to generate ten ON (subject activity) and OFF (subject no activity) periods of equal length (e.g., 25 s each as determined by the experimenter. 1 1.0 Approved For Release 200e/t6;/K4~ti-HPiUO999AO00300100034-4 U N Approved For,&IeasUfM2AgiSIPM009R&000300100034-4 The trace from the chart recording of a sample run (Run 1, Subject sl) is shown in Figure 26. The randomly generated ON (activity) trial, s occurred in periods 2, 8, and 9. As observed, signals appear in each of these three periods. The signal appearing in period 9 was strong enough to cause loss of continuous tracking. This latter type of signal can be the result of an exceptionally strong flux change or an RF burst, whether subject-generated or artifactual*, and is handled on the basis of statistical correlation as discussed below. An artifact due to the passage of a truck in the parking lot adjacent to the laboratory (under continuous surveillance by the experimenter) is noted in period 6. The signals recorded in periods 2 and 8 correspond to an input of approxi- mately 1.6 x 10-9 Gauss/cm2 (second derivative 3 2Bz/DZ2), which is equiva- lent to approximately 3.5 x 10-7 Gauss referred to one pickup coil. The interpretation of such observations must be subjected to careful analysis. For example, the emphasis on "corresponds to" is based on the following: although the probe is designed to register magnetic fields, and the simplest hypothesis is that an observed signal is such, in a task as potentially complex as willed perturbation effects one must be cautious about assigning a given observed effect to a specific cause. One can only conclude that generation of a magnetic field is the most probable cause, without presuming to identify a particular source. With regard to signal display, the signal was observed simultaneously on three recording devices at different stages of the electronics, and thus a "recorder only" effect can be considered low probability, although an electronics interference effect ahead of all display cannot be ruled out. We therefore treat the magnetic cause as tentative, although most probable, and concentrate our attention on-whether a correlation exists between system disturbances and subject efforts. Thirteen ten-trial runs were obtained with SI. Each of the ten trials in the run lasted 50 seconds-;-, the activity/no-actLvity RF interference effects are sometimes in evidence due to noise bursts from other instrumentation. tWith the exception of the first run where 25-second trials were used. III Approved For ReleaM$iCPLA:S64fi-B-D999AO00300100034-4 Approved For R leas tMeEASSTFIEV 99A'6"300100034-4 PERIODS 10 4 BASELINE END OFF ON ON 3:1, re- spectively, paralleling our results. 28 d. Discussion of Physical Perturbation Effects One significance of the perturbation of remote sensitive equipment lies in the indication that the remote-sensing channel may Superconducting Technology Cryogenic Magnetometer. 1.13 Approved For ReleaUf4rmLtA.S4*tFDgb999AO00300100034-4 Approved For R61e""qVL0*5:Sr";ff 1DO0999AM0300100034-4 possess a bilateral aspect. That is, there is the possibility that an information-bearing signai can be coupled from an individual to a re- mote location as well as in reverse. thus implying that the information channel under consideration may sustain information transfer in either direction. he above concept has a rigorous basis in quantum theory in the so-called "observer problem." the effect of an observer on experi- mental measurement. In quantum theory it is recoRnized that although the evolution of a physical system proceeds deterministically on the basis of Schrodinger's equation (or its equivalent), the result of a calcula- 1A.on is not in veneral the prediction of a well-defined value for some experimental variable. Rather, it is the prediction of a range of possibilities with a certain distribution of probabilities. In a given measurement, nowever, some particuiar value for a variable is actually obtained., which implies that an additional event--so-called state vector coltapse--must take place during the measurement process itself and in a manner that is uni)rediCLEIbie except T)robabilistically. Analysis of the significance of this latter process leads inescapably to the conclusion that to the degree that consciousness is involved in observation and measure- wenr (,ana it always is). r-o that degree consciousness must also be seen Lo Lntera(-,t with the physical environment and to participate in the collapse ot the state vector. Eliurzs to extract quantum theory from this conclu- .@;ion by, for example, an iu.Linite regression of measuring apparatus, have Droved unsuccessfui. These conclusions, arrived at by theorists I Q such as Wigner,- imply the possibility of nontrivia] coupling between consciousness aud quantum st:ates o! the physical environment at, an extremely fundamental leve-L. Such a realization has led to theories Of Daranormai phenomena modeied on the basis of this so-called "ob- server problem" in quantum theory. lip T)heiiouieria implied by the observer problem are generally unobservable on the gross macroscopic scale for statistical reasons. This is codified in the tliermodynamic concept that tor an isolated sNstem entropy (disorderi on. the average increases, effectively masking 1-be microscopic observer efrects. it is just this requirement of i4 Approved For ReleLJMGLASSl-E4lED0999AO00300100034-4 Approved FoK&Iea+JNtml/3k:!;S*it~-D99WO0300100034-4 isolation, however, that can be expected to be weakened under conditions of efforts at paranormal perturbation via the remote-sensing channel, and it can be argued that observer effects would be maximally operative in just those situations where the intrusion of consciousness as an ordering phenomenon could result in a significant local reversal of entropy increase. These considerations lead to the following series of conceptualizations or hypotheses around which future experiments can be designed. (1) Researchers in the area of willed pertur- bation effects appear to be plagued by results whose amplitudes have a signal-to-noise ratio near unity, regardless of the process or mechanism involved. This may indicate that, rather than simple perversity, what is being articulated by the experimental results is a coherence pheno- mena involving partial mobilization of system noise, as if the components of the noise spectrum had been brought into phase coherence, and thus the mag- nitude constraint. The subject would thus appear to act as a local negentropic (that is, entropy- decreasing) source. If true, it may be more advantageous as a practical matter to work with extremely noisy systems, rather than with highly constrained or organized systems, so as to maxi- mize possible effects due to the introduction of order. (2) Willed perturbation effects often appear to be more the result of coincidence that the effect of a well-defined cause. Again, rather than being the result of the perversity of nature, the ob- served goal-oriented synchronicity may indicate that physical systems are more easily manipulated 115 Approved For ReleaU NUA S.SIFE)WA1999AO00300100034-4 Approved For R6tlefjT40erWt§lfffl7b00999AO-00300100034-4 4 Lhe @4_1u6ai level of boundary conditions and .1@iistraint:_s rather than at the level of mechan- @-Jfl .filtals, Lhe apparency that a given resuit Jav be exDiained away by a coincidental but i.-,aturall' e-,,,ent needs to be explored more fully. @InexDected but natural causes may oe the effect @1I;I Serlus 01 causal links, outside the defined 'XPerifl1e_T1t.a_t. buundaries but representing an un- (weseen tine ut least resistance. At worst, such :11*;a], links mav in fact be unobservable in the 1@cnse ui t-ne hidden variables concept in cuan- nm. theorv, but nevertneiess act as instruments Ofe W__L i L. 'i Willed perturbation effects appear to be t!L.rinSiC@Hiiv spontaneous: i.e., it is difficult 0 Pvc)ke sucri e-ifects "on cue," with the result hat the i)henomenon is often considered to not be _oou conuol, and therefore not amenable L, conL.r(,i fed experimentation. This difficulty pr-iouncea that it is likely that we are 4)serviTWY some macroscopic analog of a quanLum i@ @ . . . milarly unpredictable in ITISILIOn. an event s-L .-iTne exceuL as a probability function. if the ,y s correct, experimentation in this area L,aiov Jmplv needs to be treated in the manner of, for Weak p6oton experiments. A) Possibiv related to Item (3), the more closelv @ne atteinuts to observe willed perturbation effects, he les--; tikely one is to see tftem, a I Iactor con- :Idered 6v many to SUPDort hypotheses of poor @DserVaLIUUII. fraud, and the like. To a sophis- ,,@ared (.),servet, however, simple dismissal does Approved For Releatt4g"OjkS.SMMMWEID00999AO00300100034-4 !,-,f %o 16 1 ir YL Approved FocZeleasbLW 4/2A:SlS-Ffl7E-D999WO0300100034-4 Mr a. A not stand up under scrutiny. Invoking again the idea of a microscopic analog of a quantum transition, we may, as observers of delicate phenomena, be witnesses to observer effects generally associated with the uncertainty prin- ciple. Paradoxically, from the subject's view- point, the production of the phenomena may also be an observer effect, perturbing as it does the expected behavior of a piece of instrumentation. In this model the scrutiny of psychokinetic pheno- mena under laboratory conditions could in prin- ciple be considered to be a collective phenomena involving interfering observer effects in a manner known to occur at the microscopic quantum level. (5) Finally, it may be useful as a guiding prin- ciple to continually recognize that all of the phenomena we deal with in macroscopic psycho- energetics are totally permissible at the micro- scopic level within the framework of physics as presently understood. It is simply that time reversibility, tunneling through barriers, simul- taneous multiple-state occupation, and so on are generally unobservable as gross macroscopic phen- omena for statistical reasons only, as codified in the concept of increasing disorder (entropy). Therefore, it may be appropriate to consider an individual with psychokinetic abilities primarily as a source of ordering phenomena of sufficient magnitude so as to restructure the otherwise random statistics of the macroscopic environment. 2. Disscussion of Possible "Me chan isms"' in Remote V With regard to the wider problem of the remote-viewing channel itself, beyond the specific aspects of equipment perturbation via 117 Approved For Relea ' ILI" i2A63&lfq-i-[)999AO00300100034-4 AMC Approved For R4teU4*Gt*f) §ItrRtE7E)00999A%0300100034-4 this channel there is considerable current interest in cuantum theory in the iTTIDlications broughr on by the observation of nonlocal. correlation or '4quantum interconnectedness" (to use Bohm's term 32 ) of distant uarts o-f quantum svstems of macroscoDic dimensions. Bell's theorem 3__ emphasizes that no theorv of reality compatible with quantum Liheory can require spatially separated events to be independent, but must permit interconnecredness of distant events in a manner that is "contrary" to "commonsense" concepts. 35,303 This prediction has been experimentaily tested and confirmed in the recent experiments of, for exampie, f@reedman and Glauser._@ 0,31 F.H. Walker and 0. Costa de Beauregard, independently proposing Eneories of paranormal functioning based on quantum concepts, argue tnac observer effects open the door to the possibility Of nontrivial coupling between consciousness and the environ- ittent, anc, that the nontocaiitv principle permits such coupling to 26, 3 7 Lransceno spatial and teMDoral barriers. An alt-ernative rIVDOthesis (that is, alternative to the specific@-O_Iy quantum hypothesis) has been put forward by I.M. Kogan, Chairman of the Bioinformation Section of the Moscow Board of the Popov Society, USSR. He is a Soviet engineer who until 1969 published extensivel-y in the Open iiterature on the theory of paranormal communi- cation. 3(--41 His hypothesis is that information transfer under con- ditions of sensory shielding is mediated by extremely-low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves in the 300- to 1000-km region, a proposal which does aot seem to be ruled out by any obvious physical or biological facts. ExperimeriLal support for the hypothesis is claimed on the basis of: -;lower than inverse-square attenuation, compatible with source-per- @@.]_.pient distances lying in the induction field range as opposed to the radiation field rang ge: observed low bit rates (0.005 to 0. bit/s) 4_,omparible with the information-carrying capacity of ELF waves; apparent ineffectiveness of ordinarv electromagnetic shielding as an attenuator; and standard antenna caicuiations entailing biologically generated ,--urrents vielding results compatible with observed signal-to-noise ra t io s. ;t*IELASSILEbE7E)OO999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Releks Approved For, ReleasUWRA SSJPrEIDN@AQ00300100034-4 4W@ M. Persinger, Psychophysiology Laboratory, Laurentian University, Toronto, Canada, has narrowed the ELF hypothesis to the suggestion that the 7.8-Hz "Shumann waves", and their harmonics propagating along the earth-ionosphere waveguide duct, may be responsible. Such an hypothesis is compatible with driving by brain-wave currents, and leads to certain hypotheses, such as asymmetry between east-west and we3t-east propagation, preferred experimental times (midnight to 4'a.m.) , and expected negative correlation between success and the U index (a measure of' geo- magnetic disturbance throughout the world). Persinger claims initial support for these factors on,the basis' of A literature search. 42,43 On the negative side with regard to a straightforward ELF interpretation as a blanket hypothesis are: (a) apparent real-time descriptions of remote activities in sufficient detail to require a channel capacity in all probability greater than that allowed by a conventional modulation of an ELF signal: (b) lack of a proposed mechanism for coding and decoding the information onto the proposed ELF carrier; and (c) apparent precognition data. The hypothesis must nonetheless remain open at this stage of research, since it is con- ceivable that counterindication (a) may eventually be circumvented on the basis that the apparent high bit rate results from a mixture of low- bit-rate input and high-bit-rate "filling in the blanks" from imagina- tion; counterindication (b) is common to a number of normal perceptual tasks and may therefore simply reflect a lack of sophistication on our part with regard to perceptual functioning; 44 and counterindication (C) may be accommodated by an ELF hypothesis if advanced waves as well as retarded waves are admitted. 27,45 Experimentation to determine whether the ELF hypothesis is viable can be carried out by the use of ELF sources as targets, by the study of parametric dependence on pro- pagational directions and diurnal timing, and by the exploration of interference effects caused by creation of a high-intensity ELF environ- ment during experimentation, all of which are under consideration as part of a proposed follow-up program in our laboratory. 1.19 Approved For Releasv;N!QLAStSMA-BID999AO00300100034-4 Approved For FM tPNIC2LOA2SSVMD00999AM0300100034-4 The above ar-gumenr-s are not intended to indicate that we understand the precise nature of the information channel couDlinR remote @!vents ancl human perception. Rather, we intend only to show that modern Lheorv is not without resources that can be brought to bear on the pro- blems at hand, and it is our expectation that these problems will. with further work, yield to analysis and specification. I -? 0 Approved For ReIqIM--WLQAMW-(B:LQM M-N&D-00999A000300100034-4 Approved For,,ReleasLW-CLASkS-kEJTD-099WO0300100034-4 3. Communication Theory Approach to Channel Utilization Independent of the mechanisms that may be involved in remote sensing, observation of the phenomenon implies the existence of an infor- mation channel in the information-theoretic sense. Since such channels are amenable to analysis on the basis of communication theory techniques, channel characteristics, such as bit rate, can be determined independent of a well-defined underlying theory in the sense that thermodynamic con- cepts can be applied to the analysis of systems independent of underlying mechanisms. Therefore, the collection of data under specified conditions permits headway to be made despite the formidable work that needs to be done to clarify the underlying bases of the phenomena. One useful application of the communication channel concept was the utilization of such a channel for error-free transmission of informa- tion by the use of redundancy coding. The experiment was carried out by Dr. Milan Ryzl, a chemist with the Institute of Biology of the Czecho- slovakian Academy of Science. He reasoned that a paranormal channel exhibits the attributes of a communication channel perturbed by noise, and that redundancy coding could be used to combat the effects of the noisy channel in a straightforward application of communication theory. 8 Ryzl had an assistant randomly select five groups of three decimal digits each. These 15 digits were then encoded into binary form and translated into a sequence of green and white cards sealed in opaque envelopes. With the use of a subject who has produced highly significant results with many contemporary researchers, 46-51 he was able, by means of redun- dant calling and an elaborate majority vote protocol, to correctly identify all 15 numbers, a result significant at p = 10-15. The experi- ment required 19,350 calls, averaging nine seconds per call. The hit rate for individual calls was 61.9 percent, 11,978 hits and 7,372 misses. 4-r Note added in proof. It has been brought to procedure was used to transmit without error national Morse Code; J.C. Carpenter "Toward Enhanced Weak-Signal ESP Effects," presented the American Association for the Advancement Jan. 27, 1975. 121 our attention that a similar the word "peace," in Inter- the Effective Utilization of at the annual meeting of of Science, New York, Approved For ReleasVIOIQL14k-~a-WA-PO999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Me -Dae/p6&4CSifliED0999A%0300100034-4 ASTM 16#-%60 As discussed in the section on the random target generator, the bit rate is calculated from 'I(X) - Y! (X) where li(x), is the uncertainty of the source message containing symbols with a prl-ori probabilitv p, plog 2PI ,'Ind H,,,(:x) is the conditional entropy based on the a posteriori probabil- it-Jes that- a received sianal was actuaLly transmitted, (XP P 1092P I P'or the a6ove run, with D, 1/2, p 0.619, and an average time of nine seconds per choice, we have a source uncertainty H(x) = 1 bit and a t-alculatec bit rate 0-041 blts/symbol 0.()()4h bits/second. Since the 15-digit number (49.8 bits) was actually transmitted at the rate of 2.9 x 10-4 bits per second, an increase in bit rate by a factor ,A about A could be expected on the basisot a coding scheme more optimum @:han that used in the eXDeriments. The actual bit: rate is roughly the -3ame as tiat observed in our random target generator experiment discussed An excel-lent redundancy coding techniqUE! for a communication c.tiannei is the sequentiai sampling procedure used earlier in Section II-B ior the si-.rting of SW from non-SW cards. In this application of the se- quential sampling procedure, one would first express the message to be ;ent as a series of binarv digits, encoded, for example, as shown in Vable 2:2. The sequential- method then gives a rule of procedure for making .)tie of three possible decisions following the.receipt of each bit: Accept 1 as the bit bein@4 transmitted; reject I as the bit being transmitted 172 Approved For Relel-AMMM W-HEYD0999A000300100034-4 Approved For,&PleasUIAC". SUFFMO999WO300100034-4 TABLE 22 Five-Bit Code for Alphanumeric Characters E 00000 Y 01000 T 11111 G,J 10111 N 00001 W 01001 R 11110 V 10110 1 00010 B 01010 0 11101 0 10101 A 00011 1 01011 S'X'Z 11100 2 10100 D 00100 3 01100 H 11011 4 10011 L 00101 5 01101 11010 6 10010 C,K.Q F 00110 7 01110 P 11001 8 10001 U 00111 9 01111 M 11000 10000 Note: Alphabet characters listed in order of decreasing frequency in English text. See, for example, A. Sinkov, Elementary Cryptanalysis --A Mathematical Approach.52 (The low frequency letters, XIZ,K,Q, and J have been grouped with similar characters to provide space for numerics in a five-bit code.) In consideration of the uneven distribution of letter frequencies in English text, this code is chosen such that 0 and I have equal probability. (i.e., accept 0); or continue transmission of the bit under consideration. As discussed earlier, use of the sequential sampling procedure requires the specification of parameters that are determined on the basis of the following considerations. Assume that a message bit (0 or 1) is being transmitted. In the absence of a priori knowledge, we may assume equal probability (p = 0.5) for the two possibilities (0,1) if an encoding procedure like that of Table 22 is used. Therefore, from the standpoint of the receiver, the probability of correctly identifying the bit being transmitted is p = 0.5 because of chance alone. An operative remote t23 Approved For ReleasY 4424 WFA-90999A000300100034-4 Approved For R6Ie*jPjC/L6*SSjfqf CP0999AT00300100034-4 z_;ensing channel could then be expected to alter the probability of cor- reer- identification to a value D = 0.5 + @, where the parameter $ satis- Lies 0 < < 0.5. (The quantity may be positive or negative, depending on whether the paranormal channel results in so-called psi-hitting or psi- iiiissing.) Good psi functioning on a repetitive task is observed to result Ln O@ 10.12, as reported -'Dv Ryzl. 4 Therefore, to indicate the design procedure, let us assume a baseline psL parameter 0.1 and design a @-ommunicarion svstem on this basis. TIDL.- qi@astion to be addressed is whether. upon repeated trans- inission, a given message bit is labeled a "1" at a low rate p 0 commensurate @.vitii the hypothesis H', that the bit in question is a "0", or at a higher rate P, commensurate witri the hypothesis H I that the bit in question is indeed a "I". The decision making process requires the specification of I our parameters : i 7itV of p-. Tqe proba6 I labeling incorrectly a "0" message The probability of labeling correctly a V@Tl as a "0" is p = 0.5 + @1@ = 0.6. Therefore, the probabi-LiUV of labeling incorrectly a "0" as a "l" is - 4 = 1) 0 * -'aoility of labeling correctly a "i" message bit PI he proD .A@I a "t", given by p, = 0.5 + 0.6. (t: probaoility of rejecting a correct identification ` 0 " (Tvp eI error). We shall take a = 0.01. -jra Probaoi-Lity of accei)ting an incorrect identitication ','.-,rpe Il error). We shall take 6 = 0.01. the Darameters thus specified, the sequential sampling pro- cedure provides for consEruction of a decision graph as shown in Figure The equations for the upper and lower limit lines are, respectively, + sn 0 + where I.o 97-- Approved For ReleL44*0&61&A.%ItrRtE7000999AO00300100034-4 jr__% %V Approved For Release 2L%W4LjMjfjeDW00300100034-4 U) z (D Lu 50 < 0 z 0 LU Lu :D = 0 40 L) m t-- U) 2 LU LL 30 0 U) Cn cr Lu LU 2 20 F- LU z (D Lu 10 > F- z < 0 - DECISION 1 Accept "'I" as the Bit Being Transmitted ECISION 3 Continue ransmission I 51T] I bN I U I I DECISION 2 Accept "0" as the Bit Being Transmitted 1 D 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 NUMBER OF TRIALS TA-760525-8 FIGURE 27 ENHANCEMENT OF SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO BY SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING PROCEDURE (po = 0.4, P, = 0.6, a = 0.01, 0 = 0.01) 125 Approved For ReleaseWtUAi&&Wi-E)1)9AO00300100034-4 Approved For FMeqsp rt-"IUJtsf-'J&fitTlYO999AN0300100034-4 RX: 151 "JP And P_, A cumulative record of receiver-generated responses to the target bit is comDiled until either the upper or lower limit line is reached, at which 00int a decision is made to accept 0 or 1 as the bit being transmitted. Ch@innel_ reliablLity (probability of correctly determining itiessage being transmitted) as a function of operative psi. parameter $ is I)IoCted in Figure 28. As observed, the sequential. sampling procedure can resui@_ in 90 percent or greater reliability with psi parameters of' Lhe order of a few perceilL. Figure 29 indicates the average number of trials required to reach a decision on a given message bit. The average number or trials falls ott rapidly as a function ct increasing psi param- :,Lers 0 1 lippi-ementation oi the sequential sampling procedure requires r.he transmission of a message coded in binary digits. Therefore, the f:arget space must consist ot dichotomous elements such as the white and Preen cards useci in the experiments by Ryzl. in operation, a sequence corresponding to the target bit (0 _)r 1) is sent and the cumulative entries are made (Figure 21) until a decision is reached to accept eiLher a I or 0 as the bit being transmitted. At a prearranged time, the next sequence is begun and continues as above iintil the entire message nas been received. A useful alternative, which relieves the percipient of the burden of being aware of his self- contradiction from trial to trial, consists of cycling through the entire message repetitively, entering each response on its associated graph initil a decision has been reached on ail message bits. From tne resu_Lts obtained in such experiments, the channel bit rate can be ascertained iut the system configuration under consideration. 1 ".6 Approved For Relea$; NIMIL61M S(MEtMED0999AO00300100034-4 _16 . N., IME L Vt I Approved ForaeleasetMOLAIS-StF+IPDWO0300100034-4 1.0 ($ "0E In 0.8 c 0 > cn :tc 0.6 0 0.4 E t _j - 'E M - 0.2 Lu 0 (psi parameter) TA-760525-9 FIGURE 28 RELIABILITY CURVE FOR SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING PROCEDURE (Po = 0.4, p, = 0.6, 0.01, 0.01) 127 Approved For ReleaseUNCLAcSSAFIE(D9AO00300100034-4 +0.4 +0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 Approved For Meat&& --l-la -ongggAIN0300100034-4 140 UJ z u- 100 C) w = Z uc; ui 0 u ca- En c) 60 ui < 46 C C LAJ Cc 0 20 u- Lu (0 FIGURE 29 AVERAGE SAMPLE NUMBER FOR SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING PROCEDURE (p. = 0.4, p, = 0.6, 0.01, U = 0.01) 128 Approved For ReleasipVMtDlt2A.: Sl fpff-&99AO00300100034-4 1@@ 5- 0. 4 +0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 0 (psi parameter) Approved For ReleasPUWA UMALP999A000300100034-4 '%@ %Wwr Furthermore, bit rates for other degrees of reliability (i.e., for other P09piq a, and @) can be estimated by construction of other decision curves over the same data base and thus provide a measure of the bit rate per degree of reliability. In summary, the procedures described here can provide a speci- fication of the characteristics of a remote sensing channel under well- defined conditions. These procedures also provide for a determination of the feasibility of such a channel for particular applications. 4. Soviet Efforts This discussion would be incomplete if we did not mention certain aspects of the current state of research in the USSR. Since the 1930s in the laboratory of L. Vasiliev (Leningrad Institute for Brain Research), there has been an interest in the use of paranormal communication as a method of influencing the behavior of a person at a distance. In Vasiliev's book Experiments in Mental StIggestion, 53 he makes it clear that the bulk of his laboratory's experiments were aimed at long-distance communication and what we would today call behavior modification; for example, putting people to sleep at a distance through hypnosis. The behavior modification type of experiment has been carried out in recent times by I.M. Kogan. He was concerned with three principal kinds of experiments: mental suggestion without hypnosis over short distances, in which the percipient attempts to identify an object; mental awakening over short distances, in which a subject is awakened from a hypnotic sleep at the "beamed" suggestion from the hypnotist; and long-range (intercity) paranormal communication. 39 Kogan's main interest has been to quantify the channel capacity of the paranormal channel. He finds that the bit rate decreases from 0.1 bits per second for laboratory experiments to 0.005 bits per second for his 1000-km intercity experiments. As indicated earlier, in the USSR serious consideration is given to the hypothesis that paranormal communication is mediated by extremely- low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic propagation. In general, the entire field of paranormal research in the USSR is part of a larger one concerned with the interaction between electromagnetic fields and living organisms. 54,.)5 129 D U N SkA 3 4. Approved For ReleaST100 -00999AO00300100034-4 ,NJC. St1rVE7ff0999A%0300100034-4 Approved For R#1eUWtft 6 16 81% fto At the First International Con,gress on Parapsychology and Psychotronics Ln Prague. Czechoslovakia. in 1973, for example, Kholodov spoke at length ;Ibout the susceptibilitv of living systems to extremely low-level ac and dc, fields. He described conditioning effects on the behavior of fish from The USSR take t.he application of 10 to lOOuW of RF to their tank.'6 i-hese data seriously in that the Soviet safetv requirements for steady- ,@;tate microwave ex-Dosure set limits at 10 uW/cm whereas the United States has set a steady-state limit of 10 mW/cm Kholodov spoke also the nonthermal effects of microwaves on animals' central nervous @,Ystems. His experiments were very carefully carried out and are char- -icteristic of a Tiew dimension in paranormal research both in the USSR .Mci elsewhere. !'he increasinu imuortance of this area in Soviet research was indicated recentiv when the Soviet Psychological Association issued an itaprecedented. position paper calling on the Soviet Academv of Sciences Lo step up etforts in this area. 58 The Association recommended that the Dewiv formed Psychological Institute within the,Soviet Academy of Sciences the PsycholoLical Institute of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences review che area Ind cons-Laer the creation of a new laboratory within one the institutes to studv t)ersons with unusual abilities. They also recommended a comprehensive evaluation of experiments and theory by the Academy of Sciences' Institute of Biophysics and Institute for the Froblems or Information Transmission. i'onc t u, -ions "It is the province of natural science to investigate nature, finpartialiv and without pre-Judice." Nowhere in scientific inquiry has Lhis dictum met ds great a challenge as in the area ot so-called para- @-;ormat perception, the deLecLiOrl of remote stimuli not mediated by the itsual sensory processes. 6uch phenomena, although under scientific con- @-Jderariop for over a centurv, have historically been fraught with unre- Iiability and COTItroversv, and validation of the phenomena by accepted 'Alientific methodology has been slow in coming. Even so, a recent survey i,.onducted by the British E)ublication New Scientist revealed that 67 percent -T near I ly L500 responding readers (the majority of whom are working 11 @ 1) Approved For Relec,@$ 61AI S(MOrMdMO999AO00300100034-4 AA&W-*D99Vo 0300100034-4 Approved ForaeleaseUNG4 scientists and technologists) considered paranormal perception to be an established fact or a likely possibility, and 88 percent held the investi- gation of paranormal perception to be a legitimate scientific under- taking. 60 A review of the literature reveals that although well-conducted experiments by reputable researchers yielding reproducible results were begun over a century ago (e.g., Sir William Crookes' study of D.D. Home, 1860s), 61,62 many consider the study of these phenomena as only recently emerging from the realm of quasi-science. One reason for this is that, despite experimental results, no satisfactory theoretical construct had been advanced to correlate data or to predict new experimental outcomes. Consequently, the area in question remained for a long time in th(_@. recipe state reminiscent of electrodynamics before the unification brought about by the work of Ampere, Faraday, and Maxwell. Since the early work, however, we have seen the development of quantum theory, information theory, and neurophysiological research, and these disciplines provide powerful conceptual tools that appear to bear directly on the issue. In fact, several leading physicists are now of the opinion that, contrary to "common sense" notions, these phenomena are not at all inconsistent with the framework of modern physics: the often-held view that observa- tions of this type are a priori incompatible with known laws is erroneous, such a concept being based on the naive realism prevalent before the development of quantum theory. In the emerging view it is accepted that research in this area can be conducted so as to uncover not just a catalog of interesting events, but rather patterns of cause-effect relationships of the type that lend themselves to analysis and hypothesis in the forms with which we are familiar in the physical sciences. Accordingly, we consider it important to continue data collection and to encourage others to do likewise; investigations such as those reported here need replication and extension under as wide a variety of rigorously controlled conditions as possible. 131 UUC" S%11_LF Approved For Releas E)F17WQ99A000300100034-4 Approved For R4Ie"WVAS- SIWPE7000999ft0300100034-4 1 V PROGRAM S124MARY A.- a result of exDloratorv research on human perception carried out in SRI's Electronics and BioenRlineering Laboratory, we initiated an inves- @Jgation of a perceptual channel- whereby individuals can access by means I i)f mental imagerv and describe randomlv-chosen remote sites located eve r, e awav. qI mles or mor in this final report, we document the at: -)Ri of this human information-accessing capability that we call romote, viewing," the characteristics of which appear to fall outside the range ot well-understOOd Derceptual or information-processing abilities. This phenomenon is one oi a broad class of abilities of certain individuals o access by means of menEal processes and describe information sources 1-Jocked from ordinary percei)tion and generally accepted as secure against .:uch access. Individuais exhibiting this faculty include not only SRI jects, but visiting st-aff members of the sponsoring organization who ub Aciraied as subjects so as Lo critique the protocol. tho@,i i-)roc?ram was divi-dea into two categories of approximately equal , ---ai@p'ied research and ba@ ' h. Tile applied research effort iort i sic researc oxpiored (he operationai utility of the above perceptual abilities. The !,jasic research effort was directed toward identification of the charac- ;@,ristics of individuals possessing such abilities and the determination A aeurophysiological correlates and basic mechanisms involved in such Illictioning. The )Iienomenon we investigated most extensively was the ability of i-ndividuals to view remoCe vzeugraphicai locations (up to several thousand ki.lometers away). given only coordinates (latitude and longitude) or a iwrson. on wilom T-u LarVeL. we have worked with a number of individuals, including sponsor personnel, whose remote perceptual abilities have 1-ieen deve@oped SUffiCieTltJy to allow them at times to describe correctly (t-,jI i@@ gieac. detai-1--geographical or technical material, such as @Iuitdings, roads, laboratory apparatus, and the like. 'I'lle develoDment at 6xi of successful experimental procedures to elicit 11 HLs capability uas evoived to Lhe point where @a) visiting personnel i)t the sponsoring organization without any previous exposure to such @2 il Approved For Relea~'siU(GI(16A.CXUW'E'99'DO999AO00300100034-4 Approved For ReleasV.NQLt4-%a-kfD~E-1?0999AO00300100034-4 '"i4w -**,W concepts have performed well under controlled laboratory conditions (that is, generated target descriptions of sufficiently high quality to permit blind matching of descriptions to targets by independent judges), and (b) subjects trained over a two-year period have performed well under operational conditions (that is, provided data of operational significance later verified by independent sources). Our data thus indicate that both specially selected and unselected persons can be assisted in developing remote perceptual abilities to a level of useful information transfer. Furthermore, the data, accumulated from over 50 experiments with more than a half dozen subjects, indicates the following: a) the phen- omenon is not a sensitive function of distance over a several-km range and is still operative over a several thousand km range; b) Faraday cage shielding does not appear to degrade the quality or accuracy of perception; c) most of the correct information that subjects relate is of a nonanalytic nature pertaining to shape, form, color, and material rather than to func- tion or name--(this aspect suggests a hypothesis that information trans- mission under conditions of sensory shielding may be mediated primarily by the brain's right hemisphere); and d) the principal difference between experienced subjects and naive volunteers is not that the naive never exhibit the faculty, but rather that their results are simply less re- liable--(this observation suggests the hypothesis that remote viewing may be a latent and widely distributed though repressed perceptual abijity). The primary achievement of the SRI program was thus the elicitation of high-quality remote viewing by individuals who agreed to act as sub- jects. Criticism of this claim could in principle be put forward on the basis of three potential flaws: (1) the study could involve naivete in protocol that permits various forms of cueing, intentional or unin- tentional; (2) the experiments discussed could be selected out of a larger pool of experiments of which many are of poorer quality; (3) data for the reported experiments could be edited to show only the matching ele- ments, the nonmatching elements being discarded. All three criticisms, however, are invalid. First, with regard to cueing, the use of double-blind protocols ensures that none of the persons in contact with the subject can be aware of the target. Second, selection 133 Approved For ReleasUe NO&O @AVDMQ-0999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Reie"141CL6*Sffl-Fqfl)0999IM0300100034-4 of experiments tor renorring did not take place; every experiment was (intered as performed on a master log and is included in the statistical e,@atuations. Third, data associated with a given experiment remain un- edited; all data associatpd with an experiment are tape recorded and in- cluded uredited in the data package to be judged, evaluated, and so on. Finally, the entire unedited file of tape recordings, transcripts, and drawings for every experiment is available to the COTR and others in the scientific community for independent analysis. Alth,ough the precise nature of the information channel couT)linR remote events and human Derception is not yet understood, certain concepts in information theory, quanrum theory, and neurophysiological research appear to bear directly on the issue. Therefore, our working assumption is that the phenomenon of interest is consistent with modern scientific thought, and can therefore be expected to yield to the scientific method. Further, it is recognized that communication theory provides powerful Lechniques, such as the use of redundancy coding to improve signal-to- nuise ratio, which can be employed to pursue special purpose application ol the remote sensing channt-1. independent of an understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Finally, it is concluded by the research contractors (SRI) that the development of experimenral procedures and the accrual of experience in Lhree vears of successfui effort constitutes an asset that could be utiLized in the future both for operational needs and for training others in the development ancl use of the remote-sensing capability. 34 Approved For ReleJAbIC3/L*S54fq4f7CbO999AO00300100034-4 Approved ForZeleaJJNCLASSMAS0999agOO300100034-4 REFERENCES 1. R. 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"A Repeated-Calling ESP Test with Sealed Cards," .1. ParaDsvehology, vol. 27, pp. 161-174 (1963). @,7. M. Rvzl and J. Pratt. "A Further Confirmation of Stabilized ESP -'-)vrfnrmance in a Selected Subject," J. Parapsycholo y, vol. 27, !'3-83 (1963). 48. J. Pratt, "Preliminarv Experiments with a 'Borrowed' ESP Subject," Amer. Soc. Psvch. Res., vol. 42, pp. 333-345 (1964). 49. J. Pratt and J. Blom. "A Confirmatory Experiment with OBorrowed' Outstancling ESP Subiect," J. Amer. Soc. Psvch. Res. , vol. 42, i8t-388 (1964). )0. W.G. Roll and J.G. Pratt, "An ESP Test with Aluminum Targets." A. A,,.ier. Soc. Psvch. Res.. vol. 62, pp. 381-387 (1968). J. Pratt, "A Decade of Research with a Selected ESP Sublect: An ,,-)verview and ReaDDraisal of the Work with Pavel Stepanek," Proc. Arner. Soc. Psych. Res., vol. 30 (1973). '2. A. Sinkov, Elementarv CrvDtanalvsis--a Mathematical .1 I_--- __- I I @ I @ . I _ppr.oach. (Random -louse, New York, New York. 1968). )3. L.L. Vasiliev, Experiments in Mental S,4gestion, (ISMI Publications 1.1ampshire, England, 1963). ,-)4. A.S. Presman, Electromagnetic Fields and Life (Plenum Press, New York, New -York, 1970). -)5. Lni'luence of Maonetic Fields on Biol ical Objects, Y.A. Kholodov, ed., JPRS 6:3038, NTIS. Si)ringfield, Virginia (September 24, 1974). @16. Y.A. Kholodov, "Investigation of the Direct Effect of Magnetic Fields on t@ie Central Nervous Svstem," Proc. of the First Conference on -ronic Research. JPRS L/5022-1 and 2 (September 6, 1974). ')7. D. Mennie, "Consumer Electronics," IEEE Spectrum, pp. 34-35 (March 1975). '38 Approved For Relea@j 'O'M'(LAWN'rE'FI'7.DO999AO00300100034-4 Approved FoQReleaU RMM(E/ASCgliEflM99q&00300100034-4 FN %; 58. W.P. Zinchenko, et. al., "Parapsychology: Fiction or Reality?," Questions of Philosophy, vol. 9, pp. 128-136 (1973). 59. Science and ESP, J.R. Smythies, ed., (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, England, 1967). 60. C. Evans, "Parapsychology--What the Questionnaire Revealed," New Scientist, pp. 209 (January 25, 1973). 61. Alan Gauld, The Founders of Psychical Research (Schocken Books, New York, New York, 1968). 62. Wm. Crookes, Researches in the Phenomena of Spititualism, J. Burns, London, England, 1874. 63. R. Targ and H. Puthoff, "Information Transmission Under Conditions of Sensory Shielding," Nature, vol. 252, No. 5476, pp. 602-607 (October 18, 1974). 139 Approved For ReleaJJ;NrwLA:StS*IfDO999AO00300100034-4 Approved For DpleasIAIUIA 55-XPA9-P99q&00300100034-4 t44iF APPENDIX A Remote Viewing Transcript for Subject S6 Learner/Control, First Experiment Following is the unedited transcript of the first experiment with learner/control S6, an SRI volunteer, a mathematician in the computer science laboratory, without any previous experience in remote viewing. The target, determined by random procedure, was White's Plaza, a plaza with a fountain at Stanford University. The capitalized words are the experimenter's statements and questions. As is our standard protocol, the experiment with the subject is kept ignorant of the specific target visited as well as of the contents of the target pool. TODAY IS MONDAY, OCTOBER 7TH. IT IS 11:00 AND THIS IS A REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENT WITH RUSS TARG, S6, AND HAL PUTHOFF. IN THIS EXPERIMENT HAL WILL DRIVE TO A REMOTE SITE CHOSEN BY A RANDOM PROCESS, S6 WILL BE THE REMOTE VIEWER, AND RUSS TARG IS THE MONITOR (EXPERIMENTER). WE EXPECT THIS EXPERIMENT TO START AT TWENTY MINUTES AFTER ELEVEN AND RUN FOR FIFTEEN MINUTES. IT IS JUST ABOUT TWENTY MINUTES AFTER ELEVEN AND HAL SHOULD BE AT HIS TARGET LOCATION BY NOW. WHY DON'T YOU TELL ME WHAT KIND OF PICTURE YOU SEE AND WHAT YOU THINK HE MIGHT BE DOING OR EXPERIENCING. The first thing that came to mind was some sort of a large, square kind of a shape. Like Hal was in front of it. It was a...not a building or something, it was a square. I don't know if it was a window, but something like that so that the bottom line of it was not at the ground. About where his waist was, at least. That's what it seemed to me. It seems outdoors somehow. Tree. DOES HAL SEEM TO BE LOOKING AT THAT SQUARE? I don't know. The first impression was that he wasn't, but I have a sense that whatever it was was something one might look A -1 se 2Nff3rM-JA4 . §1§-kFP7U- Approved For Relea DFUE P999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Rgte!sczftsOm&%II61&4e,,45iflIL71YO999AM0300100034-4 UNUI-1-1.0 Jt_ I don't know if it would be a sign, but something that one q1jight look at. CAN YOU TELL IF TT TS ON THE GROUND OR VERTICAL? @@L sttemed vertical. 1. don't have a sense that it was part of anything particular. It miclht: be on a building or part of a building, but I don't know. There was a tree outside, hut I also got the impression of cement. I dor)t have the imDression of very many people or traffic either. L have the sense that he is sort of walking back and forth. I don't have any more exDlicit picture than that. CAN YOU MOVE INTO WHERE HE IS STANDING AND TRY TO SEE WHAT HE IS T @@OOKI_NG AT? I pi4---ked up he was touching something--something rough. Maybe warm nd rou h. 11 gi Something Dossibly like cement. _TT TWENTY-FOUR MINUTES AFTER ELEVEN. CAN vOU CHANGE YOUR POINT OF VIEW AND MOVE ABOVE THE SCENE SO YOU CAN GET A BIGGER PICTURE OF WHAT'S THERE? I st4il- see some trees and some sort of pavement or something 1.4ke that. Might be a courtyard. The thing that came to mind was, -;t might be one of the plazas at Stanford campus or something like that, cement. Some kinds of landscaping. ! sai.d Stanford cami)us when I started to see some things in White Plaza, but I think that is misleading. i ha-,@e the sense that he's not moving around too much. That it's ,n a smail area. olluess @'11 go ahead and say it, but I'm afraid I'm just putting on mv impressions from Stanford campus. I had the impression of a foijatain. There are two in the plaza, and it seemed that Hal was DOSS-Lbly near the. what they call Mem Claw. WHAT LS THAT? A- 2 Approved For ReleU4*ot6fiA.%IfitE7DJO999AO00300100034-4 . ff_%'A10 Approved For,&IeasJM)GLA&SAFPJFA99AP0300100034-4 It's a fountain that looks rather like a claw. It's a black sculpture. And it has benches around it made of cement. ARE THERE ANY BUILDINGS AT THE PLACE YOU WERE LOOKING AT? ARE THERE ANY BUILDINGS? YOU DESCRIBED A KIND OF A COURTYARD. USUALLY AT SOME PLACES THERE SHOULD BE A BUILDING, LARGE OR SMALL THAT THE COURTYARD IS ABOUT. LOOK AT THE END OR THE SIDES OF THE COURTYARD. IS THERE ANYTHING TO BE SEEN? I have a sense that there are buildings. It's not solid buildings. I mean there are some around the periphery and I have a sense that none of them are very tall. Maybe mostly one story, maybe an occasional two-story one. DO YOU HAVE ANY BETTER IDEA OF WHAT YOUR SQUARE WAS THAT YOU SAW AT THE OUTSET? No. I could hazard different kinds of guesses. DOES IT SEEM PART OF THIS SCENE? It ... I think it could be. It could almost be a bulletin board or something with notices on it maybe. Or something that people were expected to look at. Maybe a window with things in it that people were expected to look at. WHAT KIND OF TREES DO YOU SEE IN THIS PLACE? I don't know what kind they are. The impression was that they were shade trees and not terribly big. Maybe 12 feet of trunk and then a certain amount of branches above that. So that the branches have maybe a 12-foot diameter, or something. Not real big trees. NEW TREES RATHER THAN OLD TREES? Yeah, maybe five or ten years old, but not real old ones. IS THERE ANYTHING INTERESTING ABOUT THE PAVEMENT? No. It seems to be not terribly new or terribly old. Not very A-3 Approved For ReleasVMI;&A515-kFFIA-P999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Rdleasy ROW(EX S%fi[Mt)0999A:600300100034-4 T Im %. inLeresting. There seems to be some bits of landscaping around. kiLtle patches of grass around the edges and peripheries. Maybe some flowers. But, not lush. YOU SAW SOME BENCHES. DO YOU WANT TO TELL ME ABOUT THEM? I,Vull, that's my unsure teeling about this fountain. There was st)me kind of benches of cement. Curved benches, it feit like. Irhey were ot rougn cement. @AJHAT DO YOU THINK HAL IS DOING WHILE HE IS THERE? ! have a sense that fie is looking at things trying to project them. ilooking at different things and sort of walking back and ;'()rt! not covering a whole lot of territory. Sometimes standing still. while he looks around. 1, Ju:-;t liad the impression of him talking, and I almost sense that i.L was being recorded or something. I don't know if he has a. f-ape recorder, but ii it's not that, then he is saying something because it needed to be remembered. IT'S 11:33. HE'S JUST PROBABLY GETTING READY TO COME BACK. A-i Approved For Rele-a-f N(e(L6/Ak CrC8L0-MD0999A000300100034-4 TJ P% *7-*711" L Approved For,,Eplea+J*IiGL/4k:SS*4-6-D99WO300100034-4 APPENDIX B INSTRUCTIONS TO SUBJECT: EEG EXPERIMENT* The purpose of these experiments is to determine whether stimt[li (flashing lights, geographical locations, and so on) located in adjoining laboratories or at more distant locales can be perceived, even though the signals are so low due to intervening walls, distance, and the like, as ordinarily to be considered blocked from the visual modes of perception. In addition to obtaining oral responses, we will also from time to time be measuring physiological parameters with standard apparatus (for example, EEG) to determine whether there is evidence for subliminal perception as registered by physiological correlates, even in the absence of conscious perception. There is no risk associated with these tests, and the only discomfort expected is that attendant to sitting quietly in a darkened room for 30- minute test intervals. During the experimentation feel free to ask any questions that come to mind as to the procedures, purposes, results, and so on associated with the study. As with all our activity you are free to withdraw consent and to discontinue participation in the project at any time without prejudice. *This statement is required by the SRI Administration Manual Topic 812, "Requirements Governing Activities with Human Subjects." B-1 Approved For ReleaU WJ6A %IUM999A000300100034-4 Approved For-zpleajmz"SiS-LF47E-1)999AP00300100034-4 APPENDIX C UNIVERSAL RANDOMIZATION PROTOCOL It was deemed desirable in our work to establish a universal random- ization protocol independent of the particular experiment under considera- tion. The only exceptions were to be automated experiments where target selection is determined by radioactive decay or electronic randomization. The randomization procedure is designed around a ten-unit base, e.g., ten targets, ten work periods, and so on. A ten-digit sequence governing an experiment is blind to both experimenter and subject, and is uncovered by means of the following procedure. A three-page RAND Table of Random Digits (Table C-1) is entered to obtain a ten-digit sequence, the entrance point being determined by throws of a die,* the first 1, 2, or 3 deter- mining page, the next 1, 2, 3, or 4 determining column block, the follow- ing 1, 2, 3, or 4 determining row block, and the final throw determining from which of the first six rows in the block the ten-digit sequence is to be taken. An opaque card with a single-digit window is then moved across the row to uncover digits one at a time. If a multiplicity of targets exist, the digits 0 through 9 are employed directly. If a binary command is required (e.g., increase/decrease or activity/no activity) the parity of the digit (even or odd) is employed. *A technique found in control runs to produce a distribution of die faces differing nonsignificantly from chance expectation. C-1 Vmr Approved For Releas 0MAIJ A ~5-4-DF-P[7E7-P999AO00300100034-4 Approved For P,'eleasP,-'Qr-2'j6J&4C,.4,q UNCIN F-% fto , jfjFElY0999AbbO3OOlOOO34-4 ABLE C-1 It 1 () 43 63 18 'fl 21 59 17 91 10 -13 84 44 82 k6 71) @.' 262 36 ;3 j.l 40 47 73 19 )fi 11 28 72 @A 20 84 82 37 @@l 18 67 28 75 @11 75 ('12 63 60 1-1 32 '15 52 17 of Random Digits 75 Ot) 13 76 74 76 83 15 86 78 66 55 83 76 49 33 26 66 65 83 12W '25 14 14 14 Ot) 39 31 04 41 70 17 31 17 38 60 52 Y3 41 64 51 61 79 11 13 01 57 29 07 40 60 31 61 52 40 94 15 35 85 73 50 58 34 72 39 41 21 60 13 57 99 47 61" 48 61 83 45 91 99 91 40 27 72 27 58 29 98 38 80 40 68 49 99 48 75 97 86 42 98 83 23 53 75 61 69 95 86 09 16 i5 95 31 79 57 11 44 28 93 20 54 62 74 85 11 15 46 98 22 85 79 51 62 10 07 20 12 51 07 94 3:5 48 07 64 1 @ 08 07 46 20 55 65 28 5Y 71 98 I'-l 13 85 30 10 )7 @)fi 45 73 27 38 22 42 93 01 115 63 q9 97 54 31 11) 99 25 58 fit 55 57 64 04 86 21 01 18 08 eS 13 79 87 68 04 bS 98 71 30 62 49 09 92 15 @i4 YM 72 87 59 24 21 66 34 44 21 28 30 70 44 ;G 97 59 54 28 33 22 65 59 03 YJ 13 83 95 42 71 lb 85 76 09 119 47 85 96 52 50 41 43 19 66 34 55 63 98 61 65 99 05 70 48 16 38 11 50 69 52 45 88 88 80 33 00 78 56 07 38 71 23 15 12 58 72 20 36 78 26 IS 86 94 97 12 89 35 40 48 33 18 68 13 46 88 26 77 60 68 25 06 77 75 71 25 41 68 78 75 78 35 26 79 13 92 00 84 48 97 OS 58 86 14 90 19 18 66 96 02 51 35 14 77 99 07 25 58 61 49 85 09 53 72 82 ,46 lr@ 59 50 09 21 42 97 29 18 79 89 32 94 48 88 39 25 42 11 2' 1612, 16 65 83 62 9b 61 24 68 48 44 91 l) 1 02 44 12 61 94 38 lif, WN 97 52 91 71 UY Ol 72 65 94 20 50 42 51) 68 YS 35 05 61 it 54 43 71 34 54 71 40 24 01 38 64 80 92 78 81 31 37 74 00 83 40 38 88 27 09 83 41 13 33 04 29 24 60 28 75 66 62 69 54 67 64 20 52 04 30 b9 74 48 06 17 02 64 97 3" 85 87 51 21 39 6; 04 19 90 11 ot (14 02 73 09 48 07 07 68 48' 02 53 19 77 37 @71 04 89 45 23 W 44 4.5 99 04 30 J5 99 54 50 83 77 84 bl 15 93 0:5 98 94 16 52 79 51 06 31 12 14 89 22 31 3 1 36 16 06 50 A'? 24 43 43 Y2 9#) bO 71 72 20 73 83 87 70 67 24 86 39 75 76 10i 99 05 52 44 70W 32 52 55 414 11 97 48 03 97 30 38 87 01 ',7 66 64 12 04 47 58 97 83 64 46 4.4 26 15 94 26 72 95 82 72 OS 43 31 91 72 08 32 02 08 39 10 01 17 50 04 86 05 44 11 90 'i2 42 06 54 31 16 5:5 00 55 47 6 51 25 58 65 07 31) 44 70 10 '4i 59 52 62 47 18 53 22 94 91 72 11 53 49 85 58 03 69 91 37 ','alrce: the RA14D Corporation 73 54 74 37 39 07 27 79 32 17 65 12 84 83 34 38 71 66 13 80 31 92 17 64 5K 57 23 62 74 64 24 21 94 10 90 31 30 94 93 87 20 75 09 70 24 28 53 78 43 95 95 W3 23 95 55 79 42 12 17 459 07 49 32 80 98 60 21 20 50 99 73 72 00 86 57 bt 48 75 23 2Y 08 53 16 15 78 U2 33 00 24 76 72 61 96 66 Y8 '26 65 43 78 51 Approved For Rele a 1 PJCj316& - 54-FICTI)0999AO00300100034-4 TIP @ N--% S or Approved F JieleasUMLA515-kfrg-P999WO300100034-4 TABLE C-1 (Continued) 07 42 85 88 63 96 02 38 89 36 97 92 94 12 20 86 43 19 44 85 35 37 92 79 22 28 90 65 50 li 40 56 83 32 22 40 48 69 11 22 10 98 22 28 07 10 92 02 62 99 41 48 39 29 35 17 06 17 82 52 90 12 73 33 41 77 80 61 24 46 93 04 06 64 76 24 99 04 10 99 63 00 21 29 90 23 51 06 87 74 76 86 93 93 00 84 97 80 75 04 40 77 98 63 82 48 45 46 52 69 02 98 25 79 91 50 76 59 19 30 43 21 61 26 08 18 16 78 46 31 94 47 97 65 00 39 17 00 66 29 96 16 76 -43 75 74 10 89 36 43 52 29 17 58 22 95 96 69 09 47 70 97 56 26 93 35 68 47 26 07 03 68 40 36 00 52 83 15 53 81 85 81 26 18 75 23 57 07 57 54 58 93 92 83 66 86 76 56 74 65 37 10 06 24 92 63 64 24 76 38 53 40 61 38 55 38 51 92 95 00 55 17 28 15 56 18 85 65 90 43 40 35 38 48 07 47 76 74 68 90 18 89 90 96 12 77 54 15 76 75 68 14 12 53 40 92 55 11 13 26 51 55 99 11 59 81 31 06 32 51 92 21 43 33 86 73 45 97 93 59 15 08 95 05 57 33 16 68 70 94 96 46 10 06 04 11 12 02 22 54 54 72 35 65 27 84 82 88 12 48 65 79 90 19 14 87 91 73 85 49 26 90 78 81 73 68 05 26 54 22 42 58 76 81 49 97 17 65 54 16 53 29 58 71 33 23 Ot 19 41 08 53 07 63 82 35 25 54 83 40 75 81 36 30 51 73 48 21 37 17 08 71 18 92 83 77 88 46 00 63 52 88 14 79 97 00 67 64 20 50 51 38 26 49 47 08 29 19 66 51 87 28 17 74 41 11 15 70 57 38 35 75 76 84 95 49 24 54 36 32 85 66 95 34 47 37 81 12 70 74 93 86 66 87 03 41 66 46 07 56 48 19 71 22 72 63 84 57 54 98 20 56 72 77 20 36 50 34 73 35 21 68 75 66 47 57 19 98 79 22 22 27 93 67 80 10 09 61 70 44 08 75 02 26 53 32 98 60 62 94 51 31 99 46 90 72 37 35 49 30 25 11 32 37 00 69 90 26 98 92 66 02 98 59 53 03 15 18 25 01 66 55 20 86 34 70 18 15 82 52 83 89 96 51 02 06 95 83 09 54 06 11 47 40 87 86 05 59 46 70 45 45 58 72 96 11 98 57 94 24 81 81 42 28 68 42 60 99 77 96 69 01 07 10 85 30 74 30 57 75 09 21 77 17 59 63 23 15 19'02 74 90 20 96 85 21 14 29 33 91 94 42 27 81 21 60 32 57 61 42 78 17 69 76 01 14 63 24 73 20 96 05 68 63 02 43 34 13 40 29 36 52 99 24 66 50 89 91 05 73 95 94 51 89 39 84 81 47 86 77 50 00 18 47 21 86 78 90 67 54 80 87 46 26 31 65 79 81 66 16 30 88 69 25 87 16 12 27 34 81 76 20 09 44 29 62 41 38 21 67 68 60 93 58 15 04 50 52 08 21 53 04 98 26 84 70 19 74 02 46 37 50 19 77 98 69 46 95 46 75 36 82 54 96 26 76 61 79 88 16 00 57 66 62 90 55 29 80 56 41) 94 06 71 13 49 39 13 93 44 68 85 27 87 51 54 80 97 37 73 21 12 86 49 76 87 09 28 96 88 19 36 31 12 34 98 99 80 01 88 47 42 46 51 80 14 87 66 87 26 22 30 19 59 97 62 47 58 31 58 83 66 c-3 Approved For ReleasV;Mi;LA:~A-WAR999AO00300100034-4 Approved For RMetjWEA4S SltPPE7E)00999AftO3OOlOOO34-4 (Continued) 1, -T) 29 59 36 -11 81) M5 05 96 23 94 19 IS 79 52 64 62 74 89 27 13 94 0 7 16 09 02 62 r2 33 07 47 36 53 27 44 44 68 1 1 52 92 47 55 34 25 12 99 61 3 1 28 18 86 21) 08 52 01 01 - 63 22 15 70 34 27 45 64 26 oti 33 56 21 11 44 01 45 25 67 4A 14 28 76 76 21 '15 88 87 73 2S 43 62 54 68 75 23 57 53 70 28 54 99 8 3 27 40 87 16 18 03 47 70 43 83 55 62 61 11 96 98 03 04 79 39 81 26 4fi 05 05 01 01 76 12 59 59 11 76 25 48 06 31 73 63 16 95 97 15 54 87 06 99 94 32 53 77 25 76 75 54 84 '71 70 88 01 17 09 30 42 92 65 11 91 60 92 67 3 1 73 11 89 38 69 29 38 98 75 02 65 15 29 12 11 52 36 42 1.3 52 23 42 18 31 52 28 38 55 85 97 31 58 88 31 IS 14 96 72 17 23 70 40 24 71 41 54 14 93 71 20 27 42 32 11 58 26 83 67 18 28 90 30 6ti 15 35 99 58 IS 57 3 8 40 07 06 87 50 47 7 1 74 36 92 85 77 71 22 39 14 Os 90 74 '37 68 26 62 27 41 84 75 16 69 67 48 -!,@i 45 35 48 44 61 50 90 12 45 02 90 55 26 76 22 51 94 78 48 "!-I St; 06 82 84 19 36 72 90 73 32 30 15 87 01 04 19 33 01 42 2@i 40 68 44 78 88 75 72 76 26 33 95 69 09 @;9 33 14 21 01 15 48 85 24 73 '57 63 43 25 69 95 27 40 95 08 81 01 24 24 13 7il 59 55 99 09 35 22 34 49 91 24 27 53 96 32 09 77 79 88 00 90 66 03 51 71 30 02 19 tl 20 36 11 64 21 28 65 40 19 41 99 -Ij 50 50 20 08 20 30 08 71 88 PI '15 00 94 14 (A 04 99 43 77 33 01) 69 26 90 69 24 89 74 43 5 521 66 38 86 Oti 80 41 18 61 1 99 12 62 28 14 90 11 ')1 92 02 52 82 12 tO 47 42 75 22 16 32 21 52 42 84 55 47 45 60 27 97 55 49 23 90 65 00 61 70 07 30 00 97 04 36 09 96 15 77 li4 35 71 36 89 19 56 90 38 14 96 19 50 70 59 22 40 89 49 58 53 89 62 35 08 22 56 50 24 75 49 43 82 07 72 65 62 03 46) 84 20 24 62 69 41 09 43 30 91 67 95 55 27 34 56 76 05 30 51 50 @3 26 63 13 89 11) 09 55 80 35 ',6 22 75 69 29 00 25 87 90 IS 60 84 66 97 32 DO 21 00 48 63 it 1 29 80 47 63 35 16 63 27 31 16 57 88 81 40 fig 12 56 94 42 t)jj L)7 70 44 81 42 04 40 86 49 34 82 23 58 43 78 46 88 23 80 ll 92 07 81' 61 12 31 19 28 08 07 75 30 40 73 58 52 08 00 22 O,li 39 53 70 43 37 88 03 41 72 04 20 49 44 34 62 79 88 19 02 46 16 66 72 06 01 fil 94 37 69 96 77 01 94 40 29 70 04 20 93 87 7fi 77 76 07 03 74 20 16 13 65 98 96 28 43 ]() 91 73 44 58 ,!" 88 09 52 88 21 64 44 fi5 87 06 64 49 47 84 66 99 56 18 12 :Vi 24 S.3 66 66 14 89 45 92 73 88 95 04 60 77 A 6.5 11 20 38 U Q 96 56 30 47 42 59 64 21 48 29 54 22 02 00 23 36 71 5 206 87 39 01 52 IS 81 A 91 55 13 76 10 39 02 00 66 99 13 -H 72 75 21 71 56 71 90 60 54 98 44 18 15 29 59 60 76 52 25 C-4 iE/LM64f4E7CbO999AO00300100034-4 Approved For ReleUN ME Final Report Covering the Period January 1974 through February 1975 Am M10 PERCEPTUAL AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES aw Part One--Executive Summary By: Harold E. Puthoff and Russell Targ aw Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory Am SG1A F.1 SRI Project 3183 FROM GF.NERAL DEC1.ASS1F'Q1. I -,F E 2. EXEMPTION C.", V 4 2). OP, OR (4) C-@ OR IM0,II-) AUTOMATICA'_LY DF@C!,'@SSJFIED ON impossible to determine qw Approved by: (UNLESS IMPOSSIBLE, [INSERT DATE OR LN 1; Earle Jones, Director Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory Bonnar Cox, Executive Director Information Science and Engineering Division Ni,'MONAL SECURITY INFORMATIONJ@ UnnitiloriZed Disclosure Subject to Criminal Sanctions. J IA SECRET Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved Forteleas of4etA:§@-ff It-6999U0 0300100034-4 I OBJECTIVE The goal of this program was to determine the extent to which certain individuals obtain accurate information about their environment under con- ditions thought to be secure against such access and without the use of known human perceptual modalities. The program was divided into two categories of approximately equal effort--applied research and basic research. The applied research effort explored the operational utility of the above perceptual abilities. The basic research effort was directed toward identification of the charac- teristics of individuals possessing such abilities and the determination of neurophysiological correlates and basic mechanisms involved in such functioning. LAS SIIELM0999AO00300100034-4 Approved For ReleUkYW Approved ForpaleUMt*4SS,tPPE00999WO300100034-4 11 SUMMARY As a result of exploratory research on human perception carried out in SRI's Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory, we observed the emergence of a perceptual channel whereby certain individuals access and describe, by means of mental imagery, randomly-chosen remote sites located several miles or more away. In this final report, we document the study at SRI of this human information-accessing capability which we call "remote viewing," the characteristics of which appear to fall outside the range of well-understood perceptual/information-processing abilities. This phenomenon pertains to the ability of certain individuals to access and describe, by means of internal mental processes, information sources blocked from ordinary perception and generally accepted as secure against such access. These individuals include not only SRI subjects, but visiting staff members of the sponsoring organization who participated as subjects in order to critique the protocol. Experiments carried out under controlled laboratory conditions included the reproduction of line drawings shielded against ordinary perception, the determination of the electronic state of a four-state random number generator, and the viewing of remote geographical locations, all at levels of statistical significance p < 10- 6. Our initial work in this area has been reported in the open literature under the title "Information Transmission Under Conditions of Sensory Shielding," Nature 252, 18 October 1974, and reprinted in the IEEE Communications 13, January 1975. A copy of this publication is included as Appendix A of this report. Since our initial work the phenomenon we have investigated most 2 tW-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Ret)N4bL/PaSS41Ffl"-,e, do Approved ForZelease 200SV&CRE4RDP79-00999,UO0300100034-4 old extensively is the ability of individuals to view remote geographical lo- cations (up to several thousand kilometers), given only coordinates (latitude and longitude) or a person on whom to target. We have worked with a number of individuals, including sponsor personnel, whose remote perceptual abil- ities have been developed sufficiently to allow them at times to describe correctly--often in great detail--geographical or technical materiat such as buildings, roads, laboratory apparatus, and the like. The development of this capability at SRI has evolved to the point where (a) visiting CIA personnel with no previous exposure to such concepts have performed well under controlled laboratory conditions (that is, generated target descriptions of sufficiently high quality to permit blind matching of descriptions to targets by independent judges), and (b) subjects trained over a one-year period have performed well under operational conditions (that is, provided data of operational significance later verified by inde- pendent sources). Our accumulated data thus indicate that both specially se- lected and unselected persons can be assisted in developing remote perceptual abilities to a level of useful information transfer. To indicate the level of proficiency that can be reached, we present four examples generated by experienced subjects. The first category consists of long-distance (trans-Atlantic) remote-viewing of a large-scale installa- tion. The second category consists of two or more subjects remote- viewing the same target, independently, which in this series was technical apparatus. The third category consists of remote sensing of the internal state of a piece of electronic equipment. The fourth category consists of the perturbation of remote equipment. 3 Approved For Release 20g/rek ?tRDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved Fortelease 2003/06~2~.qPA-LT79-00999UO0300100034-4 A. Category I: Long-Distance Remote VieKLing In order to subject the remote viewing phenomena to a rigorous long- distance test under external control, a request for geographical coordinates of a site unknown to subject and experimenters was forwarded to the OSI group responsible for threat analysis in this area. In response, SRI per- sonnel received a set of geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude in degrees, minutes, and seconds) of a facility, hereafter referred to as the West Virginia Site. The experimenters then carried out a remote viewing experiment on a double-blind basis, that is, blind to experimenters as well as subject. The experiment had as its goal the determination of the utility of remote viewing under conditions approximating an operational scenario. Two subjects targeted on the site, a sensitive installation. One subject drew a detailed map of the building and grounds layout, the other provided information about the interior including codewords, data subsequently verified by sponsor sources (report available from COTR). A long-distance remote viewing experiment was then carried out on a sponsor-designated target of interest, a research center at Semipalatinsk, USSR. 'T"he Contracting Officer Technical Representative (COTR) furnished map coordinates to the experimenters. The only additional information provided was the designation of the target as an R&D test facility. The experimenters then carried out a remote viewing experiment on a double- blind basis with a subject (Sl)* trained in the SRI program. Figure l(a) shows the subject's graphic effort for building layout; Figure l(b) shows the subject's particular attention to a multistory gantry crane he observed at the site. (Again, these results were obtained on a double-blind basis A key to numerical designations for subjects is available from the COTR. 4 Approved For Release 2003 RJDA-:klt4fDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 S Ec Approved For&lease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009994VO300100034-4 UNCLASSIFIED Cl 0 0 it SL@Pjw (a) SUBJECT EFFORT AT BUILDING LAYOUT rz Alt- -ju, le 194 (b) SUBJECT EFFORT AT CRANE CONSTRUCTION FIGURE I Approved For ReIJ4tig;W:~LF-gJ?-00999AO00300.100034-4 C Approved ForJR 2003" R@DP79-0099WO300100034-4 Now 1,please am before exposure to the COTR-held information, thus eliminating the possi- bility of cueing.) For comparison an artistis rendering of the site as MW known to the OOTR (but not to contract nersonnel) is shown in Figure 2(a), with crane detail shown in Figure 2(b). The exceptionally accurate descrip- tion of the multistory crane was taken as indicative of probable target acquisition, and therefore the subject was introduced to sponsor personnel who collected further data for evaluation. The latter contained both addi- OW tional physical data which were independently verified by other sponsor resources, thus providing additional calibration, and also initially- unverifiable data of current operational interest. Several hours of tape transcript and a notebook full of drawings were generated over a two-week period. A description of the data and evaluation is contained in a separate report. The results contained noise along with the signal, but were none- theless clearlv differentiated from the chance results generated by control subjects in comparison exneriments carried out by the COTR. B. Category TI: Technology Series (Multiple) A series of experiments designed to measure the resolution capability of the remote viewing phenomenon were carried out within the confines of SRI. In each experiment a subject was asked to attempt to describe remote laboratory equipment, demarcated only by a target individual sent to a lo- cation of interest by means of a random protocol outside the experimenters' control. The experimenter remaining with the subject was kept ignorant of the contents of the target pool to prevent cueing during questioning. The subject was asked to describe the apparatus both verbally (tape recorded) and by means of drawings. The sample presented here is not an edited collection of "best ever" results, but rather consists of the results of the entire col- lection of experiments directly involving visiting CIA personnel in which r- T Approved For Release 200§glq'nL~A'RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 6 mm so fa) TARGET SITE 010- I 't- 1 (b) CRANE COMPARISON FIGURE 2 Approved For Release 299IR EJA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 UNCLA Approved ForNWease 2003/06/24:~l§-LF~A-PO999WO300100034-4 two or more subjects independently viewed an identical technological target. The target for Experiment 1, a typewriter, was chosen by a sponsor staff member during a site visit. The response drawn by the subject (S4), located approximately 100 yards away, is shown on the right of Figure 3. The target was re-used at a later date with another subject, resulting in the response on the left. The target for Experiment 2 was a Xerox machine, chosen by the COTR during a site visit. In response the drawing on the right of Figure 4 was generated by a second sponsor staff member who agreed to participate as a subject in this one experiment in order to evaluate the protocol. The target was re-used at a later date with an SRI subject (S2) in an experiment under observation by sponsor personnel, resulting in the response on the left. Finally, the same target came up for subject S3 during a random tech- nological target series, resulting in the drawing in the center. The target for Experiment 3, a computer input-output unit, resulted in the responses shown in Figure 5. The response on the left was generated by SRI subject S4, the one on the right by a visiting sponsor staff member who participated as a subject in a random technological target series. Such results, generated in experiments with viewing windows of 15- min. duration, indicate the presence of an information channel of useful bit rate. Furthermore, it would appear that by correlating a numboX am of subject responses to a given target, we can obtain enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio. MW MW 8 Approved For Re'- 999AO00300100034-4 No UNCTA0154STF-MV-00 Approved Forliplease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999WO300100034-4 UNCLASSIFIED TECHNOLOGY SERIES TYPEWRITER TARGET saws @. jwso-.e 44 ajx,-?ls lm,b --t-P -p- a S& 6C, Vlt &-3 WIV f,,* %Gt s V'15 V-L wa) SRI SUBJECT S3 RESPONSE SRI SUBJECT S4 RESPONSE TA-760522-75 FIGURE 3 DRAWINGS BY TWO SUBJECTS OF A TYPEWRITER TARGET Approved For ReIUN6;,*'Ot'?Mr--~'r-g'-:-RUu'-PJ?-00999AO00300100034-4 Ismong wft@ WNW too=" MEMO asswo "b4o Illmono ftom ONNOW bum" haftnam Waft" wba"a %boom won" Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 z > ILA tA Mn M TARGET LOCATION: XEROX MACHINE (TECHNOLOGY SERIES) 0 @,-, I -JAI - ova a 0 SRI SUBJECT S2 RESPONSE SRI SUBJECT S3 RESPONSE When asked to describe the square at upper left, the subject said, "There was this pre- dominant light source which might have been a window, and a working surface which might have been the sill, or a working surface or desk." Earlier the subject had said, "I have the feeling that there is somethinp silhouetted against the window." SPONSOR SUBJECT RESPONSE IA-760522-74 FIGURE 4 DRAWINGS BY THREE SUBJECTS FOR XEROX MACHINE TARGET z > &A (A Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 EXPERIMENTER WITH HIS HEAD BEING XEROXED (TO ADD INTEREST TO TARGET LOCATION) qw..mw mummilm Room= 4=010 mumm ftwm" U040 4000 *AN* wwww MONO mwwm@ WON" 160*00 No" Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 c TARGET: VIDEO MONITOR FOR TEXT EDITING (TECHNOLOGY SERIES) @6- ag 49 W R31 Q1 Q- I uf@ SUBJECT DRAWING OF "BOX WITH LIGHT COMING OUT OF IT PAINTED FLAT BLACK AND IN THE MIDDLE OF THE ROOM" SRI SUBJECT S4 RESPONSE SECOND SUBJECT SAW A TEXAS INSTRUMENTS "SILENT 700" COMPUTER TERMINAL SPONSOR SUBJECT RESPONSE SA-3183-8 FIGURE 5 DRAWING BY TWO SUBJECTS OF A VIDEO MONITOR TARGET Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For,&1eaUse%t A15 §11-UkP-009994WO0300100034-4 C. Category III: Remote Sensing of Internal States of Electronic Equipment To determine whether remote viewing could be extended beyond visual perc eption to the sensing of the internal state of a piece of electronic equipment, further experimentation was carried out with six subjects who had shown an ability in remote viewing. The task was the determination of the internal electronic state of a four-state random number generator (p = 1/4 for each of four equal-probability outputs) whose characteristics had been examined in detail to verify its randomness. The solid-state machine has no moving parts and provides no sensory cue to the user as to its target gener- ation. (See Figure 6.) Although the task appeared more difficult, one of six subjects consistently scored significantly better than chance -7 (p= 3xlO ). In the required 2500-trial run the latter obtained 17.4% more hits (734) than would be expected by chance (625). When the subject was asked to repeat the entire experiment at a later time, he was able to replicate successfully a high scoring rate (11.5% more hits than expected by chance, p = 4.8 x 10-4 12 Approved For Rel-- Qt:VOK2# , fWi[EDF00999AO00300100034-4 VW Approved For,,Rjlease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-0099WO300100034-4 UNCLASSIFIED MW MW FIGURE 6 FOUR-STATE RANDOM NUMBER GENERATOR The printer to the right of the machine records data automatically on fan-fold paper tape. 1W '" rA-RIYP stig] A Approved For Rel W P-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For,&lease 200'JffC4 Jt[A!PDP79-00999,W00300100034-4 D. Category IV: Perturbation of Remote Equipment Additional experimentation was initiated to investigate the possibility that the remote sensing channel may possess bilateral aspects; for example, it might be possible to couple energy from an individual to a remote location as well as in reverse. To test this hypothesis, experiments were carried out with a sensitive magnetometer in an adjoining laboratory as the remote target. Use of an ORD-developed magnetometer was arranged by ORD personnel. In a series of thirteen 10-trial runs with 50 seconds per trial, perturbations of the magnetometer by a subject gifted in remote viewing were obtained under a strict randomization protocol, yielding a positive result significant at the p = 0.004 level. Because of the potential significance and impli- cations of such findings, we intend to collect considerable additional data before arriving at a hard conclusion. Nonetheless, as a tentative conclusion there is evidence that a piece of sensitive equipment can be perturbed by a subject during remote viewing, thus implying that the informa- tion channel under investigation may sustain energy transfer in either di- rection. E. General Considerations The primary achievement of the SRI program was the elicitation of high quality remote viewing by individuals who agreed to act as subjects. Crit- icism of this claim could in principle be put forward on the basis of three potential flaws: (1) the study could involve naivete in protocol which permits various forms of cueing, intentional or unintentional; (2) the experiments discussed could be selected out of a larger pool of experiments of which many are of poorer quality; (3) data for the reported experiments could be edited to show only the matching elements, the non-matching Approved For Release 2000-V 4 ff& ttRDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For,&Ie+jf4(et6A4S(R"ED09994VO0300100034-4 elements being discarded. All three criticisms, however, are invalid. First, with regard to cueing, the use of double-blind protocols ensures that no person in contact with the subject can be aware of the target. Second, no selection of experiments for reporting takes place; every experiment is entered as performed on a master log and is included in the statistical evaluations. Third, data associated with a given experiment remain unedited; all data associated with an experiment are tape recorded and included unedited in the data package to be judged, evaluated, etc. Finally, the entire unedited file of tape recordings, transcripts and drawings for every exper- iment is available to the COTR and others in the scientific community for independent analysis. The observed results outlined in A through D above (target acquisi- tion, equipment description, electronic state specification, and perturba- tion of instrument operation) may together constitute different aspects of a single remote coupling phenomenon. With regard to understanding the phenonk@non itself, the precise nature of the information channel coupling remote locations is not yet understood. However, we can show that its charac- teristics are compatible with both quantum theory and information theory and with recent developments in research on brain function. Therefore, our working assumption is that the phenomenon of interest does not lie outside the purview of modern physics and with further work will yield to analysis and specification. Further, with an eye toward future subject selection, subjects possessing a well-developed natural ability in the area under considera- tion underwent complete physical, psychological, and neuropsychological profiling, the results of which suggest the core of a screening procedure. 15 Approved For Relemak IWMM-Jft00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For,&IeaU N0016 JN S(S4ffEI)0999400300100034-4 Finally, it is concluded by the research contractors that the accrual of experience in three years of successful effort constitutes an asset Oki that could be utilized in the future both for operational needs and for training others in the development and use of the remote sensing aw capability. ON "W No 16 Approved For ReIA- 10 1/0,&24t 5;M[F[3-00999AO00300100034-4 aw UWC 0. J-% ftf SG1A Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Next 14 Page(s) In Document Exempt Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Release 2003/06/24 4@7@ (tn) STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA 94025 (415) 326-6200 January 27, 1975 SG1A SG1A CIA-RDP79-00999AJP0300100034-4 I am writing to let you know that we have apparently struck pay dirt in the administration of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Test Battery. Let me begin by expressing my appreciation for your guidance in suggesting this particular series of tests. According to the neuropsychologist who administered the tests, pre- liminary analysis of the data indicated very promising results. On the basis of the analyses to date, it appears that a consistent pattern is emerging in which good performers in our area of interest show a very high level of proficiency in certain spatial tasks as compared to more average abilities in other tasks. (Some individual results were exceedingly atypical with respect to the established norms.) The preliminary findings suggested a congruence with other data on right versus left hemispheric specialization of sufficient strength that he added some special tests for this area. He is presently correlating the data with that obtained by the Department of Psychiatry, Palo Alto Medical Clinic, and will be forwarding his results to me shortly. As soon as the written report is in hand I shall send it along without delay. Please distribute the additional copies of the letter tol SG1A F as I do not have an expedient address for fnem. With best regards, H.E. Puthoff PhD Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory HEP:jls Enc. SG1A cc: SG1A CA 11 OA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved FRURelease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 (b) Physical Me surements A meeting was held with a representative of the client's organization in which it was agreed that an experiment shall be carried out utilizing a.client-supplied Josephson junction gradiometer. Alternate SRI locations were examined and a suitable one chosen. The purpose of the experiment is (1) to determine whether magnetic field gradients can be established on command by the subject, and, if so, (2) to investigate such effects under conditions of viewing the probe from remote locations, and, if the latter is positive, to examine the effect as a function of subject-probe distance. The additional sensitive instruments are being set up as remote probes. One is a radiation probe box which includes a photo- multiplier and geiger counter. The other is a mechanical force indicator consisting of a torsion pendulum suspended on a metal fiber, enclosed in a bell jar, and monitored by a laser beam reflected from a mirror on the pendulum to a beam-position detector. Baseline data are being taken for these instruments, and experimentation will proceed during April. Reference 1: "Hemispheric Specialization and the Duality of Consciousness,11 David Galin, M.D. and Robert E.*Ornstein, Ph.D., in press in: Widroe, Harvey, M.D., ed. Human Behavior and Brain Function, Published by Charles C. Tho;;@s, Springfield, Illinois, 1973. Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved Fg,&Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP7970094&AO00300100034-4 (b) Physical Measurements A meeting was held with a representative of the client's organization in which it was agreed that an experiment shall be carried out utilizing a client-supplied Josephson junction gradiometer. Alternate SRI locations were examined and a suitable one chosen. The purpose of the experiment is (1) to determine whether magnetic field gradients can be established on command by the subject, and, if so, (2) to investigate such effects under conditions of viewing the probe from remote locations, and, if the latter is positive, to examine the effect as a function of subject-probe distance. The additional sensitive instruments are being set up as remote probes. One is a radiation probe box which includes a photo- multiplier and geiger counter. The other is a mechanical force indicator consisting of a torsion pendulum suspended on a metal fiber, enclosed in a bell jar, and monitored by a laser beam reflected from a mirror on the pendulum to a beam-position detector. Baseline data are being taken for these instruments, and experimentation will proceed during April. Reference 1: "HeiiLispheric Specialization and the Duality of Consciousness, David Galin, M.D. and Robert E. Ornstein, Ph.D., in press in: Widroe, Harvey, M.D., ed. Human Behavior and Brain Function, Published by Charles C. Tho;;@s, Springfield, Illinois, 1973. Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved Fo,&Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP797009QA000300100034-4 (b) Physical Measurements A meeting was held with a representative of the client's organization in which it was agreed that an experiment shall be carried out utilizing a client-supplied Josephson junction gradiometer. Alternate SRI locations were examined and a suitable one chosen. The purpose of the experiment is (1) to determine whether magnetic field gradients can be established on command by the subject, and, if so, (2) to investigate such effects under conditions of viewing the probe from remote locat'lons, and, if the latter is positive, to examine the effect as a function of subject-probe distance. The additional sensitive instruments are being set up as remote probes. One is a radiation probe box which includes a photo- multiplier and geiger counter. The other is a mechanical force indicator consisting of a torsion pendulum suspended on a metal fiber, enclosed in a bell jar, and monitored by a laser beam reflected from a mirror on the pendulum to a beam-position detector. Baseline data are being taken for these instruments, and experimentation will proceed during April. Reference 1: "Hemispheric Specialization and the Duality of Consciousness , David Galin, M.D. and Robert E. Ornstein, Ph.D., in press in: Widroe, Harvey, M.D., ed. Human Behavior and Brain Function, Published by Charles C. Tho;Zs, Springfield, Illinois, 1973. Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved Fqr.,Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79.-009WO00300100034-4 (b) PhXsical Measurements A meeting was held with a representative of the client's organization in which it was agreed that an experiment shall be carried out utilizing a client-supplied Josephson junction gradiometer. Alternate SRI locations were examined and a suitable one chosen. The purpose of the experiment is (1) to determine whether magnetic field gradients can be established on comwnd by the subject, and, if so, (2) to investigate such effects under conditions of viewing the probe from remote locations, and, if the latter is positive, to examine the effect as a function of subject-probe distance. The additional sensitive instruments are being set up as remote probes. One is a radiation probe box which includes a photo- multiplier and geiger counter. The other is a mechanical force indicator consisting of a torsion pendulum suspended on a metal fiber, enclosed in a bell jar, and monitored by a laser beam reflected from a mirror on the pendulum to a beaur-position detector. Baseline data are being taken for these instruments, and experimentation will proceed during April. Reference 1: "Hemispheric Specializat4 on and the Duality of Consciousness,?l L David Galin, M.D. and Robert E. Ornstein, Ph.D., in press in: Widroe, Harvey, M.D., ed. Human Behavior and Brain Function, Published by Charles C. Tho A@s, Springfield, Illinois, 1973. Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 SG1A Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Next 20 Page(s) In Document Exempt Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 24 April 1974 Progress Report No. 2 Covering the Period I March to I April 1674 Stanford Research Institute Project 3183 PERCEPTUAL AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES by Harold E. Puthoff Client Private Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved Welease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-0094WA000300100034-4 I OBJECTIVE The purpose of the program is to determine the characteristics of those perceptual modalities through which individuals obtain information about their environment, wherein such information is not presented to any known sense. The program is divided into two categories of investigation of approximately equal effort, applied research and basic research. The purpose of the applied research effort is to explore experimentally the potential for applications of perceptual abilities of interest, with special attention given to accuracy and reliability. The purpose of the basic research effort is to identify the characteristics of individuals possessing such abilities, and to identify neurophysiological correlates and basic mechanisms involved in such functioning. II PROGRESS DURING THE REPORTING PERIOD A. Applied Research 1. Remote Viewing (a) Local Targets An experiment is continuing in which ten sites known to the subject are being visited in random sequence, with replacement, by a target demarcation team. A comparison is to be made as to hit accuracy under conditions of (1) identifying the site by name and, (2) identifying the site by photographs. Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved KwRelease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009WO00300100034-4 (b) Remote Targets In conjunction with a vacation trip by one of the experimenters (H.P.) to Costa Rica, a week of remote target viewing will be carried out at 1330 local time (1430 Costa Rica time). Pictures of the target locations are to be taken. Upon return and development of the pictures, the subject will be asked to match target pictures with narratives, as will the experimenter, both in blind fashion. 2. Detection of Variable Density Target Material An initial experiment with twenty-seven sponsor drawings of variable content and density was completed. The goal was the diff-ren- tiation of twelve low-density cards, six pencil, and nine blank cards. The numbered envelopes containing the target material, sealed and specially secured by the sponsor, were randomized before each trial and placed inside non-numbered opaque envelopes before being presented to the subject for sorting. Two series were carried out. The first consisted of 24 runs through the 27 cards, choosing 12 cards each run, the goal being to choose the 12 low-density cards. Out of the 12 x 24 = 288 choices, the expected number of target cards by chance was 128, the observed number chosen, 133. The second series consisted of 18 runs through the 27 cards, choosing 6 cards each run, the goal being to choose the 6 pencil cards. Out of the 6 x 18 = 108 choices, the expected number of target cards by chance was 24, the observed number chosen, 19. Thus, the overall result given the task did not differ significantly from chance. However, when we examine the ranking of cards by number of times chosen, we observe a significant skew in the distribution. Independent of the assigned task, in the 24-run series of 12 choices each, the expected number of times a given card is chosen is 11. 2 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved W* Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009ZA000300.100034-4 In the 18 run series of 6 choices each, the expected number of times a given card is chosen is 4. In the two series, of the 17 cards chosen more often than expected by chance, the expected number of low density cards is 7.5, the observed number 13, a result significant at the p = 2 x 1073 level. Thus, in the overall distribution certain of the low-density cards were chosen often enough to yield a significant result in the ranking distribution. It is considered that the initial experiment was unnecessarily complex, there being a mixture of target sizes (2), symbols (3), and ink techniques (3). New experiments are to be carried out to clarify whether a usable talent exists in this area. B. Basic Research 1. Testing Program (a) Psychological Testing Arrangements have been made with Dr. Donald Lim of the Palo Alto Veteran's Administration Hospital for the administration of the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychology test battery. Dr. Lim is experienced in the administration of the battery and has personally consulted with Dr. Reitan on testing procedures and interpretation. In connection with testing hypotheses associated with hemispheric specialization of the brain, Dr. Robert Ornstein of the Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of California, San Francisco, has agreed to administer tests appropriate to testing hemispheric predisposition. (b) Medical Testing The physical characteristics part of the program will be administered by the Environmental Medicine facility of the Palo Alto 3 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved Figer Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-OOPWO00300100034-4 Medical Clinic. The basic physical includes urinalysis, bloodwork (hemoglobin, STS, CBC, blood pressure pulse), hearing tests (frequency and intensity), eye tests (depth perception, color vision, far and near vision, peripheral vision), pulmonary function test, EKG, tonometry, height, weight, and a physical examination. A consultation appointment has been set up to explore further testing for special areas beyond the basic physical. 2. Measurement Progra (a) EEG Experiment A variety of evidence from clinical and neurosurgical sources indicates that the two hemispheres of the human brain are specialized for different cognitive functions. The left hemisphere is predominantly involved in verbal and other analytic functioning, the right in spatial and other holistic processing. (See Appendix.) 1 In consultation with Dr. Robert Ornstein of the Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute, an hypothesis was formed based on certain observed characteristics that paranormal functioning might involve right hemispheric specialization. To test this hypothesis, the EEG remote strobeflash experiment described in Report No. 1 was repeated three times with monitoring of right and left occipital regions. Each experiment consisted of 20 15-second trials, 10 no-flash trials, and 10 16 Hz trials randomly intermixed. Reduction of alpha activity (arousal response) correlated with remote stimuli was observed as in previous experiments, but essentially only in the right hemisphere (average alpha reduction 16 percent in right hemisphere, 2 percent in left, during the 16 Hz trials as compared with the no-flash trials). Such results indicate initial support for the hypothesis of right hemispheric specialization, and therefore further investigation of right hemisphere specialization seems indicated. 4 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009,99AO00300100034-4 (b) Physical Measurements A meeting was held with Mr. Stacy Luke of the client's organization in which it was agreed that an experiment shall be carried out utilizing the client's Josephson junction gradiometer. Alternate SRI locations were examined and a suitable one chosen. The purpose of -the experiment is (1) to determine whether magnetic field gradients can be established on command by the subject, and, if so, (2) to investigate such effects under conditions of vie-wing the probe from remote locations, and, if the latter is positive, to examine the effect as a function of subject-probe distance. Two additional sensitive instruments are being set up as remote probes. One is a radiation probe box which includes a photo- multiplier and geiger counter. The other is a mechanical force indicator consisting of a torsion pendulum suspended on a metal fiber, enclosed in a bell jar, and monitored by a laser beam reflected from a mirror on the pendulum to a beam-position detector. Baseline data are being taken for these instruments, and experimentation will proceed during April. Reference 1: "Hemispheric Specializatio'n and the Duality of Consciousness, David Galin, M.D. and Robert E. Ornstein, Ph.D., in press in: Widroe, Harvey, M.D., ed. Human Behavior and Brain Function, Published by Charles C. Thomas$ Springfield, Illinois, 1973. 5 Approved For.Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved Welease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-ON@91 000300100034-4 APPENDIX Hemispheric Specialization and the Duality of Consciousness David Galin, M.D. and Robert E. Ornstein, Ph.D. Institute for the Study of Human Consciousness Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute University of California, San Francisco in press in: Widroe, Harvey, M.D., ed. Human Behavior and Brain Function published by Charles C Thomas Springfield, Illinois 1973 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Velease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009@.9AOOO300100034-4 Approved FvQ Hemispheric Specialization and the Duality of Consciousness David Galin, M.D., and Robert E. Ornstein, Ph.D. Institute for the Study of Human Consciousness Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute University of California, San Francisco A variety of evidence from clinical and neurosurgical sources indicates that the two hemispheres of the human brain are specialized for different cognitive functions. This evidence has been confirmed in studie!@ of normal subjects. The left hemisphere Is predominantly Involved in verbal and other analytic functions, the right In spatial and other holistic processing. The two hemispheres have been surgically separated for the treatment of certain cases of epilepsy; after the operation, It has been found that each hemisphere is conscious, and can carry out complex cognitive processes of the type for which it is specialized. In short, there appear to be two separate, conscious minds In one head. The study of how these two half- brains cooperate or interfere with each other in normal, intact people has just begun. We believe that this work has important implications for psychiatric theory and practice, and education, as well as for clinical neurology. In our laboratory at Langley Porter we have been studying this lateralization of-function with EEG techniques. With the method which we have developed we can distinguish between these two cognitive modes as they occur in normal subjects, using simple scalp recordings. Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved Welease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009V9 000300100034-4 page 2 We will review some of the experiments and clinical observations on this duality in human nature, and mention some of the opportunities for future research that seem to us most promising. 1. Specialization of the two Hemispheres - "Split-Brain" studies: The asymmetrical localization of cognitive function has long been established. Language was ascribed to the left hemisphere by Dax in 1836 (Benton & Joynt, 1960). Since then clinical work with brain damaged patients has continued to differentiate the cognitive functions of the hemispheres (Semmes et al., 1955, Milner, 1965a, Luria, 1966, Corkin, 1965). For example right temporal lobectomy produces a severe impairment Oil visual and tactile mazes. In contrast left temporal lobectomy of equal extent produces little deficit on these tasks but impairs verbal memory (Milner, 1965a, Corkin, 1965). In general, clinical work has found verbal and arithmetical functions (analytic, linear) depend on the left hemispi.ere while spatial relationships (holistic, gestalt) are the special province of the right hemisphere. Sperry, Gazzaniga, Bogen and their associates (lq69, Levy, 1970, Bogen, 1969) have had a unique opportunity to study the specialization of the two halves of the brain Isolated from each other. They worked with patients who had undergone surgical section of the corpus callosum for the treatment of epilepsy. These "split brain" patients were tested with special apparatus to insure that the task was presented to only one hemisphere at a time. Sperry, Gazzaniga and Bogen have been able to establish that each hemisphere can function independently and is independently conscious. Learning and memory are found to continue separately in each hemisphere. The right hand literally does not know what Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 pRelease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009QAA000300100034-4 Approved FQr page 3 the left hand Is doing. Both halves Independently sense, perceive and conceptualize. Unilateral ass6ciations between tactual, visual and auditory sensations remain. In these patients, the left hemisphere is capable of speech, writing and mathematical calculation, and is severely limited in problems involving spatial relations. The right hemisphere has use of only a few words and can perform simple addition only up to ten, but can perform tasks Involving spatial relationships and music patterns. It Is Important to emphasize that what most characterizes the hemispheres Is not that they are specialized fo work with different types of material, (the left with words and the right with spatial forms); rather each hemisphere is specialized for a different cognitive style; th.g left for an analytic, logical mode for which words are an excellent tool, and the right for a holistic, Qestalt mode, which happens to be particularly suitable for spatial relations, and music. The difference in cognitive style is explicitly described in a recent paper by Levy, Trevarthen, and Sperry, 1972 : "Recent commissurotomy studies have shown that the two disconnected hemispheres, working on the same task, may process the same sensory Information In distinctly different ways, and that the two modes of mental operation involving spatial synthesis for the right and temporal analysis for the left, show indications of mutual antagonism (Levy, 1970). The propensity of the language hemisphere to note Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved FQ4.Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009QA000300100034-4 page 4 analytical details in a way that facilitates their description in language seems to Interfere with the perception of an over-all Gestalt, leaving the left hemisphere lunable to see the wood for the trees.' This Interference effect suggested a rationale for the evolution of lateral specialization ... " (Levy, et al., 1972) (See als.0- Nebes, 1971, Semmes, 1968). Sperry and his collaborators have found that "in general, the post- operative behavior of (the commissurotomy patients) has been dominated by_ the major (left) hemisphere..." except in tasks for which the right hemisphere is particularly specialized. (Levy, et al., 1972). To understand the method of testing and interviewing each half of the brain separately, two points of functional anatomy must be kept in mind. The first is that since language functions (speech, writing) are mediated predominantly by the left hemisphere in most people, the disconnected right hemisphere cannot express Itself verbally. The second point is that the neural pathways carrying Information from one side of the body and one-haff of the visual field cross over and connect only with the opposite side of the brain. This means that sensations in the right hand and images in the right visual space will be projected almost entirely to the left hemisphere. Similarly, the major motor output is crossed, and the left hemisphere mainly controls the movements of the right hand. Therefore, patients with the corpus callosum sectioned can describe or answer questions about objects placed in their right hands, or pictures flashed to the right visual field with a tachistoscope, but can give no correct verbal Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved Welease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009QAOOO.300100034-4 page 5 response when the Information Is presented to the left hand or the left visual field (they will in fact, often confabulate). The mute right hemisphere can, however, Indicate its experience with the left hand, for example, by selecting the proper object from an array. 2.2issoclation of Experience: The dissociation between the experiences of the two disconnected hemispheres Is sometimes very dramatic. A film made by Sperry and his colleagues shows two Illustrative incidents. The film shows a young female patient being tested with a tachistoscope as described above. In the seri.es of neutral geometrical figures being presented at random to the right and left fields, a nude pin- up was Included and flashed to the right (nonverbal) hemisphere. The girl blushed and giggled. Sperry asked "What did you see?" She answered "Nothing, just a flash of light," and giggled again, covering her mouth with her harLd. "Why are you laughing then?" asks Sperry, and she laughs again and says., "Oh, Dr. Sperry, you have some machine"' The episode is very dramatic, and if one did not know her neurosurgical history one might have seen this as a clear example of perceptual defense: one might Infer that she was repressing the perception of the conflictful sexual material-- even her final response (a socially acceptable nonsequitur) was convincing. (see also Sperry, Am. Psychol, 1968, 23:723-33, esp. p. 732). In another section of the film a different patient is performing a block design task; he is trying to match a colored geometric design with a set of painted blocks. The film shows the left hand (right hemisphere) qu;ckly carrying out the task. Then the experimenter disarranges the Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved NVelease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009QW000300100034-4 page 6 blocks and the right hand (left hemisphere) is given the task; slowly and with great apparent Indecision it arranges the pieces. In trying to match a corner of the design the right hand corrects one of the blocks, and then shifts It again, apparently not realizing it was correct: the viewer sees the left hand dart out, grab the block to restore It to the correct position--and then the arm of the experimenter reaches over and pulls the Intruding left hand off-camera. 3. Psychiatric Implications: There is a compelling formal similarity between these dissociation phenomena seen In the commissurotomy patients-and the phenomena of repression; according to Freud's early "topographical" model of the mind, repressed mental contents functioned In a separate realm, which was Inaccessible to conscious recall or verbal interrogation, functioning according to Its own rules, developing and pursuing Its own goals, affecting the viscera and Insinuatinq itself In the stream of ongoing consciously directed behavior. This parallel suggests that we examine.the hypothesis that in normal, intact people mental events in the right hemisphere can become disconnected functionally from the left hemisphere (by inhibition of neuronal transmission across the corpus callosum and other cerebral commissures), and can continue a life of their own. This hypothesis suggests a neurophysiological mechanism for at least some cases of repression, and an.. anatomical locus for the unconscious mental contents. What are the circumstances under which such a dissociation could take place7 There are several ways in which the two hemispheres of an ordinary Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved F%Pelease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009QA000300100034-4 page 7 person could begin to function as if they had been surgically disconnected. and' cease exchanging Information. The first way Is by active inhibition of Information transfer because of conflict. Imagine the effect on a child when. his mother presents one message verbally, but quite another with her facial expression and body language; "I am doing it because I love you, dear", say the words, but "I hate you and will destroy you" says the face. Each hemisphere is exposed to the same sensory input, but because of the- relative specializations, they each emphasize only one of the messages. The left will attend to the verbal cues because it cannot extract Information from the facial gestalt efficiently; the right will attend preferentially to the non-verbal cues because it cannot easily understand the words (Levy et al., 1972). Effectively a different input has been de Irl vered to each hemisphere, just as In the laboratory experiments in which a tachistoscope Is used to present different pictures to the left and right visual fields. We offer the following conjecture: In this situation the two hemispheres might decide on opposite courses of action; the left to approach, and the'right to flee. Because of the high stakes Involved each- hemisphere might be able to maintain its consciousness and resist the inhibitory influence of the other side. The left hemisphere seems to w1r. control of the output channels most of the time (Sperry, 1968), but if the left Is not able to "turn off" the right completely it may settle for disconnecting the transfer of the conflictIng information from the other side. The connections between hemispheres are relatively weak compared tu the connections within hemispheres(Bogen 1969) and It seems likely that each hemisphere treats the weak contralateral input in the same way in Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved FQ&Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009QA000300100034-4 page 8 which people In general treat the odd discrepnnt observation which does not fit with the mass of their beliefs; first we Ignore It, and then If it is insistent, we actively avoid it (Stent, 1972). The mental process in the right hemisphere, cut off in this way from .the left hemisphere consciousness which is diriecting overt behavior, may nevertheless continue a life of its own. The memory of the situation, the wwtional-concommitants, and the frustrated plan of action all may persist, affecting subsequent perception-and forming the basis for expectations and evaluations of future input. But active inhibition arising from.conflicting goals is not the only way to account for a lack of communication between the two hemispheres, and a consequent divergence of consciousness. In the simplest case, because of their special modes of organization and special areas of competence, the knowledge which one hemisphere possesses may not translate well into the language of the other. For example, the experTence of attendl'ng a symphon@ concert is not readily expressed in words, and the concept "Democracy requires Informed participation" is hard to convey in images. What may be transmitted in.such cases may be the conclusion as to action, and not tbt- details on which the evaluation was based. It is pos.Aible to convey some of the richness of the holistic consciousness in words. but it requires a great artist. 4. Neo-Phrenoj9RX:. It is not clear to what extent specific cognitive performances can be said to depend on specific areas of the cerebrum, beyond the gross distinction between left and right hemispheres. Without going too far in Approved For.Release 2003/06/34: CIA-RDP79-00999AO0030010QP@4-4 Approved F%,Pelease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009WO00300100034-4 page 9 the direction of assIgnIng "centers" to each mental quality In the innnnor of the phrenologists, there seems to be some evidence for wlthin-hemisphere localIzat.lon. For example, Milner (1965b) has correlated disorders in specific kind* of language processing with lesions in specific areas of the left hemisphere; verbal memory deficits with anterior temporal lesions, speech deficits with posterior temporal lesions, fluency deficits with frontal lesions and reading deficits with lesions in the region of the parieto-occipital junction. The id.ifficulties inherent in "localizing" complex functions are exemplified in the conflicting literature on the lateralization of arithmetic cal@ulation. Luria finds "primary acalculia" or primary arithmetical disturbances with lesions of the left infero-parietal lobe (Luria, 1966), but KInsbourne finds no systematic lateralization for arithmetic (1972). The problem is.complex, according to Critchley (1953) because calculation may entail more than one type of mentation and different people seem to employ different methods. Lesions in different areas would be expected to produce dyscalculia insofar as a person depended on the use of specific visual symbols or notation, or on rote memory (e.g. multiplication tables) or on an ideokinetic factor based on concrete manipulation such as counting on fingers. The horizontal and vertical arrangement of numbers to represent units, tens, hundreds, etc., depends on 'spatial and constructional factors. Vivid imagery for numerical forms and sequences may be important to some people (Humphrey and Zangwill, 1952). Critchley concludes., "Nonetheless, there are certain 'vulnerable' regions of the Approved For Release 2003/06/24 :,CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved F04Pelease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009%VO00300100034-4 page 10 brain, wherein a lesion is more apt to be followed by a severe dyscalculia bearing certain clinical hallmarks. Thus disease of the dominant left hemisphere Is more often followed by severe dis orders of calculation." (CrItchley, 1953) 5. Evidence for Lateral Specialization in Normal People: Some caution should be exercised In making the Inference of lateral specialization of cognitive function in normal people from lesion studies alone. One might consider whether the 'split' functions are due In some part to the radical surgery, or to the other disturbances in these patients. The study of neurological disorders or surgical preparations cast light on normal functioning, but the most important'and most practical question Is whether the normal brain, engaged in everyday acttvitles is organized around lateralization of cognitive function. Recent research with normal subjects provides support for the Inference that the intact brain does in fact make use of lateral specialization. With normal subjects, Flibey and Gazzaniga have measured the time required for information presented to one hemisphere to be actcd upon by the other. A verbal reaction to information presented to the non- verbal right hemisphere took longer than a non-verbal response.. (Filbey and Gazzaniga, 1969). McKeever found faster tachistoscopic word recognition for words projected to the left hemisphere than to the right (McKeever and Huling, .1970). In dichotic listening, tasks, normal subjects have better recall for verbal material presented to the right than to the left ear and better recall for melodies presented to the left. (Kimura, j961). Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved F%#elease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-0094WO0300100034-4 page 1 other laboratories have used electrophysiological techniques such as evoked potentials and DC potentials. Buchsbaum recorded averaged visual evoked potentials from the left and right occipital areas In response to words and geometric stimuli (Buchsbaum and Fedio, 1969). The responses to, these two classes of stimuli were the same In the right hemisphere, but different In the left hemisphere. Wood et al.0971) found similar results with. auditory stimuli; subjects listened to verbal stimuli under two conditions; to process them for speech cues (stop consonants) and for non- speech cues (pitch). The evoked responses were the same in the right hemisphere, but different In the left hemisphere. Morrell and Salamy (1971) reported that evoked potentials to speech sounds were larger in the left hemisphere leads than In the right, and Vella et al. (1972) reported that responses to complex visual forms were larger In the right. McAdam and Whitaker recorded DC potentials over the left and right fronto-temporal areas. Just before subjects spoke, a negative shift appeared, more pronounced on the left than on the right. No shift was seen preceding non-verbal vocal tract activities (voluntary coughing, spitting) (McAdam and Whitaker, 1971). In the past three years we have applied EEG methods to the study of this lateral specialization In normal people. By studying EEG asymmetry we were. able to distinguish the two cognitive modes as they occur in normal subjects using simple scalp recording (Galin and Ornstein, 1972). In brIeF, we examined the EEGs of subjects performing verbal and spatial tasks to determine whether there were differences in activity between the appropriate and inappropriate hemispheres. We recorded from the temporal Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved Fi4p Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-0094VA000300100034-4 page 12 and parietal areas since clinico-anatomical evidence Indicates that these areas should be differently engaged In these tasks. We foun d that during verbal tasks the Integrated whole-band power In the left hemisphere Is less than that In the right, and during spatial tasks the int egrated power in the right hemisphere Is less than In the left. Most of the task-dependent asy mmetry appeared to be in the alpha band. Our method of analyz.Ing the ratios of right to left EEG power was adopted by McKee, Humphrey and McAdam (1973) in a study contrasting musical and verbal processing. They confirm our general finding that the ratio Is higher In the verbal tasks compared to the non-verbal task. Table I summarizes some of the results from two of our experiments. The average alpha ratios (right/left) were computed for temporal, parietal, and central recordings during verbal and spatial tasks intended to engage primarily the left or the right hemisphere. Spatial tasks included building geometric designs from memory with blocks, mirror drawing and a mental Form Board task. Verbal tasks included composing a letter mentally and in writing, and memorizing and writing the main facts from a text passage. The task'pa'Irs which were selected differ in their requirement for motor output, and for memory. The attention-to-breathing task was,included as a. "neutral" non-cognitive condition. (For further details of the methods and results of Experiment 1, see Galin and Ornstein, 1972, Doyle, Ornstein and Galin, 1973). Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved FaP Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009MA000300100034-4 page 13 TABLE I lnter-@ and Intra-hemispheric Specialization for Cognitive Mode: Differendes between Electrode Locations Alpha ratios* Experiment I Motor tasks Mental tasks "Non-cognitive" Written Form Mental Attention NW10 Blocks Letter p Board Letter p to -Breath PVP3 0.97 1.09 .01 Mi 0.98 ns 0.94 T4/T3 0.68 1.06 .01 0.79 1.06 .05 0.87 Experiment 11 Memory tasks Non-memory tasks "Non-cognitive" N-35 Blocks P4/P3 0.99 Write from Memory p 1.19 .0003 Mirror Text Drawing Copying p 1.01 1.07 .04 Attention to-Breath 1.20 T4/T3 0.77 1.12 .00003 0.75 0.94 .0004 0.88 WC3 0.79 1.17 .0003 0.83 1.03 .0006' 0.97 Geometric means over all subjects of EEG power ratios (right./left) Significance of differences tested by Wilcoxon Matched-Pair Signed-Ranks Tef;t, all P values two-tailed, ns = .05. Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved RO Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009MA000306M3144-4 Fig. I shows asample from the EEG from one stibject during the, Rlocks and Written Letter tasks. Fig. 2 shows the results of frequency spectrum 4nalysi.s of the EEG from which Fig. I was taken. --------------------------------- Insert Figures I and 2 about here __w ------------------------------ The second experiment confirms the main effect found in the first;. higher ratios.are found during verbal tasks than during spatial tasks. All three lead pairs show the task-dependent asymmetry in both comparisons (Blocks vs. Write-from-Memory and Text Copying vs. Mirror Drawing). There are systematic differences between the leads. The parietal leads, In all comparisons, in both experiments, exhibit the least task- dependent asymmetry, i.e. the difference In alpha ratio on the verbal task and the spatial task is smaller on the parietal leads than on the temporal and central, leads. The temporal and central leads appear to behave similarly In this respect. The Attention-to-Breath task most closely approximates the conditions under which clinical EEGs are recorded; I.e. little information processing, passive, uns tructured. Clinical EEG texts generally state that alpha amplitude is normally higher on the right than the left. We find this to be so for the parietal leads, but consistently rev6rsed for the temporal leads. Table If shows the results from the Breathing task of Experiment 11. Most subjects have predominant right parietal alpha and predominant left temporal alpha. The central leads show an equal distribution.' This reversal between parietal and temporal alpha predominance can also be seen Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved. %p Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-OOSMAO00300100034-4 page 15 during the active cognitive tasks. (Table 1, all tasks except Mental Letter) TABLE I I Differences between electrode locations in "resting" alpha asymmetry Parietal Temporal Central Higher Right Alpha 27 9 16 Higher Left Alpha 6 24 15 The functional significance of this reversal of asymmetry Is not yet clear, but it precludes classifying a person simply as "right dominant" or "left dominant"; intrahemispheric specialization must be taken into account. Previous Investigators have sought to relate electrophysiological recordings to cognitive functions. A major effort has been devoted to relating the EEG to "intelligence" (see review by Vogel, et a]., 1968). Our approach to this problem takes Into account three factors which seem w have been neglected in the past: 1. Recording while the subject is engaged in a task, rather than t.rying to relate a "resting" EEG or averaged evoked potential to subsequent performance. 2. Selection of cognitive tasks which clinical evidence has shown to depend more on one hemisphere than the other, and which therefore should be associated with a predictable distribution of brain activity. 5. Selection of electrode placements on clinico-anatomical grounds. A wealth of evidence suggests that temporal and pariet6l leads should be the Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved WRelease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009WA000300100034-4 page 16 most functionally asymmetrical, and occipital leads the most similar. Unfortunately, occipital leads have been used most often in the past, probably because they are not as sensitive to eye movement and muscle artifacts. Usually recordings have been made only unilaterally. Now that we have established a method for determining lateralization of cognitive function In normal Ss, several major areas of concern can be studied: the generality of lateral spec Talization of cognitive function in the population, the role of lateral specialization in critical academic skills, the effect of social drugs on hemispheric Unteraction, and the possibility of training voluntary control over patterns of lateral asymmetry using the feedback EEG. 6. lateralization in Left Handed and.Ambldexterous People: The lateralization of coqnItIve functions described above Is characteristic of right handed people. The cerebral lateralizatlon of left handed people Is more complex. Hecaen (1964,1971) has provided an extensive review of the neurological literature and a summary of his uwr, clinical studies, and concluded that left handers show a greater cerebral ambi-laterality, not only for language, but also for gnosTc and praxic functions. Hecaen distinguishes between left handedness which is familial and that which follows a perinatal injury to the left hemisphere. The familial type may or may not have reversed language lateralization. These conclusions were generally confirmed by Satz et al. (1967) in a study of a neurologically normal population. They used the dichotic listening test to assess language lateralization and carefully tested Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved F4WRelease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00NOA000300100034-4 page 17 manual superiority rather than relying 'on the subjects' self-classification as to handedness. Following'the hypothesis,of Orton that stuttering and dyslexia can be due to poorly established cerebral specialization, many studies have found high Incidences of left handers and ambidexterous people among these clinical groups. Hecaen (1964) concludes that while no convincing direct relation has been demonstrated, "disorders of laterality can play a part In a certain number of these cases." The nature of these "disorders of laterality" Is not clear. To our knowledge-there have been no attempts to quantitatively evaluate the Unteraction between the verbal-analytic and spatial-holistic cognitive systems In normal daily activities. Our opinion Is that in many ordinary activities normal people simply alternate between cognitive modes rather then Integratinq them. These modes compliment each other but do not readily substitute for each other. Although It Is possible to process complex spatial relationships In words, It would seem much more efficient to use visual-kinesthetic images. For example, consider what most people do when asked to describe a spiral staircase; they begin using words, but quickly fall back on gesturing with a finger. Processing in the Inappropriate cognitive system may not only be inefficient; it may actually interfere with processing in the appropriate system. This 'interference hypothesis' is supported by a study of left- handed subjects who were presumed to have bilateral language representation (Levy, 1969). Levy compared left-handed and right-handed subjects with equal WAIS verbal scores and found that the left handers had significantly Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved KjjOlRelease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009WA000300100034-4 page 18 lower performance scores, which she attributed to Interference from the presumed-ambi laterallty of language. Her observation has been confirmed by Miller (1971). Similarly, In a group of patients In whom right-hemisphere language was demonstrated with carotid amytal, Lansdell(1969) found a negative correlation between language ability and spatial performance scores. Brooks (1970) presents additional support for the hypothesis of "Interhemispheric interference". Reading a description of spatial relations interferes with the subsequent manipulation of those spatial relations. DenHyer.and Barrett (1971) demonstrated selective loss of spatial and verbal information in short.term memory by means of spatial and verbal Interpolated tasks. Levy has In fact suggested that verbal and non- verbal functions evolved in opposite hemispheres to reduce interference of one system with the other (Levy, 1969). This evidence of Interference between the right and left cognitive modes provides a new kind of support for the hypothesis of Orton, that lack of cerebral lateral specialization plays a major role in dyslexia and stuttering. This hypothesis has continued to sustain interest, in spite of a lack of convincing direct evidence. Until recently, the only generally available Index of cerebral lateralization was handedness, and people with little hand preference, or left handers who were "switched" or those with mixed hand and eye preference were considered to be "high risk". The Incidence of such people in clinical categories such as stuttering, dyslexia, and specific learning disability is usually found to be higher than in the normal population. Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved RQ&Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009QNAO00300100034-4 page 19 Our EEG method for studying lateralization of cognitive function,_ along with the d'ichotic listening test, can provide a much more.direct and presumably more sensitive means for Investigating disorders of laterality than measur@s based on hand, eye, or foot dominance. Our present proposal to extend our measures to left handed and ambidexterous populations will lay the groundwork for these clinical studies. 7. Blofeedback Training for Voluntary Control of EEG Asymmetry: Our research has demonstrated characteristic patterns of activity and Inactivity for both the verbal and the spatial cognitive modes. It is reasonable to suppo se that more selective inhIbition and facilitation of each hemisphere can Improve performance. It has been shown in many laboratories that, when subjects are given exteroceptive feedback on the state of a physiological variable, they can learn control of the variable, e.g. EEG alpha,'heart rate, EMG (Nowlis and Kamiya, 1970; Budzynski, Stoyva and Adler, 1970; Hnatlow and Lang, 1965). For example, O'Malley and Conners (1972) have reported a pilot case of a dyslexic boy who was given laterali'zed alpha feedback training, and showed significant changes in EEG asymmetry. Therefore, with the aid of feedback from our electrophysiological index of cognitive mode, subjects may be able to learn to.reduce the interference between hemispheres, and thereby improve cognitive performance. 8. .1melications for Education: Our EEG and eye movement studies (Kocel et al., 1972; Galin & Ornstein, 1973) provide potential methods of assessing an individual's preferred cognitive mode. An individual's preferred cognitive style may facilitate Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved FW Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-06**AOO0300100034-4 page 20 his learning of one type of subject matter, e.g., spatial, relational-, and hamper the learning of another type, e.g., verbal analytical. A student's difficulty with one part of a curriculum may arise from his inability to change to the cognitive mode appropriate to the work he Is doing. Studies by Cohen (1969), Marsh et a]. (1970), and by Bogen et a]. (1972), have indicated that subcultures within the United States are characterized by a predominant cognitive mode: the middle class is likely to use the verbal-analytic mode; the urban poor is more likely to usie the soa.t;al-holfst;c mode. This results in a cultural conflict of cognitive style and may In part explain the difficulties of the urban poor children In the school system oriented toward the middle class. There seems to be a new recognition among educators of the Importance of both modes of experiencing the world (J. Bruner, On Knowing; Essay-s for the Left Hand 1965). Many' new programs (e.g., Sesame Strtet) emphasize helping verbal- analytically oriented children to develop holistic mode skills as well as helping holistically-oriented children to make use of the traditional verbal-analyttc materials. If our project Is successful, it..may make it feasible to train an individual child to enter both cognitive modes appropriately. With EEG feedback an individual may be able to learn to sustain a pattern of brain a ctivity and the concommitant cognitive mode which Is a ppropriate to reading and arithmetic on the one'hand and painting and construction on the other. Our approach may also be of use in the study of cognitive development. Since bratn injuries before the age of 12 rarely result in permanent aphasia, It is reasonable to suppose that the lateralization of cognitive Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved Far Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00tl"AO00300100034-4 page 21 function Is still in flux In young children after the acquisition of speech .and even after the acquisition of written language. The maturation of the child's-cognitive'po'wer may be paralleled by, and-perhaps even depend upon, increasing lateral specialization with a resulting decrease in interference between cognitive systems. nur EEG measures of cognitive functioning cotild be powerful tools for mapping the course of this growth.. These measures could be used In diagnosing aberrations In cognitive development. For example, certain forms of dyslexia may be caused by interhemispheric Interference. Perhaps "feedback".training to improve selective Inhibition of the Inappropriate cognitive mode would prove useful in therapy. Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved NW'Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009"AO00300100034-4 page 22 BIBLIOGRAPHY Benton, A. L. & Joynt, R. J. "Early descriptions of aphasia." Archives of Neurol. 3:205-222, 1960. Bogen, J.E. "The other side of the brain." 1, 11, 111, Bulletin of the Los Angeles Neurological Society 34:73-105, 135-162, 191-220, 1969. Bogen, J. E., DeZure, R., Tenhquten, W. D. & Marsh, J. F. "The other side of the brain: IV. The A/P ratio." Bull. Los Angeles Neurol. Soc., 37:49-61,A972. Brooks, L.R. "An extension of the conflict between visualization and reading." Quart. J. Exper. Psychol. 22:91-96, 1970. Buchsbaum, M. and Fedio, P. "Visual information and evoked responses from tile left and right hemispheres." EEG ClIn. Neurophysiol. 26:266-272, 1969. Budzynski, T.H.. Stoyva, J., Adler, C. "Feedback-induced muscle relaxation:- Application to tension headaches." J. Behav.Ther. Exper. Psychiat. 1:205-211, 1970. Cohen, R.A. "Conceptual styles, culture conflict and non-verbal tests-of Intelligence." Amer. Anthropologist 71:826-856, 1969. Corkin, Suzanne. "Tactually-guided maze learning in man: Effects of unilateral cortical excislons and bilateral hippocampal lesions." Neurop ycholo 21a 3:339-351, 1965. CrItchley, M. The Parletal Lobes. London: E. Arnold, 1953. DenHyer, K. and Barrett, B. "Selective loss of visual information in short term memory by means of visual and interpolated tasks." Psychon. Sci. 25:100-102, 1971. Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved 9W Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00@"AOOO300100034-4 page 23 Doyle, J.C., Ornstein, R., Galin, D. "Lateral specialization of cognitive m*Jde: 11. EEG frequency analysis. Psychophysiology, 1973, in pre5s. FlIbey, R.A. and Gazzentga, M.S. "Splitting the normal brain with reaction time." Psython. Scl. 17:335, 1969. Galin, D. and Ornstein, R. "Lateral specialization of cognitive mode: An EE(@ study." Psychophysiology 9:412-418, 1972. Galin, D. and Ornstein, R. "Individual differences In cognitive style: 1. Reflective eye movements. Neuropsychologia, 1973, in press. Gazzaniga, M.S. The Bisected Brain,. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970 Hecaen, H. and Ajurlaguerra, J. de. Left-Handedness, Manual Superiority and Cerebral Dominance. New York and London: Grune and Stratton, 1964. Hecaeh, H. and Sauguet, J. "Cerebral dominance in left-handed subjects." Cortex 7:19-48, 1971. Hniatow, M. and Lang, P. "Learned stabilization of cardiac rate." Psychophysiolo2y 1:330, 1965. Humphrey, M.E. and Zangwill, O.L. "Cessation of dreaming after brain injury." J.Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 14:322-325, 1951. Humphrey, M. E. Zangwill, 0. L. Effects of a right-sided occipito- parletal brain Injury in a left-handed man. Brain, 75@312-324, 1952. Kimura, D. "Cerebral dominance and the perception of verbal stimuli." Cana. J.Percept. 15:166-171, 196). Kinsbourne, M. "Eye and head-turning indicates cerebral lateralization." Science 176:539-541, 1972. Kocel, K. Galin, D., Ornstein, R., Merrin, E. L. Lateral eye movement and cognitive mode. Psychonom. Sci., 27:223-224, 1972. Lansdell, H. "Verbal and non-verbal factors in right hemisphere speech." J-E2mE. and Physi6l. Psychol. 69:734-738, 1969 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved &W Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00@@AO00300100034-4 page 24 Levy, J., Trevarthen, C., Sperry, R.W. "Perception on bilateral chimeric figures following hemispheric deconnexion."' Brain 95:61-78, 1972. Levy, J. Possible basis for the evolution of lateral specialization of the human brain." Nature 224:614-615, 1969. Levy, J. "Information processing and higher ptychological functions In the disconnected hemispheres of human commissurotomy patients. (Unpublished Thesis, California Institute of Technology, 1970. Luria, A.R. Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books, 1966. Marsh, J.F., TenHouten, W.D., Bogen, J.E. " A theory of cognitive functioning and social stratification." Progress Report O.E.O. contract, Department of Sociology, University of California, Riverside, 1970. McAdam, D.W. and Whitaker, H.A. "Language production: Electroencephalographic localization In the normal human brain." Science 172:499-502, 1971. McKee, G., Humphrey, B., McAdam, D. "Scaled lateralization of alpha activity during linguistic and musical tasks. (in Press, Psychophysiology). McKeever, W.F. and Hullng, M. "Left cerebral hemisphere superiority in tachistoscopic word recognition performance." Percept. Mot. Skills 30:763-766, 1970. Miller, E. "Handedness and the pattern of human ability." Br. J. Psychol. 62:111-112, 1971. Milner, B. "Visually guided maze learning In man:Effects of bilateral, frontal, and unilateral cerebral lesions." Neuropsychologia 3:317-338, 1965a. Milner, B. "Brain mechanisms suggested by studies of temporal lobes." In Language New York: Grune and Stratton, 1965b. Morrell, L.K. and Salamy, J.G. "Hemispheric asymmetry of electrocortical responses to speech stimuli." Science 174:164-.166. 1971. Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved F%*@ Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-OOMA000300100034-4 page 25 Nebes, R. "Superior Ity or the minor hemisphere In commissurotomized man for the perception of part-whole relations." Cortex 7:33.3-349, 1971. Nowils, D. and Kamlya, J. "Control of EEG alpha rhythms through auditory feedback and the associated mental activity." Psychophysioloay 4:476-484. 1970. O'Malley, J.E. and Conners, C.K. "The effects of unilateral alpha training on visual evoked responses In a dyslexic adolescent." Psychophysiology. 9:467-470,' 1972. Orton, S.T. "Some studies in language function." Res. Publ. Assoc. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 113:04-632, 1934. Satz, P., Achenbach, K., Fennell, E. "Correlations between assessed manual laterallty and predicted speech laterality In a normal population." Meuropsychologia 5:295-310, 1967. Semmes, J., Weinstein, S., Ghent, L., Teuber, H.L. "Spatial orientation In man after cerebral Injury: 1. Analyses by locus of lesion." J. Psychol. 39:227-244, 1955. Semmes,.J. "Hemispheric specialization: A possible clue to mechanism." Neuropsychologla 6:11-26, 1968. Sperry, R.W. Gazzaniga, M.S., Bogen, J.E. "Interhemispheric relationships: The neocortical. commissures, syndromes of hemisphere disconnection." In Handbook of Clinical Neurology Vol. 4, Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Co., 1969. pp. 273-290. Sperry, R.W. "Hemisphere deconnectlon and unity in conscious awareness." Amer. Psychol. 23:723-733, 1968. Stent, G. "Prematurity and unrqueness in scientific discovery." Sci. Amer. 84-93, Dec. 1972. VelleApFrdvadP*~~mea%eR20o,fibiB?To:k:i,A!-WbPW-begigjkloonbeibOO§4r4ght hemisphere Approved RaW Release 2003/06/24: ClA-RDP79-00*AO00300100034-4 page 26 function." Nature 236:125-126, 1-972. Vogel, W.. Broverman, D.M., Klaiber, E.L. "EEG and mental abilities." EEG Clin. Neurop@hysjol. 24:166-175, 1968. Wood, C., Goff, W. R., Day, R. S. "Auditory evoked potentials during speech perception." Science 173:1248-1251, 1971. Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 ApprovedAme Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00 A000300100034-4 page 27 Figure Legends Figure 1. Change In EEG asymmetry during the Blocks and Written Letter Tasks: P 3 - left parietal, P 4 - right parletal, T 3 - left temporal, T4 - right temporal. The ratio of power in homolo- gous Ileads T4/T3 and P4 /P3 Is greater on the spatial task than on the verbal task. "Reprinted from Galin and Ornstein, 1972.11 Figure 2. Sample Fourier power spectra for Blocks and Written Letter tasks. For each lead EEG power is plotted versus frequency In.1 Hz intervals from 1-29 Hz; the last point on each plot Is an average for frequencies 30-64 Hz. The ordinate is scaled In arbitrary units In which a 10 Hz sine wave of 80 microvolts p-p'corresp .onds to 80,000 units. The ratio of alpha-band powe Ir from homologous leads T 4/T3 and P4/P3 is greater on the Blocks task than on the Written Letter task. These spectra correspond to the sample EEG tracings shown In Figure 1. "Reprinted from Doyle, Ornstein and Galin, 1973." Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Finure I BLOCK DESIGN tat. I Puft"' 0.1'. 3 LEFT SECONDS 401- fill i-d !.!@i 0601 WRITTEN LETTER 10 q 3 SECONDS iWv' 4 4q#V V, @V" 3 LEF I d' -20 _03QQIIA@q@4@@ @je % 411 016i 1jj @tqure AdmLimVin Approved 14W. A-wW.2100144 MA-mur, I v-vvvSUAUUUJUU J4-4 BLOCKS WRITTEN LETTER 300 rw-n-7- 150 . . 0 300 150 0. 1500 750 0 .1500 750 0 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 SG1A Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Next 3 Page(s) In Document Exempt Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 WOW 12 March 1974 Progress Report No. 1 Covering the Period 28 January to I March 1974 Stanford Research Institute Project 3183 PERCEPTUAL AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES by Harold E. Puthoff Client Private Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Rq4§$se 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO*00100034-4 I OBJECTIVE The purpose of the program is to determine the characteristics of those perceptual modalities through which individualslobtain information about their environment, wherein such information is not presented to any known sense. The program is divided into two categories of investigation of approximately equal effort, applied research and basic research. The purpose of the applied research effort is to explore experimentally the potential for applications of perceptual abilities of interest, with special attention given to accuracy and reliability. The purpose of the basic research effort is to identify the characteristics of individuals possessing such abilities, and to identify neurophysiological correlates and basic mechanisms involved in such functioning. II PROGRESS DURING THE REPORTING PERIOD A. Applied Research 1. Remote Viewing A number of efforts were begun with respect to obtaining further information concerning remote viewing phenomena. First, an experiment has been designed in consultation with SRI psychologists which will yield precise statistical data as to discrimination ability. Ten sites known to the subject are to be visited in random sequence by a target demarcation team. The subject must then make a choice as to which site is being visited, in addition to providing descriptive material for content analysis. Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved.For R%I&ise 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AOW00100034-4 Secondly, a pilot series involving real-time questioning of the subject by the target team via walkie talkie is being explored to provide information for designing a protocol to investigate real-time correlations. One viewing with positive results has been carried out. Finally, a preliminary remote viewing pilot experiment was carried out with a subject (H.H.) previously screened by the EEG correlates experiment described in our paper submitted for publication (Appendix I). The target chosen at random was a small red clapboard schoolhouse structure with a bell steeple on top in a miniature golf course. The subject's response was that she saw a red clapboard structure with a steeple that seemed to be artificial as in a movie set. Based on this result, a series of remote viewing experiments under strict protocols are planned with this subject. 2. Detection of Variable Density Target Material Twenty-seven envelopes were submitted by the sponsor to the client containing target drawings of variable content and density. Several hundred sorting trials resulting from six passes per day through the 27 cards have been carried out, the goal to date being delineation of the twelve low density target cards from the pencil (6) and blank (9) cards. The numbered envelopes containing the target material, sealed and specially secured by the sponsor, are randomized before each trial and placed inside non-numbered opaque envelopes before being presented to the subject for sorting. Statistical analysis of the results and comparison with the key (unknown to the client) will be carried out after completion of the experimental series. Approved For Release 2003/06/24:2CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Re.Wse 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AOW00100034-4 B. Basic Research 1. Testing Program During the first month of this program, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) instrument was administered byI I SG1A SG1A of to three subjects screened in other programs as being gifted in the area of paranormal perception. They are Mr. Patrick H. Price, screened for remote viewing ability, Mrs. Hella Hammid-, screened for EEG correlates to remote stimuli, and Mr. Duane Elgin, screened for high scoring response to a random target generator. Further in-depth interviewing of the first two subjects was carried out by SG1A and his colleague,I A report is in SG1A SG1A preparation byI and will be available to the contract technical representatives when completed. On the basis of discussion with technical representative, SG1A SRI representatives have consult ed with a number of Bay Area neurophysiologists concerning administration of the Halstead- Reitan (H-R) Neuropsychology Test Battery. Those contacted include Dr. Karl Pribram of the Stanford Medical School, Dr. Robert Ornstein of the Langley-Porter Neuropsychiatric Clinic, and Dr. Donald Lim of the Veteran's Administration Hospital in Palo Alto. To date satisfactory arrangements for administration of the H-R instrument have not yet been made, as only the latter facility has personnel experienced in its administration, but not ordinarily available for subcontracted consulting. The three individuals named above have, however, agreed to help locate an appropriate individual or facility to carry out such testing so no difficulty is anticipated in meeting this requirement. Approved For Release 2003/06/24.3CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For R*,pse 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO9000100034-4 A measure of the visual acuity of one subject (P.P.) was obtained utilizing one of the instruments available in the optics group of the Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory of SRI. The measurement method involves forced-choice discrimination on the part of the subject between alternate zero and finite-contrast grating images, for each of a number of spatial-frequency gratings. (See Appendix 11.) The system, which is automated, tracks and records the subject's forced-choice responses to yield a curve of threshold (757o correct choice) contrast sensitivity as a function of spatial frequency. As might be expected, higher contrast is required at the low and high frequency tails of the distribution, as compared with the middle range, to discriminate between grating and uniform images. The purpose of the test with regard to our program was to determine whether a subject possessing an unusual ability to view remote stimuli also possessed an unusual visual acuity response in a threshold-determining instrument, either because of unusual acuity in the ordinary sense, or through the use of an extraordinary ability to discriminate between a target and a blank under conditions of vanishingly-small information content. The resultant curve lay within the range of expected human variation indicating no unusual response activity. 2. Measurement Progra A 10-channel polygraph facility under the. direction of Dr. Jerry Lukas of the Sensory Sciences Research Center has been brought into the program and certain functions tailored to our specification. The facility willbe used initially to monitor GSR, blood flow (plethysmograph), and EEG activity of subjects carrying out tasks involving perception of remote stimuli. For our purposes, the display of raw data has been augmented by a computer program which has*been Approved For Release 2003/06/24 :~PIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For R*,ase 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO0800100034-4 written and debugged to provide on-line 5-second averages of EEG activity in the theta, alpha, and beta bands. Discussions are now in progress on experimental protocols to be employed in the utilization of this facility. EEG data taken prior to this program, but unanalyzed, has been subjected to analysis in an effort to determine whether a particular protocol was a viable instrument for defining correlates of remote perception. The description of the experiment and the results,of the analysis is given in the EEG section of a paper submitted for publication to Nature, given here as Appendix I. In an effort to determine the effects of motivation on paranormal functioning, the following test procedure has been initiated. One subject (P.P.) has completed 7075 trials on guessing the state of a four-stage electronic random target generator without monetary reward being associated with the scoring, and is now repeating the series with a monetary reward scaled to scoring. Upon completion of the series, the results will be analyzed to determine whether the difference between scoring under the two conditions is significant. The reward system, shown in Table 1, is scaled linearly with difficulty. Table I REWARD SYSTEM FOR SCORING ON 25-TRIAL RUN, P=1/4 PER TRIAL Nr. hits/25-txial run,N Prob. of at least N hits Reward 10 0.071 $ 1 11 12 0.030 2 0.010 5 13 0.0034 12 14 0.00092 35 Approved For Release 2003/06/24 5CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For RQe.$se 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999ACO"@- INFORMATION TRANSMISSION UNDER CONDITIONS OF SENSORY SHIELDING Russell Targ Harold Puthoff Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory Stanford Research Institute Menlo Park, California Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For ReLepse 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AOQR00100034-4 FIGURE CAPTIONS I. Target pictures and responses drawn by Uri Geller under shielded conditions. 2. Computer drawings and responses drawn by Uri Geller. a. Computer drawing stored on video display b. Computer drawing stored in computer memory only c. Computer drawing stored on video display with zero intensity 3. Occipital EEG spectra, 0 to 20 Hz, for one subject (H.H.) acting as receiver, showing amplitude changes in the 9 - 11 Hz band as a function of strobe frequency. Three cases: 0, 6, and 16 flashes per second (12 trial averages). Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For RqLepse 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AOQW00100034-4 INTRODUCTION in this paper we present results of experiments suggesting the existence of one or more perceptual modalities through which indivIduals obtain information about their environment, wherein this information is not presented to any known sense. Such perceptual abilities are often considered to be paranormal. The li .terature in the field 1-3 coupled with our own observations have led us to conclude that such abilities can be stodied under laboratory conditions. The phenomena we have investigated most extensively pertain to the ability of certain individuals to describe graphical material or remote scenes shielded against ordinary perception. In addition, we also performed pilot studies to determine if electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings iiiight. Lndicate perception of remote happenings even in the absence of correct overt respoiises. In these experiments we concentrated on what we considered to be our primary responsibiliLy--namely, to resolve under conditions as unambiguous as possible the basic issue of whether a certain class of paranormal perception phenomena exists. Therefore, we conducted our experiments with sufficient control, utilizing visual, acoustic, and electrical shielding, to ensure that all conventional paths of sensory input were blocked. At all times we were vigilant in the design of our experiments to take measures to prevent sensory leakage and to prevent deception, whether intentional or unintentional, on the part of our subjects. I Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For R%Le#se 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AOQW00100034-4 Tlie overall goal of our research program is the determination of the laws underlying these phenomena. That is, our goal is not just to catalog interesting events, but rather to uncover patterns of cause-effect rela- tionships that lend themselves to analysis and hypothesis in the forms with which we are familiar in scientific study. The results presented here constitute a first step toward that goal, in that we have established under known conditions a data base from which departures as a function of physicaL and psychological variables can be studied in future work. in this paper we describe three related experiments which we consider to represent a single ability exhibiting different rates of information transmission. First, we conducted experiments with Mr. Uri Geller in which we examined his ability, while located in an electrically shielded room, to reproduce target pictures drawn by experimenters located at remote locations. Second, we conducted double-blind experiments with two individuals, Mr. Ingo Swann and Mr. Pat Price, in which we measured their ability to describe remote outdoor scenes many miles from their physical location. Finally, we conducted preliminary tests using electroencephalo- grams (EEG), in which subjects were asked to perceive whether a remote light was flashing, and to determine whether a subject could perceive the presence of the light, even if only at a noncognitive level of awareness. REMOTE PERCEPTION OF GRAPHIC MATERIAL We describe here a series of experiments in paranormal perception with a 27 year old Israeli subject, Uri Geller. In preliminary testing Mr. Geller apparently demonstrated an ability to reproduce simple pictures 2 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For R*Ose 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AOQW00100034-4 (ILi)e drawings) which had been drawn and placed in opaque sealed envelopes which Mr. Geller was not permitted to handle. However, since each of the targets was known to at least one experimenter in the room with Mr. Ge.11er, it was not possible on the basis of the preliminary testing to discriminate between Mr. Geller's direct perception of envelope contents and perception via some mechanism involving the experimenters, whether paranormal or subliminal. Therefore, an experimental study was undertaken to examine the phenomenon under conditions specifically designed to eliminate all conventional information channels, overt or subliminal. This was accomplished by separating Mr. Geller from both the target material and anyone knowledgeable of the target material, as in the recent experiments by Musso and Granero. 4 The first part of the study consisted of a series of thirteen separate drawing experiments carried out over a seven day period. The thirteen- experiment data set constitutes the entire set of consecutive experiments carried out in the time available for the study, with no experiments deleted. The protocol for the experiments was as follows: At the beginning of the experiment either Mr. Geller or the experimenters entered a shielded room so that from that time forward Mr. Geller was at all times visually, acoustically, and electrically shielded from personnel and materiat at the target location. Only following Mr. Geller's isolation from the experimenters was a target chosen and drawn, a procedure designed to eliminate pre- experiment cueing. The method of target selection involved random procedures, such as randomly opening a dictionary and selecting the first word describing an object that could reasonably be drawn. Furthermore, 3 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For RVse 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AGQW00100034-4 in order to eliminate the possibility of pre-experiment target forcing, Mr. Geller was kept ignorant as to the identity of the person selecting the target and as to the method of target selection. Mr. 'Geher"'s ta'sk was then to reproduce with pen on paper the line drawing being gen,-@rate_d by the experimenters at the target location. Following a period of effort ranging from a few minutes to half an hour, Mr. Geller either passed (when lie did not feel confident) or indicated lie was ready to submit a drawing to the experimenters, in which case the drawing was collected before Mr. Geller was permitted to see the target. In order to prevent sensory cueiiig of the target information, Experiments I through 10 were carried out using a shielded room in SRI's facility for EEG research. The degree of acoustic and visual isolation provided for this experiment is that afforded by a double-walled steel room, locked by means of an inner and outer door, each of which is secured with a refrigerator-type locking mechanism. The person inside the room is continuously monitored by means of a one-way audio monitor. The target picture was never discussed by the experimenters after the picture was drawn or brought near the shielded room. In our detailed examination of the shielded room and the protocol used in these experiments, no sensory leakage has been found. The conditions and results for the ten experiments carried out in the shielded room are displayed in Table 1. As indicated in the Table, all experiments, except Experiments 4 and 5, were conducted with Mr. Geller closeted inside the shielded room. In Experiments 4 and 5, the procedure was reversed--i.e., the target was located inside the shielded room, with 4 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 TABLE 1. SUMMARY: REMOTE' PERCEPTION OF GRAPHIC MATERIAL Experiment Date Geller Location Target Location Target Figure 1 8/4/73 Shielded room #1 a Adjacent room (4.1 m) b Firecracker la 2 8/4/73 Shielded room #1 Adjacent room (4.1 m) Grapes lb 3 8/5/73 Shielded room #1 Office (4 75 m) Devil IC 4 8/5/73 Room adjacent to Shielded room #1 Solar system ld shielded room #1 (3.2 m) 5 8/6/73 Room adjacent to Shielded room #1 Rabbit No drawing shielded room #1 (3.2 m ) 6 8/7/73 Shielded room #1 Adjacent room (4.1 m) Tree No drawing 7 8/7/73 Shielded room #1 Adjacent room (4.1 m) Envelope No drawing 8 8/8/73 Shielded room #1 Remote ro om (6.75 m) Camel le 9 8/8/73 Shielded room #1 Adjacent room (4.1 m) Bridge if 10 8/8/73 Shielded room #1 Adjacent room (4.1 m) SeagulL Ig 11 8/9/73 Shielded room #2 c Computer (54 m) Kite (computer CRT) 2a 12 8/10/73 Shielded room #2 Computer (54 m) Church (computer 2b memory) 13 8/10/73 Shielded room #2 Computer (54 m) Arrow through heart 2c (computer CRT, zero intensity) a EEG Facility shielded room (see text). b Perceiver-target distances measured in meters. C SRI Radio Systems Laboratory shielded room (see text). "Aw Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Rekpse 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AOW00100034-4 Mr. GeLler on the outside in an adjacent room. For those experiments in wliieli Mr. Geller was inside the shielded room, the target location was iii an adjacent room at a distance of about 4 meters, except for Experiments 3 and 8, in which the target locations were, respectively, an office at a distance of 475 meters and a room down the hall at a distance of about 7 meters. In Experiment I,the object drawn on the basis of random dictionary sel-ection was a firecracker, shown in Fig. l(a). Mr. Geller's immediate verbal response via the audio monitor was that he saw "a cylinder with noise coming out of it." He made two responses to the target, also shown iii Fig. I (a). In Experiment 2, the target--also chosen by random dictionary selection-- was a cluster of grapes. Mr. Geller said that he was quite certain that lie had the picture. Both the target picture and Mr. Geller's response have 24 grapes in the cluster (Fig. I(b)). In Experiment 3, Mr. Geller was locked in the shielded room with one experimenter outside as a monitor while the target was drawn in another building 475 meters away. The target, again randomly selected from the dictionary, was a. devil (Fig. l(c)). Mr. Geller spent 30 minutes on his drawing and expressed considerable difficulty in getting the target. The results are interesting from the standpoint of possible insight into the process that they provide. His drawings consisted of representations of Biblical symbology, including the "Moses tablets," an apple with a worm, a snake, and a concluding composite picture with the tablets on top of the world and the trident outside. Of these only the trident corresponds 6 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 TARGET RESPONSE I RESPONSE 2 (a) (c) V TARGET RESPONSE (b) TARGET RESPONSE (d) TARGET RESPONSE TARGET r IN RESPONSE 1 RESPONSE 2 RESPONSE 3 TARGET 6A RESPONSE TARGET RESPONSE (g) FIGURE 1 GRAPHICAL MATERIAL CONSISTING OF TARGET PICTURES AND RESPONSES DRAWN BY URI GELLEJR UNDER SHIELDED CONDITIONS Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For R&Jease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AQ90300100034-4 direcLly to an elemeiiE Ln the target drawing. One is led to specuLate that the Biblical elements in these three drawings are perhaps associational material triggered by the target. The target picture for Experiment 4 was drawn by an experimenter while lie was inside the shielded room,with Mr. Geller outside the room with another experimenter. In this case the target (Fig. I(d)) was a representation of the solar system. Mr. Geller's response to the target while outside the room coincides quite well with the target drawing. In Experiment 5, the person-to-person link was eliminated by arranging for a scientist outside the usual experimental group to draw a picture, lock it in the shielded room before Mr. Geller's arrival at SRI, and leave the area. Mr. Geller was then led by the experimenters to the shielded room and asked to draw the picture inside the room. Ile said that lie got no clear impression and therefore did not submit a drawing. The elimination of the person-to-person link was examined further in the second series of experiments with this subject, which is described later. Experiments 6 and 7 were carried out while we recorded Mr. GeLler's EEG during his efforts to perceive the target pictures. The target pictures were, respectively, a tree and an envelope. He found it difficult to hold adequately still for good EEG records, said that the experienced difficulty- in getting impressions of the targets, and again submitted no drawings. For Experiment 8, the target picture was a camel and Mr. Geller's response was a horse (Fig. I(e)). In Experiment 9, the target was a bridge. Mr. Geller's drawing bears some resemblance to the target (Fig. l(f)), but before seeing the target picture he stated that he did not know what the picture was. 8 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For RS@ease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AW0300100034-4 At the beginning of Experiment 10, Mr. Geller expressed extreme confidence and entered the shielded room. The target then chosen [or Experiment 10 was a bird in flight. Mr. Geller said almost immediately, via the audio monitor in the shielded room, that he saw a swan flyIng. over a hill and that he was sure that hit, drawing wis correct (Fig. l(g)). Experiments 11 through 13 were carried out in SRI's Engineering Building, to make use of the computer facilities available there. For these experiments, Mr. Geller was secured in a double-walled, copper-screen Faraday cage 54 meters down the hall. and around the corner from the., computer room.t For Experiment 11, a picture of a kite was drawn by one of th-, experimenters on the face of a cathode ray tube display screen, driven by the computer's graphics program. Mr. Geller's response, shown in Ftg. 2(a), was a square with diagonals. For Experiment 12, a picture of a church was drawn and stored in the memory of the computer. Mr. Geller's responses are shown in the drawings of Fig. 2(b). Although his responses have some elements in common with the target drawing, he did not recognize the target as a church. In Experiment 13, the target drawing, an arrow through a heart (Fig. 2(V)), was drawn on the face of the cathode ray tube and then the displ:ty intensi-ly was turned off so that no picture was visible. Mr. Geller immediately i. The Faraday cage provides 120 dB attenuation for plane wave radio frequency radiation over a range of 15 KHz to 1 GHz. For magnetic fields the attenuati.on is 68 dB at 15 KHz and decreases to 3 dB at 60 Hz. 9 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 TARGET RESPONSE (a) Approved For Release 2003/06:/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 TARGET RESPONSE 1 RESPONSE 2 (b) TARGET RESPONSE 1 141@ FIGURE 2 GRAPHICAL MATERIAL FROM COMPUTER DRAWING EXPERIMENTS WITH UR'l GELLER. (0 PICTURE SWBv@fl ONLY. (c) PICTURE STORED ON VIDEO DISPLAY WITH ZERO INTENSITY. RESPONSE 2 (c) Approved For Wease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999A&0300100034-4 drew an arrow under a rectangle and then drew another arrow inside a suit- case, which he considered a better representation of the target. To obtain an. independent evatuation of the correlation between target and response data, the experimenters submitted the data for judging on a "blind" basis by two SRI scientists who were not otherwise associated with the research. For the ten cases in which Mr. Geller provided a response, the judges were asked to match the response data with the corresponding target data (without replacement). In those cases in which Mr. Geller made more than one drawing as his response to the target, all the drawings were combined as a set for judging. The two judges each matched the target data to the response data with no error. For either judge such a correspondence has an a priori probability, under the null -I -7 hypothesis of no information channel, of p = (10!) 1' 3 x 10 The quality of match between target and response in certain cases, together with the overall probability of matching obtained by the.judges, constitute strong evidence for the existence of a potentially useful information channel. A second series of experiments was carried out to determine whether direct perception of envelope contents was possible without some pf@rson knowing of the target picture. One hundred target pictures of everyday objects were drawn by an SRI artist and sealed by other SRI personnel in double envelopes containing black cardboard. The hundred targets were divided randomly into groups of 20 for use in each of the three days' experiments. 11 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For 1?*Wase 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AQ#0300100034-4 011 each of the three days of these experiments, Mr. Geller passed. Tfiat is, he declined to associate any envelope with a drawing that he made.- On each day he made approximately 12 recognizable drawings, which he felt were associated with the entire target pool of 100. He seemed to-be disturbed by the existence of such a large target pool. On each of the three days, two of his drawings could reasonably be associated with two of the 20 daily targets. On the third day, two of his drawings were very close replications of two of that day's target pictures. We consider that the drawings resulting from this experiment do not depart significantly from what would be expected by chance, which appeared to be Mr. Geller's conclusion also, leading to passes on his part. Thus, it would appear that eliminating a person knowledgeable of the target degrades the quality of the information channel. However, based on Mr. Geller's subjective impression, there is also the possibility that advance preparation of a large target pool, in comparison with single target preparation,results in cross talk--i.e., diffuses the identity of the target. In a simpler experiment Mr. Geller was successful in obtaining information in which no persons were knowledgeable of the target. A double blInd experiment was performed in which a single die was placed in a small. steel box. The box was then vigorously shaken by one of the experimenters and placed on the table. The orientation of the die within the box was unknown to the experimenters at that time. Mr. Geller would then write down his perception as to which die face was uppermost. Thus, in this 12 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For lWease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AQK300100034-4 case the target pool was known, but the targets we're individually prepared In a manner blind to all persons involved in the experiment. This experi- ment was performed ten times, with Mr. Geller passing twice and giving a response eight times. In the eight times in which he gave a response, lie was correct each time.t The probability of this occurring by chance 8 is approximately one in a mill.ion,(1/6) To summarize the work with Mr. Geller,5 we observe that in certain situations significant information transmission can take place under shielded conditions. Factors which appear to be important and therefore candidates for future investigation include whether the subject knows the set of targets in the target pool, the actual number of targets in the target pool at any given time, and whether the target is known by any of the experimenters. REMOTE VIEWING OF NATURAL TARGETS In experiments carried out in our program to investigate the abilities of a New York artist, Mr. Ingo Swann, he expressed the opinion thaL the insights gained during experiments at SRI had strengthened his abi.lity to view remote locations that had been researched before he joined the SRI program.6 To test Mr. Swann's assertion, a pilot study was set up in whi-ch a The distribution of responses consisted of three 2s, one 4, two 5,,;, and two 6s. 13 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For R&4ease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AQ#0300100034-4 series of targets from around the globe were supplied to the experimenters by SRI personnel on a double-blind basis. In our estimation, Mr. Swann's ability to describe correctly details of buildings, roads, bridges, and the like indicated that he could perceive remote locations, sometimes in great detail, given only their geographic latitude and longitude. Thus, we considered the descriptions were sufficiently accurate to warrant our setting up a research program in remote viewing. We present here the results of a remote viewing experiment, carried out with a second subject in the remote viewing program, Mr. Pat Price, a former California police commissioner and city councilman. This experi- ment consisted of a series of double-blind, demonstration-of-abiliLy tests hivolviiig local targets in the San Francisco Bay area which could be documented by several independent judges. We planned the experimeat considering that natural geographical places or man-made sites thaL have existed for a long time are more potent targets for paranormal per,,eption experiments than are artificial targets prepared in the laboratory. This is based on the opinions of Mr. Swann and Mr. Price that the use oF artificial targets involves a "trivialization of the ability" as compared with natural- pre-existing targets. In each of nine experiments involving Mr. Price as remote-vieuTing subject and SRI experimenters as a target demarcation team, a remote location was chosen in a double-blind protocol. Mr. Price, who remained at SRI, was asked to describe this remote location, as well as whatever activities might be going on there. 14 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For R&Jease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AW300100034-4 Data from the nine experiments are presented in the following para- graphs. Final judging indicated that several descriptions yielded significantly correct data pertaining to and descriptive of the target location. REMOTE VIEWING PROTOCOL In the nine double-blind remote-viewing experiments, the following procedures were used. An experimenter was closeted with Mr. Price at SRI to wait 30 minutes to begin the narrative description of the remote location. The SRI locations from which the subject viewed the remote locations consistedof an outdoor park (Experiments 1,2), the double-walled copper-screen Faraday cage discussed earlier (Experiments 3, 4, 6-9), and an office (Experiment 5). A second experimenter would then obtain a target location from an individual in SRI management, the director of the information Science and Engineering Division, not otherwise associated with the experiment. This location was either in the form of traveling orders previously prepared, sealed, and randomized by the target selecter (Experiments 1, 2, 5, 6), or by his driving the target demarcation team to the target himself without any written indication (Experiments 3, 4, 7-9). The set of targets was chosen from a targeL-rieh environment by asking the selector to use his judgment in providing a set of nine target locations which were clearly differentiated from each other and within thirty minutes driving time from SRI. In all cases, the target demarcation team proceeded directly to the target by automobile without communicating with the subject 15 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Wase 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999W300100034-4 or experimenters remaining behind. Since the experimenter remaining with the subject at SRI was in ignorance both as to the particular target and aLso as to the target pool, lie was free to question Price to clarify his descriptions. The demarcation team then remained at the target site for an agreed-upon thirty minute period f6llowing the thirty minutes allotted for travel. During the observation period, the remote-viewing subject would describe his impressions of the target site into a tape recorder. A comparison was then made when the demarcation team returned. To represent best the detail and style of these narratives, we have included the entire unedited text of one of the better narratives containing very few incorrect statements, Experiment 7, in an appendix. In general, the descriptions contained inaccuracies as well as correct statements. To obtain a numerical evaluation of the accuracy of the remote viewing experiment, the nine original target locations were subjected to independent judging on a blind basis by five SRI scientists who were not otherwise associated with the research. The judges were asked to match the nine locations, which they independently visited, against the typed manuscripts of the tape-recorded narratives of the remote viewer. The transcripts were unlabeled and presented in random order. The judges were asked to find a narrative which they would consider the best match for each of the places they visited. A given narrative could be assigned to more than one target location. The hypothesis is that the judges, when asked to match the actual targets with the transcripts, would place the actual target in the most favored category more often than they would be expected to by chance. Table 2 shows the distribution of the 16 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 PLACES VISITED BY JUDGES DESCRIPTIONS CHOSEN BY JUDGES I I 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Hoover Tower 1 ABC D DE Baylands Nature Preserve 2 ABC E D D Radio Telescope 3 ACD BE Redwood City Marina 4 CD ABD E E Bridge Toll Plaza 5 ABD DCE Drive-In Theatre 6 B A C E Arts and Crafts ABC 7 Garden Plaza E Church 8 C AB Rinconada Park 9 CE AB TABLE 2. Distribution of correct selections by Judges A, B, C, D, and E in remote viewing experiments. Of the 45 selections (5 judges, 9 choices), 24 were correct. Boxes heavily outlined indicate correct choice. Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved F%Pelease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009%WO0300100034-4 judges' choices. For purposes of display we present the table such that the main diagonal corresponds to the correct choices. The number of correct matches by judges A through E is 7, 6, 5, 3, and 3, respectively. The expected number of correct matches from the five judges was five; in the.experiment twenty-four such matches were obtained. Among all possible analyses, none is more conservative than a permutation analysis of the majority vote of the judges' selections assuming assignment without replacement. By majority vote, six of the nine descriptions and locations were correctly matched. Under the null hypothesis (no remote viewing and a random selection of descriptions without replacement), this outcome has an a priori probability of p -4 5.6 x 10 , since, among all possible permutations of the integers one through nine, the probability of six or more being in their natural position in the list has that value. Therefore, although Price's descrip- tions contain inaccuracies, the descriptions are sufficiently accurate to permit the judges to differentiate among the various targets to the degree indicated. EEG EXPERIMENTS An experiment was undertaken to determine whether a physiological measure such as EEG activity could be used as an indicator of information transmission between an isolated subject and a remote stimulus. We hypothesized that perception could be indicated by such a measure even in the absence of verbal or other overt indicators. 7,8 In other words, this experiment examines the hypothesis that perception may take place 18 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved Fo,6,5telease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-0099QW00300100034-4 -it noncognitive levels of awareness and be measurable, even though not expressed verbally. It was assumed that the application of remote stimuli would result in responses similar to those obtained under conditions of direct-stimu- lation. For example, when normal subjects are stimulated with a flashing light, their EEG typically shows a decrease in the amplitude of the resting rhythm and a driving of the brain waves at the frequency of the flashes.9 We hypothesized that if we stimulated one subject in this manner (a sender), the EEG of another subject in a remote room with no flash present, (a receiver), might show changes in alpha (9-11 Hz) activity, or possibly EEG driving similar to that of the sender. Applying this concept, we informed our subject that at certain times a light was to be flashed in a sender's eyes in a distant room, and if the subject perceived that event, consciously or unconsciously, it might be evident from changes in his EEG output. The receiver was seated in the visually opaque, acoustically and electrically shielded double-walled steel room previously described. The sender was seated in a room across the hall from the EEG chamber at a distance of about 7 meters from the recelver. In order to find subjects who were responsive to such a remote stimulus, we initially worked with four female and two male voluntoer subjects, all of whom believed that success in the experimental situation might be possible. These were designated It receivers." The senders were either other subjects or the experimenters. We decided beforehand to run one or two sessions of 36 trials each with each subject in this selection procedure,and to do a more extensive study with any subject 19 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved FqOtelease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-0099,UOO0300100034-4 w1iose results were positive. A Grass PS-2 photostimulator placed about I meter in front of the sender was used to present flash trains of 10 see duration. The receiver's EEG activity from the occipital region (OZ), referenced to linked mastoids, was amplified with a Grass 5P-1 preamplifier and associated driver amplifier with a bandpass of I to 120 Hz. The EEG data were recorded on magnetic tape with an Ampex SP 300 recorder. On each trial, a tone burst of fixed frequency was presented to both sender and receiver, and was followed in one second by eLther a ten-second train of flashes or a null flash interval presented to the sender. Thirty-- six such trials were given in an experimental session, consisting of 12 null trials--i.e., no flashes following the tone--12 trials of flashes at 6 fps, and 12 trials of flashes at 16 fps, all randomly intermixed. Each of the trials generated an 11-second EEG epoch. The last 4 seconds of the epoch was selected for analysis to minimize the desynchronizing action of the warning cue. This 4-second segment was subjected to Fourier analysis on a LINC 8 computer. Spectrum analyses gave no evidence of EEG driving in any receiver, although in control runs the receivers did exhibit driving when physically stimulated with the flashes. However, of the six subjects studied initially, one subject (H.H.) showed a consistent alpha blocking effect. We therefore undertook further study with this subject. Data from 7 sets of 36 trials each were collected from this subject on three separate days. This comprises all the data collected to date with this subject under the test conditions described above. The alpha 20 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved FqGPelease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009WO00300100034-4 band was identified from average spectra, then scores of average power and peak power were obtained from individual trials and subjected to statistical analysis. Of our six subjects, H.H. had by far the most monochromatic EEG spectrum. Figure 3 shows an overlay of the three averaged spectra from one of this subject's 36-trial runs, displaying changes in her alpha activity for the three stimulus conditions. Mean values for the average power and peak power for each of the seven experimental sets were given in Table 3. The power measures were less in the 16 fps case than in the 0 fps in all seven peak power measures and in six out of seven average power measures. Siegel's two-tailed t approximation to the nonparametric randomization test 10was applied to the data from all sets, which included two sessions in which the sender was removed. Average power on trials associated with the occurrence of 16 fps was significantly less than when there were no flashes (t = 2.09, df = 118, p < .04). The second measure, peak power, was also significantly less in the 16 fps conditions than in the null condition (t = 2.16, df = 118, p < .03). The average response in the 6 fps condition was in the same direction as that associated with 16 fps, but the effect was not statistically significant. Spec trum analyses of control recordings made from saline with 12K ohms resistance in place of the subject with and without the addition of a 10 Hz, 50 pV test signal applied to the saline solution, revealed no indications of flash frequencies, nor perturbations of the 10 Hz signal. These controls suggest that the results were not due to system artifacts. 21 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved FoQRelease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009WO00300100034-4 c: :3 st -2 Lu 0 THREE CASES 0, 6 and 16 Hz flashes (12 trial averages) FIGURE 3 OCCIPITAL EEG FREQUENCY SPECTRA, 0 TO 20 Hz, OF ONE SUBJECT (H.H.) ACTING AS RECEIVER SHOWING AMPLITUDE CHANGES IN THE 9-11 Hz BAND AS A FUNCTION OF STROBE FREQUENCY Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 1)1) 5 Hz 10 Hz 15 Hz Approved F%Pelease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009WO00300100034-4 Flash Frequency Sender 0 Average Power 6 16 il 11 0 Peak Power 6 16 J.L. 94.8 84.1 76.8 H 357.7 329.2 289.6 R.T. 41.3 45.5 37.0 160.7 161.0 125.0 No Sender (Subject informed) 25.1 35.7 28.2 87.5 95.7 81.7 J.L. 54.2 55.3 44.8 191.4 170.5 149.3 J.L. 56.8 50.9 32.8 240.6 178.0 104.6 R.T. 39.8 24.9 30.3 145.2 74.2 122.1 No Sender (Subject not 86.0 53.0 52.1 318.1 180.6 202.3 informed) Averages 56.8 49.9 43.1 214.5 169.8 153.5 -12% -24% (P<.04) -21% -28% (P<403) TABLE 3. EEG data for H.H. showing average power and peak power in the 9 - 11 Hz band, as a function of flash frequency and sender. Each table entry is an average over 12 trials. 23 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved Fo&Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009WO0300100034-4 Ftirther LesLs a1so gave no evidence of radio frequency energy asso@@iated with the stimulus. Subjects were asked to indicate their conscious assessment for each trial as to which stimulus was generated. They made their guesses known to the experimenter via one-way telegraphic communication. An analysis of these guesses has shown them to be at chance, indicating the absence of any supraliminal cueing. Thus, we note that in this pilot study, one of six subjects showed significant EEG changes associated with the presence of remote stimuli tinder conditions of sensory shielding. This form of noncognitive arousal evidenced by alpha blocking has also been observed by Tart (1963), using a small electric shock stimulus applied to himself as sender in a similar experiment. 7 We hypothesize that the protocol described here may prove to be useful as a screening procedure for latent remote perceptual ability in the general population. DISCUSSION We have presented evidence for the existence of a biological informa- tion channel whose characteristics appear to fall outside the range of known perceptual modalities. The precise nature of the channel or channels is as yet undefined, but may involve either direct perception of hidden information content, perception of mental images of persons knowledgeable of target information, precognition, or some combination of these or other information channels. 24 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved F9,Welease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009WO00300100034-4 We have worked with three individuals, two of whom are reported on in detail. here, whose remote perceptual abilities were sufficiently developed that they were able to describe both pictorial and geographical material blocked from ordinary perception. In addition to experiments which centered on subjects' conscious perceptions, we have also conducted EEG experiments in which we have found statistically significant evidence of direct physiological indications of nonconscious perception of remote stimuli. The observation that a nonconscious link with physiological correlates can exist between separated individuals is one that merits considerable study. From these experiments we conclude that ~ A channel exists whereby information about a remote location can be obtained by means of an as yet unidentified perceptual modality. ~ As with all biological systems, the information channel appears to be imperfect, containing noise along with the signal. ~ While a quantitative signal-to-noise ratio in the information- theoretical sense cannot as yet be determined, the results of our experiments indicate that the functioning is at the level of useful information transfer. It may be that remote perceptual ability is widely distributed in the general population, but because the perception is generally betow an individual's level of awareness, it is repressed or not noticed. For example, two of our subjects (H.H. and P.P.) had not considered themselves to have unusual perceptual ability before their participation in these 25 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved Forwease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999400300100034-4 experiments. We conjecture that it is partially the prevailing philosophical- attitudes of the times in which we live that prevent such ability as may exist from surfacing to a greater extent. Our shared cultural constraints deny permission for the demonstration of such abilities. With regard to the methodology itself, our observation of the phenom- ena leads us to conclude that experiments in the area of so-called paranorma@_ phenomena can be scientifically conducted. The results presented here offer a basis from which departures as a function of other observables can be studied. Our goal for future experimentation is the investigation of the physical, and psychological laws underlying these phenomena, rather than just the addition of further demonstrations of the statistical appearance of paranormal phenomena in the laboratory. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was sponsored by The Foundation for Parasensory Investi- gation, New York City. We wish to thank its president, Mrs. Judith Skutch, and their representative, Dr. Edgar D. Mitchell of the Institute of Noetic Sciences--as well as our SRI associates, Mr. Bonnar Cox, Mr. Earle Jones, and Dr. Dean Brown--for their support and encouragement throughout this work. We also wish to acknowledge Dr. Wilbur Franklin of Kent State Uni- versity for his contribution, especially in the early phases of this research. Finally, we acknowledge the many constructive suggestions provided us through conversations with Mrs. Jean Mayo, Dr. Charles Tart, University of California, and Dr. Robert Ornstein and Dr. David Galin of the Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute. 26 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For-D-lease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009994WO300100034-4 REFERENCES 1. J. Pratt, J.B. Rhine, C. Stuart and J. Greenwood, EXTRA SENSORY PERCEPTION AFTER SIXTY YEARS, New York, Henry Holt, 1940. 2. S. Soal and F. Bateman, MODERN EXPERIMENTS IN TELEPATHY, London, Faber and Faber, 1954. 3. L.L. Vasilliev, EXPERIMENTS IN MENTAL SUGGESTION, Hampshire, England, ISMI Publications, 1963. 4. J.R. Musso and M. Granero, "An ESP Drawing Experiment With a High- Scoring Subject," J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 37, pp. 13-37, March, 1971. 5. It lias been widely reported that Mr. Geller has demonstrated the ability to bend metal by paranormal means. Although metal bending by Mr. Gelle@r has been observed in our laboratory, we have not been able to combine such observations with adequately controlled experiments to obtain data sufficient to support the paranormal hypothesis. 6. K. Osis, ASPR Newsletter, No. 14, Summer, 1972. 7. C.T. Tart, PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF PSI COGNITION, Intl. J. of Parapsychology, Vol.. V, No. 4, Autumn, 1963. 8. E.D. Dean, "Plethysmograph Recordings as ESP Responses," Intl. J. of Neuropsychiatry, Vol. 2, October, 1966. 9. D. Hill and G. Parr, ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY: A SYMPOSIUM ON ITS VARIOUS ASPECTS, Macmillan, New York, 1963. 10. S. Siegel, NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS FOR THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, pp. 152-156, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1956. 27 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved ForgVease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999400300100034-4 APPENDIX Following is the unedited transcript of remote viewing Experiment 7, where the target was an Arts and Crafts Garden Plaza. This is a large plaza resembling a California mission. There are craft shops around the perimeter of the plaza. In the plaza area are many gardens, flowers, ceramic pots, fountains, and paths. Overhead are vines on arbors of redwood. Price's description is accurate in almost every detail and he omitted little of importance. 1:40 THIS IS A REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENT WITH PAT PRICE, DEAN BROWN, AND RUSSELL TARG IN THE SHIELDED ROOM IN BUILDING 30. THE TRAVELLERS TO REMOTE LOCATION ARE BART COX, HAL PUT1IOFF, JUDY SCHMICKLEY AND PHYLLIS COLE. WE EXPECT THE TRAVELLERS TO BE AT THEIR PLACE IN ABOUT 10 MINUTES. IT'S 1:58. OUR TRAVELLERS SHOULD BE NEAR TO ARRIVING AT THE PLACE. OK, Why don't I start scanning by quadrant using this as a center point. 12-3, 6-9 ...... I'll go from 12-3 first. Seems to me right now that I'm picking them up in the 12-3 quadrant, but I'll go on in the rest and look. I haven't actually identified them, I just feel that they're there. Nope, I don't get them there. Now I'll go from 6-9. While I was looking at 6-9, it looks to me like I'm looking at an iris, a flower of some kind. I'll come back and identify that later. Just wanted to get it down as having a flash of an iris flower-purplish. I'll continue to scan that quadrant. Nope, don't get them there. I'll go from 9-12. Don't get them there. I'll go back 12-3. Yeah, I get them in that quadrant. Now I'll see if I can locate them physically and identify the area. I'm looking at something that looks like an arbor, trellis-work arbor. Seems to be cool, shaded, Doesn't seem to me that they're out in the direct sunlight. Be more like there's lots of trees, in an arbor area. 1 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For4blease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-0099WO300100034-4 The arbor appears to be made of wood, possibly redwood. They're, just .... looks like it's a dirt path, quite wide, I'd say maybe 12 feet. I can see some grass. Looks like possibly a fountain of some kind. Yeah, I can see Bart in his red shirt and what looks like kind of a gray paisley tie - I didn't really look at that when he was down there. The red shirt, I did. Looks like he has on a gray paisley tie. , It appears they're walking along quite leisurely. Looks like there's some red brick laid into a walkway. They don't seem to be on it, they just seem to pass over that. I get - it seems like a little ways away from them there are quite a few people but right where they're walking it doesn't appear to be many right in there. This is an arbor area. Back of that arbor, back here I'd say 50 feet from that arbor to here, seems to be a lot of people in here. They were walking along here on what looks like about a 12 foot dirt path. WHAT KIND OF PLACE IS THE ARBOR IN? IS IT A FIELD OUT IN THE OPEN', No, I want to say park, but it doesn't exactly feel like a park. if you took a - the feeling I'm getting - it's not the specific place - but like the Town and Country Market. That type of an atmosphere, with quite a section of it into a little outdoor park, but basically I'm getting a very strong feeling of flowers. Like the first one I saw was an iris. TELL ME ABOUT THE TOWN AND COUNTRY ASPECT. IN WHAT WAY DOES IT REMIND YOU OF TOWN AND COUNTRY. The buildings, not right where they're at, but very close to them have that same kind of architecture and look. The parking lot looks similar, grand, sweeping, not cluttered, it's more expansive area. You take a place like Sears Mall - it seems cluttered. This seems more leisurely paced. People are moving about slower - there's not the hustle and bustle - more or less meandering. 2 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For4please 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-009994WO300100034-4 TOWN AND COUNTRY MEANS TO ME A C(NERED WALKWAY. Yeah, the back of them it seems to be - where they are seems to be a very large arbor like vines growing over it and things, and there possi- bly - I haven't looked in there yet to see if there's any displays like pottery and things - I get the feeling that there is right close to it. ALSO, OUTDOORS? Yeah, it seems like fairly high shade trees - kinda bordering. The center part doesn't s'eem to have it - this part in here. The trees seem to.be way up in here along like this over here. This seems to be shaded in here, but it's sunny out here. I just saw something that looked like a windmill - not a farm type wind- mill - a Dutch-type windmill. It's smaller - it's not a huge thing, but I'm getting a definite feeling that it's like a windmill. The area in there feels damp - not wet - they're not walking in water, but it's very moist. The temperature in there ... it's secluded. Feels very comfortable. A little on the shady side. WHAT DO YOU FIND AS THE BOUNDARIES OF THE PLACE THEY'RE AT? Outside of this little park-like affair that they seem to be in, there's a street. One side of it seems to be a kind of a residential ... the other seems to be a little bit more heavily travelled. Let me pick up a little bit more. I can see one very large oak tree - exceptionally large. Right now Bart is trying to point significance of the whole place. you'd have mentioned a salt pile a significance that's just about out. something out that is basically the It's like that key thing, well, if I'd have blown my lid. Well, this has comparable to that. I'm screening it Thing that just flashed in was kind of like a stadium structure - like looking down into a stadium. Just when I did that I - I'll have to reorient to make sure I'm looking in the same area now. 3 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved Forqoease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999400300100034-4 Seems like they're - I still get them in the same quadrant I had them in originally. Seems like some decorative brick walls. THE QUADRANT YOU HAD THEM IN IS BASICALLY THE NORTHEAST QUADRANT?. Yeah, I got them out about this far - it's not far away - I'd say in this direction over here about - feels like a mile to a mile and a half. They don't feel as far away, and I'm not looking at the time continuum. They actually don't feel as far away. I'd say that it is about - not half the distance they were to the marina, and it seems to be on a line just about in that direction but just a hair more - rather than a direct line from here to the marina - they seem to be just slightly more to the left of that line. I was looking back to where he had the car parked and it seems like it's on asphalt then a curb in front, and then it's like a dirt walkway and then a sidewalk. But I can see eucalyptus buds on the ground and some branches of eucalyptus there. One of the most dominant things to me in the way of unusualness is the size of the oak tree that I'm looking at. Looks like an arboretum, or I get the definite feeling of flowers. Almost get the feeling like it's commercial flowers. In fact, the most predominant feeling that I'm getting right now is flowers. Don't know why iris particularly. There's something about the windmill that I was going to look at. Wasn't that what you were .... ? Be like one you'd almost see in a miniature golfcourse...the windmill. Has all the construction and detail but not as large - it's fairly small. Seems to be made out of dark redwood and it's kind of aged. I'm going to try to look more directly to them. Let's see, there's Bart and Hal, and behind Bart is Judy and behind Hal is Phyllis, kinda stag- gered there. Looks like a possible small pool of water - like a garden pond. Looks like a little bridge. 4 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved For4please 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999UP0300100034-4 I was trying to get the feeling of what type of an area it was. Lot me elevate a bit. I'm looking at much too small an area. There's some greater significance there that I feel I'm definitely not looking at - let's Jack up a bit-maybe 500 feet. I see a lot of trees. I see Judy's red hair and her brown eyes and her flashing teeth - she has beautiful teeth. Hadn't really looked at them before. Phyllis and her are talking about something and Hal and Bart are talking about something and he's pointing at something and it seems to me that he's pointing over to what I'd call a windmill or something that looks like a windmill. The water I see looks more like a pool or a pond than it does - you know, it's not big like a lake - not very large, but it looks like a definite pool. Right where they're at I don't hear too much traffic noise - it seems to be fairly quiet. Looks like a little wooden walkway. Feels a little early, but it kinda seems like they're retracing their steps heading back toward the car, but they're still moving quite leisurely.- IF YOU LOOK DOWN ON THE PLACE FROM ABOVE, CAN YOU GET ANY FEELING FOR THE - IS THERE ANY OVERALL LAYOUT OR PLAN? When I went up I could see trees and stuff, and I kind of got the feeling of like in a corner of a golf course, you know - where there would be a lot of trees overhanging the green and some things in there - that seemed to be out of context, but when I elevated, that's what I got. It kind of looked like an overlap to me, so I didn't talk about it, but I will. When I elevated it kind of felt like it was right over the corner of a golf course of some kind, with a street running down one side, and they are fairly close to that. In fact, the bricked area that I looked at or like a patio thing kinda looks like a walkway. Seems like there's small building - small meaning not tall - looks like a single story building. Looks like it has-a flat roof - slightly pitched. Looks like 4 x 4 poles supporting it - has a 5 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved Forwease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999UP0300100034-4 canopy out over it. They're painted white, place looks like very possible Light. yeLLow or cream color. They're walking not too far from that. Still seems to me that they're on a dirt pathway, In the area that they're in now I get flowers again - where before they kinda fell out of the flowers. Looks like maybe 80-100 yards from where they are - looks like 2 guys on a motor scooter. They can see them. WHAT WOULD YOU SAY IS THE INTEREST TO THIS PLACE? WHAT'S SPECIAL ABOUT THIS PLACE? It seems to be a kind of a recreational, relaxed...not energetic - looks more relaxed. I'd say it's kind of combination recreational and relaxation area that I'm getting out of it. That would be the general character of it. Two aspects - one is aesthetics and the other is a kind of a mild recre- ational area. There seem to be some unique features - I don't have it totally into context as yet. There's a number of things that I've rejected - looked at and rejected saying. First, I got the impression that it was kind of like a miniature golf course -- I rejected that. Merely from saying it - I didn't reject the principle - I just rejected saying it. Then I kind of got the idea of a standard golf course - I also rejected that on the same principle, so I'm just trying to describe the terrain. Seems expansive - doesn't seem cluttered. Just got a flash of something that reminded me of the gyroscope - gimbals on the gyroscope. Drinking fountain - looks like it's made out of kinda like field stone built up into a fountain ... bowl. I'm going to elevate again and go through a search quadrant again. 6 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved Forwease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999#00300100034-4 I still got them in that general location, so that seems to set all right. Distance - maybe a mile, mile and a half. Doesn't seem much farther- seems fairly close. The area has an awful lot of grass, lot of trees - looks like dirt walk- ways, well trimmed. I can see the arbor, and the arbor could be a place to sit and be out of the direct sun. May be a few little tables and benches and chairs in there. That outlooks over quite a grassy area - there are quite a few trees. I see basically an oak, Right after they got out of the car I could see some eucalyptus buds and branches on the ground, and it seemed like the trees were there. Looked like they got out of the car, stepped upon a curb, dirt parkway, a sidewalk, and then they went into this area. I get the feeling this windmill type thing - that all seems fairly real. The feeling is still that it's relaxing and has some recreational aspects I just haven't put it totally together as to giving it a name. Right now I get a very strong impression of flowers again. It seems like right now they're back to right where I originally spotted them only they're going in the opposite direction - like they're moving toward the direction they originally went, While they were there they walked on several pathways - walked out quite a ways, then swung over and come over and worked around and looked at... One peculiar thing I might note - so far I haven't sensed, seen nor heard an airplane. Cars seem quite distant - outside of that little motor scooter affair with the two guys on it. That's about the only vehicular traffic I've seen - except out in the parking lot. It seems like to me that they've got most of their attention off what they were looking at and they've got their attention more on the car now. 7 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Approved Forivease 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999UP0300100034-4 T want to look and find out what the significant thing was that Bart was talking about, There's something quite unusual there and I ... Da med if I can pick it up. WAS HAL DOING ANYTHING BESIDES WALKING ALONG - WAS THERE ANY ACTIVITY FOR HAL TO DO? Most of the time I was looking at Hal,he was kind of listening to Bart and Bart was pointing out a number of things. Part of the time Bart was walking with Hal; part of the time he was back by Judy. When I first saw them, it was Bart in the front on the left side, Hal was on his right, Judy was slightly behind - almost between Bart and Hal but behind, and Phyllis to her right. They wandered around but the first time I picked up - they were that way. When they were coming back, they just about reversed. Bart would be in front. When they were coming back, it looked like Bart was in front with Phyllis, and Judy was walking more behind Bart and Hal on her right when they were coming back out of there. They're actually at the car. 2:30 SHALL WE GO DOWNSTAIRS AND SEE HOW THEY'RE DOING? 8 Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 CPYRGH T A& '4 AM Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Perceptim! & Psvchophl'sics 1973, 1 ol. 14..@o. 2. 3@3-318 A study of sine-wave contrast sensitivity by two psychophysical methods* D. H. KELLY and R. E. SAVOIE Stanford Research Institute, Alenlo Park, Califomia 94025 n the literature on visual contrast thresholds for sine wave gratings, little attention has been paid to the ps@!chophysical methods used to obtain these spatial-frequency response curves. Here we report a comparison of such data obtained by two quite different psychophysical methods, but otherwise under identical conditions. usin2 five Ss. Both experiments were nin by computer: (1) In the method of adjustments, the computer program merely controls the order of the stimuli and records S's contrast settings. (2) In the forced-choice staircase (FCS) technique. the program determines how often S can discriminate the sinusoidal grating from a uniform field. informs S of his accuracy. controls the stimulus contrast on the basis of S's preceding responses, and brackets his threshold by a series of successive approximations. Method 2 eliminates criterion effects that occur in Method 1, and hence tends to minimize individual differences. However, the F-CS technique requires an order of magnitude more observing time to obtain equalb, smooth contrast sensitivity curves. FCS also increases the overall sensitivity of some Ss by as much as five times, but it does not significantly change the shape of the contrast sensitivity curve; both methods shoN@ Strong effects of lateral inhibition at IoNN spatial frequencies. Measurements of the contrast threshold for a sinusoidal grating as a function of its spatial frequency have been used to study the effects on the visual process of optical, neural, chromatic, temporal, and other factors. Van Meeteren (1966) has reviewed a number of these studies. We are particularly interested in the low-frequency region of such data, below about 2 cycles/deg (cpd), because the monotonic increase of contrast sensitivity with increasing spatial frequency in this region may represent a simple form of lateral inhibition (Kelly, 1973). In certain cases, little or no low-frequency falloff was reported (e.g., Westheimer. 1960@ Campbell & Green, 1965), but this has been attributed to the use of small, sharp-edged targets (Davidson, 1966; Kelly, 1970) or flash -presentations (Kelly, 1971, 1973), which are unsuitable for isolating the steady-state response to very low spatial frequencies. However, some Ss report that the task of detecting a lo'W-frequency orating seems cl different from the high-frequency detection task-, this raises the question of whether the apparent inhibition would persist at low frequencies if criterion effects were eliminated. Many of the data in the literature have been obtained by the psychophysical method of adjustments, which is the easiest and fastest procedure when Ss are experienced in this type of judgment: variations of the method of limits have also been used. But more sophisticated psychophysical methods have been developed in recent years which are essentially independent of threshold criterion. these have not been *Our work was partly supported by NIH Grant No. NS-08322 and NSF Grant No. G13-1 15 7 1. Some of tile data were reported at tile October 1971 meeting of the Optical Society of America in Ottawa. Canada. We thank T. N. CornsN@eet for suggesting this applied to the measurement of sine wave contrast thresholds. We therefore undertook to compare the sine wave thresholds obtained by *the method of adjustments with those obtained by a forced-choice staircase (FCS) paradigm, in which the S was always informed of the correctness of his choice. Our main purpose was to find out whether the low-frequency inhibition was independent of criterion effects. but our results are also relevant to other sine wave contrast experiments that use subjective judgments. METHODS The stimulating apparatus is described in detail elsewhere (KeUv. 1966, 1972); its components are shown schematically in Fig. 1. S is seated comfortably, viewing a cathode ray tube (CRT) 50 cm distant through an artificial pupil. 2.3 mm in diam. He sees an 8-deg circular field. filled by a vertical sinusoidal grating. Tile spatial frequency of this grating is controlled bN a (LINC 8) computer. The depondent variable is the Michelson contrast (in) of the grating, defined as l3max - Bmin in = l3max + Bmin where l3max and Bmin are the maximum and minimum values of the stimulus iNaveform. in trolands (td) of retinal illuminance. This contrast is under tile control of either the computer or the S. depending oil the inode of operation. Since the grating does not flash or flicker in the present e\periments. our tem- poral waveforin source )vas not used (see Fig. 1). Adjustments Mode In the method of adjustments. the S controls the contrast of the grating, using a geared-down potentiometer without stops or other mechanical cues. Spinning the knob about 1.200 deg covers the entire adjustment range. which may be either 0-1 or 0-0.1 contrast, depending on a sN%itch controlled by tile S. Another switch gives him the option of vieANing zero (it full contrast at an\ time. %vithout losing his potentiometer setthw. When the setting inectN his threshold criterion. he Pushes a Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 I A Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 CPYRGH 314 KELLY AND SAVOIE REAU .1 0 R,SCA%10I%G - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - @70N,TAL I LYE CAL .1 Y@,_ LINC 8 PA T 11 41, CR1 COMPILTER @"L,; c CRYSTAL CLC,K 'A'JLIIPLY C"%'. RAS' ISLANKI%G A%C SYNC L I" ENUATOR T PLE WANEFORM @- L_ SO,_RCF HOLD I.) METHOD OF ADJUSTMENT VAR KE R EIN IJ 9'M 'y 11 ---------- 0-LI-111 "IT AN D CHOICE SCANNING H,q'ZONTAL I M, VERTICAL I MR, LIN 8 1 SPATIAL PATTERN; LSPLIRCL@ F CRYSTAL CLOCK CONTRAST BLANK114G AND SYNC MULTIPLY AIIF%IJATOR PEDESTAL III) FORCED-CHOICE STAIRCASE METHOD Fig. 1. Signal-flow diagrams of the CRT stimulator. (a) Configuration for method of adjustments. (b) Configuration for forced-choice staircase (FCS) procedure. button which enters this contrast into the computer. He is instructed to fixate the center of the grating and to find the contrast at which it can just be discriminated from a uniform field. (This criterion, which we always use for sine wave thresholds, should come close to matching S's performance in the forced-choice task described below.) S spends as much time as he N% ishes "hunting" back and forth to find his threshold. but we instruct him to make his final judgments only in the steady state: i.e., after he has refrained from changing the contrast for several seconds. Twelve spatial frequencies were tested in one experimental session; each pattern was presented five times in ndom order, for a total of 60 judgments. The means of these ra five settings gave fairly smooth spatial-frequency response curves. as described below. An experienced S can complete such a run in 20-25 min. Forced-Choice Staircase (FCS) Mode Our criterionless psychophysical procedure combined the staircase method of ordering stimuli (136ke'sy. 1947; Cornsweet. 1962) with the forced-choice method of response collection (Blackwell, 1946; Heinemann, 1961). In this application. the two techniques complement each other in such a way that S spends most of his time making discriminations near threshold. The S's task is much simpler in the FCS mode. The same 12 stimulus natterns are used. but their contrast is nov., under the One second after tile beginning of each inter%jl. a marker tone sounds to notify S that the stimulus ma\ be visible. fie makes his choice of interval by pushing a button. \N hich also starts tile ne\1 - but this button has no effect Until after the second tone. In trial other words, S must make a choice in order to start a neNN trial, but lie cannot do so until after the second inter@al has started. As soon as he makes his choice, fie hears a pleasant tone (different from the marker tone) if he is correct or an unpleasant noise if he is not. His onlv other control is a "pause" switch. %thicli interrupts use this switch also to the experiment for rest periods. S maN abort a given trial (if, for example, he happened to be looking away when the marker tone sounded). Tile aborted trial is repeated when the pause switch is reset. but the stimulus will not necessarily occur in the same interval. In order to avoid transient effects (Kelly. 1971. 1973), as we do in the adjustments mode, tile temporal waveform of the FCS stimulus is carefuliv controlled. The mean luminance of the CRT screen is held constant throughout the experiment. When a given pattern is presented, its contrast is smootlil% "faded in" from zero to whatever value is set b3 the computer. as shown in Fig. 2a. The temporal envelope of tile fade-in waveforrit resembles a half-cvcle of a 0.5-Hz cosine wave, so that the full contrast of the pattern is present after I sec (this contrast always being zero in either the first or second interval, at random). Tile pattem is also faded out the same Nvav. All 12 staircases are independent and randomly interleaved, s (Cornsweet. which helps to eliminate subjective bias effect 1962). On each trial, the contrast of the FCS stimulus is contingent on the correctness of the preceding responses to the same pattern, according to an algorithm described in detail in the Appendix. When the responses indicate that S can detect the pattern. the contrast is decreased; when he cannot. the contrast is increased, by a constant logarithmic increment in either case. Thus, the contrast is forced to cross and recross the threshold level (which is about 7517,, correct). At first. the size of the increment is decreased each time the response sequence indicates that a contrast increase has probably crossed S's threshold. But the third time this indication occurs, the smallest increment (30", contrast change) is maintained and the staircase is terminated with a fixed number of additional trials. A typical staircase illustrating these properties is shown in Fig. 2b. Each stimulus is first-presented at full contrast. to familiarize S with its appearance and to provide a suprathreshold baseline. If he detects it correctly. its next presentation is at a contrast of 0.02; the staircase then enters the main algorithm (see Appendix). 10 01 -------- Do, 0 to 0001 ---- ------- f -_ - _ @ 0 IN 5 10 t 5 10 15 .10 TIME - TPiAL %I WBE H M.Ik@l I-Z, U-, Ih,A -m-.5 CO-110!:Id bi M, C,lz,,.,! A I SI-I., 0,-' ., "', F.", ., s-"I @I R-0- CPYRG (at FORCED-CHOICE PRESENTATION CYCLE IN TYPICAL STAIRCASE successive intervals, each 5 sec long; a pattern of nonzero of one stimulus cycle and timing of alerting tones. (b) A single contrast is presented in only one of these intervals, xvhich is staircase, reassembled to show all contrasts presented, increment determined bv the computer from a table of random numbers. sizes, wrong responses, and calculated threshold. Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 CPYRGH Several hundicd trials are required to terminate all 12 staircases: an experimental session usually takes 65-75 min. regardless of the skill or experience of the S. Most of the varjabilit@ in length of the individual staircases (Rose et al, 1970) is aNeraged out by the large number of staircases being run simultaneously.1 The threshold for each pattern is calculated as the mean of the last eialit contrasts presented, no adjacent pair of these being separdted by more than the smallest increment. The intersession variabiLitv of FCS data obtained in this way is no greater than in the adjustment mode, but is mainly random rather than systematic. Thus, to obtain equally smooth spatial-frequency response curves, one must average the data from three I CS ies@ions. as described below. RESULTS Figure 3 shows some contrast sensitivity data obtained with a 20-year-old emmetropic naive S. The lipper curve (filled circles) represents combined data 1'rom three FCS runs: three comparable adjustment curves are plotted separately (open circles). These data are typical of our results in three ways. First, the shape of the FCS curve is essentially the same as that of the adjustment curves@ in both cases, the contrast sensitivity increases steeply at low spatial frequencies, to a maximum near 4 cpd. Second, the FCS sensitivity 'is sN stematicalty greater than that in any of the adjustment funs, by a factor of 2 to 5. Third, there are also @,ystcmatic differences among the individual adjustment curves, but these are smaller than the FCS-adjustment differences. The lowest sensitivity in Fig. 3 represents the first 0.002 Subj. KS C T 0.005 0.01 0.02 < Cr o 0.05 0.1 FCS 0.2 Adjustments 15t Run RGH 2nd Run 31d RU11 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 SPATIAL FREOUENCY (cpd) Fig.3. Contrast sensitivity vs spatial frequency for S K.S. Retinal illuminance, 1.300 td; artificial pupil, 2. mm. Filled circles are the means of three FCS runs. Open circles represent three successive adjustment runs. SINE-WAVE CONTRAST SENSITIVITY 315 Subl. DK 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.05 < z 0 U 0.1 0.2 Fig. 4. Contrast sensitivity vs spatial frequency for S D.K. Same conditions as Fig. 3. experiment with S K.S. Her adjustment sensitivity increased subsequently, but leveled off between the second and third adjustment runs. Typically. a naive S starts with a high threshold criterio'n, which he then lowers after some experience with the method of adjustments. However, his adjustment thresholds seldom 0 get as low as his FCS thresholds-. apparently he adopts a criterion in the range of 9017M00% probability of detection (compared to the 7517c imposed by the FCS mode). Figure 4 shows a sin-fflar comparison for another S. S D.K. (one of the authors) is somewhat atypical, having had hundreds of hours of practice in experiments with this particular apparatus. If practice lowers the adjustment threshold. his adjustment sensitivity should be greater than that of S K.S.@ and it is. relative to his FCS sensitivity. His adjustment sensitivity may stilt be slightly less than his FCS sensitivity, but the' two are much closer together than they are for our other Ss. Evidently he uses a lower threshold criterion, closet to the FCS level. As in Fig. 3. the FCS curve in Fig. 4 was obtained by averaging data from three sessions. a total of about 3.5 h observing time. However, the contrast sensitivity curves obtained from individual FCS sessions are also instructive: these are shown for a third S in Fig. 5. Each of the dashed curves in this figure connects ?the end points of the 12 staircases obtained in a sin2le exnerimental session isee shown for comparison with the previous figures. C! Fi-ure5 also shows some systematic variation aniong Z@ - three adjustment runs for this S. (S H.P. was more experienced than K.S.. but even an experienced S will not always hold the sarne adjustment criterion from one run to the next.) 43in. the FCS sensitivity is -,ibout five Release 2003/06/24: CIA 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 SPATIAL FREQUENCY (cpd) Ak 316 KELLY AND SAVOIE 0.002 0.005 0.01 C< 0.02 Z 0 L) 0.05 0.1 0.2 Subi. HP FC- Adjustments Ist Run 2nd Run 3rd Run I 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 SPATIAL FREQUENCY (cpd) Fig. 5. Contrast sensitivity vs spatial frequency fox SH.P. Same conditions as Figs. 3 and 4. Dashed lines show data from three FCS runs, averaged to obtain filled-circle points. times greater than the adjustment sensitivity. The most important result shown in Fig.5 is the nature of the variability among FCS runs and among adjustments runs. Although the FCS data are about as variable as the adjustment data, the adjustment variability is mainly systematic, while the variability among the FCS runs seems random. (Note that the FCS curves from individual sessions cross and recross each other and the mean curve several times.) The data were subjected to a chi-square test of the hypothesis that mean rank contrast sensitivity is independent of session number. This hypothesis can be rejected for the adjustments data (p < .00 1), but cannot be rejected for the FCS data (p = .1). Now, if the FCS method eliminates systematic intra-S variability from one run to the next, and if this intersession variability is caused mainly by changes in S's criterion, then we would expect this method to minimize the variability among Ss as well. The data shown inF Fig. 6 tend to confirm this expectation. Here the mean FCS curve for S H.P. is repeated, together with similar data for two other young, emmetropic Ss. Note the close similarity among all three contrast sensitivity curves. particularly at frequencies below 2 cpd. These data (and others not reported here) all tend to confirm relatively steep slope (about 2 in log-log coordinates). DISCUSSION Instructing try to detect an 'i, perturbation of the uniform field may be important in making the CPYRGH adjustment curves so similar in sliape to the R'S One should not assume that our results v@ould he obtained if S were instructed to detect tile presence ot'a grating, or to report its Ofient3tioll, COUIlt its hill"CS. Ct,:. The use of other subjective criteria call douhtlc@,s cliall"e the shape of the sine wave threshold curve. When minimum threshold values are not icquited. mid ional criterion differences amona and witlun Ss can occas t@ be tolerated. the method of adjustments is ob@iousk preferable. because it vields equally smootli curves I'll tile FCS method.' about a 10th of the time required b\' However, the FCS method eliminates cI itel toll dif ferences and provides information abOL11. S'S performance (not just his judgments). Summarizing our results with five Ss. ranging, from naive to quite experienced: (I) Both methods vield the same curve shape. but the FCS method gives significantly greater sensitivity than that obtained by the method of adjustments: the increase may be as great as a factor of 5 (depending on S's adjustment criterion). ('-')Presumably because it is independent of threshold criteria. the FCS method does not show systematic changes of sensitivity from one run to the next (as the method of adjustments sometimes does.) (3) The variability of the FCS data is mainl@ random and can therefore be made quite small by taking enough data. (4)When this is done, individual differences (among young, emmetropic Ss) tend to disappear. These results are essentially what would be expected. based on the differences between the two psychophysical methods. We conclude that. if the S is appropriately instructed, the shape of his sine wave grating sensitivity curve is not affected by using the method of adjustments. Moreover, it seems likely that this negative result would be maintained if the present study were extended to other criterion-dependent 0-00' 1@_ Fmctd-Chisice Staircase 0.005 0.01 cc 0 0.02 U 0.05 Subj. HP CPY Subi. EB 9r 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 SPATIAL FREQUENCY (cpd) Fig. 6. Contrast sensitivity vs spatial frequency for three young, emmetropic Ss, obtained by the FCS technique. H Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 Alk Ah T Approved For Release 2003/06/24: CIA-RDP79-00999AO00300100034-4 SINE-WAVE CONTRAST SENSITIVITY 317 1 1 N I I 1 1 1 S _ EXECUTIVE ___ A , ' , j L @ ---------------------------- ------- -- ------------ CO% T I, AS I INTERFACE FA1,W4 CONTROL RE Spa 14SE RE I%F 0 RCEMEP, T ------------------------------------ --------------- STAIRCASE 3 CONTROL SA%E DATA Y P 9 SE ad E I; CES YET' '.-:8J 4ST I Y LAST 3 N F 9-ER pqES1,1_411 % SEjCT,0.% ------------ ---- RESPONSE IS @ HISTORY ESIIT 1ES101SE