Approved For Release 2003/09/09 CIA-RDP96-00788RP01200060019-4 PARAPSYCHCLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND ANPSI 7M 7!G@8 PARAPSYCHOLOGY ANO 07 PER FELDS psi information, we have no a priori reason to assurne one site r-nore importart organism at so-ne level. Perhaps the.-efore we shou@d took directly at changes in i ; messages, explora- ps-, chophsiological aspects tl@emselves as indicators of the presence of a psi m es- than another. To make evoked potential stu'ies work for ps' sage. By so doing, we may be able to look crudely at the psi information dunng tion of a variety of potential sites would seem to be mandatory before the ef- relatively early stages of its processing within the organism. Although the data fectiveness; of evoked potentials as psi responses can be assessed. aill lack the richness of experience, they mav be more consistent and may addi- Another EEG measure that could be used as an indicator of psi piocessing is tionally eventually tell us a great deal about the processing elements themselves. the contingent negative variation (CNV), a negative shift in cortical potential re- corded by surface electrodes from the frontal portion of the brain. Also ca:led Targ and Plathoff (1974) flashed a strobe in the eyes of a senderand observed the exMctancy wave, it is gene-all'y regarded as a sibign that t1he receiver's EEG_ One agent-re-ceiver pair was the -esnonse of the occipital organism is im- selected for more extensive work, on the basis of preliminary success plus the minently expecting some specific form of shimulation to which it must respond. monochromatic EEG spectrum of the receiver. During Strobe periods. the aver- L-evin and Kennedy (1975) ernploycd a rcaction-tirae procedure to see whether Qge Power and peak power of the receiver's alpha rhythms significantly de- or not the presence of a CNV could sel-ve as evidence for anticipation of a yet-to- creased, indicating partial alpha blockage to rernote visual information. At the be determined event. Subjects were told to press a key when a green light a@>- same tirne, the subject was unable to guess with any accuracy above chance peared but no, wher. a red light appeared. Which light appeared was deter-r-nined. wh_i& peric ds were strobe pef@ ods and which were control i by an W;G imniediately before the light came on. Ir a prehminary study, sub- Tart (1963) found that subjects in 2 sound-proof room showed a faster and 11 jects' CNIrs showed significantly incre eviclence of expectancy just before the more complex EEG pattem pius; more active GSR and plethysmograph responses RNG selected green, the color to which the subject was to respond, than before when a distant agent was receiving strong shocks than during control tirnes. At red. A confirmatory study produced chance results, however. This procedure is the same time, receivers showed no behavioral cadence of responsiveness to very important, neve. rtheless, because the CN.LV represents a time-locked, precise these distant events, in terms of frequency of key presses m, ade during shock vs. e-iWit in Central nervous sysiem information processing. a re- Kelly and Lenz (1976) eMployec; a s;,-ti!ar procedure with Control times -s-( an Several otber studies have employed psychophy _)iogical rnt_-sures other th a . ceiver selecled for monochromatic EEG, but w;,I!out an agent. The recciver re- 0 1 the EEG. Tart-s GSR and piethysmograph results have already been mentioned. laxed, eves. closed. and simply tried to visualize the target area and whether or Dean (1965), using a dream telepathy paradigm, found that active sending on a`tternpt was made to guess when the strobe was ori or not the strobe was on. No the part of an agent significantly influenced the abundance of rapid eve move- off. Using a vanely of prelirnina-y- procedures. they obtained suggestive evi- ments duri-1- dream periods, even on occasions in which the subject"s dream de- dence that the EEG responded differenti-a!"y to stimulus vs. ccnt7o_i cc;,ndit@ions scrintions were unrelated to the target. and that the nature of the response may be dependent upon such parameters as I f. Belo' Cowles, and Bate (1970) found no evidence that subiects'ga'ivanic skin uane and Behrendt (1965) found ;ntcrtrial interval, body position. and so on. D respons sting messages sent es (GSR) were affected by rnildly emotionally incere some suggestion that increasing alpha abundance in one txin led to increased by a remote agent, nor did Barron and Mordkoff (1968), Dean (1969), or Sanjar alpha in a remote identi.-all twin, but the overall results were not significant. The (1969). Rice (1966) fuund strong GSR deflections in receivers when the agents Research Committee of the A.S.P.R. (1959) fround no significant EEG changes were exposed to startling stimuli, e.g., sudden immersion of feet in cold water, in -eceivers during times in which agents were being emotionally stimulated. or hearing a blank cartridge fired. Hettinger (1952) claims that a group of pre- Lloyd (1973) employed in averaged cortical evoked potential as a measure of selected sensitives showed increased GSR activity when agents several miles away resuonsiveness to the suddcn onset of a distant stimulus. An agent was instruc- were stimulated or made to exercise, but does not provide sufficient details. ted to send a visual iniage each time a light flashed. During a run, 60 such Figar (1959) measured peripheral vasomotor activity with a ph:thysmograph lashes were enfered on the EEG record in such a way that the EEG output be- and found some indication that a receiver's vasomotor activity increased when a - ed to see if a coherent sig- and after the flash onset could be avera fore during remote agent performed mental arithmetic. Unfortunately, no real attempt was l , , c nal emerged in response to the onset of the remote stimulus. By %isual inspec- made to analyze the data blind,nor was any frecise statistical evaluation carried tion, such a cortical response seerned to be present. Lack of a control condition out. Esser, Etter, and Cliambeflain (1967) found some indication that receivel.@' prevented statistical analysis, however. Millar (1976) repeated this procedwe vasomator activity increased when agents attended to sentences or narnes of usin,g control periods and found no evidence for psi. Ali imporiant varable in emotional importance to the receivers, as opposed to control sentencosf but the sli.:h studies is the recording site froni which the EEC is taken. Thc best record- ault ho.-s did not .-tternpt --ny statistical a;ialysis- Dean Dean, 1962, 1969; J IN. h 1967) F und additional evid-o-lace that receivers' vasornotor activ- nR b tes are wel'i kjiown for various ki 4 c i r R"eile a.) r'-" 'se Approved Fo ru &61"tWM5P,W-00788k001 20 Approved For Release 2003109109: CIA-RDP96-007PBROO1200060019-4 thi@ is a ii-.Ln s,@ch as 21! tlie 4faWab;t- worjS j, U n ''A'AA ni for cxan-,nle lit"Lef, '@ h---- ary, data are bcst cv.1juated hy a special rmlfla devc!oped by R, f about 50 or 55 wilo is goijig to h2,;, a @(@)T 0@ 112ppines5 in his future. Lz,- "aw r arirgton, 1944). The basch Tic foz ChI'llCe CX11eCtViOn is determined by has sonle troubles in his past, but tit-iii-S will go better for birn soon, He is -et with hrass tk@, nuinher of responses for a word (or Oht@i iten)) -1 xhen it, was ,,)I tile target. a lie v.,cars a green j3ck meth thus requires many test adniiriistr3tion@ divese targets. to pro (%vry do to sorneone nained AnnKed to respond to each item. ingly. so far as ) button )." The subject is ask ge esponsc pool. (Having a large response Pool is especially important possible, at a woman of 55 who wore a red swcater with brass clasp, le I SO Nnecause Cari ton after years of work'ng wih the technique, found that it is should, respon firmatively to the age and the brass, but riot to the man, green, r 0""' @na it@ritsable to U narrow categories for scoring a hit. For example, he reports a jacket, or button . Responses typically consist of entering each pair of paren- n eck i the item is cleariv right, a cross if it is wrong, and a ques- abstantially hig r hit ratio when -elm" was scored correct only for the target theses with a chec ig en ' h't 7 *n- than when elm, along with oak, maple, poplar, etc., were all classed tion mark if it is ambig us. (Subjects, find !1lis eas-er thari entering only cl--cks h elm@ ts f, r ily Ogether as hits for ny kind of tree.) A znobleni here is that any particular wid crosses.) Check's arc ther, summed. 31,d the frequency c@f checks for ca,;h 'le espons, re L a,aloggue of response requencies, such as the oric Cariington, prepared, may be reading is entered into pr tocol X sub;ect array. tor SL mppropriate for su-bi ts drawn from a different population or tested at a anV of . these F@ locohs nnay bt@ iul)'ivi @,,-,d a different array ThA iterns on time. !Mn@nded Responses. :he tar@:et is no response Is hkely to be 3@npl@,L-!V or Wrong. ThX,-,an-wd way o-_ scoring such data Js to use blind !tes who score each response ga;nst each of tar.-ets. For example, a Sub- 0 may try on ten nights to d am about whatever lar2Zt Picture an agent . \da n rrc ippened. that night, tu select. fro a target pool. 'hen each of three bli. nd f?es (whose scores be average, is presented with a 10 X 10 arrav. Alono rc P ,e tor) are listed tlae ten pictures, ir. r dorn. z:der- down. t-'-,e side are the dream d o'r M@rts@ Ti he judge rates (for ex3niple. -n a scal; of 0 to 1 r,011 how we'll rhe ram reports tor the fus! nigbi correspon to each of t ie ten pictilres. He then -Pon t c '\sub s@ *innues with ratings for each cf the subse g f the subse -ent ni lits. Analysis of variance ef t array shows whether the ten correct targel@response pairings are significantly rferent from the 90 -incorrect p3ir,; ngs- An alternative w-th the sanne general approaX's to have the blind ju@geraank J @ response for how well it matches the various .- fgets, With len possibilluesw Would enter into the array 1, 2, 3 . .. 10 for e- It response. Some experi- choose to class all high ranks together, and a ' low ranks together, but .h Pooling of scores discards so much information th it seems inadvisable. C, ;iniilaf ratings or rankings can be used to judge thc- ccuracy, of "readings" c histories). Good resea, ch must be double blind. The rson for whom the ding is held is abserit. The proxy sitter (a blind not aker) asks for the J1ing and relcords it. The best judge of the accuracy of a re ding is ordinarily absent sitter for whom the sitting was held. Each absent s ter is then pre- ted with the entire set of readings, coded so that he does not k w which was 'nded foi him, and is asked to rate or to rank them. The expe . enter puts W ratings or rankings into an array for anaMis of variance: read gs are the nnns, and sitters'scores are the rows. I Sgoring, an alternative to su,:h global tanking or ratin., -requires tha a blind erimenter put a pair of parentheses after each scorable item in the res @nses. Approved For Release 2003/09/09: set up for each division. Dream -otocols, fo.- cxample, may have items evalu- ated wparately for responses that ere or werc riot asso'nated with color. Rcadin.-rs for ab,@ent sitters inay have --tfnis subdi-@jded ,-or personality descrip- tions of the sitters, ref@rences to liviiic ndi-Oduals, references to dead indi- Viduals. e@c. Own-ended Responses Scored as Forced Choic Aitmethod for retaining both f etdom ;r, the s ije Xs re sp, s-@ an I ai of fc1ce-i-choice scoring 'ije st, 1- , i)J, Y ut Z@O is to use complex Yr.3teria) for the target but i ake oril, prespecified categories as the scorable responses. Scluneidler and A_e....is 096, prepare--' a set of 81 P p 'lev@ lel'-Is toL pictures which showed all combinations of Thre.- -Is four variables: sex e I ve (tvvo males, two females or one male and one fernale), age ;y g. adult but lot 'a, '3 , neutral, old, old); activity (passive, nor-mal. aLtive); an" e rnotion (u P, Y, happy). Subjects were told that each picture showed two p 0- t:!ey were asked to describe the picture: and responses v.-re scored for a, z he four varj@Nes. lionorton 09-15) his recerily prepared a-ii _@i_crr, 24 c, -'ch permits binary scori user') for a!, pictures w!" mu_ I m esent or a Zen Variables. PkysiologicalMeaskres. When tar- ts a.-,z pres,,!ecled as emotionally neulral or e ernotionalh- charal-IJ, the subject's phy@;ulogical changes can appropriately be used as the res onse measure. Tart (1963) applied painful electric shoe'- to the P Z@ agent on some trials of a GES? experiment and measured subjects' responses by GSR, EEG, plethysmo-raph, and key taps (conscious report). Each of the phys- iological measures showed a significant diff@ferlcc between shock and nonshock trials, but the Key taps did not. Anothei example is research r,@poyted by Dean (1966), who made use of only a single physiological measure. In his procedure, the subj-.ct Jay quietly in a dirkened room. A plethysmograph record showed changes in Pis finger's fluid volunic (a nicasure of autonornic activity). The lit agent in another room looked at names, rindomly ordered, uf three types: Persons rnpurt:int to the subject but not to the expevirnenter; persons impoa-.dt -00788RO01 200060019-4 AaDroved For Release 2003/09109 CIA-RDP96-00788RO0,1200060019-4 t@_! tX t@%e zzn-@ pzisons Kzowm neitheT. Tinzing -Aras record'ed or. the plethysmograph record. Scoring of plellhysmog;aph dix -s was blind. Dean's data, a d nge nd those of severai similar experiments I showed increasc in 2UICTIOMic actiVity when the agent contemplated a name personally relevant to the sub; J cf. Typically, as found by Tart, the subject reported no awareness of the target, Other possibilities are obvious but have not as yet beer adequately explored. No controlled research has been pubUshed on the wave form of the cortical evoked potential, eg., for auditory vs. visual ESP targets. Only pleNminary in- vestigation reports similarity in the timing of alpha waves as the ESP response L-1 p",red subjects. C-4 t';W A 'Otj fl!", Cats. Prcb2bly tl-w two bes! di:ectives for the 7csea- U I 7 worker are: (a) to study psi in 'he sp--cies wherehe is himself most expert a5 experimentalist; and (10 to set up the laboratory conditions and r r einfmcerm scheduks wh:ch most sensitive3) elicit meaningf 11 data in other types research, Selection of Appmpriate ESP Targets The experimenter, ob -vrious!y, need not restrict himself to using ESP cards as targets. There is an infi-nite number of possibilities, an' for some subjects or @Ze hypoilicses. other target possibiLties are preferable to a set of five symbols. T he cc of choice might be suggested by the following list. called from 5 years of rep(Ms in a single jourrial. The journalof the American Societ-yfor P@ychical ResevrchNn 1970-1974, published ESP research with these targets: cards that were green 6R, one side and white orl the other; the inne@- Containers that -on- cealled these ca@-ds; ESP cards; multiple -choice questions, each consisting of four items relevant to that the subject had beard : elaborate pictures (ususiVy art prints or magazlitle i-flustrat ions); slides of patterns w rid faces (including the subject's own face)- n'Arnes (includin., the subiect's own name); the sex of a person in a concealed ph@Wgr:iph; a PartiCular square within a 5 X 5 matrix; red vs. black papers; Identi-Kit ctkmponents to match the face of a target n; a -@erso, multisensory environment whi\ C c, the subject would soon experience; erolic PIC- tures affixed To rome ES? ca.-ds@ the tirning of radioactive emissions f1rom a Schmidt machine; severa; sets of i-N,"'natureocards; the 121 positions of a clock face. audio-visual prograrris of slides 'aRd music; 8ecinetric syrnbo!s; the five vowels; a pool of 100 sL-nple line drawir4sof objects, with their names; chax- acteristics of the persons who wouli sit inX,)ecified auditorium chairs; word associates; relevant statements abow individuals I";'Concealed p@otographs;scri,:s of thematically related stereoscopic slides. Selection of ApproWisto Subjects Specim Hurnans are not necessarily the subjects of choice. Uough no syste- matic work has been done in comparative parapsychology, ex6 hance data have been reported for such diverse animals as coctroac , 1%. h s, lizar - rodents, Demographic Vixr4ibles_ Since psi has been demonstrated in young childre adolescents, @nd adults, 'in rrales and females, and in many races, the same dire tives apply asin the preceding paragraph. In general, the experimenter shou work with the jects with whom he feels most comfortable and whorn he sub most competent to.,test. Arejekcriod of Subie .@Is. If the experimenter wants to study the relatio to some other vari3bl " 'such as imagery, creativity, extroversion, or psychos e. he may choose to use pfeselected criterion groups, It may be even Ynore nect I to ensuz sary in psi than in other research, however, to do careful pretesting L - I that such special conditions -as the choice of targets, the setzing, or the -Qnriot tions of the wordling of the iiistructions do not in themselves have a diffe-cmi effect upon the groups. re le In the more common case of p sel ction., the experimenter may choose to 111@ gifted subjects. Here he can fail int a !rap, The natural way to find gif ed sub jects is to look for th@)se who haye,shown marked psi -cccss outside of ten counter roductive. A subject -who considers Mimes laboratory, but this is ef L -P I gifted while working @!nkier his own conditions will often feel either a suilen or fierce resentment of laboratory restrictions, and this attitude may defeat thx, experimenter's purpose in selecting him. A method recently used successfully (Tar@,,1976), and whi-,4 -pay seirNye as model, used two preselection steps. The first,consisted of group testing by a-r experimenter who told his subjects that he wa@s, looking for goo! subjects fo. laterWOTk and who used rather dull targets. Subje@t s with prcirnising scorts wer< invited to come to the labOf2tory,,4 here the same experimenter had them wor@,, on two types of interesting ESP machwes. Those ;*th the better scores w- invited for a third session with the same experimen4r, in which they work wi!h the machine that they preferred. Their scores 0 " tr third session we;-,, rermitably high. The three conspicuous virtues of this approach are@: (.ai@ the subject's goi during the selection trials is to do well enough for later lab rst work, a& v thus the later work comes as no surprise to him; (b) the xr effect i_@ d earlie. controlled, since Ait is the experimenter for whom the subject high scores who works with'him later; and (c) test conditions b incicas @*Y pleasant. Approved For Release 2003/09/09: CIA-RDP96-00788 0120 ;0060019-4 hA_poR%6a788 c iust bef-bre 'uiiog the c"o-c.".19 pe@ od itself hj@. -a Ii alph- abundance dropped, This study at present is the oniv HEG study involving r f__ L, U wry st. ng psi performance by the subject. Since only one- subject was used, the results . y not be generalizable. Ome rc "ts are mOe c0lUPlex. Lcwi and Schn S IS i eidler (1971) found a signifi- cant positi reiatonslii.) between Pro It 'Po- ion of correct choices and alpha abundance w, n their subjects were not aware that theY were Participating in an ESP test, and a gru icant ne I gative relationsf-iip on those r uns in which the sub- jects were aware hat they were pa,-ticipating in 2n ESP test. Stanford (1971) and Stanford and -zanford (1969) found no significant relationship between alpha abundance an overadl ESP score but did find that high ESP scores were associated with an iner se in the , frequercy of the alpha fhytlim frornjust before ESP syrnbol guessing to e g Ported alpha frequency s h -T ,I laessing Period itself- Other studies have not re. -ata. Stanford interpreted such an increase in fre- ,quancy as rep,75CRUng a sible "Coping" response in which 'he subject is mobilizing himself fo- W ..at construe; to be a difficult task-, yet at thc same I'Me k,2 maintains a gener:Lf sta- of relaxed awareness. Stanford s proce-d-LI'es M t@'t@se Slujies were described to rather than C, e sul-,liects as being prec ilior c C lair@ioyance, even tbo ogn pro e-,uL- s dectemnine the targets had themsel M fact the random numbers that would Ives ready been selected. Most people intrin- sicaNy regard precogrii - I Mon as 3 Trore di cult task than clairvoyance. Only thtree EEG studies ; I . , - .nv ng r- -response Procedures have beer 0'ving pub- lished@ Stanford and Stevens 1 -7 - r on ( 973@ I g Stanforc!, found his alpha abun. dance not related to ,,is ability o '_ ' "r' to dcscn@e concealed line drawing. However, they did find that a-lp-ha frequency dud,1L,7 a PreNminary nind-cicaring period was "gzdtive"Y related to ESP suc@ess and also fou, that an increase in alpha fre- queTICY from the rnind-clear ring Period to the fol wing period of image forma- tion about the target drawing was associated are not independent, of @'t(h,@ success, The two findin2s 'a fo Rao and Fe 0 und that a Single sub- ject familiar with biofeedb3ck and medita ,ion was no, successful at des@,Pbin e u s a e concealed magazine Pictures when he was asked to pr ce 'a t P ikhen he 1,t@as asked to produce JOw alp. uce high alpha than ha. Stanford and Imer (1975) found e as ' M''Ig c fo ,pn \d7 that above-chance scorers on 2 free verbal response task i vOlvilIg co-wealled kIvol PhOtQgfilPhs showed significantly more a!pha abundance t ance t belo'-cha scorers, during both a Preliminary period Of listening to Soot . below-cl=ce Sotn t00g music during the irnagery period. ng music and Su uc ected As a whole, the EEG results are confusing and contradictory. Part f the prob- ilctory -part f the Pr lem is that the Procedures and methods of data analysis varied wi ely from .51S vaned wl ely fr study to study. The most consistent findinZ was that alpha abundance t fied to abudI P11a n aIce t 'iec b'e Positively associAted with high ESP ScOrcs, especially for subjects pres y fo r subjec Is pres ec for expertise st the production Of one or both. The studies which found re-_ L C@0112C!TICt@ fO', 0s, d1i'llfb;Ulz to exo"I'a are ute studies that fo,.,n a sJgrlificnnl ;'cza- 200@k!6 I ab -ano@ and ESP. ti Ye -1afionship between allha' wid - Vc , ittle work has been done with otlqer psychophysioloj?@ca" n1ca-;ur,-rncl1tS. between Tennv ( 62) failed to find any relationship g-a!vanic skin rosponse act- ivity (GS otor activity as measured by plethysinograph, and ESP or vasorn c ositi choice su c , although he did obtain significantly p ve ESP -es ufts. Wood- - . I I a .1 111 ruff and Dale 95") found a positive but not quite s;gnificant rela-ons'p be- tween GSR acti it and ESP card-guessing success, in two consecutive studies. y Otani (1955) foun significantly more h@its on ESP cards during large skip. resis- tance changes as me ured by basal sk:n response (PSR). T-his resu", was ob- Wned or@ly under a su * ct cordi,ion of indifference tov-,ardi the results and w;tn. eves open. Braud and Br d (19-4) found that subjects whoheardi taped reiaxa- a - tion-inducing instructions ored above chance in a free response CESP test, w1li-reas &iose who heard a asion-inducing t2pe scored at chance. A rela*.ed finding was that, over D Su i -ts, vositive scor-ing vvas significantly associaTe@ f with less fronta!;s muscle activit@, measus-ed' by 6el-rom, ograrn or ENIG) d-a- ing the target i' Sion period, a w-ith a decrease in ftontalis acziit%- mp-@es I . @ . I. Ni, beginninZ to end of the session. The N,@auds hypoth-_-sized that a ec@en-mg organism. definable "relaxation state" was very c ducive to psi in the In addition to reduced muscle ac,ivlt IS Y 1, zested: lowered frequency and Y, tr@- S"gg increased amplitucit of EEC; lower he,- re, blood pressure. and vasc-no,or activity; increased basal skin resist:@nce; lower ygen consumption- an(! reduced a" compatible blood lactate level. niis overall sclhem3 is als compatible with 'he 7eSL'1!S Of st_ n d to ow 0_ "White's (1964a) finding that j-@eople purpurted to ow strong free response FSP "te:, _I-- per.0 ability consistently described them-se.ves as entenr._ period of xation and e\ r-ind-clearing at the onset. tI e a-cur y Too little work has been done to evaluate the accur V or generality of the .,gatl,e Ile r Brauds' -re"tion syndrome." Certainly the negative orrelations between rmance in two studJe__ @`@;s alpha abundance and psi perfo- idings of Stan foid that an increased alpha frequency is correlated lit@h psi` 1,certam psi [@Sks, I ""s as \rre- are at odds wih the Brauds' ideas. Woodruff and D31e's and Ota ;^s results wi` ro Howe"" GSR and BSR are also contrary to the implications of ihis syndro . . Howeve-., f strong 3 the Brauds did not state that relaxation was the only ccnd;:ion fo strong psi li@ am s. a, performance. Perhaps there are complex interactive relationships am 2 state- - um hy _si OV, trait subject variables, the nature of the psi task, and the optimum physi ogical processing of psi information. .; @ PsychophysioloSical ReWnses as Measures of Psi Performance There is evidence that physiological variables are correlated in a %ariety of ways with psi perform, ance and are therefore in some way involved. Manifesta- tions of psi are (,ften comp!ex, confused, and probably misprocessed within the Approved For Release 2003109/09: CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1200060019-4 ..*0jt'b&08R001 the ;kgt7nt or . V vascinotor SCILIAtv as measwed by Vle-_i1vVm(_qra__ and agent aro -1 ly I ph usl5u U Ic no@sres or by b6ng put thrOU&II I PSYC1113t&C interview. Tliese studies are of considerable potential importance and showd be purstsed in more detail. Of especial interest is the fact that physiolo c _.spo e gi @a "'es " ,e often correlated with the onset of the target event, whereas the cognitively pro- cessed verbal report or behavioral output of the subject was not. Perhaps such indic@ do give us a rnore direct access to less processed (and therefore ICU dis- torted) psi messages. SUMMARY There is not much that car, be saidin surnrinarizing this material, other than that a few scaitered promising beginnings zQve been made in developirla the rnetho.- 0 dolo&y for relating psi functioning to our present knowledge of biolog!cal corn- mum.cation. There is so-ne evidenc@! -,hat psi communication is not restricted to humans. Before more specific speculation on the evoiution of psi and its eco- lopeal significance can @c serious,,. considered, we riced much more data on more sr)ez:jcs. Wo. also need to End f@;nc!ional reiationships between anpsi strepath and other relevant variables such as level of arousal, neeA 0 @ strength, and so on to feel cornf`or!abe that we are not jizt dealing with exr-rimenter ps; e Ffe C ts. Our knowledge of -st infOrM.2tIO-1 piocessinp in @urnans is little better off. T'here is fairlY Strop- evidence, flowever. that Mi expressicn. does @nteract with detectable physiological events, some of which may serve as more direct indica- tions of psi than our cognitively elaborated response. In conclusion, we must greatly expand our data base before we can truly assess the extent to wh@ich psi communication interacts with our presently known bio- logical cornmunicatio n channels, either at a cellular or popullation level or sorne- where in berween. REFERENCES American Society fo. Psychical Research, Research Committee. Report of the Resear(;h Committee.for 1959. Journal of rhe American Society for Psychical Research, 1959, 53, 69-71- Backster, C. Evidence of a primary perception in pL3nt zfe. Jrriternational Journal of Parv- psychology, 1968, 10, 3219-348. Baznothy, M. F. (Ed.). BiolqKical Effects c)f Afagneric Fields. New Yo-k: Plenum Press, 1964. Vols. I and 2- Barron, F. and Mordkoff, A. M. 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