Approved For Release 2003/09/09 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO0600740002-3 Ykadw Sectims 49. A"E*W-I. Wad Writing at .= H nda C 1) ton pwas@lq -1 )-04t 7 112MY.FAR ... NO,17 ounkruv %ac-pu -TRUMAYIDEGIEW22,19M 25t Pan, Am. Jet Cxashes in Scotland IL"11.18.at Least 273 Dead Inclu& 15'Villagers; On-Board Blast Suspected By A. D. Home a Pan Am vice president, Jeff Men--- gans said in a telephone interview. dler@ told reporters in New Yo& Kraeudler gave the time the plane lag night. The plane had left Lon- hit the ground as 7:21 Britains A Pan Americanjumbojet bound doWs Heathrm Airport at 6*25 Cxil Aviation &tbority said Sea from London to New York crashed PxL local time (1:25 pm@ EM Ush air coutrolien; W talked to the mto a Scottish viflage last inglit, and the last contact from the crew crew minutes before die crash and appareatly kiling all 258 persons was at 7.15 pxL, when the plane received no indication. of any prob- aboard. was cruising at 31.000 feet. Krien- lem Tlie Boeing 747 dammed into a dler sad He added 09 it was Ipre- , British aviation officials denied gasoline station and several houses cisely an course@ when A disap- reports that tfie 747 may have bit in the two of Lockerbie 15 miles peared froin radar scn!eim another plane. One BritM, news north of the English barder. witting As resew tam reached -the service repart said the jet may have a fireball that rose up to 300 fed, crash soem about 275 miles north- broken mba two before hittmg the iato the sky. . - west of Landon, there were kifica- B Re?,I = ,. A police offidal is the nearby tions of an explosion aboard the , ,@ " " . town of Duathies reported that at planp- The jers cabin door was kiburgh, said his office bad recewed least 15 villagers bad been k&d. found about 10 miles from the rest reports of wreckage boding in Local hospitals said 12 seriously of the co@ while an engine was Langbohn, 10 miles east of Locker- burned Yfflagem had been rushed ut found on a highway outside the Vil- bie. for treatmeoL lage@ At least one witium said the "All we know is that all those in There was an immediate indica. plane may have been on fire before the afferaft are deW said David tion of what mused the accident, it hit the ground. Brooks, air vice mar" for the which took place in dear weather The plane, Pan Am Ffight 103, Royal Air Force in Soo@ less than an houes flight time from "disappeared filoni radar contact at Pan Am's Kriendler said the Londoll. 7:15 pim,' British Department of Vae would not release a passenger Mere were no mayday signaW Transport spokesman Afike Verti- SWCRMAUC@Ll Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO0600740002-3 Arimatflasslage fies am barsiarbanoes v*W when a Pan AnNicau BWW 747 maiduidin Lockmilk ScW" Approved For 6.00789ROO0600740002-3 ,,,Pan- Am'jet Route En to Ive J-,Iuw York From London. U1 a ran americ" Boeing 747.. TW WAMMMu Pw Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO0600740002-3 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO0600740002-3 (INGTON POST FRIDAY, JANUARY 13, 1989 ES -VAN ATTA DERSON and DALE JACK AN istt@,@@.the.@'U.S Is-Reluctant to r ro.r Blame ,ran is the most likely suspect behind the informant had included among the alleged hit squad Dectmb b mfligh@.493;:@-@ @mbers @@s to kig. @Pgr pg everal people who had sworn eQ b,' C. OV .M o V `it `4Ga;dhafi`d` I e ot eaga e ittbt lift 't #r 6 la b@ Y A6 Pan Am. bom .ing s@ cqmelhj@, Q At@ r In b trt44@ JS 't@ e" N w, bi h th -tohear., ty. ur sou ces, A 1§ @prepabe 07' C1 hite ous( W i**.., est Gernial e spend "several million dollars" to find out who is - 1 ikigence servic. s 4 ; @ 1, @. I 'u- - fri ru@_Wiii @d -terrorist groups. responsible. Tfie fla*`in'this apObiach is:'that it 644b1itmot all-of the en6bukages gadflies tp come forward withiWhat t sont f, ;,:1 e0 6 , fi:@§p United'State8 wailts to hear---:tha "Gadfiah did it. ig ,k@-Vve gathered has t ge entreore' urs k that 14 Iligenbe Agency. es6' 6 C6 Th espiona ne now d e h1h Th rit*s an e'st.,Geirnims are leery of a Reagan has been obsessed with Gadhafi for eight d-W :M bias that @@eeks.to make'Libya's Moarnmar years and might like to have the final say. The Iasi Gadha i the bogeydian and to blame him -for the thing Reagan wants to hear is that@ terrorists 0 @tland directed by Iran bombed Flight 103.Reagan has e -likk L6 Ni ' cWM ' i "i i , " i4 d i l d I d R , s not h iate ran an a thit h6 b@en humi lous, or it 1A6ffi at a id r u s by n -und6rstood whk1bi6ign spies were. wary about. final ignominious footnote in his dealings,@!it4,,, NO 'o' sharing what theyknow.'"It'41 *tb- blame thenl,-.@ Aya lah Rufiollah Khomeini. f hesaid.,"Look at the, Reagan administrati6h's past-' That's what makes the West Europeaft- " " It , e s with Libyan-related intellig nce. intelligence services so wary of sh shenAnigan, Aring. - , . tionwith'thoZlAi They. 981 rumors about a Libyan. Ir.anian-related informa fle Wasieferring to, 1 . hit,,squAd and the 1986 bom6ing,of a gerlinAisco, pointed out to us that U.S. ETbass@'officials across.,- ' pooh@-Ooohed th6.:" West German police think'the Reagan Europe'and theMiddle East bave administration rhyped-or manufactured-flimsy claims of a shadowy Oro-Iranian group that has evidence blaming Gadhafi for the disco bombing in been trying to assert responsibility for the which one U.S. serviceman was killed-President bombing. Reagan used the incident to justify a subsequent The group calls itself "The Guardians of the bombing raid on Libyan sites, including Gadhafi's Islamic Revolution" and claims it was motivated by Tripoli home._ the downing of an'Iranian airliner last July'by a U.S. i in a'call to London news ns of thousands of wars ip. The group, In 1981, the CIA paidfe dollars to a Middle East informant who gave, the services, warned "there will be another present in. CIA what it wanted to hear. He manufactured false the -new year for America" if the United States reports of a. Libyan hit squad out to assassinate doesn't deport Reza Pahlavi,"son of Iran's late shah. Reagan. The story unraveled when alert West Iranian government officials have denied any European intelligence officers noted that the involvement. Butto believe them is ludicrous. "'El Approved For Release 2003/09/09 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO0600740002-3 PLO SAMAO`Ald'@ .,.Pan,-1Am;Prob'e J@epr@sentatiyp_s tern agents trying to 20-lern=nes who was responsible -for blowing up the Pan Am jum-@. bo jet over Scotland last month, accordingtoABC'News.@._,.. The television network, quot- inj Western intelligence sources, reported last night@that "several'dozen PLO intelligence agente. have been i Working alongside British and West Ger- than ifivestigatoit@. and have de- liveredf"exceedingly valudble" information-in the case@@ report marked the.jfir4t confirmation .-of - the@ PLO's - in- volvement in the orash:inves- tigation, It followed a pledge by PLO chairman. Yassir, Arafat to assist in the probe... - . !. @ : The PLO.'s Willingness to Co- operate is seen as, an effort by the organization. to show that it did not sabotage Pan.AmFlight 103, which was en route from london.t.o.-New York., Themain .suspects. in. the caseare said. to be extremist Palestinians Opose ArafaVs recent move to renounce terrorism, and ac- kndwledge.Isml's ng t to ex- h iSt. Z Approved For Release 2003109/09 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO0600740002-3 Approved For Release 2003109109 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO0600740002-3 MONDW9 FEBRUARY 6,1989 WASHINGMN, D.C. 0 Am et cr.ach cafled a Pan hit By Bill Gertz THE WASHINGTON TJMES Western intelligence agencies concluded last week that the bomb- ing of Pan Am Flight 103 was com- missioned by Iran's Revolutionary Guards and carried out by Palestin- ian terrorists - with support from the Syrian and Libyan governments. The bombing was one of at least seven terrorist operations con- tracted by the Iranians in retaliation for the downing of an Iranian com- mercial airliner by a U.S. Navy war- ship in July, Western intelligence sources said last weekend. Six of the,operations, organized by terrorists of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC), were thwarted when 13 suspected mem- bers of the group were arrested in October in West Germany, the sources said. The seventh operation was the sabotage of a U.S. civilian airline that intelligence agencies now be- lieve was the bombing of Flight 103. The Pan Am Boeing 747 jumbo jet exploded over Lockerbie, Scotland, Dec. 21, killing all 259 persons on board and 11 on the grouni d. The PFLP-GC has denied in- volvernent in the Pan Am bombing. For the Pan Am bombing, the in- telligence sources said, the PFLP- GC used a "drug mule" - a courier ferrying illegal narcotics - to unwittingly carry the bomb aboard the jet when he checked his luggage at Frankfurt, West Germany - Flight 103's point of departure. West German officials have iden- tified the courier but have not re- leased his name in order to protect a possible case against the blast's per- petratiors, the sources said. According to the sources, West German authorities obtained details of the bomb plot last week from Khalil Dalkamoni, a PFLP-GC com- mander. Mr. Dalkamoni was arrested Oct. 26 along with 12 other suspected PFLP-GC terrorists and is still in West German custody. He had re- mained silent since his arrest, but began talking to authorities last week, the intelligence sources said. Mr. Dalkamoni said several other members of the group remained at large and were not identified at the time of the arrests. These Palestin- ians are believed to have carried out the Pan Am bombing, the sources said. They did not disclose the iden- tities of the suspects, who are the subject of a global manhunt. Although some of Mr. Dalkamo- ni's testimony surfaced in news re- ports last week, State Department officials denied having reached any conclusions about the bombing. The intelligence sources agreed to discuss details of the case with The Washington Times because they said the State Department -does not want to face the serious implications of naming three countries - Iran, Syria and Libya as being respoi sible for the terrorist attack. "Qualitatively, this is not just a group of 20 radicals;' one source said yesterday "These are nations waging war. We're not talking fac- tions; we're talking countries who have supplied the ingredients" for the bombing and other planned attacks. If Syrian and Iranian involvement see CRASH, page A10 A senior House Democrat wants a new dialogue with Iran. Page Al 1. Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO0600740002-3 Approved For Release 2003109109: CIA-RDP96-00789ROO0600740002-3 PAGE A10 / MONDAY, FEBRUARY 6, M9 CRASH From page A] was officially sanctioned, the "next question" the United States will have to ask is, "What are we going to do about it?" the source said, "Terrorism isn't an 'ism: it's a po- litical act;' said the source. "That is what State [Department] has tried to avoid President Bush has promised to seek hard" and "punish severely" those responsible f6r the attack. Sta -te Department officials, the sources said, have disclosed some investigative findings because they fear the public's misapprehension that the bombing was a radical Pal- estinian retaliation for the United States' opening of a dialogue with the Palestine Liberation Organi- zation. L. Paul Bremer, the State De- partment's ambassador-at-large for counterterrorism, said yesterday that it was "premature,, to say any- one in the U.S. government has reached conclusions about the per- pretrators. "I'm confident we're getting closer, but we haven't reached any conclusions yet," Mr. Bremer said. A State Department official, who declined to be named, said he was unaware that Mr. Dalkamoni talked to West German authorities. The of- ficial denied that the department was attempting to downplay the evi- dence. As for the revdnge theory outlined by the intelligence sources, the offi- cial said, "It's a plausible explana- tion. It may very well come out that way" Information obtained during in- terrogations of Mr. Dalkamoni con- firmed facts that U.S. and British investigators had gathered about the bombing, including details about the @% used, how the bomb was smuggled aboard and-the - k, the motivation for tFe atta@ ro-ur_c_e_s`saTd-__-' "What Dalkamoni told us tracks with [information obtained froml other sources and findings of the in- vestigation;'one intelligence source said. Mr. Dalkamoni said Iranian Revo- lutionary Guards and other Leba- nese ShVite fundamentalists met in Beirut, Lebanon, last fall and De- cember with PFLP-GC leader Ah- mad Jibril, a former Syrian army captain and explosives expert, the sources said. The Revolutionary Guards, one of Iran's two military forces, asked the PFLP-GC to carry out the terrorist operations in West Germany in re- taliation for the July 3 downing of an Iran Air jetliner, the sources said. All 290 persons on board the Iranian plane were killed. According to the sources, Libyan government agents supplied cash for the PFLP-GC terrorist oper- ations. The Syrian government, through its ties to Mr. Jibril, pro- vided intelligence support and travel documents, the sources said, "The Libyan government paid the bills, and there was active support from Syrian intelligence;' said a source. Syrian support was de- scribed as "large," although the sources declined to elaborate. West German authorities may have "turned up the heat" on Mr. Dal- kamoni to make him talk in order to counter international criticism of West German corporate involve- ment in building what the Bush ad- ministration has said is a chemi- cal-weapons plant in the Libyan desert, the sources said. Of the 12 others arrested with Mr. Dalkamoni, eight have been released. The bomb used in the Pan Am ex- plosion contained Semtex H, an ad- vanced, plastic explosive manu- factured exclusively in the Soviet bloc, and was detonated by a sophis- ticated barometric mechanism de- signed to go off at high-altitude air pressures. Flight 103 exploded at 31,000 feet about a half hour after taking off from London's Heathrow Airport. The sources said the terrorists' plan was to have the Pan Am jet ex- plode over the Irish Sea. But strong winds forced the jet to take a more northerly course before turning east over the ocean en route to New York. Since the plane exploded over land, investigators were able to col- lect evidence they would not have found in the sea. Chemical residue of Semtex H was found on a luggage pallet recov- ered from the wreckage of the jet, along with evidence of narcotics, the sources said. That evidence first linked the bombing to the PFLP-GC because it was the same type of plastic explo- sive West German authorities found in a bomb discovered in the group's weapons cache in October. The bomb found in West Germany was built into a Tbshiba portable ra- dio, using Semtex H and a triggering device connected to a barometric sensor that sent an electric pulse when it sensed high-altitude air pressure, AP Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO0600740002-3 rorist Ahmad Jibri Palestinian ter devised the Pan Am jet bombing, Approved For Release 2003/09/09 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO0600740002-3 THE WASHINGTON POST 1-11"J"ack. Alert Issued Before Lockerbie Lawmaker Calls FAA Bulletins to Airlines 'Dangerously Inaccurate' By Laura Parker Washington Post Staff Writer In the month before the bomb- ing of Pan Am Plight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, U.S. security officials were bracing for a poten- tial airline hijacking, not a bomb- ing, according to documents re- leased yesterday by a House sub- committee. In -a security bulletin dated Nov. 4, the Federal Aviation Ad- ministration cautioned U.S. car- riers operating in Europe about the possibility of a hijacking in Europe "in the first half of No- bulletins issued through Feb. 16 were made public by Rep. Cardiss Collins (D-111.), who chairs the House Government Operations subcommittee on government ac- tivities and transportation. She criticized the bulletins as being ineffective and "dangerously in- accurate." The bombing of Flight 103, which killed 270 persons, is likely to bring a closer examination of FAA security measures, existing security rules and the emphasis placed on information the agency gives to airlines. Collins said yes- terday she plans to hold hearings on those subjects next month. baggage with additional hand checks. But Pan Am's increased security for checked baggage in- cluded only an additional X-ray inspection, despite an FAA warn- ing that some sophisticated bombs can pass through X-rays unde- tected. The bomb that exploded aboard the Boeing 747 jumbo jet was con- cealed inside checked baggage. Officials believe the bomb was made of a plastic explosive known as Semtex that can elude X-ray machines. A British Transport Depart- ment memo written Dec. 29 said bags transferred to the Pan Am vember." Pan American World Airways also posted an additional lookout at the airport in Frankfurt to watch for passengers who fit the FAA profile of a terrorist, accord- ing to the documents. Subsequent bulletins warned airlines to be on the watch for a bomb concealed @in a radio-cas- sette recorder. But even after the Dec. 21 bombing, the FAA was still concerned about a possible hijacking. A bulletin dated Dec. 24 listed the names of 13 people be- lieved to be planning a hijacking. Excerpts of 27 FAA security bulletins issued in 1988 and six . en, Frank R. Lautenberg"(D- J), @hairman.of the Senate Ap- propriations transportation sub- committee, last week called for a presidential inquiry into ' the bombing. FAA spokesma In John Leyden said the agency would have no comment on the documents Col- lins released until it had a chance to review them. , Generally, the FAA allows air- lines to develop their own secu- rity programs, dictating only that planes be secured against the threat of bombings or hijaAings. Thq, bulletins issued last No- vember prompted Pan Am to sup- plemeni examination of carry-on jetliner at Heathrow from a Frankfurt flight did not receive,a second security examination, ABC News reported yesterday. Two weeks after the November warning about a possible hijack-. ing, the FAA issued a general bul- letin to airlines about a bomb seized by West German police in an Oct. 26 antiterrorist raid in Frankfurt. The bulletin said a To- shiba "Bombeat 453" radio had been seized by police in the arrest of 16 people believed to be con- nected with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-Gen- era C plond. I I PM , According to the bulletin, the device contained app@pximately 11 ounces of "a plAstic type explo- sive wrapped in a metallic coated 'Tobler' brand- candy wrap er.," Th6 bom contained an electrical detonator and "a barometric de- vice connected to a computer chip, which was believed function- al and apparently part of the trig- ger or arming function." The bulletin continued: "The potential target cannot be iden- tified at this time although it was identified that the [bomb] would be very difficult to detect via nor- mal X-ray inspection, indicating that it might be intended to pass undisclosed through areas subject to extensive security controls, such as airports." Approved For Release 2003/09/09 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO0600740002-3 REP. CARDISS COLLINS plans hearings on FAA measures Approved For Release 2003/09/09: CIA-RDi9 40@@000600740002-3 z K CLOSING' ii PANAM BOMBEW A London newspaper, th!@@eekly Sundasy I press, reported Sunday that tF61 person who mat. Al the bomb that blew up Pan Am Flight 103 is a Lib@ an known to international security officials as "Thf: tofessor" because of his knowledge of explosives.' The Express, quoting unidentified detectives, .also said a Lebanese student, 21-year-old Khalid of Dearborn, Mich., unwittingly carried the onto the flight in a radio'-cassette player given as a gift. It did not say who gave it to him. Investigators have concluded that the jet was blown up by plastic explosives hidden inside a ra- df6-casette player. Also Sunday, Britain acknowledged that a Dec. ks) 19 warning about possible bombs on airliners was 11ZL not mailed until after Jan. 1 - at least 11 days after ,the Pan Amjet blew up Dec. 21, killing all 259 peo- -Ple aboard and 11 people on the ground. Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO0600740002-3 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO0600740002-3 THE WASHINGTON POST Pan Am Bomb P@obers. Ditter on Courier Report i h A fli that the number of possible dupes The U.S. intelligence sources ven a on the Pan m t was g g By David B. Ottaway has only been narrowed to a "hand- said they believe the prime suspect radio cassette recorder, which con and Laura Parker fuUy. in the bombing is a relative of an tained a well-disguised plastic Washington Post Staff Writers U.S. antiterrorist officials said official in the Syrian-backed Popular bomb, without realizing what it was. Government sources disagreed Khalid Jaafar, a Lebanese-American Front. for the Liberation of Pales- The cassette recorder was put in- yesterday over a report that named college student returning to Detroit tine-General Command. Hafez side a suitcase and was placed a college student as the passenger from Frankfurt for the holidays, is Dalkamoni, who was among 14 sus- aboard Flight 103 as checked bag- who unwittingly carried a bomb on the list of suspected dupes, but pected members of the PFLP-GC gage. The Boeing 747 exploded at destroyed onto Pan Am Flight 103 added that several other passengers arrested in an antiterrorist sweep in high altitude over Lockerbie, killing , Scotland. 21 over Lockerbie % Dec with Middle East "connections" are West Germany last Octoberj is, still all 259 people on board and 11 on . , Some U.S. intelligence sources being studied as well. jaafar's parents, who operate a in prison there. But, other sources said that while the ground. In the October raid, police. seized confirmed a.CB ire rt Wednesday po " gasoline 'station in.,Detrojt, have.: balka,moni-ha's brothers in Tunis weapons and three Toshiba cas- dupe -who. -unknowingly, -that , the old FBI agents their son wai.not and'Algiers,'he has no known rel- sette recorders containing hidden brought the bomb aboard mas a " involved in th6 bombing. atives in Europe, and denied that. he explosives. an college-student c: Lebanese-Americ have', U.&' intell*nce agencies I cooperating with investigators. is The White House announced that traveling home to visit relatives in reached conclusions sooner than "If someone [in the group] was President Bush will visit Lockerbie Detroit for the Christmas holidays. FBI and other European law en- cooperating, we would have broken on his way back from a NATO sum- But other sources involved in forcement officials who are seeking the case some time ago," said one mit in, Brussels and visits to Italy, building a criminal case based on to obtain conclusive evidence be- official. England and West Germany in late the evidence available cautioned fore making their findings-public. Investigators believe the courier May. Approved For Release 2003/09/09 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO0600740002-3 or R,_41n5p PP9@A @9O 600740002-3 CJXA fGTON POST. 1// JACK ANDERSON and DALE VAN Hiding the Story on Flight 103 resident Bush and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher secretly agreed last spring to play down the truth about who blew P up Pan Am. Flight..103 over Lockerbie, Scotland. After both leaders had intelligence reports pointing the finger.at.a. terrorist hired by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, thatcher called Bush. In that conversation, they agreed that neither could stand the political heat of making the evidence public because both were impotent to retaliate, Highly placed White House sources told u; that the phone call took place about mid-March. By that time, both the British and U.S. intelligence services had followed the trail of evidence to terrorist Ahmed Jibril as the hit man who was paid by Iran to blow up the plane. The intelligence services had evidence that Khomeini and his successor, Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, had approved the bombing. Pan Am 103 originated in Frankfurt, West Germany, stopped in London andwas bound for New York when a bomb exploded at 30,000 feet over Scotland on Dec. 21,1988. All 259 passengers were killed, along with I I people in the village of Lockerbie@ Iranian-sponsore@ terrorists quickly asserted responsibility, but the British and U.S. governments put out the story that there were several suspects. Behind the scenes, all the evidence pointed to Jibril. He had been shopping for money for his terrorist group, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command, His usual sponsors, Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi and Syrian President Hafez Assad, were short of cash. The intelligence reports told Bush and Thatcher that Jibril went to Iran in July 1988 and struck the deal with Khomeini and Rafsanjani to blow up an American plane in retaliation for the accidental U.S. downing of an Iranian airliner earlier that month. When the intelligence reports began to leak last March, Thatcher called Bush to discuss their problem. She said no purpose would be served by making public the evidence against Iran because neither the United States or Britain could respond, Bush knew that Khomeini had proved the undoing of Jimmy Carter and had nearly proved the undoing of Ronald Reagan. Carter lost an'election because he couldn't get American hostages back from Iran, and Reagan suffered the biggest blow of his presidency when he tried to trade arms to Iran for American hostages. So Bush didn't argue when Thatcher suggested that they "low-key" the findings-say that the investigation was inconclusive and long-term. After the call, word was quickly passed to top officials conducting the Pan Am investigation that they were not to make any off-the-record remarks implicating Jibril or Iran. In Britain, when the press speculated about possible perpetrators, investigators called the speculation '*V'and "irresponsible." . U.S. intelligence sources who told us about the call said the decision was political cowardice, Thatcher, the "Iron Lady," earned her reputation in a war with Argentina over the Falkland Islands. But by last March, her popularity was on the wane and she didn't need to be embarrassed by Khomeipi. Bush, still fighting his "wimp" image, didn't want to face the ultimate calls for retribution. Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO0600740002-3