Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792RO0010007QQO4t87-07-406-100 um The Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation on Biological Systems: Current Status In the Former Soviet Union Compiled by: Edwin C. May, Ph.D., Laura V Faith 26 February 1993 -WAL = WON / __ M I I- J AN I AL SckmeApplications Intemational Corporatibn An Employee-Owned Company Presented to: U. S. Government Contract MDA908-91-C-0037 (Client Private) Submitted by: Science Applications International Corporation Cognitive Sciences Laboratory 1010 El Camino Real, Suite 330, P.O. Box 1412, Menlo Park CA 94025 (415) 325-8292 QAPPwve4 ~koreRe leaseo2GONG81 $Qt*, G4AwRDP9fi&JDQ7&0,~G&jQ0&_b8N" Palo Alto, Seattle, Tucson AilpgRaVa FCR ElRolhamf DGGM8AWAt1QrAQR&MWff1AM8Tffioo 70001-9 Current Status In the Former Soviet Union OBJECTIVE The objective of this volume is to present pertinent papers (experimental and theoretical), which dem- onstrate the biological effects of non-ionizing, non-thermal, electromagnetic radiation (E&M). Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 OWSM0070001-9 Current Status In the Former Soviet Union ABSTRACTS Now In this section, we present a series of theoretical and experimental papers on the effects of E&M radi- ation on living systems with varying levels of complexity (i.e., bacteria to humans). Many of the papers are technical and are presented for scientific study. For the non-technical reader, we provide brief sum- maries. Please see the Glossary on page 5 for a definition of terms. 1. Introductory Review Article 1. Yu. A. Kholodov, Basic Problems of Electromagnetic Biology, The Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Academy of Sciences of Russia. ~ Review of over 6,000 Russian and international papers. ~ Clear demonstration of an E&M interaction with a wide variety of animal and human biological systems. ~ The response of the central nervous system (i.e., brain) to E&M stimulation is emphasized. ~ The degree of response depends upon a variety of radiation parameters such as the frequency, pulse shape, and duration. 2. Example of the Effects on Humans (mm Waves) Although there are many papers on this topic, this paper is representative. 1. Nataliya N. Levedeva, The Effects ofEMF on Biological Systems, The Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Academy of Sciences of Russia. This paper provides evidence for the effects of mm waves on human subjects. The results of the experimental investigations include: ~ Millimeter waves affect the central and peripheral nervous system. ~ The majority of subjects were cognitively aware of the exposure. 3. Theoretical Investigations (mm Waves) These papers propose a variety of theoretical mechanisms for the experimental results. Ile conclusion we quote are derived from all these reports. 1 . M. B. Golant, Resonance Effect of Coherent Electromagnetic Radiations in the Millimeter Range of Waves on Living Organisms, the Research Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences of Russia, Moscow. 2. M. B. Golant, Problems of the Resonance Action of Coherent Electromagnetic Radiations of the Millimeter Wave Range on Living Organisms, the Research Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences of Russia, Moscow. Approved For Release 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 2 Approved For Release 200 The Eff acts of Electromagneqtlco'iiUg'lgliQ#f"BMPMEROMW 0 70 0 01 -9 Current Status In the Former Soviet Union 3. N. D. Devyatkov and M. B. Golant,InformationaINatureof the Nonthermal and Some of theEnerg Effects of Electromagnetic Waves on a Living Organism the Research Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences of Russia, Moscow. 4. M. B. Golant and R V Poruchikov, Role of Coherent Waves in Pattern Recognition and the use of Intracellular Informatior; the Research Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences of Russia, Moscow. 5. N. D. Devyatkov, M. B. Golant, and A. S. 1hger, Role of Synchronizzation in the Impact of Weak Electromagnetic Signals of the Millimeter Wave Range on Living Organisms, the Research Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences of Russia, Moscow. 6. 0. V. Betskii and A. V. Putvinsldi, BiologicalAction ofLow Intensity MilhmeterBand Radiatior; the Research Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences of Russia, Moscow. 7. M. B. Golant and T B. Rebrova, Similarities Between Living Organism and Certain Microwave Devices, the Research Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences of Russia, Moscow. 8. Yu. R Chukova, Dissipative Functions of the Processes of Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation with Biological Objects, the Research Group "Otklik," Kiev. 0 Sharp resonances are predicted in the high frequency spectra and have been observed exper- dw imentally. * High frequency radiation may act as a catalyst for intra- and intercellular communication, and a few controversial experiments appear to confirm this speculation. 0 Meta-stable biological systems, which are formed because of complex oscillations (non4inear), may be triggered into action by high frequency radiation. It is difficult to assess the experimen- tal attempts to verify this theoretical hypothesis. 4 High frequency radiation may affect the fundamental informational processes in living systems (i.e., changes of entropy). Currently, this hypothesis is unconfirmed experimentally. 4. Experimental Studies These papers describe a variety of experiments in both high and low frequency regions of the E&M spect:rum. 4.1 Millimeter Waves 1. 1. Ya. Belyaev, Ye. D.Alipov, V S. Shcheglov, and V N. Lystov, Resonance Effects ofMicrowaves on the Genome Conformational State ofE. Coh Cells, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, and the Research Group "Otklik," Kiev. One micro-watt of power within the narrow frequency range (i.e., 51.62::~~ v < 51.84 GHz) was sufficient to induce changes in E. Coli bacteria. This important result confirms the resonance theories described above. 2. N. D. Kolbun and V E. Lobarev, Bioinformation Interactions. EHF- Waves, T G. Shevchenko State University, Kiev. 0 Humans appear capable of directly "sensing" 10 billionths of a watt per cm2 (i.e.,10 nW/cm2)- wA" * Fifty micro-watts is sufficient to affect Awteus bacteria. 4.2 Radlosound (Modulation In the kHz of I Ghz Carrier) .W It is claimed in these studies, that humans may act like a "radio" receiver and directly sense the audio information, which ~Mmposed'on the high frequency E&M carrier. The .nciple author is R. E. Tigra pri Approved For Release 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 3 *Mt4Fdtth&bftifl~GtOBMatWqRM*VjgPb§"OBW0070001-9 Current Status In the Former Soviet Union nyan of the Institute of Biological Physics, the Academy of Sciences, Russia, Pushchino. We provide a number of papers and abstracts supporting this claim. 4.3 Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) 1. N. A. 1bmurjants, V. G. Didyakin, V. B. Makejev, and B. M. Vladimirsky, ELF Electromagnetic Fiekls as a New Ecological Parameter, Simferopol State University, Ukraine, and Crimean Astrophysics Observatory, Ukraine. 9 Micro- and macro-behavior of a variety of animals (e.g., rats, pigeons, rabbits) appear to be af- fected by resonances in the ELF spectrum. The power levels are approximately 0.2 nT. The effects include cellular and behavioral changes. 0 The authors believe that ELF interactions should be considered as a potential environmental factor. Approved For Release 2000/08/1 o CIA-RDP96-00792ROOO 100070001 -9 4 Approved FI The Effects 0(,fE:RiOeJ?rtlyai~WW"SitWaNO60100PORM0070001-9 Current Status In the Former Soviet Union GLOSSARY 9 Elect omafynetic Radiation (E&W-Waves of electric and magnetic fields that may propagate through space or matter. j-=-E&M radiation oscillating at less than 300 Hz. * Extremely Low Frequenc 0 Hert7 (H4-Units of frequency of oscillation. * Millimeter Waves (mm radiation between 30 to 300 GHz (1 to 10 mm wavelength). 0Non-ionizing-A type of E&M radiation with insufficient energy to strip electrons from atoms. *Non-thermal-E&M radiation with insufficient energy to cause appreciable temperature increases in tissue. *Resopance-A particular frequency region where the physical/biological system is especially sensi- tive to external stimulation. low dw~ Approved For Release 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 5 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Introductory Review Article Science Applications International Corporation Cognitive Sciences Laboratory Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Electromagnetic Fields and Biomembranes Edited by Marko Markov Sofia University Sofia, Bulgaria and Martin Blank Columbia University Now York, Now York Plenum Press 0 New York and London Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 MW goo not 00 BASIC PROBLEMS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC BIOLOGY Yu.A. Kholodov Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophy- siology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR USSR, Moskow Recent interest in the problems of the biological influence of electromagnetic fields /EMF/ is often connected with the be- ginning of the Space Era in the early 1960's. The leading coun- tries in space research - the USSR and the USA - are publishing am the predominant part of the papers concerning to be a chapter of biophysics studyingthe influence of external natural and artificial EMF on different biological systems. In this paper the emphasis will be on Soviet research which represents more than 60 per cent of magnetobiological studies. ow The ecological trend was strongly developed in the first stages of the development of electromagnetic biology, which were connected with the problems of the possible orientation of migrating animals towards a geomagnetic field /GMF/ /Pressman, 1968; Dubrov, 1974/; with the correlation between the oscilla- aw tions of the GMF value and different important biological pro- cesses /Opalinskaja et al., 1984; Sidjakin et al., 1985;Wasilik, 1986/; with the influence of magnetic anomalies on the biolo- gical systems /Travkin, 1971/; with the possible role of EMF generated by biosystems /Brown et al., 1984; Kasnatcheev et al., No 1985/. As can be seen, such investigations are still carried out today, including not only correlations, but also experimantal approaches, as well as the biological sigificance of the hypomag- natic environment /Kapanev and Shakula, 1985/. The problems of diagnosis and therapy using EMF have been NO developing since the's seventies and the number of papers in this particular area is permanently increasing /Bogol4ubov, 1978, Demetzkii and Alekseev, 1982; Kholodov, 1982/.has to be stressed. The predominance of the empirical phenomenological approaches, but the theoretical studies on the problem of electromagneto- No therapy are being developed. With a view to the activation of these studies the Committee on Magnetobiology and Magnetotherapy in Medicine the Ministry of Public Health was organized in the USSR in 1983. Hygienic standards for different EMF were developed because am significant changes in the natural electromagnetic background have been observed recently both on Earth and in Space. EMF become a global factor which changes the conditions of life for the biosphere in general and in this way influences the biosys- tems with any level of organization - from membrane to biosphere. wo 109 moo Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 VO ON no aw Terms as "electromagnetic poilutuion" and "electromagnetic star- vation" have already been introduced in the literature and some authors /Akoev, 1983/ speculated about the existence of areas of electromagnetic comfort for particular biosystems. The problems of public hygiene become of great importance. It is known that the Soviet and US standards for the radiofre- quency range differ about a thousand times. TInlimit in the USA is 10 W/cm . Limitations for constant magnetic fields /CMF/ exist only in the USSR - the permissible level is 10 mT. The hygienic problems of electromagnetic biology are developed in the book "Hygiene of Labour under the Influence of Electromag- netic Fields" published by Meditzina, Moscow, 1983. The theo- retical problems of electromagnetic biology and more specifical- ly the problems of electromagnetic neurobiology will be discussed The analysis of the literature /more than 6000 papers/ de- monstrates the ability of many living organisms to respond to the changes in natural and artificial /increased or decreased/ EMF. It is considered that every particular biosystem responds to the influence of this global factor. It has been established that every system of the organism of mammals /above all the nervous vascular and endocrine sys- tems/ can respond to EMF. The data concerning the reactions of different systems of the organism are presented in Table 1. It is seen that every system of the organism responds to applied EMF. EMF as non-ionizing radiation affects every particular living cell, but the most sensitive cell components are esti- mated to be the membrane, mitochondria and cell nuclei. The ideas of I.M.Sechenov, N.E.Vvedenskii, I.P.Pavlov are still valid in theoretical biology and in practical medicine. This tendency is very well expressed in the formation of the Table 1. Responses of different systems to electromagnetic field stimulation organism level Isolated Systems total local system Nervous + + + Endocrine + + Sensory organisms+ + + Blood - vessels+ + + Blood + + + muscles + + + Digestive + + + Respiratory + + Secretory + + Skin + + + Bone + + + electromagnetic biology which investigates the responses of different biosystems to natural and artificial EMF, as well as the biological significance of EMF generated by biosystems. 110 Approved For Release 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 100 The practical problems of electromagnetic neurobiology are inevitably connected with the theoretical investigations of the physiological mechanisms of the EMF influence on the nervous No sytem. Such studies were carried out at Moscow University and were continued later at the Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. It has been established that EMF /from constant electric and magnetic fields to superhigh frequency field/ possess a iN number of biotropic parameters, such as intensity, vectorigra- dient, electric or magnetic component, frequency, pulse shape, localization and exposure. The biological efficiency of EMF increases upon variation of the biotropic parameters d',ring stimulation /Kholodov and Shishlo, 1979; Plehanov, 1979; SO Gandhi, 1980/. With a view to their participation in the total influence of EMF, the physiological systems can be ordered in the follow- ing way: nervous, endocrine, sensory organs, blood - vessels, blood, digestive, muscles, secretory, respiratory, skin, bones. No The fact that at local EMF influence responses of all systems have been observed suggests the obligatory participation of the regulatoty sytems of the organism /nervous and endocrine/. How- ever, the existence of reactions when EMF was applied on iso- lated systems may be considered as evidence of the direct in- EN fluence of EMF on any tissue of the organism. Because of the penetration action of EMF one can speculate about a new form of the organism's reaction, which may be named general reorganization reaction. Thus, the general simultaneous character of the electromagnetic treatment will be underlined. Ow This reaction is not yet completely developed and characterized in detail, but some of its pecularities maybe discussed. When man is exposed to electromagnetic influence, the reaction often occurs at subcellular level with switching on the slow reaction starting system. do The total reorganization reaction of the organism differs from the usual reaction which occurs at the beginning through the sensory organs, by the involvement in the reaction of seve- ral physiological systems. This reaction to such a weak stimu- lus /as EMF is considered to be/has to provoke adaptational changes in the organism, appearing minutes or hours after the beginning of the influence. We studied the conditioned reflex, the sensory reaction and electroencephalogram. We did not ob- serve summation of the effects if 1-3 min magnetic field in- fluence was repeated after 10-20 min. It is quite probable that the initial reaction is in this time interval. At exposure longer than 20 min, a summation of the effects /evaluated by the conditioned reflex method/ was observed. This event was observed when EMF was applied daily. Generally speaking, the reaction of the organism is manifested by long after-effects. aw The influence of a 30-min exposure lasts one week, while if 11F was applied for 6 hours, the result is observable for nearly one month. The reaction may be termed as adaptational. While the initial reaction mainly includes the nervous system and sensory organs, the adaptational reaction also involves other systems of the organism, mainly the endocrine system. The therapeutic application of EMF should be discussed. /Bogoljubov et al. , 1978/. It has been proved 'that MF with different inductions and a large frequency range can provoke adaptational reactions in the organism which lead to increase of the resistivity to different infections, to temperature in- fluences, to ionizing radiation, etc. These reactions are considered to take place mainly at Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 the organism level, while at system or cellular level they are not so well demonstrated. Garkavi et al./1979/ enlarge Selye's stress theory with additional stages of general response of the organism to a sti- mulus with increasing intensity. They consider that the triad consisting of the reactions of training, activation and stress may appear several times during increased intensity or prolonged duration of the stimulation and is realized at different "stages~.. The electric resistance of the skin the white blood picture and the character of the autoflora are tAe principal informatio- nal indices for a given stage of the reaction. These demonstra- tions of the reaction are accompanied by considerablechanges in neurohormonal regulation, including immunological processes. The reaction of training is supported by a weak stimulus, the reaction of activation - by a stimulus with medium amplitude, the stress reaction - by an intensive stimulus. The stable reao- tion ofactivation is typical of the healthy organism. When the duration of EMP increases, the adaptation reactions may turn into pathologival processes connected with destructive changes in the cells. The estimation of this physical factor is a problem of social hygiene. The morphological changes ob- served in tissues and organs after EMF influence are non-speci- fic and reversible. Further two forms of the initial reaction of the nervous sytem to the applied magnetic fields and microwaves /when the duration of the influence is less than I min/ will be dicussed. Some parameters of slow and quick reaction are presented in Table 2 on the basis of literature data and our own results. From the initial reaction of the organism we studied in greater detail the sensory reaction of man, as well as the conditioned reflex and the electroencephalographic reaction of rabbit. Changes of the motor activity and correction of the reac- tion of the organism to the EMF influence simultaneously with other stimili /light, sound, electirc current, etc./ occured several minutes after the beginning of the EMF influence. These reactions will not be considered now. There was no summation of the effects when I min action of EMF was applied again after 5-10 min. Probably, the start- ing electroencephalographic reaction of the rabbit occurred in this time interval. The registration of sensory indication of EMF involved switching off the generator during simple motor response of the patient. The duration of the influence decreased and consequently the intervals between EMF applications dropped to 1 min. In this way we succeeded in estimating the duration of the reaction. The reactions to EMF have longer /about 20 s/ latent period compared with the initial human sensory reactions to typical stimuli /light, sound/ which are two orders of magni- tude longer. Probably for this reason some authors have not established any effect. The variations of the biotropic para- meters of EMF /induction, frequency, pulse shape, localization/, even if they change the duration of the latent period, do not provoke a quantitative jump. In all cases a peculiar slow sys- tem of the initial reaction /with duration of about 10 sl is functioning. The detailed characteristic of the slow system of the starting reaction should include not only the basic reaction observable during EMF action, but also the reaction of stop- ping which appears about 15 s after switching off the field /this reaction lasts for about 10 sl. 112 no aw Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Other systems of slow adaptational reaction are manifested in the reaction of the organism to EMF when the exposure time Not increases. Moreover, the slow system of the initial reaction is not directly connected with the pecularities of the studied stimulus. For instance, alternating magnetic fields can provoke the involvement of the system of quick reaction, when EY4.F is addressed to the eye. The so-called magnetophosphen is observed, 09 i.e. a sensation for lightning under the action of alternating MF with amplitude higher than a definite limit of induction to the human head. on an analogy with this term /connected with the quick sytem of initial reaction/ the sensory reaction connected with the slow system of initial reaction may be named "magneto- and touch". It is relevant to remark that for microwaves there also exist slow /demonstrated in our experiments/ and quick systems of the initial sensory reaction. The modality of the slow initial system of the sensor reac- tion at action of alternating magnetic fields or microwaves is similar and this may be considered as an indication for the nonspecificity of the reaction. The same EMF provoke electro- encephalographic synchronization reaction in rabbits, which cha- racterizes the slow system of the initial reaction, while short EMF stimulation or usual stimuli provoke quick electroencephalo- garphic reaction of desynchronization. Thus, the existence of slow and quick systems of initial reaction was demonstrated by analysis of the reaction of the nervous system to the factors of electromagnetic origin. It can be assumed that the slow system can be observed under the action of non-electromagnetic stimuli. It is possible to develop electrodefensive conditioned reflex in rabbits, but it will be less stable compared with the reflexes to normal stimuli /light, sound/. The latent pe- riod of the conditioned reflex to sound is often equal to 1 s, to the MF - 12 s. The changes of the electrical activity of the brain upon EMF stimulation also differ from the electroencepha- lographic reactions to normal stimuli or to the influence of impulse EMF. Normally on the electroencephalogram is observed a quick desynchronization reaction appearing after several milliseconds: lowering of the amplitude and increase of the frequency of biopotentials, while at EMF stimulation the syn- chronization reaction appears several seconds after the begin- ning of the stimulation, accompanied by an increase of the amplitude and decrease of the frequency of the biopotentials. The experiments with isolated parts of the animal brain show that EMF can influence the brain not only by reflex path- ways, but also directly, as EMF penetrate through the skull. When preparations of isolated parts of cortex are studied, the aw reaction to applied EMF was better pronounced than in intact brain. Therefore, to the traditional reflex pathway of the action of any stimuli should be added the direct influence of EMF on the structures of the central nervous regulation /this distin- ad guishes the reaction of the whole organism to EMF from the reactions to traditional stimuli. In short, the slow system of initial reaction functions adequately at organism and system level. This concerns the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the reaction, as well as their identity in different experimental objects. One can assume that neurons are secondarily involved in the system of slow reactions to EMF action and a significant role in these reactions belongs to other structures of the nervous tissue, neuroglia and blood - vessels. 113 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 I Table 2. Parameters of the reaction, realized on different level of organization of the biological object with participation of quick and slow systems of the starting reaction at influence with MF and microwaves Level of System Latent Length Character of of of organizationobjectMethod EMF startingperiod reactionreaction reactions s Organism Man Sensor quick 0.2 2 Light MF slow 20 10 Touch indication Microwaves quick 0.2 2 Light slow 20 10 Touch Central Recording MP quick 0.1 2 Desinchronization nervous system Rabbitof slow slow 20 10 Sinchronization electric Microwavesquick 0.1 2 Desinchronization activity of Sinchronization brain Neuron Skate Registration quick I I Increased frequen- Rabbitof impulsa MF cy electric slow 10 10 Increased and de- activity of creased frequency neurous cell quick I I Increased frequen- Microwaves cy slow 10 10 Increased and de- creased frequency Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 MW No The histological investigations on animal brain exposed to EMF action prove the primary hypoxy reaction of the neuroglia /Alexandrovskaja et al., 1966; Nachilnitzkaja et al., 1978/, as well as its participation in the physiological response of am the brain to MF, which is another manifestation of the diffe- rence of EMF stimulation from the action of other stimuli. An important role in the processes of training and memory is attributed to the neuroglia. It was demonstrated that the repeated influence of EMF mainly distrurbs both processes: Imi training and memory. Once formed, it is difficult to change the conditioned reflex under EMF influence. It is considered that EMF influence on glia and blood - vessels can be explained by their influence on the hematoecephalic barrier. In this way one can explain also the non-specific electro- AM encephalographic reaction of synchronization, which appears at influence of different EMF on the animal head. The intensity of switching on the slow system of initial reaction of different parts of rabbit brain decreases as follows: hypothalamus, sen- somotor cortex, visual cortex, specific nuclei of the thalamus, No non-specific nuclei of the thalamus, hypocampus, reticular formation of the midbrain. Generally speaking, EMF provoke two types of reactions of the different structures of the nervous system. Some reactions are distingished by the existence of a slow system of initial reaction, reaction of switching, long after-effect, as well as participation of all structural elements of the nevrous system in reactions which are specific for EMF. The second type of reactions is connected with excitation of the specific re- ceptors and is explained by the indication of electromotive force under alternating field influence, being similar to the reaction under the influence of traditional stimuli. one can discuss several primary mechanism and one should mention not only electromagnetic induction under influence of alternating MF or when the object is moving in CMF, but also the significance of ferromagnetic particles as magnetite in the biological objects; the chemical polarization of nuclei and electrons, etc. The biological effects do not always increase with the MW increase of the MF intensity. More correct seems to be the discussion of the existence of an amplitude-frequency window in which the biological effects are better pronounced. The problem emerges of the functional importance of an artificial magnetic field, which does not differ very much from the natural ones.The validity of this hypothesis is very well demonstrated by several species of electric fishes which use their own EMF for orientation and communication. It can be considered that in addition to the synaptic connection between different parts of the brain, electromag- netic bonding exists as well. The effects of EMF increase upon varying one or more of the biotropic parameters, which should be taken into account when hygienic standards and physic- therapeutic devices are developed. The final biological effect of EMF depends also on such MW pecularities of the object itself as age /the reactions of children and old people are stronger/, sex /men are more sensi- tive than women/, initial physiological conditions /the working organ has a stronger reaction/, as well as individual capabi- lities. It is quite probable that some of these peculiarities am are connected with the function of biological membranes. The listed factors indicate the necessity of biological analysis of the observed physiological reactions of the organism to EMF influence. The methods of membranology may help in studing the magnetobiological effects. 115 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 L Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Example of the Effects on Humans (mm Waves) Science Applications International Corporation Cognitive Sciences Laboratory L L Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Reactions of the Central Nervous System to Peripheral Effects of Low-intensity EHF Emission Natalia N. Levedeva (Translation from Russian) Abstract The study of reactions of the human central nervous system (CNS) to peripheral effects of EHF emis- sion, created by therapeutic apparatus Yav-I (7.1 mm wavelength) revealed restructuring of the space- time organization of biopotentials of the brain cortex of a healthy individual which indicate develop- ment of a non-specific activation reaction in the cortex. The study of sensory indication of EHF field with these parameters showed that it is can be reliably detected at the sensory level by 80% of the sub- jects. Introductlon In the process of study of reactions of living systems with a different level of organization to millimeter waves, non-thermal (informational) effects were discovered.1-3 The distance from the place affected by the emission to the location of appearance of the biological reaction may be hundreds and thousands times larger than the distance at which the emission decreases one order of magnitude. This fact dem- onstrates participation of the nervous system in perception of millimeter-range emission by living or- ganisms. There is a wide-spread opinion that biological effects of EMF are realized in humans at a subsensory level. However, in the recent years there is interest to their sensory detection in the form of radiosound, magnetophosphenes, or skin sensations.4-9 Changes in EEG to EMF effects were most often observed in the form of an increase in the slow waves and spindle-shape oscillations in reptiles, pigeons, rats, rabbits, monkeys, and humans.10-12 We have not found studies devoted specifically to the effects of millimeter waves on the central nervous system in the available literature; thus, the current study has been undertaken. This study employed electrophysiological and psychophysiological methods for the evaluation of the state of the central ner- vous system while affected by EME Methodology TWenty healthy subjects aged 17 to 40 years participated in the experiments. Apparatus Yav-I with the wave length of 7.1 mm was used as the EMF source. A flexible waveguide with the power of 5 mW/cm2 at its end was directed at He-Gu [4 Gi] acupuncture point in the right or left hand of the subject. lWo experimental series havebeen conducted. In the firstone (10 subjects, 10 testswith each subject, 20 instances of field action in each test), sensory detection of the field was studied. The length of the EMF WO signal or control trial without the signal was 1 minute. 1b evaluate the subject's EMF sensitivity, the indicator of response strength (RS) was used, i.e., the ratio between the number of correctly identified WW Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 am trials and the total number of EMF signals. Another indicator used was the level of false alarms (FA), i.e., the ratio between the number of false positives to the total number of control trials. The signifi No cance of the difference between RS and FA was evaluated by using the Mann-Whitney test. The analy sis of latent time Tki included total histograms of true responses and false alarms. aw In the second series (10 subjects, 11 tests with each, including placebo tests) the exposure to the field was 60 minutes. no EEG recordingwas conducted before and after the EMF influence byusing EEG-16S (Hungary), with 4 paired leads, located according to 10-20% system (in the frontal F-F, central C-C, parietal P-P and oc- cipital 0-0 areas). As the reference electrode, a joint ear electrode was used. Together with EEG recording on paper, the data were fed for on-line processing into an IBM-PC Am- strad computer using spectrum coherent analysis by means of rapid Fourier transformations with plot- ting power spectra and computing mean coherence levels. Selected for the study were frequencies from 2 to 30 Hz in major physiological ranges of the EEG spectrum. Results and Discussion In the first experimental series, the subjects showed a division into two unequal subgroups according to their RS and FA indicators. The first subgroup (8 individuals) could detect at a statistically significant level: the differences between RS and FA were significant according to Mann-Whitney test, the means for RS and FA being 64.3±10.5% and 20.6±11.2%, respectively. The second subgroup (2 individuals) could not reliably distinguish between EMF effects and control trials, the means for RS and FA being 59.0±14.25% and 43.53±16.5%, respectively. From the eight individuals who could detect the EMF well, two could reliably distinguish it from control trials with both hands, one could do this only with the left hand and the others only with the right hand. An analysis of distribution of Tlat of true responses and false alarms showed single mode distribution in both instances. The mean of latent time for eight subjects was 46.1±5.8 sec. The prevalent sensations were pressure (46.7%), tingling (36.3%), itching (8.9%), warmth-coolness (5.3%), and other sensations (2.8%). All the sensations were experienced either in the palm of the hand or in the fingers, each subject having his own set of sensations. An analysis of the data obtained experimentally justifies the assumption that humans are capable to do perceive sensorially the EMF in the millimeter range, similarly to their capacity of perceiving the ELF fields,4-6 which is in accordance with the results obtained elsewhere.9 Ow Interaction of any physical factor with biological systems of complex organization begins on their sur- face, and the skin is the first receptor. Unlike other analyzers, the skin does not have absolutely specific receptors. This was confirmed in experiments conducted by A~ N. Leontiev and his associates,13 who Om conducted similar studies with non-thermal emission in the visible range of spectrum and found that their subjects were capable of reliably distinguishing the emission effects from control trials. The modes of perception were similar to those observed in our tests. Thus, our results as well as data of other au- thors indicate the importance of the skin analyzer in EMF perception. Study of the modes of perception which occur in the process of EHF field reception makes it possible to assume that EMF stimuli are perceived either by mechanical receptors (sensations of touch or pres- Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 2 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 sure), or by pain receptors, i.e., nociceptors (tingling and burning sensations). From mechanical recep- tors, only Ruffini's and Merkel's endings and tactile disks may be involved in the process, according to the depth of their location in the epidermis, their adaptation speed and their capacity to spontaneous activity. Ile assumption that nociceptors may be responsible for the reception of EMF signal is based low on the following- their polyspecificity in relation to stimuli; the kind of sensations (e.g., tingling and burning), which are considered precursors of pain; experiments which showed complete disappearance of EMF sensitivity in individuals whose skin at the place of influence was treated by ethyl chloride that turns off pain receptors; facts from medical practice that the EHF influence on the respective derma- tome causes sensory response in the afflicted organ of the body which maybe the result of convergence of nociceptive afferents from the dermatomes and the internal organs on the same neurons of pain pathways. With this, skin hypersensitivity occurs because visceral impulses increase the excitability of inter-stitual neurons and facilitation takes place. The latent time of EMF responses (to both ELF range and millimeter range EMF) is unusually large. While the reaction time of visual and auditory sensory systems is from dozens to hundreds of millisec- onds, the perception of EMF takes dozens of seconds. This is in a good agreement with theoretical calculations by I. V Rodshtat14 who made an assumption that a single time cycle of microwave sensory reception, including detection of sensory sensation, is within 40 to 60 seconds. This is explained by a complex structure of the reflex arc which includes both nervous and humoral links. 14 An analysis of inter-central EEG ratios is one of the approaches to the study of regulation mechanisms of functional states of the human brain. As known from the literature,15 the indicator of coherence level (COHm) is the most significant of EEG correlates which characterizes the peculiarities of the human brain functioning. Old Major changes of the cortical EEG with regard to both inter-central and intra-hemispheric connections in placebo tests can be characterized either by a decrease in COHm, especially in the range of delta and go theta, or by maintaining the background level. A power spectrum analysis shows a decrease in the brain waves magnitude, especially in the alpha range (Fig. 1). MW Thus, as a result of placebo (control) tests, a kind of "expectancy reaction" with specific space-time or- ganization of the cortex biopotentials takes place. A different EEG pattern is observed after the individual is exposed to EME There is a significant pow- d1w er increase in the alpha range, especially in occipital and parietal areas in both hemispheres; in other parts of the spectrum the power remains close to the background level (arrows 2 and 3 in Fig. 1). Unlike in placebo tests, an increase in the mean of the coherence level COHm takes place practically in all the Im subjects resulting from exposure to EHF, It mainly occurs in the frontal and central areas of the cortex and is mostly expressed in slow wave spectrum range (delta and theta). A similar pattern of brain waves so is characteristic of the state of an increased brain tone (i.e., it occurs in non-specific activation reac tion).16 This kind of response is characteristic because it is known that frontal areas of the cortex are sensitive to various external factors. These zones have broad bilateral connections with other cortical and subcortical structures which determine the involvement of frontal areas in many functional re- sponsesystems. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 3 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 .01i Conclusions aw (1) Peripheral effects of EHF (7.1 mm wave length, 5 MW/CM2) with a 60 minute exposure causes re- structuring of the cortical brain waves in a healthy individual; this points to the developments of a non-specific activation reaction ( i.e., to an increase in the tone of the cortex). woo (2) The study of sensory detection of EMF in EHF range showed that the field with the above parame- ters is detected at a statistically significant level by 80% of the subjects. References 1. Devytakov, N.D., Betsky, O.V, Gelvich, E.A., et a]. Radiobiologiya, 1981, Vol. 21,2, pp. 163-171. 2. Devyatkov, N.D., Golant, M.B., & Tager, A.C Biofizika, 1983, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 895-896 [English translation: Role of synchronization in the impact of weak electromagnetic sygnals in the millimeterwave range on living organisms. Biophysics, 28 (5),952-954]. 3. Sevastiyanova, L.A., Potapov, S.A., Adamenko, VG., & Vilenskaya, R.L. Nauchnyye Doklady Vysshey Shkoly, 1969, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 215 - 220. 4. Lebedeva, N.N., Vekhov, A.V, & Bazhenova, S.I. In: Problemy elektromagnitnoy neirofiziologii [Problems of Electromagnetic Neurophysiology]. Moscow: Nauka, 1988, pp. 85 - 93. 5. Lebedeva, N.N., & Kholodov, Yu.A. Materials of the 15th Congress of I.R Pavlov All-Union Physiological Society. 6. Kholodov, Yu.A- In: Materials of the 7th All-Union Conference on Neurophysiology. Kaunas, 1976,p.395. 7. Andreyev, Ye.A., Bely, M.I., & Sitko, S.P. Vestnik AN SSSR, 1985, No. 4, pp. 24-32. 8. Lovsund, P., Oberg, RA., & Nilsson, S.FG. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput., 1980, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 758-764. 9. Kholodov, Yu.A., & Ibmnov, A.A. Materials of the 5th All-Union Seminar "Study of the Mechanisms of Non-T11ermal Effects of EMF on Biological Systems." Moscow, 1983, p. 8. 10. Anderson, L.Ye. XXIII General Assembly of URSI, Prague, 1990, p. 12. 11. Semm, R Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 1983, Vol. 76, No. 4, pp. 683-690. 12. Kholodov, Yu.A. Reaktsii nervnoy sistemy na elektromagnitnyye polya [Reactions of the Nervous System to Electromagnetic Fields]. Moscow: Nauka, 1975, 208 pp. 13. Leontiyev, A.N. Problemy razvitiya psikhiki [Problems of the Development of the Psyche]. Moscow: Moscow University Press, 1981, 582 pp. 14. Rodshtat, IX Preprint No. 20 (438). Moscow: Institute for Radio Engineering and Electronics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1985, 4, pp. 24 -32. 15. Livanov, M.N. Prostranstvenno-vremennaya organizatsiya potentsialov i sistemnaya deyatelnost golovnogo mozga [Spatial and Tbmporal Organization of Biopotentials and Systemic Activity of the Brain]. Moscow: Nauka, 1989, 398 pp. 16. Sviderskaya, N.Ye. Sinkhronnaya elektricheskaya aktivnost mozga i psikhicheskiye protsessy [Synchroneous Electrical Activity of the Brain and Mental Processes]. Moscow: Nauka, 1987,154 PP. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 4 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 No Ow low Now mw Ew no 3 Fi g. 1 aw Approved For Release 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 .MW J. L Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Theoretical Investigations (mm Waves) Science Applications International Corporation Cognitive Sciences Laboratory L I L Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Now MW Bjopby3ic3 Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 1086-ID98, 1989 0006-3509189 slo.00+.O& Printed in Poland (0 1991 Pergamon Prm pLc BIOPHYSICS OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS RESONA 'NCE EFFECT OF COHERENT ELECTROMAGNET IC RADIATIONS IN THE MELLDAETRE RANGE OF WAVES ON LIVING ORGANISMS* M. B. GOLANT (Received 10 June 1987) 77he results of Soviet and foreign theoretical studies furthering understanding of the mechan ism of the acute resonance action of extremely high-frequency coherent electromagnetic ra diations of low power on live organisms and the significance of these radiations for the runc . tioning of the latter arc analysed. MW REFERENCE [1) piescrits a systematic review of experimental work promoting under- standing of the mechanism of the acute resonance effect of extiemely high frequcnc% (e.h.f.)t low power irradiations on living organisms. The results of these studies shou'. in particular, that the cells of live organisms generate coherent acousto-electric vibri- tions of the e.h.f. range used in the body as control signals of its functioning. As fol- lows from experimental research, the influence of the external e.h.f. radiations on the body is apparently connected with the fact that at certain resonance frequencies the signals coming from without imitate the control signals generated to maintain homeO' stasis by the body itself. External radiations may make good the inadequacy of the func- tioning of the control system of the body in conditions when the formation by it O~ signals of these frequencies in arrested or becomes less efficient for one or other reaso". Acquaintance with the data outlined in reference [1] greatly simp)ifies the revie" of theoretical work allowing one not to deal with the investigations in which the initial premise is the assumption of the impossibility of generation by live organisms of cohe, rent vibrations.1 It also becomes possible to reduce to the Umit the exposition of the essence of the first theoretical studies seeking to pz~ove the possibility, in principle, of the mechanism of generation of coherent e.h.f. vibrations in living organisms but not tYi"9 the mechanisms considered to the features of their functional use: in such a COMIC, system as the living body one may imagine a number of different mechanisms of generv Biofizika 34: No. 6, 1004--1014, 1989. t The frequency range corresponding to the millimetre range of wavelengths according to Soviet moo standard GOST 24375-80 is called the extremely high frequency range. . Ultins $ See reference (2) to acquaint oneself with the conclusions of such theories and the fes insurmountable difficulties of squaring their conclusions with the results of experiments. (10861 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Resonance effect of coherent electromagnetic radiations 1087 tion [3] but one may select those actually existing only starting from their correspondence to the functional role. Since the present review is concerned with the biophysical aspects of the problem there remains outside its scope a wide range of biocybemetic studies (see, for example, refcrence [4D although devoted to the control systems of living organisms but consid- ering them in a very generalized form difficult to tie to analysis of the specific mechanisms of control. At the same time, a review of theoretical work necessary for the formation of theor- Aw etical notions is required not only for the completeness of the picture: absence of theoret- ical notions 'does not allow one to stage correctly experimental investigations leading to conclusions significant in practice. For example, one widespread error is the use for experiments to elucidate the influence of e.h.f. radiations of organisms with a character unchanged as compared with normal of the ongoing functioning (the ongoing functioning of which, as is known, is not influenced by e.h.f. radiations [5]) and also evaluation of the results of the action of e.h.f. radiation disregarding the parameters characteriLing the adaptibility of the organism to particular conditions of existence (6]. Link between the efflciency of the control system and the frequency range 6f the con- trolling signals. Living organisms are exceptionally complex and accordingly require a very developed system of control. Even if one does not consider such ultracomplex 6ystems as the mammalian organism or the human body (the latter includes 101,4015 cells) but confines onself to a single cell, its reactions are extremely varied and this variety indirectly characterizes the complexity of the system controlling them. Thus, the author of reference [7, (Russian translation)] writes: "...that to- give a full description of all types of form and movement of eukaryote cells one book would not suffice". Ile field of effective use of a particular control system is largely determined by the frequency range of the control signal. This problem was analysed in reference [8] and partially matching ideas are contained in reference [9]. Where the question concerns the control of processes in a single isolated cell the possibility of "writing" in its volume must exist, i.e. in the volume the mean size of which _ 10 - 16 M3, any information neces- d" sary for the formation of signals exercizing adequate control cf the processes helping to maintain homeostasis in any conditions of the vital activity encountered, i.e. "the writing" of information must be extremely economical. The number of different signals which may be excited in a particular resonance system is primarily determined by its electrical length. Consequently, to ensure the necessary diversity of the control signals the lengths of the excited waves must be very short as compared with its geometric length. Naturally, now the possible degree of the contraction of wavelength by increasing the frequency of the vibrationsf is limited by the fact that beyond a certain limit the energy of the quantum hf is sufficient for the effective destruction of biological bonds, i.e. is actually limited by the ultraviolet frequency range. But the wavelength in the system A is determined not only by the frequency but also by the velocity of propagation v: A = vlf. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 d.0 1088 M. B. GOLANT If the magnitude v corresponds to the velocity of propagation of acoustic waves (hun. dreds of m/sec) then at frequencies equal to cr exceeding 10 GlIz the A values become less than 10- 8 m which ensures the possibility of accomodation in the cell volume (the mean linear size of which - 10- 1 m) of resonance systems of large electric length. The velocity in hundreds of m/sec is peculiar not only to purely acoustic waves but also to acousto-electric waves which will be considered below. Further substantial (by 1-2 or- ders of magnitude) contraction of the wavelength would lead to its commensurability with the size of the atoms a consequence of which would inevitably be the thermal in- stability of any informational structures the size of the informationally significant ele- ments of which would be of the order of one wavelength. The contraction of A to the same values for smaller f through further fall in v would lead to mechanical instability of the wave-guide stiuctures (cell membranes [1]) as a result of decrease in the elastic modulus (see below). The ideas presented make it clear why the influence of coherent radiations of low (non-thermal) intensity on live organisms has been particularly often observed in the millimetre* and even shorter wave ranges. As shown in reference [8] in terms of use in the information system of living organisms the millimetre waves possess two further advantages. 1. The energy losses associated with the propagation in lipid membranes of an elec- tric e.h.f. field are relatively low (in the longwave part of the millimetre range -0-25 dB/cm (10]). From the data of reference [I] it is clear why the water surroundings of the lipid membranes do not influence the size of these losses: the aqueous medium is separ- ated from the hydrophobic layer by a space - 10 A in which the density of the flux of e.h.f power falls by an order. Apparently (judging from the width of the resonance bands given in reference (I]) the acoustic losses are also low which is also probably explained by the feature already noted in reference (1] of the structure of the membranes: the acoustic fink through the 10 A-slit separating the hydrophobic layer from the cytoplasm is greatly weakened. 2. The energy expenditure on the formation of a certain volume of information in the millimetre range is relatively low as compared both with the longer wave and the far shorter wave ranges. This is connected with the difference in the character of noise in these tanges as compared with the millimetre. In longer wave ranges noise of a thermal nature dominates. Since in this region hf U. Here the quantum noise associated with the discrete nature of the radiation dominates. Reliable transfer of a certain volume of in- formation reqWres that the corresponding signal is formed by the number of quanta MW We would recall that the millitnetre range of waves corresponds to the frequetIcies of the Vibra, tions of 30-300 Gliz-e.h.f. frequency range, Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 .MW Resonance effect of coherent electromagnetic radiations 1089 dMO exceeding a certain level minimal for this volume of information. The higherf the more minimal the energy of the signal determined by the given number of quanta. Therefore, ON the ratio of the volume of information to the energy expenditure on its formation in the region where hf>kT falls in proportion to f. For living organisms with their limited energy rqsources minimization of the expenditure of the latter determined by the use Now of the millimetre and shorter wave ranges nearest to it is quite substantial. Acousto-electric eh.f. waves in cell membranes and their resonances. Reference 11] gives the results of experiments showing that the resonance effect of e.h.f. radiations on OW the cells is connected with excitation of the acoustic-electric waves in closed cell mem- branes. A theoretical analysis of the problem is outlined in references (5, 11]. In this work on the basis of the data on cell membranes presented in reference [12] (elastic modulus K.;:0-45 N/m, thickness of the hydrophobic region Am--3 x 10-1 m) an evaluation is given of the velocity of propagation of acoustic waves in the membrane: VP &(K.1P'd.)0,5' (2) where p is the density of the lipid (fat-like) layer which for the calculation is taken as equal to 800 kg/ml. The magnitude v. calculated from (2) is -400 m/sec. Using (1) and (2) may one may calculate the wavelength in the membrane for differentf and also the frequency shift between the centres of the neighbouring resonance bands 'df correspond- ing to change per unit of the number of wavelengths accomodated at the perimeter of the membrane: * j,df I;-- (K.1pd )0*5 (7rd)- 1, (3) where d is the diameter of the membrane. The Af values calculated from (3) satisfactorily agree with those presented for the spectral characteristics of different cells [1]. This confirmed the ideas discussed in the preceding section that the information signals in the cells must spread at the speed of the acoustic waves. Separating the right and left parts of (3) into f and using (1) we transform (3) to the form f ldf= 7rd/A . (4) Since the number N of wavelengths A at the perimeter rf the membrane equal to xdl~ is equal for the cells in which the value d lies within the limits 0-5-10 /.im to several hun- dreds or thousands then relation (4) indicates that the sharpness of the resonances in biological membranes corresponds to that of the contours with the quality factor -10'-10'. As is known [31, cell membranes are polarized and during normal functioning of the cell the strength of the electric field in the membrane perpendicular to its surfa(.e is - 10' V/m. Therefore, on propagation of acoustic waves (producing periodic changes in membrane thickness) in the polarized membrane there appears an alternating electric field changing with the frequency of the acoustic vibrations exciting it. For vibrations of * Although excitation of the vibrations may occur in membrane sections corresponding to dif- "W ferent d, this is of no importance in evaluating the magnitudes since as a rale the differences in the d values corresponding to different sections are insignificant. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 1090 M. B. GoLANr low amplitude considered here the mcmbrane represents a linear system and hence for a certain size of the constant electric field in the membrane the ratio of the amplitudes of the acoustic and electric vibrations remains constant regardless of the amplitude of the spreading wave, i.e. an acoustic-electric wave is considered in which the variable electrical and acoustic parameters cannot be regulated independently. It should be noted that unlike electromagnetic waves (the slowing of which in the membrane would be insignificant) the length of the acoustic-electric wave in the mem- brane is - 10" times less than the wavelength in free space and, therefore, the energy of the 004 electric e.h.f. field in the course of the vibrations in the main is transformed not to the energy of the magnetic field but to the energy of the acoustic e.h.f. vibrations and back. This is similar to the transformation of energy in some low frequency parametric systems 04 in which the vibrations are maintained through transformation of the mechanical energy expended on increasing the distance between the charges on.the condenser plates to the energy of the electric field. To the different i esonance frequencies f corresponds a different number of standing waves at the perimeter of the membrane. Therefore, the chazacter of the distribution of the e.h.L field also changes withf both at the surface of the membrane and in the intra- and extra-cellular spaces lying next to it and, consequently, so does the character of the controlling action of the e.h.f. field. But for a large total number of wavelengths accomodated at the perimeter of the membrane, change in this number per unit cor- responding to the neighbouring resonarces introduces a slight change in the character of the field distributions. As a result the character of the controlling action connected with the spatial structure of the field gradually changes from one resonance to another. At the same time the controlling action of the external radiations may be connected not only with the spatial field distribution but with the resonance frequencies of particular protein molecules or intracellular elements. These last changes are more weakly connected vow with the structure of the field of the acoustic-electric waves. In reference (51 it is also noted that since different membrane systems literally pierce the whole cell the acoustic- electric waves branching off from the resonating membrane may penetrate to any region of the cell, the direction of prupagation and action depending on the type of vibrations in the resonating membrane and the character of the membrane network changing configuration in different conditions [7]. The theoretical evaluations and ideas presented above applying both to acoustic- electric waves and their controffing action in the cells did not touch upon the problen15 of excitation of such waves. The question of excitation is trivial neither for the case when it operates under the influence of external radiation nor the autonomous generation Of vibrations by the cell itself. Discussion of the problems connected with the excitation of vibrations in the membrane direedy leads to analysis of the mechanism of generation by the cells of coherent vibrations. Therefore, it appears desirable before starting such a discussion to go briefly into some hypotheses on the character and nature of the mechanism of action of coherent vibrations on living cells put forward even before clarification of their functional role in living organisms and the careful experimental treatment of the problems associated with these mechanisms. Approved For Release 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Resonance effect of coherent electromagnetic radiations 1091 First theoretical models of the mechanisms of excitation of coherent vibrations in cells. A01ong the theoretical studies aimed at validating the possibility of generation by Hving ANN ,lls of coherent vibrations a special place is taken by the numerous investigations by .,f6hlich already begun in 1968 and summarized by him in 1980 (13]. Fr6hlich was one ithe first to express the conviction that in living organisms thanks to the presence of No otabolic energy coherent vibrations may be generated with the energy of random ther- $21 vibrations possibly being transformed to the energy of coherent vibrations. Com- ,Sring the thickness of the membrane with the length of the acoustic waves he postu- aw ~tcd that the action of radiation may be the cause of excitation in the membranes of ,coustic vibrations with which following polarization of the membranes the appearance jelectric vibrations is connected. ow Fr6hlich came to the conclusion that the resonance frequencies may lie in the e.h.f. onge. All these and a number of other ideas, in somewhat modified and refined form, .;0 retain their value today. Fr6hlich theoretically also worked out one of the possible ow Zechanisms of generation of vibrations by the cells on exposure to external electromag- jetic radiations. He postulated that the mechanism of generation of vibrations by the cdls is similar to the work of a regenerative amplifier brought to the face of the regime ~f excitation. lberefore, a very low external signal (he did not discuss other cases) is .nough to initiate generation of coherent vibrations the power of which approachessa -uration. The vibiations according to Fr6blich (34] are connected with the strong interaction )f polarization waves in a certain band lying in the frequency region - 10, 'Hz, with a ~cat reservoir and are ensuied by the inflow of energy from metabolic sources. In bio- cgical systems with low frequency collective vibrations favourable conditions are cre- Aed for phenomena of the Bose-Einstein condensation type in the course of which there s redistribution of energy between the different degrees of freedom and the concentration a low frequency forms of vibrations. Condensation determines the possibility of goal-di- wted conformational conversion. Frdhlich was unable to demonstrate the presence of ,uch a mechanism of generation (see below). Moreover, in the period when he advanced :be hypothesis the role of coherent e.h.f. vibrations for the functioning of the cell and 3ence also its need for them was not known. Only in one of his late papers (14] did he autiously assume that biological systems --themselves somehow use radiations in the mw 'requency range discussed and are, therefore, sensitive to the corresponding radiations". Accordingly, in working out the hypothesis questions connected with the different xaction of organisms to radiation as a function of the initial state of the organism and .,Is deviation from normal were not raised or solved; nor were questions concerned with te variety of the spectra generalized by living organisms in particular cases raised or Aved: nor were questions of the significance for the organisms of the degree of coherence )f the signals generated raised or solved as is also true of a host of other problems under Ying stady of the problem today when answers to specific questions associated with the ptactical use of e.h.f. influence are required. How far the hypothesis presented may be adapted to solve the questions arising is rot clear. Probably it is simpler to validate the theoretical construction of the mechanisms Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 no 1092 M. 2. GOLANT of action isolating oneself from model concepts corresponding to the results of experi. mental research. In this connexion of interest is the many years of discussion between H. Fr6hlich and M. A. Livshits and other supporters of their views [15-18]. The point is that to describe the mechanism of excitation of coherent vibrations in the cell Fr6hlich proposes (19] a kinetic equation including second order terms ("two-quantum" terms) characterizing the redistribution of energy between the different vibrations as a result of interaction with a thermostat. Livshits considers that "two-quantum" terms are not completely written in the Frdhlich equation. But if this omission is removed then the mechanism of excitation of coherent vibrations worked out by Frdhlich will not work. Objecting to M. A. Livshits, H. Frdhlich writes that the 44 unusual physical properties of biological systems developed by long evolution cannot be ptedicted by simple model calculations but call for direct harmonization with the experiment". Can one choose be- tween these two mutually exclusive views? At first sight the experimental detection of generation by the cells of coherent vibra- tions [1] favours the correctness of Fr6hlich's kinetic equation. But such a conclusion would be illogical: generation may not be connected with that mechanism which reflects this equation. But in such a case the subject of discussion would be peripheral to the real problem. The only way to isolate the true mechanism among the hypothetically possible is to establish its correspondence to the whole body of know facts (including the facts outlined above). Therefore, the view of the author of the review will be formulated belox after ending the discussion of the published data. Frdhlich's hypothesis was not the only approach to the problem; there are others stemming from the idea of the existence in living organisms of coherent vibrations but not solving the real problems listed above. Thus, for example, the author of reference (21 in 1984 advanced a hypothesis based on the assumption of the existence of a still un- identified molecule taking part in the intermedate stages of development of biochemical reactions and present in the triplet state in which two unpaired electrons interact with their magnetic fields. The molecule has three possible initial states to each of which cor, responds its course of chemical reactions. It is assumed that the initial state may be in, fluenced by e.h.f. pumping so regWating the course of the processes. Naturally, this hypothesis, too, cannot give concrete answers to the real problems of using e.h.f. sig' nals in medicine and biology if only because of the unidentified nature of the molecWC5 the existence of which is taken as its base. MW Effect of external e.h.f. radiation on the process of excitation of acoustic electric vibra- tions in cells, character of the influence of external radiations on thefunctioning of the cells. In many experimental studies it is emphasized [1] that a single external e.h.f. exposure no does not act on the ongoing functioning of healthy ceffi. In reference [5] it was shc%, n that this may be due to the absence of a link between the retarded e.h.f. waves in the incin' brane and the unretarded or weakly retarded waves of external radiation. From electlo' MW dynamics it is known [20] that the link between delayed and undelayed waves may be established by one or more coupling elements (antennae, slits, etc.) located at Points the ive to each l MW at vibrations in which occur approximately in the same phase, i.e. shifted re ublished other by a whole numbet of delayed waves. And, in fact, reference (1] presents p Mo Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 aw 4WO am Resonance effect of coberent electromagnetic radiations 1093 data on the formation at the membrane surface in periods when normal cell functioning is disturbed (and external radiation is capable of acting on its recovery) of temperary structures which may also act as coupling elements. But how do these temporary structure form? Since the membrane for the electrical component of the waves excited in it is a retarding system the wave length in which A is shorter than the length of the electromagnetic waves in the surrounding space, the am- plitude of the field on moving from the surface of the membrane decreases approximately by the exponential law exp (- 27rx/A) where x is the distance from the surface (21 ]. The action of the polarization forces on the excited protein molecules (see below) in such a rapidly changingfield, especially at the surface of the lipid layer of the membrane (where the aqueous medium does not penetrate), is always directed to the surface (22]. On exposure to these forces protein molecules and aggregates move to the membrane surface and adhere to it [I] from which the elements of the temporary structure are formed. In fact, the polarization forces acting on the molecules and aggregates are deter- mined not only by the variable but also by the constant components of the field in the membrane pulsating in response to the acoustic wave. These forces are proportional to the square of the,field strength. As shown by calculation, if one ignores second order terms of smallness the variable component depending on the coordinate I of the forces F, acting on the protein molecules at the membrane surface is proportional to E, Sin2 (27ril :'2A) where EL is the amplitude of the variable component of the wave field in the mem- brane; I is the ongoing coordinate read off along the perimeter of the excited section of the membrane. Consequently the F, maxima are shifted relative to each other by the length of the ietarded wave A (but not A12 as in the standing wave), i.e. by the distance which in line with the forgoing is necessary for the temporary structures formed to ensure optimally the link between the waves in the membrane and surrounding space. From the photographs given in reference (23] it will be seen that the temporary stj uctures described form not over the whole perimeter of the membrane but at points ofcurvature or in narrow gaps between the membranes, i.e. in regions of concentration of the fields where their amplitude is maximal. The factors disturbing cell functioning in many cases lead to deformation of the membranes which apparently causes the forma- tion of these temporary structures. Therefore. the effect of the external e.h.f. signals on the cells with disturbed functioning grows. At the same time amplification of the field in the membiane on cxpcsure to e.h.f. fields leads to accelciation of the formation not only of the linking elements of the cells with the external e.h.f. field but also to the for- mation of stable information structures ensuring generation by the cells of e.h.f. signals also after arrest of iiTadiation [1] (see also below). It should be noted that strengther~ng of the link with the external field is also pro- moted by such cell deformations still not leading to the formation of the temporary structures described but such a link must be weaker. This probably determines the re- sponse of the cells to repeated exposure to external e.h.f. irradiation where the response to a single exposure cannot be detected 124]. To conclude the exposition of the question of the link between the cell membranes and the external e.h.f. field we would mention that the literature quoted in reference [11 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 1094 M. B. GoLANT describes the possibility of enhancing this link by adding to the nutrient medium in which the cells are present long-fibre molecules in a concentration corresponding to their posi- tion close to the surface of the plasma membrane at distance A from each other (5]. low The nature of the attendant strengthening of the link is understandable from the fore- going remarks. In reference (25] the authors discuss the nature and character of the influence of low intensity external e.h.f. radiation on the cells which is linked with synchronization by co- herent low intensity radiaticns -of the vibratory processes in the cell. With synchroniza- tion is linked the strengthening of these vibrations determined, in particular, by the co- herent summing of the vibrations previously dephased or excited at different frequencies of the intracellular sources and the formation of a highly effective controlling signal capable of orienting in a definite way or reorienting the processes in the cells (see above). Since ionic and molecular transport takes place across the membrane ensuring the vital activity of the cell and the membrane takes an active part in its regulation [31 in reference (25] it was assumed that external e.h.f. radiation must influence it. It is important to emphasize that external e.h.f. radiation is not an energy source for the established coherent vibrations in the cells but merely synchronizes them. The question of the transformation of the random energy of metabolism to the energy of cohe- rent vibrations demands special analysis. One of the later sections is concerned with this question. ' Excitation of the vibrations ofprotein molecules in the cell. The published data outlined in reference (1] referring to experimental studies indicate that the living cell as an auto- nomous system is controlled by e.h.f. signals generated by the cell itself. A major role in this process is apparently played by the protein molecules. In the literature the prob- lems of excitation of vibrations in protein molecules have been explored reasonably fully both experimentally and theoretically. The most detailed experimental investigations (26-301 were undertaken under the di- rection of Didenko on a specially designed apparatus permitting use of spectra obtained by the method of nuclear gamma resonance spectroscopy. The apparatus permitted various measurements in conditions of e.h.f. irradiation both of crystalline and lyophyl- lie haemoglobin samples including measurements in a strong magnetic field ensured by the use of superconducting solenoids with change in the temperature of the samples from room to helium. Haemoglobin was used as protein, although the results of measurement probably apply more generally. As shown by the measurements, e.h.f. exerts a resonance action on the haemoglobin molecules expressed in changes in the Mossbauer spectrum. the width of the resonance bands at room temperature is only 3 MHz. Several series OC resonance bands were detected. From analysis of the changes in the Mossbauer spectra Didenko concluded that on e.h.f. irradiation the haernoglobin molecules pass to r1cw confcrmational states distinguished by the distribution of charge of the electrons and by the electric field gradient on the iron nucleus; at resonance frequencies the tertiary struc- ture is rearranged in the globin part of the molecule and its dynamic properties change, These problems have also formed the subject of numerous theoretical investigations in the recent period. Among them we would note the work of Frauenfelder et al. [31-331 Approved For Release 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 OW Resonance effect of coherent electromagnetic radiations 1095 AW who developed the model of the dynamic behaviour of proteins according to which the rnolecules perform fluctuations passing from one conformational state to another, rnany of these states being energetically very close to each other. At reduced tempera- Now tures (nitrogen level and even lower) the probability of such transitions associated with overcoming the potential barriers falls in proportion to exp [-Ejk7j where E, is the energy of the transition [34]. At rocrn temperature most of the substates are in thermal equilibrium. The conformational mobility is important for the fulfilment by the bio- alolecules of their biological function. Accordingly thermal equilibrium leads to a cer- tain averaged distribution of these functions between the molecules. The e.h.f. signal is capable of synchronizing the vibrations isolating certain conforma- tional states in those molecules with resonance frequencies close to the frequency of the synchronizing signal. The possibility of excitation of the vibrations in protein molecules by the electromagnetic signal is determined by the fact that ions as part of the protein raolecules are distributed in them unevenly so that these molecules have considerable dipole moments [35]. In line with the model of biomacromolecules; developed in ref- erence (36] at different frequencies the e.h.f. field interacts with their different portions. Particularly effective interaction of the e.h.f. field with protein molecules must occur close to the membranes where the e.h.f. waves are retarded and their lengths are equal to acoustic (see preceding section) the length of which is commensurate with the size of the protein molecule. As made clear above, on exposure to an e.h.f. signal the protein mole- cules are drawn to the membrane surface, the character of 'the process of drawing to the inner surface of the membrane being similar to that of molecules to its outer surface (23]. As a result information structures may form on the membrane surface (an example of one of them was given in reference [1]). dew Didcnko relates the results obtained by her in study of the action of an e.h.f. signal on the Mossbauer spectra of protein molecules to excitation in the latter at the resonance frequencies of acoustic vibrations. The quality ractor of the haemoglobin molecules as acoustic resonators Q,, according to the evaluation made by her (on the basis of the ana- logy with polymers is quite large: - 101. The magnitude hfQv.,>kTand, therefore, in such molecules the effects of accumulation of the energy of many quanta may operate allow- ing one to isolate the action of even very weak coherent signals against the background of noise. Mechanism of generation by the cells of coherent e.h.f. signals. The material of the previous sections allows us to pass to an exposition of ideas on the mechanisms of auto- generation of e.h.f. vibrations in the cell (5]. This is a very important question since as already noted the action of the external signals on the cells is effective only to the extent it imitates their autovibrations. Probably it is rational to outline as follows the sequence of the process of excitation of the autovibrations. In conditions when as a result of certain actions on the cell lead- aid ing to anomalies in its functioning its symmetry is disturbed, conditions of preferential excitation are created in the cell membranes at certain resonance frequencies (see above). This leads to synchronization of the vibrations of those protein molecules adhering to the membrane and the resonance frequencies of which coincide or are close to the fre- Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROOO 100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 .1W 1096 M. B. GOLANT quencies mostly excited in the membranes. Synchronization and the associated coherent summing of the vibrat 'ions ensure rise in the efficiency of transfer of their energy to the membrane and radiation to the surrounding space. As a result the dependence of radia- tion on frequency begins to differ from that observed in the case of equilibrium thermal radiation at the temperature of the cell: at resonance frequencies it rises. Naturally, the rise in the energy of radiation occurs through the energy of metabolism compensating rise in the energy losses an radiation (but not through cooling of the cell). Transformation of energy apparently occurs as follows. Disturbance of thermal equi- librium through increase in radiation at certain resonance frequencies leads to redistli- bution of energy between the protein molecules taking place during energy exchange be- tween them and directed at restoring the equilibrium state. This process is linked with the preferential transfer of energy to the molecules synchronized by the vibrations of the membranes since the radiation at their resonance frequencies is more intense than that at the frequencies of the vibrations of other molecules. Maintenance of the temperature Aw of the cell is ensured by fall in the removal of energy of metabolism into the external space. In the initial period after disturbance of the symmetry of the cell giving rise to the gen- eration of coherent vibrations, the number of protein molecules adhering to the mem- now brane is relatively low as compared with the periods when protein molecules are dra%%,n to the membranes from the cytoplasm (especially at those portions of the membrane surface which undergo the sharpest distortions P7D. With increase in the number of MW molecules adhering to the membrane and the formation of information structures the resonance become sharper, the energy transmitted by the protein molecules to the mem- brane and emitted into space (the energy of the coherent vibrations generated by the cells) am grows. The process of rise in the power of the coherent vibrations generated is not limitless. The limitations are connected with the non-linearity of the process. Wherein lies it'S No source? In reference (I] attention was drawn to the fact that enlistment of protein mole- cules further from the surface to form information structures on the membranes fC' quires energy expenditure exponentially growing with distance. This inevitably leads to no restriction of the attainable power of the vibrations, i.e. to passage to steady generation. The higher the level of disturbances and the greater the invaginations of the membrane it pruduces [37] the higher the maximum level of the vibrations generated. Emi The reaction of the systems present in the state of stable equilibrium to the forces perturbing them (but not leading to irreversible changes) always boils down to fall in the effect of the action of the latter (le Chatelier principle; in relation to living organisms the aw same meaning is attached to the concept of homeostasis). In this case this means that the effect of the control e.h.f. signals generated by the cell always restores the stable state of the cell whatever the cause of its disturbance or to the greatest possible fall in the MON effects of the action of the forces is in disturbing the given state. * Detailed treatment of all the associated processes is not possible since the processes peiturbing the work of the cell are highly diverse but, for example, elimination of the membrane deformations is easy * The character of the processes is determined both by the spectrum of the signals generated and the localization of the disturbances producing them. md Approved For Release 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Resonance effect of coherent electromagnetic radiations 1097 to explain as a consequence of the impacts on their protluding portions of the molecules drawn to them by the e.h.f. field. The use of external e.h.f. signals of the same frequencies which for the corresponding disturbances would be generated by the organism itself inay accelerate the process of generation of the information structure or make it more efrective. The process described is a system process involving metabolism, protein molecules and the membrane system alike and if one considers multicellular organisms (which we have not touched upon in the presprit review in order not to complicate the exposition) then one also considers the organism as a whole (naturally its different parts to differing degrees). The mechanism described, of course, is still highly hypothetical. low REFERENCES 1. GOLANT, M. B., Biollzika 34: 339, 1989 2. KIRTY MAN, F., Physik in unserer Zeit, No. 2, 33, 1985 3. BYERGELISON, L. D., Membranes, Molecules, Cells (in Russian) 183 pp., Nauka, Moscow, 1982 4. HAKEN, H., Biol. Cybern. 56: 11, 1987 5. GOLANT, M. B. and REBROVA, T. B., Radioelektronika, No. 10, 10, 1986 6. FURTA, M. el at., IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engng., Vol. BME-33, p. 993, 1986 7. FULTON, A., Cytoskeleton. Architecture and Choreography of the Cell (in Russian) 117 pp., Mir, Moscow, 1987 8. DEVYATKOV, N. D. and GOLANT, M. B., Pis'ma v ZhTF 12: 288,1986 WW 9. TASTED, J. B., L Bioclect. 4: 367, 1985 io. LAND, D. V., IEEE Proc. 134: 193, 1987 11. GOLANT, M. B. and SHASHLOV, V. A., Use of Millimetre Low Intensity Radiation in Biology low and Medicine (in Russian) pp. 127-131, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1986 12, IVKOV, B. G. and BYERESTOVSKII, G. N., The Lipid Bilayer of Biological Membranes (in Russian) p. 224, Nauka, Moscow, 1982 13. FROHLICH, H., Adv. Electronics and Electron. Phys. S3: 85, 1980 14. Idem., Mol. Models of Pbotoresponsiveness. Proc. Nat. Adv. Study rnst., San Moniato, 29 Aug. to 8 Sept., 1982, pp. 39-42, N. Y., 1983 15. LIVSHITS, M. A., Biofizika 17: 694, 1972 [6. FROHLICH, H., Ibid. 22: 743,1977 17. WU9 T. M. and AUSTIN, S., Phys. Lett. 65A: 74,1978 18. YUSHINA, M. Ya., Ibid. 91A: 372, 1982 19. FROHLICH, H., Ibid. 26A: 402, 1968 .0. LEBEDEV, 1. V., Technique and U.H.F. Instruments (in Russian) Vol. 11, 375 pp., Vyssh. shk., Moscow, 1972 21. SILIN, R. A. and SAZONOV, V. P., Retarding Systems (in Russian) 632 pp., Sov. Radio, Moscow, 1966 22. POHL, H. A., Coherent Excitations in Biological Systems, pp. 199-210, Springer, Berlin-Heidel- berg, 1983 23. SOTNEKOV, 0. S., Dynamics of the Structure of the Live Neurone (in Russian) 160 pp., Nauka, Leningrad, 1985 24. GOLANT, M. B. et al., Effect of Non-Thermal Exposure to Millimetre Radiation on Biological Objects (in Russian) pp. 115-122, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1983 25. DEVYATKOV, N. D. e1 al., BiofWka 28: 895t 1983 1.6. DIDENKO, N. P. el aL, Effect of Non-Thermal Exposure to Millimetre Radiation on Biological Objects (in Russian) pp. 63-77, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1983 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 .00 1098 L. 1. KRtsHTALIK no 27. DEI)ENKO, N. P. et at., Pis'ma v ZhTF 11: 1515,1985 28. DIDENKO, N. P. et al., Proc. of the Nuclear Physics Research Institute at the Tomsk Poly. ow technical Institute (in Russian) No. 10, pp. 77-81, Energoizdat, Moscow, 1983 29. DIDENKO, N. P. et al., Summaries of Reports of Sixth All-Union Seminar "Use of Millimetre Low Intensity Radiation in Biology and Medicine" (in Russian) p. 40, IRE. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1986 30. AMELIN, G. P. et al., Tomsk, 1986-Dep. in VINITJ. 17 January 1986 as No. 319V-86 31. FRAUENFELDER, H., Helvet. Phys. Acta 57: 165, 1984 32. FRAUENFELDER, H. and GRATTON, E., Protein Dynamics and Hydration, Univ. Illinois, 1985. Preprint III-(ex)-85-1, 26 pp. 33. ANSARI, A. et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. Wash. 82: 5000,1985 34. ZHDANOV, V. P., Rate of Chemical Reactions (in Russian) 101 pp., Nauka, Moscow, 1986 35. RAPPOPORT, S. M., Medizinische Biochemie. Veb. Verlag, "Volk und Gesundheit", Berlin. 1964 36. CHOU, K. C., Biophys. Chem. 20: 61, 1984 37. TUSHMALOVA, N. A. and NARAKUYEVA, 1. V., Comparative Physiological Studies of Ultra- structural Aspects of Memory (in Russian) 148 pp., Nauka, Moscow, 1986 Willi Biophysics Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. IMAM, 1989 Printed in Poland 0006-3509189 $10.00, .0D 0 1991 Pergarnon Press ric ACTIVATION ENERGY AND ANALYSIS OF POSSIBLE PATHWAYS OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC EVOLUTION OF OXYGEN* L. 1. KRiSHTALIK Frumkin Institute of Electrochemistry, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow (Received 23 July 1987) dm From analysis of the main contributions to the activation energy of a series of stages of oxida tion of water to 02 the following conclusions are drawn: the barrier set up by the repulsion Of unbound 0 atoms on their convergence is partially overcome through the energy of binding ofthe water molecules by manganese ions. Concerted electron and proton transfer with the 'Par ticipation of bases stronger than water greatly improves the energetics of the process; the most probable pathway of the reaction -is the rate-determining two-electron oxidation of water to hydrogen peroxide (the possibility of this process taking place in two successive single-electron stages is not clear) with two subsequent-fast stages of oxidation Of 112012 to H01 and then to 02. IN references [1, 2] we considered the equilibrium values of the 'changes in the configura tional free energy of the reaction of evolution Of 02 as a whole and its individual stages. We now look at the factors determining the height of the activational barrier. Le't US Bioflzika 34: No. 6, 1015-1020, 1989. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 370 M. B. GOLANT terminant role of the protein carcass in the cooperative effects in the membrane. The phenomena due to rearrangement of the membrane carcass and cytoskeleton are analysed in relation to pro- tease-induccd adhesion of fibroplasts, the mechanisms of functioning of highly permeable gap contacts and the excitability of the neurone membranes. From the analysis made the concept of the participation of the cytoskeleton both in local and remote regulation of the receptors, enzyme systems and ionic channels is formulated. The controlling role of the generalized structural transitions is traced not only in the membranes Eli of individual cells but also at the level of intercellular interactions. Thus, the membrane rearrange ments induced by the contacts between the surfaces of neighbouring cells, in the view of the author, are an important factor in ihibiting animal cell division and regulating the size of microbial po pulations. so A special place in the book is occupied by an outline of new ideas on noacquilibrium, meta stable states of the membrane structures determined by the interaction of the membrane carcass and the lipid bilayer, the transmembrane potential and the surface membrane charge. Thanks to this metastability sustained through the energy of metabolism, non-decaying spread of the struc MW tural transitions over a considerable distance proves possible. The book by S. V. Konev is literally saturated with similar original concepts, sometimes ap- parently debatable but invariably stimultaing the creative thinking of researches working in one of the most interesting fields of biophysics, exploring the mechanisms of the functioning of supra- molecular structures of the cell. Biophysics Vol. 34 No. 2. pp. 370-382, 1989 Printed in Poland dog 0006-3509189 $10-00 + .00 C 1990 Pergamon Press Pic PROBLEM OF THE RESONANCE ACTION OF COHERENT ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS OF THE INULLIMETRE WAVE RANGE ON LIVING ORGANISMS* 01i M. B. GOLANT dew (Received 10 Jrune 1987) A review is made of Soviet and foreign experimental studies furthering understanding of dow the mechanism of the acute resonance action of extremely high frequencyt coherent electro magnetic radiations of low power on living organisms and the significance of these radfa tions for the functioning of the latter. low THE effect of electromagnetic radiations (e.m.r.) on living organisms was noted long ago (see, for example, [21) and occasioned no surprise. Physiotherapy and radiobiology are concerned with study of the character of the thermal and radiation effects of e.m.r. and study of the possibility Of their practical usage. * Biofizika 34: No. 2, 339-348, 1989. t The range of extremely high frequencies (e.h.f.) from 3 x 1010 to 3 x 101 1 Hz corresponds to the millimetrc wave range from 1 to 10 mm [1]. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 MW Action of electromagnetic radiations of millimetre wave range on living organisms 371 00i However, simultaneously there appeared data on the effective influence on the functioning of living organisms of non-ionizing radiations of low power (so-called non-thermal level of power) MW on exposure to which heating of the tissues does not exceed 0-1 K. It was difficult to understand the nature of their actual presence from the same standpoint from which the action of more powerful radiations was explained. Many considered that it is a matter of artefacts particularly since at first the reproducibility of the results was extremely poor. The data referred to different biological objects aw and the action was characterized by different biological parameters and the acting factors were also not compared. However, communications on non-thermal actions of electromagnetic radiations did not cease and it would be impermissible to ignore them if only from the point of view of the safety techniques in work with radiations. and :At the start of the 'sixties a number of teams under the joint scientific direction of Academician N. D. Devyatkov embarked on a systematic study of the action of coherent radiations of non-thermal level on living organims. The work was conducted in the e.h.f. 'range [31 since in the course of setting a1w up the first series of generators covering this range Academician Devyatkov and the author identified the specific features of e.b.f. radiations both as compared with lower frequency and far higher fre quencY ranges [4) suggesting the possibility of an enhanced reaction of living organisms to these radiations. Later, the special possibilities of using the radiations of this range were validated in rela no tion to the problems of medicine and biology [5]. For any sufficiently complex system, primarily for living organisms, study of the features of their reaction to agents must begin by answering the question of the role of these agents in the functioning of the system or organism. The answer to this question may give knowledge on the re- gularities of the behaviour of the agent, Therefore, study of these patterns was the main aim of the first systematic experimental investigations. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC PATTERNS OF THE ACTION OF COHERENT E.H.F. RADIATIONS OF NON-THERMAL LEVEL OF POWER ON LIVING ORGANISMS The first series of experiments sought to clarify the question on the reality of the effective ac- tions, or artefacts, of coherent e.h.f. radiations of non-theimal intensity khereafter for brevity called e.h.f. radiations) on living organisms and if such actions exist to identify their basic patterns. It was undertaken on organisms of differing complexity of organization (from bacteria to mammals). The results have been repeatedly and quite amply discussed in the literature. In particular, the re- views of the first 70 publications are given in [6, 7]; in references [8, 9] the technique of the experiment is described and the main patterns, later also treated in reference [101, presented. Subsequent experi- ments confirming these patterns were also undertaken abroad (see, for exampie, [11, 121). Therefore, it is desirable without digressing on a repetition of these experiments (the main results will be pre- sented in the course of the exposition) to begin straight away with formulations of the patterns iden- tified on their basis. 1. The dependence of the biological effect on the frequency of coherent e.h.f. radiation acting on the body is of an acute resonance character, i.e. the response to the agent occurs in narrow fre- quency bands (usually _ 10-3- 10 -4 of average frequency). u0i 2. The effects observed in a certain fixed time of the action of e.h.f. radiation are not critical to the density of the incident flow of energy. Starting from a certain minimum (threshold) density amounting for different organisms to 0-01-100 mW,:cm2 the subsequent rise in flow by 2-3 orders of magnitude for a single action does not, as a rule, influence the biological effect. 3. The memorization of the action of the e.h.f. -persistence for a long time after arrest of the exposure of the resulting changes in the functioning of the organism -ensues only when irradiation is of sufficient length: from a few tens of minutes to a few hours. 4. The biological effects of the action of e.h.f. radiations closely depend on the initial state of the body. Single e.h.f. irradiation does not significantly influence the current functioning of the Approved For Release 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 No 372 M. B. GOLANT ~w healthy organism. If any of the functions of the orpnism is disturbed, exposure to coherent e.h.f. radiations may in many cases restore it. It is important to note that heat exposure cannot give a&cts satisfying these patterns. This, ow of course, does not exclude the existence of purely thermal c0ects weakly depending on frequency and corresponding to low levels of the acting power flux [13, 141. To form ideas from the experiments on the nature of the action of e.h.f. radiations on living organisms a major role is played by the common nature of the patterns presented for organisms of difrer,-nt complexity of orgaitization. This allows one to use the data of many investigations and not to confine the field of the investigations to the characteristics of any one object. Analysis of the patterns listed outlined in the greatest detail in (14, 151 suggested two main conclusions. a) The effect of coherent e.h.f. radiations on living organisms adds up to the control of the restorative processes occurring in them and processes of adaptation to the changing conditions of functioning; and b) the effectiveness of the acute resonance action on the organism of radiations originating from sources of coherent oscillations external in relation to it is connected with the fact that these radiations may excite in the organism coherent e.h.f. oscillations simultaing signals generated in certain conditions by the organisms themselves. A similar conclusion is also contained in refer- ence [16]. However, the passage from the patterns outlined to these conclusions at first ran through complex logical reasoning. The question of more direct experimental evidence retained its acuity. namely the present review is devoted to a description of it. The material will be outlined in the order and way in which it may serve for answering the speL:ifically posed questions corresponding to the problem under study. The choice of the experiments described in each case is determined by the completeness of the answer to the question posed ensured by them. In order to fit into the volume of the paper the information necessary for illuminating the most important aspects of the problem the material will be given without going into details which are contained in the quoted sources. In particular, the conum nications (11, 17, 18] are specially de- voted to the question of possible experimental errors. Here, we would merely note that in the eX- perimcnts described below in nearly all cases the range of changes occurring on exposure to e.h.f. radiations was far smaller than the mean value of these changes. UNK BErWIEEN THE ACUTE RESONANCE CHARACTER OF THE RESPONSES OF ORGANISMS TO THE ACTION OF E.H.F. RADIATIONS AND THE INFORMATION FUNCTION* OF THE LATTER For the comprehensive control of the functioning of an organism many control signals dif- fering from each other are necessary. The acuity of the resonance responses of the body to irradiation (narrowness of the frequency band, see, for example, Fig. 1) characterizing the first of the above formulated patterns contributes to the formation on the basis of them of a large number of different spectra. But to answer the question of how far the acute resonance nature of the responses of the organisms to the action of e.b.f. radiations may indicate the information function of the latter, it was first necessL7 to satisfy ourselves that a large number of such resonance response actually exists- The action spectrq [12, 191 given in Fig. 2-dependenoe of a certain biological parameter on fre, quency -coafirmed that the position is actually so. t Similar dependences had already been registered in reference [201, only the number of identified resonances was smaller. With such a density Of accolurnodation of the resonance bands in the frequency range their combinations in the spectra [my ensure a huge variety of signals. But this will correspond to the diversity of control only with the * Below by information function we mean the role of e.hf. radiation% as control signals. t We would note that in reference (191 for some resonance curves from among those shown in Fig. 26, we present a large number of experimental points. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 MW Action of electrcrnagnetic radiations of millimetre wave ranp on living organisms 373 logK 7 6 3 F1r,- 1, Induction coefficient of lambda prophage as a function of the frequency of the acting ra diatiort U I I condition that to each of these bands correspond states of the organism somehow differing from each other. The action spectra presented do not answer the question of whether or not the last condition is fulfilled. They reflect the dependence on frequency of only one single biological parameter and the 000 4; 1, 700 41,600 fMHz 111N0 aw '00 a b b a H e.h.f *R JoiL A Now 60 P 710 7114 7-f 8 7.22 A, MM FIG. 2. Dependences of the normalized growth rate of a yeast culture on the frequency of the acting radiation [121 (a) and change in the number of karyocytes (X/No) after exposure to e.h.f. combined with X-radiation with the wavelength of e.h.f. radiations in free space (19] (b). character of the change in the other parameters is not defined. Moreover, biological methods cannot provide an answer to this question since complete examination of the biological object is extremely laborious, if feasible at all 121). Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROOO 100070001 -9 70 71 f, GHZ Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 MW 374 M. B. GOLANT A certain but insufficiently complete answer to this question is given by experiments on the detection of the frequencies of exposure optimal in terms of the maximum intensification of different processes in the organism (22]. The results of one such investigation are given in Fig. 3. Since the frequencies optimal in terms of reaching the maximum changes of arbitrarily chosen parameters are usually scattered far apart the corresponding experiments cannot give an answer to the question of the differences in the effects on the organism in near resonance bands. ONE OF THE POSSIBLE WAYS OF IDENTIFYING THE LINK BETWEEN THE GENERAL STATE OF THE BODY AND THE FREQUENCY OF THE E.H.F. RADIATION ACTING ON IT Since the detection of all the changes occurring in the body separately is impossible a different approach to answering the question was substantiated and experimentally worked out [231. Some integral characteristics exist influenced by all or nearly all the changes occurr ing in the cells. Such an integral characteristic is, in particular, the duration of the cycle of development of the cell between successive divisions (hereafter, for brevity duration of the cycle). In so-called synchronous cell cul- tures it is possible to select cells with almost identical parameters and ensure the simultaneity of the first acts of their division. But even with the strictest selection the synchrony of cell division already after a few cycles is disturbed with transition to exponential growth of the cell count (Fig. 4a). n1no i a b ')a 32- WON 100-- 51 2 6.16 6.18 6.20 6-22 A,mm 0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6 T Fio. 3 Fia. 4 FIG. 3. Enzymatic activity of Arp. awamery 466 (in relation to control) as a function of the wave length of the acting radiation in free space for two different substrates 1221: 1 -alpha amylase; 2 - glucoarnyhLw. Fla. 4. Curves of the synchronous division of yeast cells- a - not exposed to e.h.f. radiation; b - ex posed [23]; n1no is the ratio of the cell counts in the suspension to the initial value; r is tirae in cycles of development between successive divisions, duration of cycle I hr. It has been assumed that a difference in the duration of the cycle is connected with the difference in the frequencies of the e.h.f. oscillations generated by the cells. In fact, after synchronization Of these oscillations in the course of relatively brief (in different conditions from several tens of minutes to two hours) exposure to a coherent siinal of non-thermal intensity from an external source of e-h-f radlations the difference in the duration of the cycle for different cells was virtually removed and reflected in the constancy of the duration of the steps (Fig. 4b). A similar effect can also be obtained through mutual synchronization of the oscillations in the cells without resorting to an external emitter- For this it suffices to amplify the emission of the cells. As shown in (24,251 amplification of emission can be achieved, in particular, by introducing into the cell suspension long-fibrous molecules actinS as antenna (this will be examined below in more detail). Am MEN Approved For Release 2000108/10 CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Action of electiomagnetic radiations of millimetre wave range on living organ:sms 375 At the same time, different cells, for example single-type cells of different animals apparently generate, in principle, different frequencies not amenable to mutual synchronization. In [251 de- scribing the interaction of erythrocytes it was established that only those of the sam.- animals ef- fectiveiy interact (attract each other); they find each other even in a suspension of coils of.different animals. In the course of the above-described experiments on synchronization of the cell-generated oscilla- tions by an external e.hf. signal the duration of the cycle was found to depend on frequency: it was in 80 - 60- q0 50 f, GHx FIG. 5. Duration of cycle of development of yeast cells between successive divisions as a function of the frequency of the e.h.f. radiation acting on them. aid proportional to the frequency of the signal synchronizing the oscillations in the cells (Fig. 5). Com- parison of this result with the action spectra (Fig. 2) indicates that together with resonance depend- ences of one specific parameter on frequency there is gradual change with frequency in a set of other parameters influencing the duration of the cycle. This is reflected in change in the integral charac- teristics. Consequently, to each of the resonance bands correspond changes in the body differing in some way from each other. At the same time the smoothness of change with the frequency of the integral characteristic indicates that even the individual parameters of the cell with change in the frequency of the oscilla- tions generated by it change gradually so that it may be expected that at close resonance frequencies the organism as a whole changes relatively little. WHAT STRUCTURES DETERMINE THE RESONANCE NATURE OF THE RESPONSE OF THE ORGANISM TO E.H.F. EXPOSURE? The large number and regularity of lines in the action spectra shown in Fig. 2 indicate that e.h.f. radiation leads to excitation of multimodal resonance systems. Shift indt between the neigh- bouring resonances in wavelength in the free space and the value A of the mean wavelength in the region in which the spectrum is recorded (see Fig. 2) make it possible to determine the number of wavelengths in the excited resonance systemN- Alld1j. (With this condition'dA corresponds to change per unit number of wavelength accommodated In a closed resonance system, 1.e. transition to resonance of the type of oscillations closest to the initial.) Thus, for example, in the experiments run with cells and described in [201 N= 200. In the experiments described in reference [121 NZ 1500 (see Fig. 2). The wavelength in the system in order of magnitude must be equal to the ratio of the perimeter of the cell (microns to tens of microns) to the magnitude N indicated, i.e. the wavelength ia the woo excited system is - 106 times shorter than that in the free space (241 and this, in tum indicates that the waves in a multimodal resonance system spread at the velocity of sound (in order of magnitude). Thus, the experimentally established nature of the action spectra indicates that on exposure of the cells to electromagnetic radiations acoustic-electric oscillations an excited in, them (241. am Judging from the character of the action spectra in mammals (Fig. 2b) they are also due to resonances in the cells. For the oscillations to be excited by electromagnetic waves the losses on the propagation of acoustic-electric oscillations in the resonance system must be relatively low. This requirement is met by the losses on propagation of the e.h.f. in a lipid medium (10-fold decay at distances of the order of centimetres (26D. Such distances are very large as compared with any intracellular dimen- ONO Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 .06 376 M. B. GOLANT OW sions. This led to the conclusion that the role of the multimodal resonance systems may be played by lipid membranes [27, 281. But the membranes are surrounded by cytoplasm -a medium representing aqueous salt solutions (hereafter for brevity called an aqueous medium) characterized by heavy No ohmic losses. Does not this make resonance excitation of the membranes impossible? The investiga- tions described in reference (291 showed that the hydrophobic part of the membranes with low losses is separated from the hydrophilic (directly contiguous to the aqueous medium) by layers of thickness 10 A. At the same time the above-iadicated value of the delay of wave propagation (- 1011) cor- responds to fall by an order in the density of the power flux of e.h.f. also over a distance - 10 A (301. Therefore, an e.h.f. field of sharply reduced amplitude reaches the aqueous medium and the ohmic losses in it do not impede resonance excitation of the oscillations in the membranes. a dB a 3 2 3 2 .0 0' too 36 FIG. 6 Fia. 7 i1w Fio. 6. Absorption spectra of: a-erythrocytes; b-orythrocyte ghosts [311. Fia. 7. Formation during memorization of protein structures on the surface of the nuclear Mcm branes of ganglionic elements of hydra [33]: a - normal state; b - adaption. MW In principle, a priori, the resonances observed in study of the action spectra cannot be equated with those on excitation by e.h.f. fields of passive clectrodynamic structures, The difference is that dOW in experimental study of the action spectra the biological effect is the discrete output parameter. The biological effect is linked by a complex non-linear dependence to the fields acting on the mem brane and in a complex metabolic* system the initial action of the field may be enhanced'which, in turn, may lead to fixation of even weak differences in the acting field.* The experiments described i1i (311 with recording of the absorption spectra of the erythroCY'Les and their.ghosts (i.e. erythrocyte membranes -freed of cytoplasm) showed that the spectra in botb In certain conditions the ohmic losses for the waves spreading in the membianes may rise dew considerably leading.to difficulties in the experimental detection of resonance frequencies. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Action of electromagnetic radiations of mill1metre wave range on living organism 177 ses are very close (Fig. 6). Tbds is direct confirniatf on of the fact that the e.h.f. may excite oscilla- ca ,i,ns precisely in the membranes and allows one to tic the observed biological effects of the action of e.h.f. on the cells to che resonance frequencies of the excited oscillations. WHAT ENABLES LIVING ORGANISMS TO MEMORIZE E.H.F. EXPOSURES AND ACCORDINGLY CHANGE THE CHARACTER OF THEIR FUNCTIONING1 In line with the third of the above Usted patterns living organisms memorize the external in. guence exerted on them and after its arrest continue to generate for a long time the frequencies e3tab. lished under its influence determining the changes in the character of functioning. In technical multimodal auto-oscillatory systems to fix excitation for certain types of oscillations special struc- turcs are used determining the most favourable conditions of excitation for these types of oscillations. in the case of living organisms the structures 1Wng the type of oscillations could be created only by the organism itself in the period of the action on it of the e.hf. radiations. T'he duration of the process of memorization already led to the conclusion that such st 'ruptures are formed in the organism on exposure to an e.h.f. (see above); it might be determined by the time of construction of the structure. Deeper study of the question may be furthered by the results of experiments described in 1321. in the course of these experiments condudted on mice it was shown that the biological effect of e.V.. exposure for I hr does not change if continuous is replaced by pulsed irradiation with a power of the pulse radiation equal to the power of the continuous. The power of the continuous exposure was close to the threshold value (see pattern 2) and the porosity on pulse exposure was equal to six. Thus, the mean power on pulse exposure was several times lower than the threshold value for conti- nuous exposure. The duration of the intervals was 2 x 10-3 sec. The following conclusions could be drawn from the results. Firstly, the character of the biological effiect in the pulsed and continuous regimes of exposure to e.h.f. radiations is the same if the frequencies of the acting oscillations match. Secondly, in the pauses between pulses when the external irradiation of the animal is absent, in the organism itself the e.h.f. oscillations stay at a level close to that established in the period of the pulse and, thirdly, with shortening of the total duration of exposure the biological efects determined by memorization of the action are not observed. Consequently, one or a small number of pulses is insufficient to give structures fixing the new (resulting from irradiation) state of the body. Nor did these experiments allow us to judge the character of the structures formed. Morpho- logical investigations were necessary to determine it. Such morphological investigations have been widely conducted in connexion with study of the ultrastructure of aspects of memory (331. It was established that the memorization process in the calls leads, in particular, to the formation on their membranes of structures adhering to the latter (we shall call them informational) which in the process of forgetting again pass to the cytoplasm (Fig. 7). INFLUENCE OF THE POWER OF EXTERNAL E.H.F. SIGNALS ACTING ON ORGANISMS ON THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF THE ACTION AND ON THE DYNAMICS OF FORMATION OF STRUCTURES DETERMINING THE MEMORIZATION OF THE RESULTS OF EXPOSURE TO AN E.H.F. Unlike energy factors acting on living organisms (factors for which the biological effect is deter. mined by the energy coming from without) the biological effW of the informational c.h.f. influences is primarily determined by the information content of the signal (its frequency spectrum if it cor- responds to the natural frequencies of the biological system) and in a wide interval of changes of power dots not depend on the size of the latter (see pattern 2 and Fig. 8 reflecting it). This indicates that the volume of the near-membrane aggregates in the informational structures described in the previous section starting from a certain value weakly influences the character of the e.h.f. field formed by the membrane. In terms of e.h.f. electrical engineering this is natural: the frequency of the signals generated by the cell. and fixed by the informational 3tructura primarily depends on the character of the given structure. In other words, the frequency to a far higher degree depends on the location of the elements forming the structure than on their sin. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 .10 ow MW MW 378 K11 3.0 2-0 M. B. 430LANT to I in 120 - 3 2 60- 01 2-10-3 2- rG-' 2-10-' P, M V11cm, 1.08-- 1 1 1 1-10-1 1-10-1 1-10 _f 1.0 PMW/CM1 Fia. 8 FIG. 9 FIG. S. Coefficient of induction of synthesis of colitsin as a function of the now density of e.h.f. wo radiation (7]. FIG. 9. Duration of exposure (to-time of irradiation) as a function of the flow density or e.h.f. radiation for an unchanged biological effect: I -minimum time taken to synchronize oscillations No of all cells; 2-time required to synchronize oscillations of 15 per cent of the cells; 3-maximum exposure time for which synchronization of the oscillations of the cells still does not appear. no dMW However, the dynamics of the process of formation of informational structures cannot be influenced by the power of the signal causing them to form. To identify the nature of this influence a series of experiments was run. They determined, in particular, the dependence of the degree of synchronization of the oscillations in yeast cells on the duration and power of the signal acting on the cell suspension. The results of such an experiment are given in Fig. 9. The character of the dependence of the degree of synchronization on time is quite trivial. The greater the initial shift of frequencies of the oscillations generated by the cells from the frequency of the synclironizing signal the longer must be the process of synchronization determined by the rearrangement of the structure adhering to the membranes. Comparison of the dependences of the degree of formation of the informational structures on the exposure time and the power of the acting signal allows one to judge a great deal. As may be seen from Fig. 9, the power of the e.h.f. signal is connected with the time of exposure required to achieve a certain biological effect, a dependence close to exponential. With what is this connected? The biological effect is determined by the formation of informational structures. It may be assumed that acceleration of this process is connected with enlistment for their formation of protein molecules from layers of the cytoplasm more distant from the membrane but the e.h.f. field on moving away from the membrane drops exponentially (we above). Therefore, for the C~h.f. field forming the structures to reach the required value at a larger distance from the membrane the ex- ponential drop of the field must be compensated by an exponential rise in the external e.h.f. signal. It should be noted that thanks to fall in the amplitude of the e.h.f. field in a direction perpendic- ular to the membrane surface the molecules shift under the influence of the field not so much along this surface as are attracted to it 1341. Therefore, the process of the action of the e.h.f. field described on the molecules in the 'volume of the cytoplasm explains not only the process of the formation of informational structures on the membranes (see, for example, Fig. 7) but also the process of drawing the protein molecules described in reference 1351 to the surfaw of the membrane (Fig. 10) in condi- tions unfavourable for the functioningof the cell, i.e. in periods when in it restorative and adaptative processes develop. Apparently this process of drawing the protein molecules to the membrane sur- face organized by the e.hf. field indicates that the role of the e.hf. signals is not confined to deter- mination of the "direction" of the restorative activity of the cell. They take part in the process Of mobilization of its resources which. is 3reater and more rapid the more intense the controlling signal. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 380 M. B. GoLANT tion of the phenomenon, the authors of reference (231 ran the following experiment similar to those described above with synchronization of the cell-generated oscillations by the external monochromatic e.h.f. signal. The only difference was that irradiation wa's with a signal modulated in frequency. The results are given in Fig. 12 showing that the greater the amplitude of frequency modulation (inevi- tability causing some initial desynchronization of the oscillations in the cells) the greater must be the power of the signal to achieve in a fixed time period a certain degree of synchronicity of cell division. Rise in the power required for synchronization with increase in the amplitude of frequency modulation is of an exponential character. In line with the analysis made in the preceding section the character of the dependence observed indices that in conditions of low coherence of the oscillations in the cells control of their functioning calls for high mobilization of the cell resources. is, in turn, may explain why the not-young or Th ganism with its weakened links (including electromagnetic) apparently already unable to ensure high coherence of the. generated signals is more subject to disturbances and diseases. Consequently, it may explain why in the case of upsets of the functioning of the organism associated with disturbance MW of the intercellular or intracellular links (which would not cause this upset) exposure to external coherent e.h.f. signals at certain, i.e. determined by the character of the disturbance, frequencies has a beneficial effect on the restoration of normal functioning. We would note that the last experiment is very illustrative in terms of showing the non-thermal navire of the action of the e.h.f. effect: frequency modulation in a narrow range has practically no affect on the energy absorbed by the cells. At the same time as may be seen from Fig. 12, main- tenance of the biological effect requires an exponential increase in the energy expenditure. INTERCELLULAR E.H.F. LINK AND E.H.F. LINK IN THE VOLLIME OF THE INTEGRAL MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM The preceding sections were mainly concerned with experiments involving iatracellular processes. However, the experimentally established patterns presented equally apply to multicellular organisms and in the last case the local e.h.f. exposures may influence change in the functioning of the regions of the body quite remote from the irradiating surface. This calls for experiments answe ring the following questions: 1) how can the e.h.f. signals gene- rated by the cells be emitted beyond the cell (we would recall that as shown above the e.h.f field in the normal state of the cell is pressed to the membrane surface over a distance - I nm); and 2) over which channels can the e.h.f. signals in the organisms spread over large distaoces? The first of these questions may be answered by the investigations (241 showing that emissions of the e.h.f. signals from the cell may be enhanced if on the membrane surface projections form with 'a height of several tens of Angstroms especially if several such projections acting as antennae shift relative to each other by distances close to the wavelength in the membrane (- 100 A) for the middle part of the e.hf. range. In fact, the photographs of the membranes recorded with an electron micro- scope corresponding to the periodt when the normal functioning of the cells was disturbed in one way or another revealed such projections -septa (near-membrane aggregates) with the dimensions indicated above (351 (Fig. 13). Such antennae nay be used to transform part of the energy of the retarded to the energy of the non-retarded wave. if the antennae are situated at points of the resonance system at which the oscillations have an identical phase, i.e. at points separated by. distances equal to a whole number of wavelengths, and the length of the antennae is sufficient to take the oscillations from them points to the region where the amplitude of the retaided wava is heavily reduced then in this region the set of antennae will excite the non-retarded wave since at each given moment the field at. the ends of thm ' antennae is identical. Naturally, the non-retarded wave may be excited (though Ian effectively) by a single intenna. The main means of propagation in the body over distances of information associated with the excited c.h.f. oscillations appears to be the nervous system. The experiments of Sevast'yanova showed that anaesthesia, like the sectioning of nerve fibres lessens the influe of eJLf. impacts on the fuac- moo mmi Approved For Release 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 1.0 Approved For Release 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 am Action of electromagnetic radiafions-of mJ111 tre wave range on living organisms 381 aw tioning of the body. It was assumed that ihe c.hf. signals spread via the myclin-lipid shcathsof the , fibres the e.h.f. losses in VAich arc minimal ( fLqt formulated nerve see above). This conclusion was in reference (251. Such an assumption is also supported by the changes described In reference [351 in the character of these, sheaths in the regions of the modes of Ranvier helping to establish a link between the ncighbouring portions of the myelin sheaths in periods unfavourable for the normal functioning of the body. The probability of an c.b.f. link through the nervous system is also indicated 600 1400 200 0 r I F 1.10-2 1-10-1 1-0 P,mw/cm' FIG. 12 Fio. 13 FIG. 12. Dependence of the maximum amplitude of frequency modulationdf for which the frequen cies of the oscillations in the cells can still be synchronized by external radiation for a power flux density P. Fio. 13. Formation of reactive structures of the membrane associated with its activation: endocytotic vesicle covered with protein aggregates [351. 1 by the enhancement described by the authors of [371 of the effect of c.h.f. signals on the body if the points of acupunture are directly exposed to c.h.f. radiation. Also possible is humoral transmission of the e.h.f. signals with the moving cells (primarily the blood cells) by generating oscillations of corresponding frequency. But the author does not have to hand the results of direct experiments confirming this assumption. REOERENCES I .Radiocommunications -Terms and Definitions (in Russian) GOST 24375-80 U.S.S.R. State Standards Commission, 1980 2. PRESMAN, A. S., Electromagnetic Fields and Animate Nature (in Russian) Nauka, Moscow, 1968 dW 3. DEVYATKOV, N. D., Effects of Non-Thermal Exposure to Millimetre Radiation on Biological Objects (in Russian) pp. 3-6, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1983 4. DEVYATKOV, N. D. and GOLANT, M. B., RE, No. 11, 1973,1967 5. Idem., Pislma v ZhTF 12: 288, 1986 MW 6. DEVYATKOV, N. D. et al., Radiobiologiya 21:163,1981 7. SMOLYANSKAYA, A. Z. et al., Usp. sovr. biol. 87: 381, 1979 8. BAZANOVA, E. B. el al., Usp. fm nauk 110: 455,1973 9. DEVYATKOV, N.D., Ibid. 110: 453, 1973 dw 10. GOLANT, M. B., Biofizika 31: 139, 1986 11. WEBB, S. J., Phys. Lett. A73: 145, 1979 12. GRUNDLER, W. and KEILNL&NN, F., Phys. Rev. Lett. 51: 1214,1983 13. DARDELHON, AL et al., J. Microwave Power, No. 14 (4), 307, 1979 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 382 M. B. GOLANT 14. DEVYATKOV, N. D. et al., Biological EEects of Electromagnetic Field% Problems of their Use and Standardization (in Russian) pp. 75-94, Pushchino, 1986 15. DEVYATKOV, N. D. and GOLANT, M. G., Pls1ma Y ZhTF 8: 38,1982 16. FR61MCH, H., Molecular Models, Photoresponsiveness, pp. 39-42, NATO Adv. Study Inst., San Moniato, 29 Aug.-8 Sept. 1982-1983 17. KEMNIANN, F., Collective Phenomena, Vol. 3, p. 169,1981 18. BRYUKHOVA, A. K. et al., Elektron. tekhnika. Elektronika SVCh, No. 8 (380), 52, 1985 19. SEVAST'YANOVA, L. A. et al., Effects of Non-Thermal Exposure to Millimetre Radiation on Biological Objects (in Russian) pp. 34-47, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1983 20. VILENSKAYA, R. L. et al., Nauch. dokl. vyssh. shkoly. Biol. nauki, No. 7, 59, 1979 21. ALEKSANDROV, V. Ya., Cell Reactivity and Proteins (in Russian) 317 pp., Nauka, Leningrad, 1985 22. GOLANT, M. B. et al., Effects of Non-thermal Exposure to Millimetre Radiation on Biological Objects (in Russian) pp. 115-122, IRE. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1983 23. BOZHANOVA9 T. P. et al., Elektron. prom-st', No. I (159), 35, 1987 24. GOLANT, M. B. and REBROVA, T. B., Radioelektronika, 29:90,1986 25. ROWLANDS, S., Coherent Excitations in Biological Systems, pp. 145-161, Springer Verlag, FAW Berlin-Heidelberg, 1983 26. GUERQUIN-KERN, J. L., Th6se present6e & L'Unvenitd Louis Pasteur de Strasburg pour obtenir 1e titre de Docteur de Specialitd en Electronique et Instrumentation, 1980 am. 27. FROLICH, H., Adv. Electronics Electron. Phys. 53: 85-152, 1980 28. GOLANT, M. B. and SHASHLOV, V. A., Use of Low Intensity Millimetre Radiation in Biology and Medicine (in Russian), pp. 127-132, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1985 29. IVKOV, B.G. and BYERESTOVSKII, G. M., Lipid Bilayerof Biological Membranes (in Russian) 224 pp., Nauka, Moscow, 1982 30. LEBEDEV, L V., U.h.f. Techniques and Instruments (in Russian) 375 pp., Vyssh. shk., Moscow, 1972 31. BLINOWSKA; K. J. et al., Phys. Lett. A109: 124, 1985 32. BALIBALOVA, Ye. N. et al., Elektron. tekhnika. Elektronika SVCb, No. 8 (344), 6, 1982 33. TUSHMEALOVA, N. A. and NfARAKUYEVA, L V., Comparative Physiological Investigation of Ultrastructural Aspects of Memory (in Russian) 148 pp., Nauka, Moscow, 1986 34. POHL, H. A., Coherent Excitations in Biological Systems, pp. 199-210, Springer Verlag, Berlin- Heidelberg, 1983 35. SOTNIKOV, 0. S., Dynamics of the Structure of the Living Neurone (in Russian) 160 pp., Nauka, Leningrad, 1985 36. GOLANT, M. B. et al., Eektron. tekhaika. Elektronika SVCh, No. 8, 52, 1987 37. ANDREYEV, Ye. A. et al., Dokl. Akad. Nauk UkrSSR, Ser. E, No. 10, 60, 1984 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 of the Fermi quasilevel c (a) and of the injection current density J) on the temperature of the electron gas for various gap widths (e gi ~'e gz). we would have ith- 10-100 A/cn~ - at least an order of rnagnitude lower than the experimental threshold current densitY.1 rh these lasers, therefore, Auger recombination leads only to a heating of the electrons. The current in the active region of injection lasers results primarily from carrier diffusion, I so that we may igmOre the Joule heating in Eq. (3) in this case.' Further- rnore, the term rA in Eq. (1), which corresponds to Auger recombination, is assumed to be small In comparison with the rate of radiative recombination, ri. The dependence of the threshold current on the lattice temperature can now be determined from the onset of degeneracy of the electron gas, which can be found by solving system (1)-(3), with To fixed, and with T treated as a parameter. The expression for the rate of Auger recombination in this case is "1127- A - - ,4 En 4"3 (M.L and mii are the transverse and where Ei ;W11 longitudinal electron masses), nl(T) Is the equilibrium Wrinsic electron density, and 9 (1) is a smooth function Of the temperature T and is given in Ref. 4. We evidently have rl(T) - y(T)n2, where y(T) is also a smooth function of T (Ref. 1). Figure I shows some typical curves of the position of the Fermi quasilevel t and of j as functions of the temperature T for various values of cg, plotted under the assumption To << Fl. Ile maxima In these curves result from the activa- tional nature of the Auger recombination. If the electron gas does not become degenerate when t(l) reaches a maximum (as on curve 2), the degeneracy sets In at a temperature T*- F4 which is essentially independent of the lattice temperature To. This case corresponds to an S-shaped dependence of T on the pump current J. Using the expression from Ref. 4 for P(I), and using the esti- mate Pr- 10+7s-1, one can show that for To > 10 K curve 2 corresponds to semiconductors with gap widths rg < 0. 1 e V. In summary, for Injection lasers made from semi- conductors of this type the threshold pump current be- comes a function of the lattice temperature only at To 3: Ei - 0. 1 rg. This conclusion Is In good agreement with the experimental data. 1T. X. Hoal, K. H. Herrmann, and D. Genzow, Phys. Status Solidl A 64 239 (1981). 2G. Nimtz, Phys. Rept. 63, 265 (1980). 3 - P_ W. Keyes, Proc. IEEE 63, 740 (1975). 4 P. PL Emrage, J. Appl. Phys. 47, 2565 (1976). Translated by Dave Parsons Informational nature of the nonthermal and some of the energy effects of electromagnetic waves on a living organism N. D. Devyatkov and M. B. Golant (Submitted July 10, 1981; resubmitted November 26, 198 1) Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 8, 39-41 (January 12, 1982) PACS numbers: 87.50.Eg, 87. 10. + e It was noted a long time ago that living organisms MaY be affected significantly by electromagnetic waves in the radiofrequency range at a very low intensity, below that which would cause any significant heating of tissues.1 These effects have been labeled "nonthernial" or "specific" effects. There are, however, no clear criteria for judging "I effect to be "specific" (the fact that the temperature change is small cannot serve as such a criterion, If only because the wave energy and, hence the temperature can be increased significantly without affecting the results in Several cases). In the absence of clear criteria, there h3ve been difficulties in deciding whether an effect is a 'tlecific effect or a thermal effect (or an "energy" effect')) in some particular case or other, and there has been some doubt that specific effects should be singled out as a special group. The phrase "specific effect" has frequency been replaced by Rinformation effect" in more recent years, but this change does not eliminate the difficulties, since no clearer criteria for this concept have emerged. A study of the influence of millimeter-rnnge electro- magnetic waves of a nonthermal intensity on living organ- isms of various complexity levels was published In 1973 (Ref. 2). The organisms studied ranged from microorgan- isms to mammals. Some general conclusions about these effects were formulated. 16 Approved For Relea" 2MM8110 bgjA ~_etf 3(11. ', uarv t.RDpge-'GD792RO7007MOO76ddi-2cf-"":"' 11stitute of Phvsics 17 I . I IrS Wfca depeuds. on the ve freq4ency in piece of evidence indicating that "specific" effects are oi resonan anner: P(Qj%'WaiiQfiyW&06-007&2RNQ*Mol[Do": If an animal is subjected to a a small deviation from the frequencies at which the waves "specific" stimulus, the region Irradiated by the electro- are most effective. magnetic waves does not necessarily have to coincide wit 2) The effect Is essentially independent of the intensity the affected region. The necessary "cornmand" can be of the electromagnetic waves above a certain minimum transferred through one of the information -transfer chan (threshold) level and below the level at which a significant nels in the organism. heating of tissues is observed. The reasons for the resonant nature of the effect have been discussed by several investigators (see Refs. 2-4 for example), while the second of these facts has not yet been convincingly explained. This second fact is apparent- ly the key to an understanding of the essence of informa- tion effects. We begin our discussion by considering one aspect of the operation of cybernetic devices used in technology. These devices work only in those cases in which the re- sults of their oper'ation are not, over a broad range, af- fected by changes in the signals generated in the Informs- tion-processing systems. The minimum signal levels required for operation of a device are usually determined by the requirements for shielding the device from noise and stray pickup. The maximum permissible signal levels are determined by the possibility of damage or of changes In the operating conditions of the device. Let us examine the situation in somewhat more detail. Ile input of the cybernetic device receives a set of signals - which represent the arriving information as a set of quantities and operations on these quantities. Emerging from the output of the device is a set of signals which represent information obstained as a result of the pro- cessing of the data which arrived at the input. The in- formation which arrives at the input must be unambiguously related to the information taken from the output. As the device processes information received at Its Input, however, auxiliary signals are generated in it. The level of these signals cannot be independent of the working state of the elements making up the device, and this work- ing state unavoidably changes over time. Consequently, cybernetic devices which ensure an unambiguous corre- spondence between the information received at the input and the information taken from the output can operate reliably only if this relationship does not depend, within the specified limitations, on the level of the auxiliary signals generated in the inform ation-processing system. It is natural to suggest that in a living organism the level of the signals generated by the information-process- Ing systems does not, over a broad range, influence the relationship between the received information and its ef- fect on the corresponding organ. In terms of the informa- tion effect on the organism, electromagnetic waves which are incident from outside the organism maybe similar to signals generated by the inform ation-process Ing systems of the organism itself. The discussion of threshold and maximum signals is similar to that above. . There is another Approved For Release 2000/08/10 18 Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 8(1), January 1982 An important point is that the energy effects of the electromagnetic waves may simultaneously be inforniatio effects on the organism. The interrelationship between the information effects and energy effects of a signal can be explained with the help of an example, The meaning of some text Onformation) does not depend on the intensity at which It is illuminated. On the other hand, the illumi- nation intensity determines the energy effect of the light on the eye, 'Accordingly, a distinctive feature which determines the informational nature of an effect of electromagnetic waves Is not the absence of tissue heating but the essen- tial independence of the effect from the intensity of the electromagnetic waves over a broad range. In many case: (including those discussed in Ref. 2) an information effect on an organism is determined by the frequency (or, more generally, by the spectrum of frequencies) of the waves and is related to the resonant dependence of such effects on the wave frequency which we mentioned earlier. Since several organs and systems are working simul- taneously and In a coordinated manner in a living organis., exchange of Information between these organs and system and processing of this information are absolutely neces- sary. Alterations in its information exchange may strong~, affect the working conditions of the organism; in particulzI many diseases result from disruptions of information- processing and -transfer systems. In certain cases, therefore, the use of information effects may prove very successful, OThe more rigorous term "energy effect- should be applied to any effect whose magnitude is decisively influenced by the amount of energy or power. 'A. S. Presman, Electromagnetic Fields and Animate Nature [in Russianl, Nauka, Moscow (1968). Z.Scientific Session of the Division of General Physics and Astronomy, Academy'of Sciences of the USSR (January 17-18, 1973)." Usp. Fiz. Nauk 110, 452 (1973) [Sov. Phys. Usp. 16, 568 (1974)]. 'H. Frc~hllch, Phys. Lett. 51A. 21 (1975). 4F. Kaiser, symposium on the Electromagnetic Waves and Biology, CE&A Center, France, June 30-July 1. 1980. Translated by Dave Parsons CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 N. D. Devyatkov and M. B. Golant ApprAkiyed f.:cutRaleaseV~O~FSOMO~-?,M!RffP96-06fl2qM viasov, and V. G. Paviov, Pistma. ftfiW86) [Sov. Tech. Phys. LOM -Up Suppl. 11, C6-459 (1988) 9G. 7Aharchuk, L. V. Alvemaleben, M. o9hring, and P. Haasen, 333 (1986~1- i. Mys. (Paris) A9, Coll. C6, Suppl. 11, C6-471 (1988). 10G. A. Mesyats, N. N. Syutkin, V. A. ivehenko, and E. F. Talantsev, J. Phys. (Paris) ~L9, Coll. C6, Suppl. lip C6-477(1988). 12J. A. Fanitz, Rv. Sci. Instno. a, 1034 (1973). Translated by D. P. Role of coherent waves in pattern recognition and the use of intracellular information M. 8. Golant and P. V. Poruchikov (Submitted December 15, 1988) Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 15, 67-70 (August 26, 1989) It was shown in Refs. 1 and 2 that the coherent acoustoelectric waves which are generated by cells (and whose length is smaller than that of electro- magnetic waves by a factor of about a million) may play a role as a high-information-content facility in the acquisition of data about processes involving breakdown of the normal operation of the cells. The rate at which information is processed and the amount of information which is processed, how- ever, depend to a large extent on the manner in which this information is perceived and processed. From this standpoint, the most effective methods are pattern recognition and processing of informa- tion in complex organisms. The perception of a visual pattern is usually cited to illustrate this point. The human eye, for example, has about 250-10" receptors, which simultaneously perceive different elements of the object being'observed, establishing in the brain a pattern similar to that of this ob- ject. 3 This circumstance is of exceptional conven- ience for mental manipulation of the pattern as a unified whole and results in huge savings in both the memory and the processing facilities required for the manipulation. The result of the processing of information is then realized in actions which are carried out at the level of organs (hands, feet, muscles, etc.). The human brain, however, which has only about 10'J -10 '- 0 cells, cannot perform a modeling of the processes which are carried out at the cellular level in an organism, since the number of cells in an organism is 1014-1011. For this rea- son, processes at the cellular level may be con- trolled primarily by systems of the cells themselves. R. Vikhrov's suggestion that any pathology is re- lated to a pathology of a cell remains important even today. It is natural to ask whether the perception and processing of information about breakdown, which are carried out in cells by means of coherent waves in the extremely- high-frequency range are of a pat- tern nature. A stress reaction of an organism as ~ whole (a nonspecific response of an organism to ~ change in its condition of existence) Is, from the standpoint of phases of adaptation to changes, sim- ilar to the responses of a cell to unfavorable changes (Ref . 4). It Might thus be suggested that there is a similarity in the organization of the control. further, as described briefly in Ref. 5, among other places. This work has led to the suggestion that the organic changes in a cell which lead to a dis- ruption of the shape of cellular membranes result from the excitation of coherent standing acoustoelec- tric waves in these membranes. These waves are presumably most intense in regions of a disruption. The frequency of the oscillations is determined by the nature of the disruptions. Theoretical work has shown') that the field of these waves, which are partially radiated into the surrounding space and converted into electromagnetic waves, causes the dipoles of protein molecules which are oscillating at frequencies close to the frequencies of the waves excited in the membrane to be attracted toward the membrane. The attractive forces acting on the pro- tein molecules are proportional to sin2wtcos[(27r/A)ZJ, where A is the length of the acoustoelectric wave, and. Z is the coordinate along the surface of the membrane. These attractive forces are periodic (their period is A, rather than A/2, as in stand- ing waves). These forces are weak enough that a flux of protein molecules toward the membrane is formed as a result of a gradual buildup of directed displacements against the background of Brownian motion. In the immediate vicinity of the surface of the membrane, a force determined by the interaction of the polarization field, which is strong (10 7 V/m), with the constant component of the dipole moment of the protein molecules acts on the dipoles of these molecules. As a result, kinetic energy is trans- ferred from the protein molecules to the membrane (the average transfer is kT). The collisions. of the protein molecules may eliminate the distortion of the shape of the membranes. Protein molecules adhering to the membrane execute oscillations which are sustained by virtue of metabolic energy in the cell. Being synchronized by the oscillations in the membrane, they may trans- fer this energy to the alternating field of acousto- electric waves which are excited there, thereby re- plenishing the energy expended on controlling the moving flux of protein molecules. 6 There is a clear distinction here between the control process and the energy process of eliminat- ing the deformations. The control process is Pre- TIA_Idp_2_~ 6y§~gbtly directing of the flux of protein mole- PpTuveg FWRekH6 h*M&P %_0 U01W070001-9 . CIMAM9 649 Sov. Tech, Phys. Lett. 15(8), Aug. 1989 0360-12OX/89108 0649-02 $02.00 Oc 1990 American Institute of Physics 649 cules tAOOaofttbF1mWRWVbS6 21MM*4M1MCWFMF%-00792MMqMb9%" -if external radiation to a cell of' weak alternating components of the field of acous- is effective to the extent that it corresponds to the MW tcelectric waves and the fields of the electromagnetic coherent intrinsic radiation which is generated by oscillations into which the acoustoelectric waves Con- the cells upon corresponding disruptions. of the energy vert radiation. In the course upon process, on the other hand, the protein molecules Ow transfer the average kinetic energy of their thermal motion to the membrane in the region in which it is distorted. The process of eliminating pathological deformations is essentially a "self-healing" of the NO cells. From the standpoint of the answer to the question posed above, this process can be inter- preted in the following way. The distribution of the dw amplitude and the frequency of the coherent waves excited in the membrane reflects the nature of the disruptions in the membrane. In other words, It is the pattern of shape disruptions of the membrane, wa coded in the frequency and distribution of the am- plitude of the field, which affects the processes which occur in the interior of the cell (here, the energy processes are also included), leading to the dMd elimination of the disruptions and the maintenance of homeostasis. It seems to us that this interpretation of the process is of more than theoretical importance. It might also have some substantial practical conse- quences. Since the frequencies of the oscillations ex- cited in the membrane are determined primarily by the nature of the distortions of the shape of the membrane, identical distortions in different parts of a membrane will lead to the excitation of the same frequencies. The nature of the disruptions of the functioning of a cell (the nature of the "disease")t however, depends on the orientation of the distor- tion with respect to the positions of the cellular organelles. In other words, the same oscillation fre- quencies may cooperate to eliminate different dis- ruptions. The richness of the pattern perception of information about intracellular changes and of the pattern control of actions performed on these changes is determined by the frequency-coordinate nature of the perception. Since the pathology of the overall organism is, as we have already mentioned, related to a cellular pathology, the'same frequencies may prove useful in the healing of quite different diseases. Indeed, the first studies in this direction have revealed that the spectrum of the biological action of oscillations of a certain frequency is very wide, and, while a certain spectrum of generated frequencies corre- sponds to a certain type of disruption, the inverse conclusion cannot be drawn: A certain frequency spectrum of actions (i.e., only one of the coding factors) may correspond to the possibility of healing different disruptions. I)ThiS Work Was carried out by M. B. Galant and N. A. Savostlyanov. 1N. D. Deyatkov and M. B. Golant, Pis1ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. .4, 39 (1982) [Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. A, 17 (1982)]. 2N. D. Devyatkov and M. B. Golant, Pis1ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. _U, 288 (1986) [Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 11, 118 (1986)]. 3L. A. Cooper and R. N. Shepard, Sci. Am. 251, No. 12, 106 (Dec. 1984). 4A. D. Braun and T. P. Mozhenok,.Nonspecific Adaptive Syndrome [in Russian), Nauka, Leningrad (1987). 5M. B. Golant, in: Problems of Physical Electronics [in Russsian], M. 1. Kalinin Polytechnical Institute and A. F. loffe Physico- technical Institute, Leningrad (1988). 6M. B. Golant and T. B. Rebrova, Radioelektronika No. 10, 10 (1986). Translated by D. P. Defect formation in thin films bombarded with high-energy protons S. G. Lebedev Institute of Nuclear Research, Academy ofSciences of the USSR (Submitted February 9, 1989; resubmitted June'28, 1989) Pis'ma A. Fiz. 15, 70-72 (August 26, 1989) The radiation-induced structural defects A fraction ri(T) of the energy of a in recoilnucleus solids bombarded by high-energy protons, Is expended on electronic excitation, of energy while another T > 100 MeV, are determined by both elasticfraction v(T) is expended on the formation (elec- of radia- tromagnetic and nuclear) and inelastic tion-induced point defects in elastics interactions interactions of of the primary protons with the target the recoil nucleus with target atoms. atoma. The The NRT stand- recoil nuclei which acquire energy as a ard2 is widely used to calculate the result of function v(T). 00i nuclear interactions of protons createTo evaluate the rate at which point atom-atom col- defects are gen- lision cascades which are greater in extenterated by radiation, we need to know than the effective the cascades which start at the atoms thatcross section for defect formation, are the (7d, and the num- first ejected from their positions in Coulombber of defects, nd = v(T)/(2Ed), produced inter- by the MM1 actions, and these recoil nuclei are first-ejected atoms in the cascade of primarily re- subsequent sponsibloAfoz 1 atom-atom collisions is the minimum energy suf- PPrOV8dFM*8%AecMM/10~,- CIA-.'R"DP96-00792ROO0100070OOi-~& 6150 Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 15(8), Aug. 01350-02$02.00 Q 1990 American institute 1989 0360020X/89/08 of Physics 650 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 mow dw 13iophysics Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 952-954, 1983 ODD6-3509183 510.00+.Oo Printed in Poland (11) 1934 Pergarnon Press Ltd. 00 DISCUSSION aw ROLE OF SYNCHRONIZATION IN THE IMPACT OF WEAK ELECTROMAGNETIC SIGNALS OF THE MrLLIMETRE WAVE RANGE ON LIVING ORGANISMS* N. D. DEWATKON', M. 13. GOLANT and A. S. TAGER (Receired 28 September 1982) mow The possible mechanism of the action of weak electromagnetic radiation on living organisms is discussed based on the assumption of electromechanical autofluctuations of cell substruc- tures (for example, portions of the membranes) as the natural state of living ccils. It has been established that synchronization of these autofluctuations by external electromagnetic radii tion leads to the appearance of internal information signals acting on the regulatory systzms of the body. This hypothesis helps to explain the known experimental data. IT is known that the electromagnetic radiation of the milimetre wave range e.m.r. of very low (non-thermal, i.e. not appreciably heating the tissues) power may exert a fundamental action on dw various living organisms from viruses and bacteria through to mammals (I]. The spectrum of the e.m.r. induced biological effects is also extremely wide - from change in enzymatic activity, grovih rate and death of microorganisms through to protection of bonc marrow haematopoiesiS against the action of ionizing radiations and chemical preparations [I]. Many years of experimental re, am search have established the main patterns of the action of e.m.r.: its "resonance" character (011 biological effect is observed in narrow-from tenths of a per cent to percentage units -frequency intervals and starting from a certain threshold value practically does not depend On the intensity of the e.mr.); the high reproducibility of the resonance frequencies in repeat experiments; 'Mem", ism rization' by the organism of the action of the e.m.r. over a more or less long period if irradiatio lasts a sufficiently long time (usually not less than I hr); the non-critical nature of the observed biological effect to the irradiated portion of the animal body, etc. [2). tiort Md The most general conclusion arising from analysis of the patterns identified is that the ac of the e.m.r. on live organisms is not of an energetic but information character (2, 31, the prifwry effect of the e.m.r. being realized at cell level and asociated with biostructures common to dilTerco orpnisms. Such structures may be, in particular, elements of cell membranest with a considc,abl' ow dipole electric moment, molecules of protein enzymes, etc., for which, as shown by evaluation$ the frequencies of the natural mechanical vibrations lic (depending on the speed of sound) in the in" vat (0-5-5) x 1010 Hz. Below is described the most probable, in our view, mechanism of action of e.m.r. on fluctu""'"' ow in cell structures and the appearance of information signals in the body.~ * Bioflzika Zg: No. 5, 895-896, 1983. dew t Such an assumption has been advanced by many investigators. S. Ye. Bresler was the r1ro to point out this possibility to the authors. : The problem of transformation of information signals into control signals is not cOns'dored here. jag [9521 so Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 .00 d1w Role of synchronization in impact of weak -4clectromagnedc signals IV initial assumption is that In'the living organism and in the absence of external action all W" r S certain part of the oscillatory degrees of freedom of certain biostructures is in the regime of co- o -0, sulofluctuations sustained by the energy of metabolism (4). The effect of an external e.m.r. OP .Octed not with excitation of the fluctuations in biostructures but with change in particular A.rocristics of auto-fluctuations already existing in the living organism, in particular, with change 0 dow jboir spectrum. We shall assume that the auto-fluctuations appear in portions of the lipid skeletons 0 tW cell membranes.* Sets of normal fluctuations with an almost identical spectrum correspond oaiorls of the membranes of the given cell similar in r4ructure or in identical Cells adjacent MW siniplest model of such a structure nay be the totality of a large number of elementary 0140generators (oscillators) weakly joined together. The whole set may be broken down into several ..0 in each of which the autogenerators are almost identical. Within each group, in principle, ,,.al synchronization of the oscillators is possible although because of rapid weakening with arce of the links between the elements of structure and a certain difference in the fl~equencies, . es, if they exist, are localized in small portions between which synchronization O.Chronous regim ,SWnt. Therefore,it may befexpected that Inth.-usual conditions thephasesof theauto-fluctuations r jitrercrit oscillators, including those of a given group with close frequencies, are distributed ' i ls closi to zero. .0domly so that the mean value of the sum of the phases of all ~utofluctuations AhO close to zero is the macroscopic. (mean over a large number of portions of the same type) gem of such fluctuations -they exert the minimal action on other cell structures and do not burden W information system of the body. .The situation. however, may fundamenWly change on exposure of the cells to an external ,I,dromagnetic field. If the frequency of the external agent sufficiently closely approaches the fre- 40ency of the autolluctuations of one of the above mentioned groups of almost identical oscillators W 10 the harmonics and subharmonics of this frequency) the auto-fluctuations are 'captured' (synchronization) by the external signal. The centre of the synchronization band (resonance fre- 40ency) is determined by the mean weighted value of the partial frequencies of the oscillators of s given group and depends little on the deviations of the partial frequencies of the individual osciiia- lors. Synchronization is accompanied by phasing of the oscillations of all the elementary autogena. rajors - the phases of these oscillations concur with the phase of the external signal in a given portion of the structure. Such cophasic oscillations of identical portions of the cell membranes may produce different rucroscopic effects (for example, excitation of electromagnetic or electro-acoustic waves in the surrounding medium) and serve as an information signal for the regulatory systems of the body. mom For anv of the above mentioned groups of autogencrators there may exist several resonance fre- quencies 11 which the actions of the external signal will lead to the same or similar biological efflect. Since other structurally different portions of the membranes have their own spectrum of auto-iluctu- stions other sets of frequencies may also be observed at which the external signal produces different biological effects. A characteristic feature of the phenomenon of synchronization of auto-fluctuations is the low power of the external signal required for synch ronization the threshold value of which depends on th-: noise level in the system and the scatter of the partial frequencies of the individual autoge- nerators of a given group. Increase in the power of the external signal above threshold does not change the character of the synchronized oscillations. The phasing of the oscillations on synchronization may be accompanied by conformational r-arrangements of the cell structures since the auto-fluctuations influence the stability of mechanical systems [6]. The fixation of new conformations involving metabolic processes in the cells may ex- plain the above mentioned effect of "memorization" by the organism of prolonged action of e.m.r. The phasing of the auto-fluctuations of cell structures may apparently appear not only un&r the influence of the external harmonic signaJ but also as a result of mutual synchronization of the oscilla- The mechanism of excitation of auto-fluctuations in membranes is discussed in (5]. MW Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 954 IL A. ABAoYAN et at. tors due to their rearrangement with change in the conditions of existence or internal mobilization of the organism. It is natural to assume that the auto-fluctuations of portions of the membranes in the cells of a living organism are not only a means of information transmiss'on, there role is much wider. In particular, auto-fluct uat ions, even not synchronous, must exert a fundamental influence on ionic and molecular transport across the membranes. The fluctuating portion- of the membranes acts as a pump the mechanism of action of which is based on the vibration displacement of p3 rticle~ (on average, in a certain direction) under the influence of periodic (on average, not directed) forces (71. The synchronization of the auto-fluctuations of different portions of the cell membranes ma% fundamentally influence the processes of membrane transport and hence the properties and vital activity of the cells. The assumption that the biological action of e.m.r. on live organisms is connected with the external synchronization of the natural autofluctuations; of cell structures also agrees with othcr patterns of this phenomenon not mentioned here. REFERENCES WAW 1. DEVYATKOV, N. D. et al., Radiobiologiya 21: 163,1981 2. DEVYATKOV, N. D. et 4., Electronic Techniques. Ser. UHF Electronics (in Russian) 9, (33."1 43, 1981 3. DEVYATKOV, N. D. and GOLANT, M. B., Letters (in Russian) Zh. tekhn. 5z. 1, 39, 1982 4. FROLICH, H., Advances Electr. Electron. Phys. 55: 147, 1980 5. LIBERMAN, Ye. A. and EIDUS, V. L., Biofizika 26: 1109, 1981 low 6. CHALOVSKII, V. N., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 110: 345,1956 7. BLEKHMAN, 1. 1. and DZHANELTDZE, G. Yu., Vibration Displacements (in Russian) p. 411' Nauka, Moscow, 1964 Biophysics Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 954-963, 1993 Printtd in Poland 0006-3509183 S 10,00 + 0 1984 Pergamon Pis, Lji NOW INVESTIGATION OF DIFFRACTION EFFECTS APPEARING ON PACKING OF HELICAL MOLECULES* R. A. A13AGYAN, V. N. ROGULENKOVA, V. G. TuMANYAN and N. G. YESIPOVA Institute of Molecular Biology, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow (Received I I September 1980) The paper considers the general problem of diffraction in biological specim.-as includi" several levels of organization. Formulae are obtained for diffraction on aggregates Of helical molecules in which the size of the cell in the direction of the axis of the molecule does notagra with the period and size of the helix. 11te formulae obtained fully describe the positions a0d Biofizika 28: No. 5, 897-904, 1983. #MW Approved For Release 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Now Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Now 411111 no VOLUME 29 Contents NUMBER 10 RADIOELECTRONICS AND C0MMUNIC,;TI0N%";" SYSTSMIS SPECIAL ISSUE 01111 MICROWAVE ELECTRONIC OEVICES 1986 PAGES RUSSIANANGLIS r-;-;-crls *oreward. 1. V. Lebedev ......................... 3 i aczion of low intensity millimeter band radiation.. 4 0. 7. Bets;=' and A. 7T. Purviln.skif .................................. 'oe~nieen living organisms and certain microwave devices. B. Gclan,: and T. B. Rebrova ..................................... .-lode 14 ns of ionlinear problems in semiconductor microwave electronics. yu. r. Khatuntsev .................................................. 20 16 Nain trends in the modeling of submicrometer metal Schottky gate field- t effect transistors (a review). G. V. Petrov and A. 1. Tolstoi.... 28 23 Design elements and efficiency of'tkie oscillating systems of solid state microwave oscillators. S. A. Zinchenko and E. A. Machusskii ...... 43 36 Frequency dependence of the modula:tlon sensitivity of Gunn oscillators. New V. 14. Dubrovskii and A. S. Karasev .................................50 43 Calculations of diode operation in a high-power upconverter. Yu. G. Tityukov and V.'A. Yakovenko ........... M. . . * ..... o ..... 55 49 Study of the methods of solution of a self-congruent problem in 0-type dew devices with a periodic'structure. A. V. Osin, V. V. Podshivalov, and V. A. Solntsev ............ * ......................................61 55 ?ower summation algorithm used for study of vacuum tubes with prolonged - . Zarembskii ............. 66 60 interaction. Yu. L. Bobrovskii and S. A am I multiperod numeric model of a crossed-field amplifier. A. A. Terentlev, E. M. Illin,,and V. B. Baiburin........; ........... 72 66 79 72 Yu. N. Pchellnikov .......... Unconventional uses of retarding systems. Brief Communications :Iumeric mode 14 ng of microwave limiter diode. N. 1. Filatov and A. S. Shnitnikov ........................ o ........................... 84 76 Optimization of the energy characteristics of varactor microwave mixers. A. E. Ryzhkov and 1. E. Chechik.....o .............................. 86 8o Ootimization of phase and amplitude-frequency characteristics of a microwave semiconductor amplifier-. V. 1. Kaganov and ass 9() 84 S. '11. Zamuruev .................... o ................................. -:*fflclency of marching circuits in solid state microwave oscillators. E. A. Maclliusskii... , ................................................92 88 wow Solid state .-taveguide phase shifter with a resonant grating as a control element. A. S. Petrov, V. V. Povarov, and 1. V. Lebedev .......... 94 90 4UMOriZation to Onot0cocy items for Internal or o9mngg us@. or tne interriN Of O#rl*nbt use Of 204MIlIC C110MIS. Is 97811*66 by A110flon Pf*W Inc. 'or "Or4ries '"I stared witn tne Canyrignt Clearance Canter ICCCI Transactional ReDo"Ing SgrvwA. providels tnat tne bass too of $20.00 q2 0.00 t'FA-'WO?d~U~7292ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 EM BI-OL06ICAL ACTION OF LOW INTENSITY MILLI.METEP BAND MDIATION 0. V. Betslii ind A. V. PutvinsHi Izvestiya VUZ. Radioelektr'onika, Vol. 29, 11o. 10, pp. 4-10, 1986 UDC 533.573:61 The possible role is discussed of the strong absorption of mill-Imeter (M-M) waves bioiogical sys- by water molecules in the primary mechanism of the resDonse of rems to rU4 radiation.---- Data are. reported on the interaction of LM radiat ion with simple water systems.: The attention is focused on the effect of convec- ~;ive micing of water solutions under the effect of low intensity (I ... 10 2 .M14/cm IM waves., Among the most interesting fields of unconventional uses of electromagnetic waves are medicine, biophysics and.bictechnology., When waves with a large power density are utiliZed, the useful effect is pro .duced typically by the heating of the material being studied; the effect is determined not only by the geometry of the object, but to a large extent also by the radiation wavelength (XI., In the past two decaded,-.,inve'stigators have been concerned with the low intensity limit electromagnetic. waves in,the millimeter U941 and submilliter bands, with waves of 2' density of single-digit- mw/cm. 1: the general heating of irradiated material with these waves is small, amounting to some 0.10C [1-41.-, Radiation in M. band is strongly abscrbe~ by various materials. - -. One.'of- these materials is water, which plays an extremely imporra: role in the vital functiozis of biological* systems. For example, a flat water layer I = thick attenuates the radiation at X.- B mm tky 20 dB, and at X - 2 mm by 4Q dB, i.e.. by hundreds of times. -.The heating -of materials in M11 band for this reason is superficial, with a large temperature gradient. When human skin is irradiated by MM waves, prac-'cal' the entire radiation is abs-orbed in the surface layer of a few one-tenths of a milllm'etei (the weight content- of water, In the skin is-,more than 651% 1. Another feature of M4 waves'ii the fact'that the energy of an irradiation quantum h\ even in this short-wave portion of the microwave band, is still smaller than the energy of thermal motion- k';.~ 9 .6 or thd'wavelength X~Fmm hv-1,17-10-3 eV, whileat roomtemperature 2 kT - 2.53-10- eV. The quantum energy in this-frequency band is significantly lower not only than the energy of electron transitions (1-20 eV) or the activation energy (0.2 e%r), but even than the oscillational energy of molecules (i0 -2 -10 -1 eV) , and the en- er gy of hydrogen bonds (2- o-2_ -l' -es smaller than this quan- 1 10 eV); Examples of energ.J. -3 -4 tum are the energy of rotation of molecules around bonds (10 -10 eV), the energy -4 -6 of Cooper pairs in superconductivity -(10 -10 eV), and the energy of magnatic'ordering (10 -10 eV). From these energy estimates it follows that MH radiation cannot produce atomic or molecular changes or restructurings. If one -.akes the analogy with the optical frequency cand, such changes would require multiphoton processes; the ,lumber of MM radiation ouan,:a 7hat would be necessary for an energy conversion should be 10 or more, which is unlike-L7 7-t there are two important circumstances that should be taken into account in studies Of :he effects of interaction of low intensity M1 radiation with b-iologrical ob.'ects. 6 the energy of M-1 radiation can be transformed to the enerc,*y of -moiar molecule % M-ssocla:ued Tvit'h rotational degrees of _-freedom. The role of such energy accumulators is 0 1986 by Mier= Pmm In& Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-~0792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 no cerformed effectively by polarized water molecules, which have a dipole moment of 1-3hD. -.n water solutions of 7arious materials, the absorprion of microwave energy will also be determined by water molecules and occur as a local process controlled both by the number .6 -f water molecules in the solution and the interaction of these molecules with other mole- :uIes. Suc1,T a selective heating of matter can produce biologically significant effects, elren with low 111M radiation powers when the overall heating is small and insignificant. 7~' Secondly, the energy of 14M waves can be stored on the basis of a different,.resonance AW mechanism, such as the one suggested in [5]. In a nutshell, this hypothesis postulates the following. Biological systems can have polarization'al (dipole) oscillations in the ftrequency band 100-1000 GHz (A - 3-0.3 mm). The,- various vital processes in -bio- :o6ical cells would provide the 'energy for locally excited.dipole o icillations (biological pumping). By virtue of nonlinear effects of interaction of dipole oscillations and the nonlinear relationship of these oscillations with elastic oscillations, the system can pass into a merastable state, in which the energy will be transformed into the energy of a single'type of oscillation. Under the efrect of M radiation, -the metastable oscillatiol 2an pass into a fundamental oscillation, giving rise to a "giant dipole," which would be a special case of an unusual coherent state of the biological object. The model postulat.e! that such oscillations encompass portions of biological membranes or of biomacromolecules. Such a state is of a single-quantum type, and resembles the low temperature condensation of Bose gas. These two circumstances determine the major traii'af'1411 radiation - the , possibility and importance of nonthermal (or low-intensity) biological effects of rim ra- ftiazlion. "Mese effects are observed at radiation power densities of approximately 2 -.0 nil-1/cm , at which the general temperature rise of the irradiated.specimen is not greater than 0.10C, as has been mentioned. I ns in the millime 'e"'. '"he specifics of the electromagnetic vibratio t r_(and s'u'bmillimeter) frequency bands would thus be capable of inducing peculiar low-intensity biological ef- fec~s not accompanied by biologically significant general rise,o'f the temperature of the material irradiated. All experimentally known-effects can be divided by way of convention into two groups differing In the mechanism of utilization of the electromagnetic vibration energy: the effects induced by selective space-localized microthermal,heating, usually su- perficial; and the effects caused by frequency-dependent Cresonance)-type.of energy.stor-. age. MAIII BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF IM RADIATIO11 Substantial data have been accumulated in _txperimental and theoretical studies of biological effects of low intensity MM radiation; In the past.few years rM radiation has been used successfully for clinical treatment of various'disea:ses.'""The 'primary physical- chemicalmechanisms underlying the sensitivity of biological'objec-tis to ithis type of elec- tromagnetic radiation, however, remain an unknown, making their study~~articularly de- sirable. After years of research certain regularities in the"interaction with biological ob- 'ects have been established. In practically important'aases:the interaction, as men- "oned, is not of an energy type, i.e., is not due to a'~rivial-heatind-of material. One mn~:.usually speaks of informational interaction (this hypothesis was"firstexamined in r6]). "k 'The term can be used legitimately to mean that the radiation -of a7low'intensity can trigger .. (initiate) a chain of successive responses, accompanied by a transformation of energy and ,,leading to a useful effect, i.e., that the interaction is of d'mediAted type. -This can ,:only apply, of course, to complexly organized (integrated) live biological objects. Not only the frequency-dependent (resonance) but microthermal storage,bf microwave energy can be informational when interacting with a live organism.. low., In experiments with microorganisms, animals, or humans'',. -the response... can appear as narrow resonance curves tens to hundreds of megahertz wide- "The following interesting "interaction effects have also been observed experimentally: a) the response has a power .,hreshold (there is a certain minimal power value, after which-the''effect becomes discern- "Lble); b) a stable biological effect is cumulative Cthe response- i6p'ears after a certain following, the onset of irradiation - from 15-20 min to an hour);. a) the exueri- ,.enzal relationships plotting the biological effect versus miarow'ave power have an ex- .~ended segment (plateau), where the effect is independent of the irradiation inte~isity frOm two to five orders of magnitude of power variation); and d) the therapeutic effect some instan'ces can be improved when M14 waves are combined with other therapeutic modali- .1es, such as X-rays or chemotherapy.' Some §)ts, devices, and ideas low ow, Appr orlRelease-WOO/08/10 40 Za 0 /MCI% Fig. 1 CIA-RDP96-0 r R0001000700 Fig. 2 U. V Fig. 3 of microwave electronics (feedback, synchronization of oscillations, etc.). This is ".he approach developed for example in [1, pp. 127-1311.* lie will now briefly describe in qualitative terms the effects of low intensity MM radiation based on the (specific for MM band) selective microheating of water Media con- taining various biological materials. Basic to these effects is the convection~of liquid occurring at the phase interfac 'e. Tn planning and conducting the experiments, we were guided by the following key ideas: a) the strong selective absorption of LM radiation by water nolecules against the background of low-absorbing components of various Ilquid -ned-4: can be responsible for the transport of charged particles and various molecules in such systems; b) biological membranes are the most likely target for low intensity '91 radfarior in the cell; c) the search for new effects should be conducted on simple biological objecl or model systems, even though this reduces the probability of observing frequency-depender (resonance) effects, which was confirmed in experiments; and d) the primary physical chem. cal mechanisms of response should be investigated in the skin, thin layers of which absort M radiation almost completely. DISRUPTION OF THE ADDITIvrTY OF ABSORPTION OF fill RADIATION BY WATER SOLUTIONS (SEE RELEVANT ARTICLES IN [1,243) Preclse measurements of the concentration relationships of IV-he absorption of'low in- tensity M14 radiation by water solutions shows that the pattern of absorption of 194 radia- tion varies qualitatively and quantitatively, depending on the type of interaction of wate molecules with the molecules of the solvate. Three cases observed at X - 2 mm, P - 1 mW/cm2 are distinguished, depending on the concentration of the solvate as illustrated qualitatively by Fig. 1: 1) the absorption of the electromagnetic radiation by the so- lution is equal to the sum of absorptions of the solvent and solute; 2)-the total absorp- tion is less than the sum of the partial absorptions; and 3) the total absorption is greate than the sum of the partial absorptions. These effects can be 'explained as follows. When MM radiation is absorbed, electromagnetic energy is pumped into the rotational energy of polar water molecules, followed by the dissipation of energy into thermal energy, as a e- sult of intermolecular interactions. Strictly speaking, the absorption is of a resonance nature: on a fixed wavelength, the radiation is absorbed effectively by a small proportion of water molecules whose frequencies of rotational motions are close to the frequency of incident radiation. As the frequency of the ezternal field is changed, a d;Lfferent group of molecules takes part in absorption of the radiation, in conformity with the distributio of water molecules according to the rotation frequencies. Experimentally, it is impossibi to determine the resonance nature of such absorption because of the effective mechanism of thermal scattering of energy that would occur within the time of the order ofIO-9-10- 10 see. In the first case of absorption, illustrated by Fig. 1, water molecules practically do not interact with molecules of the solute; in the second case, some of the water mole- cules lose rotational mobility as a result of intermolecular interaction (the molecules of bound water absorb 1124 radiation less than do molecules of free water), i.e., the total ab- sorption decreases; in the third case, the intermolecular interaction is such that is in- zreases the rotational mobility of watar molecules, leading to an additional- increase of ;ne total absorption. From relations similar to those given in 'Fig. it is thus possible to judge about important P~rameters, such as degree of hydration, the reactivity of mole- *See also the paper by rl. S. Golanta and T. B. Rebrova in the ~uzrrent issue. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 M., 7. IMM 2 lite- f- t 9 /a P. MWXMI Tig. 4 ,u.'es in water solution, etc. These effects could also be of a practical value in engi neer~.na- orocesses (especially in the pharmaceutical industry) for monitoring solute con U . centrations. M .Lhese peculiar properties of the molecules of free and bound water in r94 wave band gave an impetus for developing the theory of dielectric relaxation of polar molecules and :reation of refined molecular models; this in turn yielded valuable information for under standing the structure and properties of water in complex compounds. Interesting infor- marion on this matter can be found, for example, in [2,73. EFFECTS OF H11 IRRADIATION OF UATER SYSTEMS By strong interaction with water molecules, Md radiation affects the properties of water, both as the external and internal environment of live cells. The early experiment with water systems revealed the affect of aonvection. The picture of water convection in rectangular quartz or acrylic plastic trays irradiated with low intensity MM waves was studied by optical methods of pha:se contrast and holographic interferometry [8]. The varied methods of irradiation (placing the irradiating-horn at the lower side walls or above an open water surface) produced water motions conforming to the mechanism of inter- phase convection (i.e., convection caused by gradients of surface tension forces) at a power level below 10 mW/cm2. The convection usually*encompassed the entire volume of a tray (up to 2 ml) and had a fluctuational pattern. The dependence of convection intensit on 1414 radiation power was determined by a polarographic technique. -The experiment setup is illustrated by Fig. 2, where 1 is radiation horn, 2 is a teflon cartridgei 3 is thermo. chromium liquid crystal film, and 4 is platinum microelectrode. As is well known, the limiting current I d reducing the substances dissolved in water is determined by the thick. ness of the diffusional layer on the electrode surface, and thereofre is highly sensitive to convection in the solution. Polarograms of reduction of 02 in water solution is shown in Fig. 3: 1) at 180C with no mixing of the medium; 2) at 23'C also with no mixing; 3) at 180C with nixing. When MM radiation was started, at the instant ma ed by the arrow, I d 2+ was observed to grow both for 02 and for Cd CFig. 4, curves I - 1.01 radiation (I M KCI); 2- M radiation (10-3 N CdC12, 1 M M). In this experiment the thickness of the layer between the electrode and the wall (the thermobhrome film), through which the radiation was conducted, was 2 mm, so that direct action of the microwave field or thermodiffusion on the electrode was ruled out. This effect was produced by interphase convection, due tc forces of surface tension, not only in the irradiated zone, but at. the water-air interface as well. 2 Judging by the color of the thermochrome film, the heating even at 20 mW/cm was not greater thano.20C. Obviously, it is the interphase convection which is the main mechanisff for removing the heat from the irradiated zone. It is of interest also to compare the mi- crowave action with simple heating of the wall with IR radiation, which also induces con- vection (Fig. 4, curve 3 - IR radiation (10-3 M CdC121 1 M KC1)). In the latter case, the effect was observed only with the calculated heat flux value of not less than 15 mW/cm 2. M 1his can be explained by the fact that microwave power is released directly in-the solu- tion, while with IR radiation, the heat flow from the tray wall is limited by the low thermal conductivity of water impeding convection. An Anteres -1 d Lstration of the convectional mixing in the tray with 11M radiation pproveg~no Ffelemaosre 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 5 Fig. 6 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96--00792ROO0100070001-9 can be observed in exneriments with chlorine plastic radiator of a special Shane (for~ic~ Now Used in L~'9] to study :Whe frequency-dependent effects of MM'waves (Fig. 5, where 1 is Zhe fork radiaror*; 2 is tray; 3 is water; 4 is the li.ght beam; 5 is stirrer; and 6 is inkl. 'For nil~."ing in the inner volume of the tray, into which the fork was placed, a 'vi b r at in M3 -late (150 liz) was placed nea-r the bottom of the tray. An ink drop was introduced -.hrcu;r..;, a thin needle to the bottom of the tray, and the intensity of the light beam passing through the space insi.de the "fork" was observed. When the vibration intensity of the stirrer was not too large, the ink did not spre-; throughout the entire volume, leaving the top portion of the tray clear. After M rad~-'a. tion was turned on, the light transmittance decreased (Fig. 6), and the movement of the ink upward along the teflon surface could be observed visually. Remarkably, when microwE radiation was turned off, the ink/water interface again leveled and light transmittance was partly restored. Importantly, the convection causing the mixing of ink in these em- periments was observed when the power in the channel was just 15 mW Cthe irradiator area was 5 cm2 The experiments with water and water solutions in trays commonly used in studies of the biological effects of 1411 radiation thus reveal convectional motion for radiation in 2 tensities below 10 mW/cm , which is usually described by many authors as "nontherma Such,convection caused by the*forces of surface tension at the phase.interfaces can be either 'Localized or encompassing the entire volume of the tray. Many biochemical and par ticularly membrane processes are known to be sensitive to the mixing of the medium. ILL has been determined experimentally, for example, that low intensity MM radiation can-ac- + 2 celerate the active transport of ions of Na CP Z 1 MW/cm 1, modify the erythrocyte mem- + .2 brane permeability to K ions (1-5 mW/cm accelerate the peroxide oxidation of an- 2 - saturated fatty acids in liposomes L>l mW/cm increase the ionic conductivity of two- 2 layer lipid bilayer membranes (Z10 mW/cm ), etc. E10,111. The convection which removes diffusional restrictions in the medium and inside the intracellular compartments can thus be a primary mechanism-of the action of IM waves on the vital processes. Another effect has a direct relation to microwave technology. It has been noted that, as water flows through a thin glass capillary inserted into a rectangular waveguide MW in the area of the maximum E-field on H vaye, the water flow is affected by the intensi 10 of the wave passing through the waveguide. It has been determined that rim radiation spee up the water flow; this allows using the capillary as an elementary thermoviscosimetric sensor of microwave energy f12]. It seems that M. radiation, being absorbed in the thin near-wall layer of the capillary, affects the cohesion of the water with the wall, modi- fying the motion of liquid through the capillary. The sensitivity threshold of biological objects to low-intensity continuous MM ra- 2 diation is 1-10 mW/cm Some of the effects are due to the substantial selective ab- sorption of this radiation by water molecules, leading to liquid convection in this speci. men. Convection is also responsible for variations in the transport of charged particle: and various materials through membranes, wh-tch is of a major biological importance. Thesf effects must be taken into account when using low-intensity fn~ radiations for clinical treatment of various diseases. The experiments on simple and model objects confirm the idea that the frequency-dependent (resonant) effects of rlM radiation are a property of complexly organized (live) biological objects. REFERVICES 1. N. D. Devyatkov (Editor), Uses of Low-Intensity and Medicine [in Russian3, IRE AN SSSR, Moscow, 1985. 2. N. D. Devyatkov (Editar), Nonthermal Effects of IRE AN SSSR, Moscow, 1981. 3. 11. D. Devyatkov (Editor), Effects of Nonthermal Objects fin Russian], IRE AN SSSR, Moscow, 1983. 4. H. Froehlich and F. Kremmer (Editors), Coherent Millimeter Radiation in Biology Millimeter Radiation lin Russian' Millimeter Radiation on 3iologicz Excitations In Biological SystemE *The unit was kindly provided by Dr. F. Keilmann (flax Planck Solid State Institute, StuttgarAplTtgg~d For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 6 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 EP"inger Terlag, Berlin, 198d,2. F. -Froehlich, "Long-range coherence and energy storage in biological systems," j. of Quantum Chemistry, vol. 11, pp. 641-649, 1968. 6. A. S. Presman, Electromatneric Fields and Live Nature [in Russian'll, *Tauka, llos- z cu ,!968. 1 7. V. 1. Gaiduk, "Dielectrical relaxation in an ense .mble of lineal molecules for 7arious collision statistics." 1--v. iMt. Radioelektronika*, vol. 28, no. 11, PP. 1366- _3171, :985. 8. 1. G. Polnikov et al.,."Hydrd*dynamic instability at phase boundaries in the ab- sorption of low-intensity W1 radiation," in: Uses of Low-Intensity Millimeter Radiation in Biology and Medicine [in Russian],. IRE AN SSS.R, Moscow, 1983. 9. F. Keilmann, "Experimental RF and MW resonant nonthermal effects," in: Biological -ffects and Dosimetry of Nonionizing Radiation, M. Grandolf, S. Michaelson, and A. Rindi ~_ditors), Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, 1983-- 10. 0., V.-Beitskii, K. D. Kazarinov, A. V. Putvinakii, and V. S. Sharov, "Convectional -ansport of substances dissolved in water as a possible mechanism of acceleration of mem- -rane processes by Mrl radiation," in: Effects of Nonthermal Millimeter Radiation on Bio- 'ogicai Objects [in Russian], IRE AN SSSR, Moscow, 1983. 11. S. G. Mairanovskil et al., "Polarographic study of the influence of low power M1.1 r-adiation on rate of pyridine protonization in a water medium," Dokl. Akad. Nauch. SSSR, vol. 282, no. 4, pp. 931-933, 1985. 12'. 0. V. Betskii, K. D. Kazarinov, A. V. Putvinskii, and V. S. Sharov, "A method for measuring the power of microwave radiation," USSR Authors' Certificate no. 1101750, 3yulleten 7Zobretenii, no. 25, 1984. 24 March 1986 -munications Systems. Available from Allerton ?ress, Inc., Radioelectranics and Com Rwoo100070001-9 Kp7p-rov8d Fi:WRdleiae 2000~ddAb;: diW-_kbFWo092 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 SINILARITIES BETWEEN LIVING ORGANISMS AND CERTAIN [110011AVE DEVICES M. B. Golant and T. B. Rebrova Izvestiya VUZ. Radioelektronika, Vol. 29, No. 10, PP. 10-19, 1986 UDC 533.56:57:62.1.385.6 Vital functions of live organisms are discussed on the basis of published ex- perimental data concerning the effects of lower-power millimeter-band electro- magnetic waves on these organisms. Analogies with operation of microwave de- vices are drawn. In [13 the possibility was discussed of applying the concepts of -adioeleczronics an cybernetics to medical and biological problems. The study was concern;d with the general aspects of organization of the control of complex systems, as they refer to utilization 010 of low (nonthermal) power milliter-band waves of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in order to mobilize forces in a live organism, to eliminate disbalances in its functioning, or to prepare the organism for future detrimental impacts.- Parallels between the F14R effects on live organisms [2] and general opreration regu-. larities of information systems have been drawn in 13,4]. These regularities, which de- termine the choice of the oscillation power and frequency, the requirements to oscillatior stability, radiation site and time, etc. E53, proved important in the Elm uses for medica: treatments and in biotechnology. This universality is connected with the fact that the general patterns of operation of information systems apply to different organisms and ac- tions. Mechanisms triggered by control signals can differ substantially, depending on thE information content of the signals and the nature of the objects.-at which they are di- rected. AN Can an analogy with the organization principles of a microwave device be useful for understanding the operation of the informational processes in live organisms? We believe that it can, although such an analogy cannot be as complete as when one analyzes the gen- eral patterns of operation of information systems. Here one can - cautiously - compare the characteristics observed in experiments on live organisms with the characteristics of microwave devices and units. Ample experience accumulated after five decades of develop- ment of microwave technology can give clues to interpretation of the results. This ossi_ p bility is extremely valuable because of the insurmountable obstacles faced by attempts at direct observations in this area. RESONANCE !U CELL f-01BRANES Considerable biological effects in various parts of the body, often quite remote from the irradiated part of the body surface, can be produced by an infinitesimal Elm power. This observation initially suggested the possibility of some informational function per- formed by irradiation. What elements-in the body respond to signals of such 'a high fre- quency? Theoretical analysis of the experimental facts connected with the Erm effects in live organisms indicated early on that it is cells and cell elements, and especially membranes, U -hat resmond to EMR action [6]. The fact that a very low powe,;, was sufficient for an in f ormarional impact [NOTE. Simple estimates based on the totalnumber of cells in the human body 14_ 15 (10 io ) and the general thermal output of the body (measured by hundreds of watts) show that mean power output of a cell is 0.5-5 pW; for bacteria, based on the ratio f an organism's volume to the mean volume of the human cell, 'his power is lower by a 3 factor of 10 The density of the power flow abs 'orbed by a cell during irradiation and sufficient for nroducing the biologizal effect (see, e.q., [3,91), adJusting for absorp- 0 1986 bV Allermn Pren, Jnr_ Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP9%-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 -.:L:n in :he environmen- , is ncr !or-er than 0.1 of these -uan-.ittes. Studies :ff _,r:r._=:ion effects -roduced by !=pulse sigpnals rIG! suggest that -.he mean ene y ra of s--*;7nal can be even lower, at least by an order of magnf~~ude] suggested two altern .ives: either the cells, under certain biological conditions, exist in a state close to :ri.7gsring threshold of signal generation or, even before the EM action, such gene4atiol :at.-es place in the cells. In -he former case, the generation of an information sig-nal b: zhe cell -'s similar to signal amplification in a regenerating amplifier [6]; in the latt~ Ine funczion of the E14R is to synchronize signals Zenerated by a large number of oscilla. ~-o . rs Lr7J'. In view of the instability of regenerating amplifiers, as co*ntrasted against :;he stability and reliability of functioning of live organisms, the mechanism determined by synchronization of a large number of oscillations appears more natural. owl As has be6n demonstrated in [11], a notion of such oscillators is provided by the 41.ne structure of the sz)ectra of EIMR-induced effects [8,12,131 (Fig. 1), due to the possj b I of inducing in L ~:. It Y L 11pid cell membranes acoustic waves of zhe whispering gallery ovavE not radiated into the external environment because of the complete internal reflection'.. Daz;a in [14] on the elastic modulus of distension of cell membranes Ke (K - 0.45 Wm) and -.he thickness A of their hydrophobic region (A a 310-9 -) make it possible to estimate 14 M mm moll -.he velocity vZ of acoustic waves traveling along the membrane where a is the density of the lipid (fatty) layer, which for the evaluation can be set at 3 300 kg/m owl The value of vZ computed wi. 'th (1) is approximately 400 m/sec.- The membranes of cer- tain cells and subcellular elements are cylindrical [15,16l. If the oscillations are ex- cited along the perimeter of the side surface of the cylinders, their resonance condition will require that the parameter rd (where d is the diameter of the cylinder) be equal to am an integer 11 of the length of acoustic waves A A ~ Vdt (2) Mi (where f is the oscillation frequency), N -r_n&A. (3) N (K.1pAX-5 (3') The frequency diversity Af of two neighboring resonances corresponds to a change of N by tl and is equal to I Af I vj/hd:w (,K,1pAO'j (nd)-'. (4) Cellular membranes are polarized, and each has a constant potential difference corre- sponding to a field intensity of the order of 107 V/M. *111he acoustic vibrations deforming the membrane, therefore, induce a variable electric field, forming an acoustic -electric wave. The spatial period of the variable component of the electric field is equal to the wavelength of acoustic oscillations determined by C2). For example, for E. coZis which has the diameter of about 0.65 um C151, when the excitation is produced by wavelength in the free space of X = 6.5 mm (corresponding to f = 46.1 GHz), the wavelength in the mem- brane A will be approximately equal to 100 a. The electrical length N of the -perimeter, according to (3), is close to 200. The variation AA of the wavelength in the free space or X corresponding to Af, defined by (4), is AA 3-10-2 mm. This practically coincides KI 45 dT2 55~ W W V Approved For Release 2000/08/10 CIA-RDIP*6-(10792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 200ffiwjo 00100070001-9 0 . . . . . . . . . . .i A Y ITT 1017047 Q&6,9 FrreaLwncv.17m'z Fig. 2 with the experimental data [81 (Fig. 1). Figure 1 plbts the synthesis induction coefficient K. vs. A during irradiation of coZi culture. Similar estimates for yeast cultures based on spectra pdblished in [12] ~'Fig. 2) show that this spectrum represents the oscillations of the ourer membrane, whi:e the spectrum published in [131 (Fig. 3) refers to vibrations of mitochondria membranes. Figure 2 plots the normalized rate of growth of the yeast culture irradiated by EMR VS. f; Fig. 3 Plots the dependence on X of the change in the number of carrier sites ar-_ mice are.exposed to EME combined with X-rays (the curve PMD + R), as compared wit', cha'. &A , Z: in the number of carrier sites after irradiation with X-rays alone (curve R)1: K is the It is not only the quantitative fit of the calculated and experimental spectrum tha: is essential. The cognitive significance of this analysis is even more important'. First of all, it clarifies why the lines in the spectra 'are narrow desnite the sub- stantial losses in the biological media, and explains the presence of many bands in the spectra which correspond to similar biological effect. Both these observations are at- tributable to the fact that cell membranes expose7d to acoustic vibrations are resonance systems in which a large number of oscillation types can be induced; some of them (with similar values of N) are similar in the type of fields that are induced. In the analysis of the effect spectra shown in Figs. 1-3, one should take into account that these are sub. aw stantially nonlinear relationships between the bodily effects and the information param- eters. It should also be noted that in the elementary case of a cylindrical membrane taken for illustration, we discuss types of oscillations that differ in just one parametel Now N for the sake of clarity. In reality, membrane shapes can be complex.with corresponding vibrations characterized generally by more than one parameter. For example, in Fig. 3, two series*of lines with a similar period can be distinguished, which are shifted relativE to each other. Different series of resonance bands can correspond to different cell mem- branes (see below, the last section) and can be stimulated in different subbands. W" It becomes also clearly why the biological effect of EITR on a healthy cell is weak (within the natural scatter of the functional indicator), and becomes manifested only a' l- ter several irradiation sessions [173. The calculated value of wave velocity v , 400 Z m/sec corresponds to the deceleration of the electromagnetic wave by almost a factor of one million (reduction of the wave'velocity compared with the speed of light in vacuum). The field is pressed tight to the membrane: the distance from the membrane surface at which the field amplitude is reduced by a factor of e for a wave X mm is approximately equal to 10 In order for such a system to become connected with a wave propagating in the outer environment, special elements of connection are necessary. The organization of these elements is discussed in the next section. We will merely note here that such con- nection elements arise onlyunder unfavorable biological conditions, to which cells or cell systems respond by restructuring. Under normal conditions the membranes radiate almost no millimeter waves; accordingly, they can hardly perceive any external radiation. 'The highl organized energy of microwave vibrations is not wasted by the body; in terms of energy loss, there is no substantial difference between generation and regenerative amplifica- tilon. Another theoretically and practically important experimental fact also becomes ex- plicable: under thesame experimental conditions, itis not only the fine structure that is characterized by an exceedingly high reproducibility, but also the frequency values at which specific biological effects are observed, despite the fact that the dispersion of the cell sizes and subeellular elements is fairlylarge. This happens because the value L, Of V4, by virtue of (1), is affected by several parameters (the calculated value of v Z Z 400 m/sec is found for mean values, and is itself an averaged estimate). By virtue of Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDPBB-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 mi~4 X J_ 30~ -117 i 703 710 71Z 7111 715 71d Z?0 722 '721, mm 1-2 Fig -3 Fig. 4 (2), A for a fi-ced f Is oronortional to v,, and so for given q and f, the value of d (see (3)) will also vary in proportion to v Changes in the number of wavelengths *11 (for a fixed f) on the perimeter of a membrane are unlikely under theconditions of'-he exDeriment T'he membrane is built successively of separate "blocks" - molecules. In the constructior, of cellular structures, one error occurs per 109 construction motions E18]. On the other hand, there is a very small number of molecules per one wavelength 1163, so that even whe thousands of wavelengths can be fitted along the membrane perimeter, a change of the num- ber of molecules along the perimeter of a membrane in the course of its construction is practically ruled out for any significant number of cells. If the number of molecule's is .,he sane, the values of vZ and A, in conformity with the analysis of (1) and (2), and the parameters appearing in (1), will be affected solely by the density of the packing of molecules; the changes in this density wi.11 produce variations of A and d proportional to one another. The informational action of E14R on cells appears to be cbnn6cted with f largely through N, because it is N which determines the character and direction of forces in the nataral system of coordinates tied to the membrane. In particular, the fine and flexible control of cells functions, by varying f can be due to the fact that with a large number of -oscillations characterized by small variations of N and respective field configuration: a fairly smooth regulation of cellular processes can be achieved. The excitation of mem- branes has been studied extensively (see, e.g., r16]).... In view of..t.he small value of the mechanism of long-term or multiple interaction of the variable electric field of the membrane with charges connected with protein molecules described in U161 seems probable. In electronic devices, long-term and multiple interactions of charges with a microwave field are quite common (see, e.g., [191). in-resonance syst6ms closed in field and in current, such as the electrodynamic system of a mult:Lresonator magnetron, excitations are quite easy to induce (it is this kind of system that a membrane -should provide for the oscillations closed in a ring and.excited in it). The current necessary for stimulating oscillations would be determined by the quality of the energy loss in the system for a certain amplitude of the microwave field and the energy released into this field by the charges. The charges, connected with protein molecules oscillating at their resonant fre- luencies (due to the metabolism energy), have, because of a large molecular weight of pro- tein molecules, considerable stored energy which they can pass on to the membrane's micro- wave field in the course of interaction. The oscillations of single protein molecules can be likened to vibrations of a spring which responds by attenuating vibrations at the natu- ral resonant frequency to any nonperiodic perturbation.. For coherent vibrations to be ex- cited in a membrane, the vibrations of the individual oscillators, however, should be co- phasic. Since the polarization of membranes is necessary for acoustoelectric waves to be excited in them It is necessary for signal generation in the membrane. This process can be depicted as the phasing of protein oscillators linked with the membrane by the acoustic component of the wave field associated with transfer of energy of these oscillators to the wave; the electric component of the wave interacts with the charges associated with pro- zein molecules. Another legitimate hypothesis is that the mechanism is inverse: the Phasing of the vibrations of the electrical component of the wave field in the membrane and the transfer of the energy of oscillators of its acoustic component. Me energy spent to phase the vibrations of the oscillators is small compared with ':heir own ener.my [73. Since losses in the lipid membrane are relatively small, we can 2onclude that a small number of protein oscillators would be sufficient for signal genera- -!on with this mechanism. When the cell, however, is subjected to unfavorable Impacts %aaking it necessary to radiate signals controlling the recovery processes), proteins ., r0m the cytoplasm are drawn toward the membrane and become associated in it [20]; this 5-hould increas'e the current and, therefore, the magnitude of oscillations induced in the membrane. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 UM 006 MW Mo molecules can be induced at dIfferen- --eauencies Z'=4':a'c'_ons of differenz protein which accounzs -for the strong influence of f on enzymatic aczivivi [I"',. CONNECTION BETUEEN ELECTROMAGNETIC OSCILLATIONS EXCITED IN 'BELL ME111BRANES AND THE ENVIRONMENT in a norrihlly functioning organism the electromagnetic vibrations induced in cell membranes practically do not interact with the environment, because the fields are presSE tight to the membrane surface. EMR irradiated into the environment or perceived from ouj side are negligibly small. While any connection with the environment would mean a waste of energy for a normally functioning organism, it may become necessary when the normal functioning of cells is disrupted. It could help processes aimed at eliminating the dis- ruprions or adapting to changed functional conditions. How are vibrations in the membrane connected with the environment? Of interest in this context are the so-called temporary structures that appear on membranes only during ~he restructuring of the function and later disappear. Could these structures function as communication elements? Kxperience with multiresonator magnetrons, where the field structure, to some extent, is similar to the above-described field structure in an excite membrane (an integral number of lengths of slow waves in both cases fit into the circle o the resonating system), suggests that interaction with this field could be arranged with the aid of a probe connected with the field of one of the standing waves in the system. The communication elements, placed at a distance equal to the wavelength of the slow wave from one another, introduce a greater load into the system; they effectuate the connectic with the crests of waves corresponding to the same phase'of the oscillation. A study of the behavior of cells exposed to unfavorable factors under an electron microscope showed [201 that membrane surfaces developed septa - periodic protrusions shifted relaiive to each other by approximately 100 1, i.e., the value of the slow wavelength A estimated in the preceding section. For evaluating the size of these protrusions it should be noted that if the oscillations are moved away from tlie--membrane (where they occur in the same phase) to a distance of just about A/2w from the surface (i.e., a distance of about 10 a) then an ordinary time-variable field will be excited outside of the membrane. A decrease in the amplitude of this field with the increased distance from the site of excitation will no longer be associated with the total internal reflection but mainly with the activi losses iia the environment.. It is through these protrusions or septa that the primary con. tact occurs between the membranes, brought closer together by the unfavorable impacts (Fii 4): the protrusions reduce the degree of field attenuation since the distance from the surface at these points is shorter; as a result, interaction can be established at a great( overall distance. Figure 4 f20] is a diagram of the process of reactive restructuring of membranes after being exposed to a variable field: a) formation of protrusions; b) pulling together of membranes; 1) membranes; 2) material adhering to the membrane; and 3) inter- membrane gap. One might think that since, according to C2), A is frequency dependent, a specific distance between the protrusions, if it could be tied to the field configuration, would indicate that the communication between them is of a narrow band type. The real number of protrusions in periodic sequences, however, is relatively small (up to 5-6) and they vary noticeably in shape 1201. They can be used, therefore, for communication in a very broad frequency band for interseptal distances equal to the mean A for this band. Be- sides, variations in the degree of connection in a broadband affect little the informa- tional effect. The latter depends little on the signal amplitude [4]. The degree of con- nection in case of an underloaded generator changes the radiated power relatively slowly- 1193. The existence of a connection between the periodic membrane structures and the elec- tromagnetic field is supported also by the fact that these structures arise in aiteas where membranes cup out; this cupping out of-itse-1f provides some connection (although very weak in the absence of septa) between the high-frequency fields in the membrane and in the en- vironment. Similar results have been obtained in a different way in E213. The study was con- cerned with the interaction between cells (erythrocytes) in a medium into which long-fiber polyethylene oxide molecules were introduced. In terms of the above scheme, these mole- V. cules could operate as communication elements for removing the microwave energy from 'he membrane surface. After the molecules were introduced into the medium the maximum distanc, between the cells at which an intercellular interaction could be observed greatly in- creased. The optimum concentration of polyethyloxide molecule (corresponding to the maxi- mum intergellu~lga,intexacti vred withw"mermoggW distance of about 40 of ANea!n PR 10 T It shouldAepr9i Pak 909 situated in the same .10 12 - Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 P'ane and are not in contact with the membrane surface. The mean distance between them, saw measured along zhe membrane surface,- should be close to the distance measured perpendicu. zo this surface. Secondly, the region of a field with a noticeable amplitude (smaller t! -414e amp7ltude at a surface by not more than by a factor of 10) is greater than A/2r by nearly 2.5 times and equals approximately 40 A. This means that the field region with t! WW I larger amplitude includes molecules separated by distance of about 100 a rather than Jusi 40 A. These experiments, too, confirm that the optimal spacing between communication el~ ments is close to the length of the slow wave A estimated above. The match of the data of three qualitatively different methods of study of the posil. tion of elements which could serve for communication between the cell environment and the oscillations in the membrane supports the hypothesis that variable fields are induced in he membrane and the possible system of connection with these membranes. A minor asymmetry can be observed in a normally furrationing cell as well. It may be responsible for the observed slow reconstruction of function in healthy cells exposed to exzernal ETTR (which probably occurs during several irradiation sessions). The function is modified within the range that is characteristic of the biological species concerned. C04TROL OF CELLULAR PROCESSES BY MEMBRANES In orderro completethis description,,me willdiscuss Ina generalform howthe informatic carried by configurations of fields induced in a membrane can,cause modifications in the cell and how it can be transmitted within the body. in [23] a theoretical analysis of the effects of ponderomotive forces excited by var able electromagnetic fields was performed. It studied the influence of these fields on t formation of so-called cytoskeleton in the cell - a net of threadlike formations capturin specific types of molecules and transporting them to the site of their action. Once the cellular structure has been built, the cytoskeleton decays. In r183 this theory was re- fined, specifying that the address of each,action is determined by the intersection of th threadlike structures. The authors- of E18,23] rested their hypothesis on the experiments in the IR band, but extended (without special analysis) their conclusion to EMR actions in live organisms. At first glance, the hypothesis agrees with the conclusions of the pr~ ceding sections: a field configuration induced in ammembrane by EMR causes filiform for- mations in the cell in conformity with the type of the oscillations induced. The cross- points of the filiform formations in the cell are shifted when the type of oscillation is modified, which, according to [18], should change the sites and type of the processes tha, occur. Whether the signals are generated by the organism or received from outside in thl; case is immaterial. This description, however, is at variance with, microwave electrodynamics. Cells are not larger than a few micrometers in size and are filled with a medium which has a dielec. tric constant close to that of water. A minimal cross section of the waveguide channels for millimeter waves in such a medium should be larger than the cell size by many times, and no hypothesis compatible wit*h the real data on the dielectric properties of elements inside the cytoplasma, can Justify the possible formation of channels conducting EITR in areas occupying just a portion of a single cell. A more likely explanation can be based on processes on the surfaces of membranes. There is a large number of membranes in a cell: in addition to the external membrane, whic is the cell's sheath (the so-called plasmatic membrane), subeellular particles are also surrounded by their own membranes. Among these are the mitochondria (which function as the powerhouses of the cell) and the lysosomes (which contain the enzymes splitting pro- teins, nucleic acids, and other substances). Additional membranes develop and decay in the course of a cell's functioning when the cell is exposed to unfavorable -impacts. Mul- tilayer membrane structures and small bodies are formed sometimes to provide a contact C20]. Of special importance in this context is the fact that It is an the membrane sur- face that many of the processes determining the cell function take place E161. In par- ticular, membranes influence the enzymatic activity and coordinate the chemical reactions lnside the cells. Membranes also take part in intercellular coordination - the transmis- sion of Information from one cell to another on contact, as well as in intracellular com- ,iunications. The intermembrane contact itself can result from active motions of membranez associated with the vibrations excited in them. In their capacity of a coordinator of intracellular activity and intercellular Interactions, membranes are in a continuous statE Of motion and change. This Is probably how the informational effects of Elm ire produced: by affecting the patterns of acoustoelectrical oscillations in the membrane, the radiatior 'an regular the processes in the cells; through processes at the cellular level, it can vw4oning of ~868~%~lplticellulqr organisms. The targets of regulation woul affect tkRpre For Release CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 13 APproved For Release 2000/08/1~ - Fl~&DP96-00L7M,00 -'=Iude :*ae membrane transpor-1 - 2 e reactf _VROPPOR-Pitat ion of membrane conne. no ';.ons. This !atter e-ffect must be dependent on the initial reciprocal posizions of the Membranes and the transmission of vibrations from one of the communicating membranes zo -.1he other; this process would be affected not only by the type o.L contact but by the dil triburion of the fields as well. Judging by the morphological descriptions of temporary changes in the cells exposed to u~nfavorable impacts, the_ so-called endoplasmatic network (a system of interlinked de. lormed membrane element,s) and deformations of this network can be an important factor i.- controlling the processes aimed at recovering normal vital functions. A detailed description of the processes is still beyond the grasp of investigators, but their Vital importance for the cell and the organism is unquestionable. In short, the features and regularities of the functioning of-microwave devices, w~ applied to studies of the effect*s of electromagnetic vibrations on control processes in live organisms, can shed light on at least some of these processes. In particular, the,,, Now provide a better understanding of the following: - the influence of the oscillation frequency on these processes (the role of reso- nances in the form of oscillations induced in the membranes); the limited influence of further increases of the EMR power on these processes %since they occur as synchronization of membrane oscillations rather than by power im- pacts on cellular processes) once the power is above a certain threshold; Now - the reasons for the pr onounced effectiveness of radiation in organisms with dis- rupted function (which develop structures to connect membrane oscillations with external radiation); and - the need for long-term irradiation to obtain a residual biological effect (this concerns restructuring in the cells, which consumes energy and requires material to be brought to the site of action in the course of metabolic processes). A single'study can make only a limited contribution to understanding these exceeding complex and little-investigated processes, which emphasizes the importance of continuing this research. REFERVICES 1. N. D. Devyatkov, M. B. Golant, and T. B. Rebrova, "Radioelectronies and medicin (the possible uses of analogies)," Izv. VUZ. Radioelektronika*, Vol. 25, no. 9, PP. 3-8) 1982. 2. N. D. Devyatkov, "The influence of electromagnetic radiation in the millimeter wave band on biological objects," Uspekhi Fiz. Nauk, Vol. 110, no. 3, pp. 453-454, 1973. 3. N. D. Devyatkov, E. A. Gelvich, and M. B. Golant, et al., "Radiophysical aspect of medical applications of energy and information effects of electromagnetic vibrations, Elektron. Tekhnika, Ser. Blektronika SVCh, no. 9 (333), pp. 43-50, 1981. 4. N. D. Devyatkov and M- B. Golant, "The informational nature of nonthermal and energy effects of electromagnetiz vibrations in a live organism," Pis1ma v Zh. Tekhn. Fiz., Vol. 8, no. 1, PP. 39-41 : Golant, and T. B. Rebrova, "Reproducibility of experimen 5. A. K. Bryukhova, M. B tal results in studies of the effects of electromagnetic radiation of a nonthe.-mal in- tensity in the millimeter wave band as affecting live organisms," Elektron. Tekhnika, Se~ Elektronika SVCh, no. 8, Pp. 52-57, 1985. 6. H. Frolich, "The biological effects of microwaves and related qudstions," Ad- vances in Electronics and Electron Physics, Vol. 11, pp. 85-L-132, 1983. T. N. D. Devyatkov, M. B. Golant, and A. S. Tager, "The role of synchronization in the effects of weak millimeter wave band electromagnetic signals on live organisms," Bio. fizika, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 895-896, 1983. 8. R. L. Vilenskaya, E. A. Gelvich, and M. B. Golant,' et al., "The nature of the i: fluence of millimeter radiation On colicin synthesis," Nauchnye Doklady Vysshei Shkoly, Biologicheskie Naukij no. 7, pp. 69-71, 1972. *Radioelectronics and Communications Systems. Available from Allerton Press, Inc. lo-k 2~00~.8/1&91111;p 1-;950 15 0 F i fA 0 p Advved d F'6 -00% 0160070001-9 FR6165sd CIA_ '6~jj 1 2 FMO- 14 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 0. "Fromising research and methods for medicine and biology," Elektronnaya Promysh- lennost', tic. 1 (139), pp. 6-13, 1985. 10 . E. :41. Balibalova, A. G. Borodkina, and M. B. Golant, et al. , "AmDlitude modulatior. used to i=rove the efficacy of equipment utilized for informational influence of electro- :na~-nerlc vibrarions on live organisms, ". Elektron. Tpkhnika, Ser. Elektronika SVCh, no. 8 (344), pp. 06-7, 1982. .6- N. B. Golant and V. A. Shashlov, "The mechanism of vibrations induced in cell membranes by weak electromagnetic fields," in: Applications of Electromagnetic Low-Inten- sity Radiation in Biology and Medicine [in Russian], N. D. Devyatkova (Editor), IRE All SSSR, Moscow, pp. 127-132, 1985. 12. W. Grundler and F. KeilMann, "Sharp resonances in yeast growth prove nonthermal sensitivity to microwaves," Physical Review Let., vol. 51,-no. 13, PP. 1214-1216, 1983. 13. L. A. 5evastlyanova, A. G.'Borodkina, E. S. Zubenkova, et al., "Resonance na- zure of the millimeter radiowave effects on biological systems," in: Nonthermal Effects of Millimeter Radiation on Biological Objects [in Russian], IRE AN SSSR, Moscow, pp. 34- 47, 1983. 14. V. G. Ivkov and G. N. Berestovskii, Lipid Bilayer of Biological Membranes Lin Russian", Nauka, Moscow, 1982. 15. G. Stant and R. Calindar, Molecular Genetics [Russian translation], Mir, Moscow, 1981. 16. L. D. Bergell son, Membranes, Molecules, Cells [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow, 1982. 17. M. B. Golant, A. K. Bryukhova, and E. A. Dvadtsatova, et al., "The possibility of regulating the Vital activities of microorganisms exposed to electromagnetic vibrations J the millimeter band 11 Applications of Electromagnetic Low-Intensity Radiation in Biology in 31 2nd Medicine [in Russian], N. D. Devyatkov (Editor), IRE AN SSSR, Moscow, pp. 115-122, 1983 i8. S. J. Webb, "Nutrition, coherent osicillations, and solitary waves: The control of in vivo events in time and space and its relationship to disease," 'IRCS Med. Sci., vol. li, pp. 483-488, 1983. 19. 1. V. Lebedev, Microwave Technology and Devices Lin Russian.3, Vysshaya Shkola, vol. 2, 1972. 20. 0. S. Sotnikov, Structural Dynamics of a Live Neuron [in Russian], Nauka, Lenin- grad, 1985. 21. S. Roulands, "Coherent excitations in blood," in: Coherent Excitations in Biologi- cal Systems, Springer Verlag, Berl:Ln-Heidelberg, pp. 145-161, 1983. 22. N. D. Devyatkov and N. B. Golant, "The mechanisms of action of millimeter-band electromagnetic radiation of nonthermal intensity on the vital activities of organisms," in: Applications of Electromagnetic Low-Intensity Radiation in Biology and Medicine [in Russian], 11. D. Devyatkov (Editor), IRE AN SSSR, Moscow, pp. 18-33, 1983. 23. E. Del Giudice, E. Doglia, and M. rdilani, "Self-focusing and ponderomotive forces of coherent electric waves: A mechanism for cytoskeleton formation and dynamics," in: W Coherent Excitations in Biological Systems, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, pp. 123- 127, 1983. 13 January 1986 MW ON ani Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROW100670001-9 Cont dnts` au VOLUME 25 NUMBER 9 1982 PAGES Mai RUSSIMANGLISH analogies). Radioelectronics'and medicine (on scope for using certain * 3 N. D. Devyatkov, M. B. Golant, and T. B. Rebrova .................... No Adaptive quasi-coherent digital signal demodulators for fading channels. N. N. Belousov and V. E. Martirosov ................................. 8 5 Adaptive algorithm for detection of narrow-band signals in noise of un- known Power and spectral shape. V. P. Peshkov ...................... 14 lo MW Use of redundant coding in channels with variable parameters. B. I. Filippov ............ o........................... ...o ..........20 16 High-speed digital filters with serial pri~cessing of data places. L. M. Osinskii.and 0. V. Glushko ..... ....... o ........................25 20 Determination of characteristic function dnd!Ppisson spectrum of gen- erating process jumps from characteristic function of linear system response. B. 0. Marchenko ano L. D. Protsenko ............... 31 26 ~ Grubrin, Quantization errors in adaptive antenna aiirays. I. V. 0. 1. Zaroshchinskii, and V. I. Samoilenko ...........................38 33 Detection of radio signals reflected fromiextended statistically rough surface. V. I. Chizhov ........ I ...............................43 38 Transformation of equations of,state variables for circuits with strict numerical degeneracies. Yu. M. Kalnilkbolotskii and 7. V. Khilenko... 47 43 Analysis of control voltage overshoots in load network in FET analog V, V. A. Radcbenko, and switches. G. F. Zverev, D. F. Zait se , 52 48 Ya. L. Khlyavich ..................................................... Equivalent circuit of physical processes in semic6nductor structures for large signal mode. V. P. Voinov ................ o .................56 52 Characteristics of spectrum analyzer of recirculation type using charge "W transport devices. 1. A. Balyakin, Yu. M. Egorov,.and V. A. Rodz1vilov ......................................................59 55 Noise immunity of standard frequency discriminator with rejection of anomalous errors in fluctuation noise conditions. A. F. Fomin, L. M. Zhuravleva, and V. S. Kostroma .................................64 6o Brief Communications ow Use of a priori Information on strdcture of correlation matrices for adaptation. V. M. Koshevoi ..... i ....................................71 65 Digital processing of narrow-band signal characteristics. d Yu. L. Svalov .............................. o .......... 73 68 A. V. Zhogal an . Estimation of noise immunity of redundant coded system with pseudo- random switching of frequencies. V. A. Lyudvig and A. M. Chudnov ... ~75 70 Bandwidth of tapped delay line noise compensator. B. V. Nikitchenko and V. V. Popovskii ................................77 73 Smoothing of trajectory measurement data by polynomials of variable order. N. D. 0gorodniichuk ................. o,-..o ....................79 76 Measurement of param6ters of motign by comparing structures of wave fronts. V. A. Chulyukov ................................ 0 ....0 ......82 8o Adaptive compensation of nonlinear distortion when using compensation channel with cubic response. M. a. Kolesnik, S. V. Nikitin, and V. V. Nikitchenko ................................................ 84 83 o ... Matched filter using main maximum of signal for estimating instant - of arrival. N. A. Dolin .in ................................. o ........86 85 Information criteria for estimating performance of image receivers. B. 0. Karapetyan, ................................................... 88 88 (continued) Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 RADIOELECTRONICS AND MEDIC INE (ON SCOPE FOR USING CERTAIN ANALOGIES) N. D. Devyatkov, M. B. Golant,'and T. B. Rebrova all Izvestiya VUZ. Radioelektronika, Vol. 25, No. 9, pp. 3-8, 1982 UDC 621.38:61 Large radio-electronic systems and living organisms are both complex systems (albeit of very different degrees of complexity), and a great role is played by informational aspects in ensuring their long-term uninterrupted operation. Since radio-electronic systems are incomparably simpler than living organisms, the ways of studying them and ensuring their reliable operation are vastly simp- ler. It is suggested that, an the basis of analogies, the approach to the solu- 7 tion of medical-biological problems can in certain cases be simplified. With the wide use of radio-electronics and cybernetics it has become possible to cre- 7 ate a new apparatus playing a revolutionary role in modern medicine and biology. The rangf of application of the new apparatus is so vast that it can scarcely be surveyed in a singlE article. Nevertheless, there is one link between these sciences that is only just start- ing to be developed, though it'may well prove very fruitful-in the future. We are speak- ing of the possibility of using, in medicine and biology certain general ideas of electronic and cybernetics, and on the basis of analogies, devising new approaches to the solution of medical-biological problems. But let us emphasize at the outset that only a few aspects of this vast and many-sided topic can be mentioned here. Radio-electronics is co ncerned at present with devising complex mul tielement systems suitable for long-term uninterrupted operation in varying external conditions. Living or- gani8ms (primarily men) are likewise complex systems (though much more complex), often witt a very long life. This means from the physical point of view that the ordering and organi- za tion of the systems have to be preserved or restored while in contact with the external so medium, and that their entropy (a measure of their lack of order) has to increase extremely slowly [1]. We need to consider the main conditions for long-term preservation of the ordering of a large system. In principle, the following conditions referi not only to electronic systems and living organisms, but also to any large stably operating systems, am such as e.g., undertakings with external connections:.. a) we need a material and energy supply from outside for the system, to make good its energy consumption and to replace elements that have ceased to perform their function; mw b) we need reserves such that, on the one hand, partially failed elements can be kept at the operating level needed for maintaining operation of the system as a whole, and on the other hand, so ihat reserves of certain elements can be mobilized in oeder to compen- no sate for poor operation of others; c) we need circuits for obtaining and transmitting data about all variations inside and outside the system, so that the system can adequately respond to these variations; d) we need central and peripheral control circuits, and automatic feedback loops for controlling the system response to internal and external variations; e) we need a sensitive display whereby processes unfavorable to the system can be de- tected in their early development stage and the data obtained used for adjusting the system so as either to stop the further development of these processes or to prepare the system for operation in the new conditions. Eno The approach to the living organism as a unified, data-connected and data-controlled system, implies the first importance of data aspects when solving medical and biological problems. While this is obvious in principle, the ways of going over from general ideas a 1982 by Allwtm Prm, In& Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000108110: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 to practical implementation are by no means 'clear in medicine and biology, as they are, comparatively speaking, in electronics: many'unsolved or only partially solved problems still need to be studied. We need to know how the data systems of the organism operate, what sort of scope they have, and how medical interference can assist the operation of tj data systems, etc, To the extent to which the data signals in the organism are electrical (The data system is not solely concerned with electrical. signals. In particular, an important rolE is played by data transmission by humoral agents. But we sball only deal here with elec- tromagnetic oscillations. ) and the problems concern the "electronicu properties of the living organism, the ways of studying the problems must also be "electronic," i.e., they must involve a study of spectral characteristics, and of nonlinear and modulation proper- ties etc. An important step forward was made in [ 21 with the proof. (based on analysis of many experimental data) of some basic laws governing the interaction of low-power electro magnetic oscillations (EMO) with living organisms. The two main laws are: . a) weak dependence of biological effects of external (radiation-connec~ed) data sig- nals on the EMO power. flux, starting from a (usually extremely low threshold level and going up to levels at which effects connected with heating of the 'irradiated object start to have an Important role; b) the sharply resonant response of living organisms to low-power EMO radiation (We are only speaking here of signal frequencies at which the energy of the quanta is insuffi. cient for disrupting the molecular bonds. ); the relative frequency bandwidth in which a r( sponse is seen usually does not exceed tenths of one percent; often a number of mutually displaced bands is observed, in which the biological obJect has a similar response. The nature of these laws h~8 been discussed in various Russian and foreign publica- tions, e.g., E3. 4. 51. In particular, it was suggested in [3, 53, on the basis of a com- parison with technical cybernetic systems, that. the first law is linked.witb the informa- tional nature of the.weak EMO signal action on the living organism and is determined by, the reliability of operation of the organism data system. On the other hand, information on the state and operation of the different organs and %ystems of the organism is contained in the spectrum of the signals generated by the or- ganism; to each variation ofithe state or type of activity there correspond specific spec- trum variations. The spectrum extends from very low to (at least in some casesl ultravio- let frequencies Ell]. A special role is played by the lines in the infrared part of the spectrum, i.e., in the vicinity of the maximum of thermal radiation at the organism tem- perature. This is confirmed by the determination and analysis of Raman spectra [6, 71 of living organisms, which Include a number of pronounced lines in the infrared part, and als their harmonics and combination frequencies. in [4]. the author summarizes many years of theoretical's tudy, and gives a detailed justification of the hypothesis that the direct action of low-power- EMO on' the living organism is- linked with collective excitations of certain structural elements of the organism (Both the author of (4] and many other foreign or Russian authors assign a big role in the perception of excitations to cellular mem;... branes.); the quasi-particles characterizing these excitations behave like Bosons, i.e., are subject to Bose statistics, The threshold power needed for response to irradiation is deterinined by the transi- tion from excitation of noise oscillations to excitation of coherent higb-amplitude oscillE tions at a mode of c6llective excitation. The presence of this kind of excitation remote from absolute zero [8J in the living organism becomes possible as h result of -material ex- change and energy transformation, whereby, in the neighborhood of certain frequencies, energy loss in the data transmission system and data signal processing system can be com- pensated. But, as was earlier pointed out in Ell, in conditions of compensation of energy loss by the source, any system can'behave like a system operating in the neighborhood of absolute zero. Notice also, see [93, where action of frequency-modulated low power EMO signals on the living organism was studied,' that the frequencies at which a. response to weak signal radia- tion is seen, can differ slightly (by approx. 0.001 of the basic frequency) according to the irradiated part of the body. It was also shown that the bandwidth (likewise 0.001 of the basic frequency) in which * the organism responds to irradiation, is determined by the presence of several oscillators with displaced frequencies, and hence low-amplitude fre- quency modulated irradiation can lead to some increase in the organism response. 7bese and other experimental and theoretical studies have -somewhat clarified the ways possibleA~pipow4*b,t3R4*tamf2~DMOD/itn- M-RIDPOSOM2RDOOMOMIMOdystems, of an organism. The 2 aw MW Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO01006'76001-9 (usually low-level) signals functioning through the data systems of the organism are called data' signals [3, 51. It is natural.to askwhat the function of these. signals is. A general answer might be as follows: to mobilize the reserves. of the organism when, for some' reason, the normally functioning data system cannot perform this:task itaelf.(Data have so far been published only on certain data EMO signals and the nature oftheir mobilizing action on the organism. The experimental data refer:mainly to prbteative action ot EMO on hemopolesis, action on malignant neoplasms, ophthalmological dis-eases,.trauma, and'aertain heart-vascu- lar diseases etc. But we can in principle expect that, as research widens, the range of these signals will be extended and the scope for mobilizing.,the reserves of -the organism will correspondingly be seen to increase.). This is to some extent similar to adjustment of the feedback loops of an electronic system in order better to mobilize the reserves built into the system.. This answer can appear unassuming at first-sight: we..merely use the signals so that the organism fuliy performs its functions, admittedly, in varying conditions. But it has to be borne in mind, first, that the prime task of medical interiference.is to" restore the organism to its normal state. Second, any ofthe present popular medical faCcilities are precisely aimed at assisting the organism in its struggle with illness, and not at its sub-~ stitution, so that, from this point of view, the data.signals present no.exceptions. Third- ly and most important, the vast reserve potentials of 'the organism have to'be borne in mind. By gradual training a man can be taught to withstand cold, heat, oxygen'deficiency Iin moun- tains, to consume a small amount of` food and-moisture$,to maintain large physical loads, to accelerate regenerative action, etc. To realize these possibilities,s"slow adjustment of the organism is needed, specially of its system of I 'nternal-feedbacks.(We are speaking here of gradual adjustment in connection with chAnges,in conditions of existence, though it has to be remembered that similar adjustments can be caused by psychological attitudes (also long-term). For instance, there are the widely known uself-adjustments" of iogov to long- term oxygen deficiency, or to enormous static loads reaching several-tons, etc.l. But medi- cine is often concerned with cases when sudden disruptions do not leave time for slow adap-. tation and adjustment of the organism, and its reserves cannot be broug4t into action in natural conditions. This is sensible starting-point for using data signals, whereby the adjustment of the organism can be Accelerated many times. In.151, from analysis of examples of EMO data signals remembered by. the organism,' it is concluded that the organism mobilizes them for overcoming factors unfavorable to its operation.,.'Naturally, the data signals can also prove useful when the data communicatiozi.circuits are destroyed and external signals are used for replacing tho :se that do not arrive over the natural channels.. Discovery of.the effects of data signais"On adjusimen'i"o,*f the organism can be-assisted by experiments in which the'organism is irradiated by square pulse'amplitude-modulated EMO signals [101. Even earlier, in'[2, 51, it was established that,often, wben data stimula- tion is realized by continuous EMO, fairly long-term (not less than an hour in [2,. 51) irra-' diation is needed. In [10] the biological results of.stimulation were compared for two types of irradiation. The first type was ~c'bnitinuous, using a generator'with power only 20-30% above the threshold required for obtaining a biological effect.,,so.that any signifi- cant power reduction or reduction of Irradiation time to under 45 mins,'leads to vanishing of the effect. The second was-the square pulse amplitude-modulated mode of the same genera- tor; pulse duration was 1.6-10-3 see, . repetitio.n period was 0.01 a ec, and pulse Ipower was equal to the power in the first (continuous) mode. 'It was found that the biological effect is virtually the same for an hour's irradiation in either mode. This shows that the living organism requires a short time (at'most 10-~'sec) for response to irradation, whereas re- laxation from the stimulated state requires over 0.01 sea. As a result, the pulse and con- tinuous modes give the same biological effect., Relatively long~-term irradation is needed for certain systems of the organism to adjust, thereby producing-a memory of the,stimulus. With'continuously varying conditions of existence, -arid wl'th breaks of the data connec- tions, the organism has-to adjust itself continuously,.often quite rapidly in the cases * where medicine is concerned. It can therefore be expected that there will be increased use of data EMO stimuli in medicine As research progresses (It may be mentioned incidentally that the organism usually becomes accustomed to any medical stimuli, presumably due to Its adaptability to any external-factors demanding adjustment of its operation. But so far, no adaptation to data EMO stimuli has been observed.. This is possibly-because data communi- cation is realized in the organism by similar.signals, and the organism adapts to them Sim- Ply by "not noticing" them.).- Let us touch on the last of the above-mentioned. conditions for long-term uninterrupted operation of a large system, namely, the presence of circuits for obtaining information about all the changes affecting the system operation.. By obtaining information about faults Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP§6'-"0'0792ROO0100070601-9 3 Approved -For Release 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 that are just starting, before they have had time to affect the operation'ot an electronic ow system, we can take i mea-sures (such as replacing certain units or adjusting the system, etc.) in good time and-thereby avoid*failure of the system operation. Hence more and more attention is being paid to ways of obtaining such early information when designing high- reliability systems. In the same way, early diagnois is well known to simplify the treatment of sick people Disease is usually first indicated by painful sensations, the living organism being equippe( with a data system uniqu6 in its universality for supplying data an the presence of disease Yet there are 'times when the organism starts to perceive signs of disease too late (e.g., in the case of,Appearance of malignant neoplasms), in which cases cure becomes more. diffi- cult. For various reasons,, prophylactic inspections only partially fill this gap. But it can be predicted that, with further study and development of EMO data stimuli, we shall be able to use the organism's data system itself for early diagnosis, as a result of increas- ing its sensitivity short-term" It should be mentioned in conclusion that the problems of ensuring longterm uninter- rupted operation of a large complex system, regardless of its nature or function, have several common aspects, notably informational. Modern complex electronic systems, like living organisms, belong to the class of 'large systems. It has therefore been premised above that, in spite of a vast difference in their degrees of complex'ity, there can be obvious analogies in. the approach to the study and furnishing of conditions for reliable operation, of these systems. For the simpler and more readily inspected electronic sys- tems, the solutions of many problems can be found more easily. By analogy, sujch solutions can contribute to new approaches,to medical-biological problemsi This should be a further trend in the penetration.of radio-electronics into medicine. REFERENCES 1. E. Shroedinger, What'Life is from the ioint of View of Physics tin Russian], Atomizdat, Moscow, 1972 2. Scientific ses;i-on o'f' general physics and astronomy section of Academy of Sciences, USSR (17 18 Jan., '1973), UFN, G110', no. 3, pp. 452-469, July, 1973. 3. N. D. Devyatkov and M. B. Golant, "On the Informational nature of non-thermal and some energy stimuli of electromagnetic oscillations on the living organism," Letter to ZHTF, no. 1, 1982. 4* H. Frolich, Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics, vol. 65, PP. 85-110; 148-252, 1980. . ;. 5. N. D. Devyatkov et al., "Physical aspects of the medical use of energy and infor- mational electromagnetic stimuli," Elektronnaya tekhnika, Serlya Elektronika SVCh, no. 9 (333) 43-50, 1981. 9. S. Webb, Pbys. Pep..,, no. 60, p. 201, 1980. 7. E. Del Gindice, S. Deglia, and M*. Milani, Phys. Lett., Oct., vol. 15A, no. 6,7, pp. 402-404, 1981. 8. L.-Landau and E. Liv.shits, Statistical Physics [in Russian], GITTL Press, Moscow, 1951. 9. L. Z. Balakireva, et al., "Study of influence of FM radio waves on protection of marrow-bone hemopoiesis of living animals subject to X-ray irradiation," Elektronnaya tekhnika, Serlya Alektronika, SVCh, no. 8, 1981. 10. E. N. Balibova, A. G. Borodkina, M. B. Golant, T. B. Rebrova and L. A. Sevastl- yanova, "Using amplitude modulation to increase the working efficiency of the devices of informational stimuli of electromagnetic oscillations on living organism," Elektronnaya tekhnika, Seriya Elektronika SVChs-AO. 8, 1981. 11. V. P. Kaznacheev and P. P. Mikhallova, Very Weak Radiations [in Russian], Nauka Press, Moscow, 1981. 5 April 1982 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Vol 34, No. 5, pp. 975--978. 1989 0006-3M/89 S10-00+-00 .::V.?oj;d a 1991 Perga-an F-a pie All I)ISSIEPATIVE FUNCTIONS OF TBE PROCESSES OF CaERACTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION WITH BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS* YU. P. CHUKOVA "Otklik" Time Scientific Collective (Received 23 July 19M The authors have determined the rate of generation of entropy in biological systems as a msult of the irreversibility of the processes of the interaction with electromagnetic radiation wbich one accompanied by rise in free energy. The characteristics of the irreversibility of & process of plant photosynthesis, human vision, etc. are presented. It is shown that in the Mai processes considered, irreversibility may greatly differ (up to 101 fold). gWWlBlLr1Y, as is known, is an integral property of all real processes. After the jok of Prigogine (1] it is characterized by the magnitude S1, called the rate of genera- Wa of entropy, the specific value of which a is called a dissipative function. Among & variety of irreversible processes of the real world we would mention but a few pocesses of heat and electrical conductivities, diffusion, thermal chemical reactions, cm.) for which methods of calculating this magnitude have been devised. As for biolo- pcal objects for them as for more complex systems the question has hardly ever been -Lwd. Yet, the achievements of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes in the ast few years and, in particular, the successful application of the Landau-Vainshtcin Mai :zhod for explaining the processes of energy transformation in quantum systems have :ude possible evaluation of the magnitude S, for a large range of processes of interac- wo of electromagnetic radiation of any spectral composition with matter. MW The method of determining §1 for endoergic processes occurring under the influence 4( electromagnetic radiation is outlined in [2]. It is applicable to open systems in the tmdy state. While in these conditions electromagnetic radiation with the energy W, n-ults in processes accompanied by rise in the free energy (endoergic processes) of the -rAucts (F.) as compared with the free energy of the reactants (FR) the efficiency of ts process )Is = (PP - PR)/ ~V. ,here the points above the magnitudes denote time derivatives. From the laws of ther- 2odynamics for 7. we have the relation j.= I - T(§. + §)/ ~V, Biofizilca 34: No. 5, 898-900. 1989. [9751 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 am 976 YU. P. CHUICOVA where ~, is the flux of entropy of electromagnetic radiation with the power W., WhKi is absorbed by the system. Usually relation (2) is analyzed in the approximation of the thermodynamic lime when ~i = 0 [3]. The limiting value of the efficiency of the system ()7.*) may in this crA be calculated for any system if the main characteristics of the process are known, S, may be evaluated from the difference of the real efficiency of the process (qj from J* limiting. The effects appearing in biological objects as a result of interaction with eleam magnetic radiation and those magnitudes from which they are judged with rare excc;~- tions cannot be interpreted as efficiency. But in threshold conditions when the biorn, ponse vanishes one may state that the efficiency of the endoergic process is equal tt MW zero. This aspect is considered in detail in (2]. In threshold conditions of real efficicniq we have For the red boundary of all bio-effects with a wide frequency action band and for bioresonance effects the position of the zero efficiency boundary of the endocr;% process in the approximation of the thermodynamic reversibility of the process is gncs by the relation 2EO 1,2[(l JA, C V=21rkT +pO)lnG+pO)-pOlnpO1, where v is frequency; EO, is the spectral density of the radiation at this frequency: the temperature of the system; c is the speed of light; k and h are Boltzman and Pla%~ constants; pO=C2E,0/22rhV3. The Figure illustrates this dependence for a wide frequency interval. The cnffO of electromagnetic radiation the characteristics of which (frequency and spectral denSito enter the region A cannot be transformed to the free energy of the system evcn in N approximation of the thermodynamic limit (thermodynamic reversibility), Tile E,O is always higher than the spectral density 8,,T of the radiation of an absolute MW MW 30 50 70 MW Position of zero boundary of endoergic processes on the plane log v-log E, in the appro.", mation of the thermodynamic reversibility of the prGcess. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 OWN Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with biological objects 977 bdy with the temperature T. Their ratio EOla,.r assumes a simple form for high fre- encies (hv >U): E,01.-,. 7. = e and for low frequencies (hvI and for the processes of interaction of u.h.f. radiation %Jth biological objects this ratio may reach 101. REFERENCES 1. PRIGOGINE, I., Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes (in Russian) Inost. Lit., Moscow, 1960 2. CHUKOVA, Yu. P., Application of Low Intensity Millimetre Radiation in Biology and INJO. dicine (in Russian) pp. 147-156, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1985 3. LANDSBERG, P. T. and TONGE, G., J. Appl. Phys. 50: RI, 1980 4. CHUKOVA, Yu. P., Zh. fiz. khim. 58: 42,1984 S. MESHKOV, V. V., Bases of Light Technology (in Russian) Part 1, pp. 98, 336. Goscnergoizdat, Moscow-Leningrad, 1957 6. WALD, G., Science 101: 653, 1945 7. PINEGIN, N. L, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 56: 811,1947 8. TARCHEVSKII, 1. A., Fundamentals of Photosynthesis (in Russian) Kazan, 1971 9. WEBB, S. L. Phys. Lett. 73A: 145, 1979 10. GRUNDLER, W. et al., Ibid. 62A: 463, 1977 11. DIDENKO, N. P. et al., Effects of Non-Thermal Action of Millinictre Radiation on Biological Objects (in Russian) pp. 63-77, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1983 Biophysics Vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 979-982. 1989 OD06-3509/89 S10-00"I Printed in Poland 0 1991 Pergamon Prell 0 REDUCTION OF THE PERMEABILITY OF ERYTBROCYTIE MEMBRANES FOR OXYGEN DURING OXYGENATION* M. V. FOK, A. R. ZAmTsKu and G. A. PROKOPENKO Lebedev Physics Institute, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow (Received 30 December 19M It is shown that during oxygenation of the blood the permeability of erythrocyte mernbranc$ for oxygen falls at lent ten fold. IN (1] it was shown experimentally that on oxygenation in certain conditions of differctil volumes of donor blood the curves of the dependence of the degree of oXygenatiOl, " on the oxygenation time t in the coordinates a-log t may be combined with an accuc8cy 2 % by shifting along the log t axis. This means that the fink between the degree of Biofizika 34: No. 5, 9GI -904, 1989. Approved For Release 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 L Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Experimental Studies Science Applications International Corporation Cognitive Sciences Laboratory L Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 rs Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO01 00070001 -9 Resonance Effect of Microwaves on the Genome Conformational State s - ------- of E. coli Cells Igor Ya. Belyaev. Yevgeny D. Alipov, Victor S. Shcheglov, and Vitaly N. Lysts0V Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. Kashirskoye Shosse. 3 1. Moscow. 115409, C.I.S. Temporary Research Collective -0tklik", Vladimirskaya st.. 61 "B", Kiev. GSP. 252017. C.I.S. Z. Naturforsch. 47c. 621 -627 (1992). received September 21, 1990/January 1, 1992 Cellular Biology, Microwave Bioaction, Radiation Damage, Repair The effect of low intensity microwaves on the conformational state of the genome of X-irradiated E. colicells was studied by the method of viscosity anomalous time dependencies. It has been established that within the ranges of 51.62-51.84 GHz and 41.25-41.50 GHz the frequency dependence of the observed effect has a resonance nature with a resonance half- width of the order of 100 MHz. The power dependence of the microwave effect within the range of 0. 1 -200 pWicm- 'has shown that a power density of I 11W/cm! is sufficient to suppress radiation-induced repair of the genome conformational state. The effect of microwave sup- pression of repair is well reproduced and does not depend on the sequence of cell exposure to X-rays and microwave radiation in the millimeter band. The results obtained indicate the role of the cell genome in the resonant interaction of cells with low intensity millimeter waves. Eli .NW Introduction At present a significant body of evidence has been collected on the ability of microwaves in the millimeter range to bring about biological effects including those on the cellular level [L 21. It has been found that microwaves can influence the processes of gene expression [3-51. The speci ic features of such interaction are dependence on fre- quency and also effectiveness of low intensity microwave radiation which does not result in sig- nif icant heating of the irradiated object. One of the possible explanations of these facts accounts for the influence of millimeter waves on the genome conformationai ~,tate [6]. The genome conforma- tional state (GCS) is expressed as the space-topo- logical organization of the entire chromosomal DNA. which is ensured. among other things. by the supercoiling of DNA and DNA protein bonds. The GCS changes play a significant role in all ele- mentary genetic processes - transcription. replica- tion. repair. The hypothesis which accounts for the influence of millim, eter radiation most evident in the case of stressed systems [L 7] among them bioobjects sub- Reprint requests to 1. Ya. Beivaev. Moscow Engineering Phvsics Institute. Kashirskove sh., 31. Moscow. 115409. C. i. S. Verfag der Zeitschrift fUr Naturforschung. D-W-7400 Tilbingen 0939-5075 92,0700-0621 S01.30IO jected to ionizing radiation [6) has repeatedly been verified. The influence oi millimeter waves on the process of the GCS repair after E. coli K 12 cell exposure to X-rays was examined in this work. As a test for appearance and repair of changes in a chromoso- mal DNA we used the method of the anomalous viscosity time dependencies (AVTD) in cell lysates (6]. ater als and Methods Microwave andX-ra -v irradiation A block diagram of the experimental unit used for microwave irradiation of cell suspension is given in Fig. 1. A G4-141 generator served as the source of'extremely high frequency electromagnet- ic radiation (EHF'EMR). In the c'ourse of irradia- 4 5 7 9 3 6 Fig. Block diagram for microwave irradiation of cell suspension: I - EHF EMR generator. 2 - controlled at- tenuator: 3. 6 - directional coupler: 4 - frequency ana- lyzer: 5 - measurement line (VSWR-meter). 7 - power meter: 8 - pyramidal horn: 9 - cell suspension. Approved For Release 2000108110 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 622 1. Y. Belyaev et al. - Resonance Effect of Microwaves on the Genorne Conformational State of E. coli Cells d1W OW no tion the frequency. the output power. as well as the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) were con- trollable. Frequency instability was 1~ MHz, error in the measurement of the output power did not exceed 10% and the value of VSWR in the wave- guide was not more than 1.6. Irradiation of a cell suspension (1.5 mm thickness) was carried out in Petri dishes. 50 mm in diameter. by means of a pyramidal horn having dimensions 40 x 50 mm:. The space distribution of the power density (PD) on the surface of the suspension was meas- ured by means of a dipole EHF probe [8]. With the irradiation frequencies used the local PD values at the surface of the suspension differed by nearly an order of magnitude. But frequency changes of ± 200 MHz did not lead to significant changes of the pattern of PD distribution. At the same time frequency changes in a wide range (of the order of units GHz) could lead to a marked displacement of PD minima and maxima up to their inversion. In the event of parity of output power in the wave- guide. the PD value. averaged over the whole sur- face under irradiation, did not change. The specific absorption rate (SAR) was meas- ured in two ways: by the acoustic method [91 and the calorimetric method. The suspension tempera- ture was measured by a microthermocouple. Cells were subjected to X-rays (XR) using a ra- diological unit RUP-150. The distance from the focus to the suspension was 40 cm. average radia- tion energy - 50 keV, dose rate 0.7 Gyimin. Microwave and X-irradiation of cells was carried out at ambient temperature. Preparation of bacterial cells for ecperiments and cell 1Ysis The following strains were used in the work: E-coli K12: ABI157 F- thr-I ara-14 leu-B6 proA2 lacGI tsx-33 supE44 galK2 hisG4 rfbDI mg]-51 rpsL31 xyl-5 mtl-I argE3 thi-I X-rac-, G62 F' proA23 lac-28 trp-30 his-51 rpsLR and also strain RM 117 which is isogenic with strain AB 1157. Cells were cultivated by standard meth- ods in Luria broth or minimal medium M-9 [101. The E. coli cultures used in the experiments were kept in spreadings on the Hottinger nutrient agar at 3-4 cC. Before irradiation. cells from the night culture were resuspended in concentrations of 3 - 9 x 107 cells/ml in a salt buffer M-9. Cells were kept under these conditions for I h before irradiation. After irradiation. cells were lysated by gradually adding LET-lysozyme (LET-medium: 0.5 m Na, EDTA. 0.01 m Tris-HCl, pH 7) in a concen- tration of 3 mg/ml. LET-sarcosyl (2%) and LET- papain (3 mg,,ml) with 10 to 15 min intervals be- tween addition of each agent. 0.3 ml LET-Ivso- zyme. 1.0 ml LET-sarcosyl, 0.7 ml LET-papain were added to I inl of cell suspension. The lysates were then kept in darkness at a temperature of 30 -C for 40 h, after that the AVTD were meas- ured. Method of anomalous viscositY time dependencies This method is based on the fact that in soiu- tions of high-polymer DNA. placed in a rotary viscosimeter. radial migration of DNA, which is a directed movement of macromolecules towards the inner cylinder of the viscosimeter (rotor). is observed [I I]. Measurements were carried out in a rotary cy- lindrical viscosimeter with an automatic record of the rotor's rotation period [6]. In the unit used, the rotor was set in motion by a constant moment of force created by an external electromagnetic field. Upon completion of the lysis the rotor was sus- pended on the meniscus of the lysate examined. Thereafter the lysate was placed in a thermostati- cally controlled (30 'C) jacket of the viscosimeter for measurement. When the external electromagnetic field is switched on. the rotor starts moving. In the initial stage of measuring the rotor's rotation period (T), the lysate viscosity increases due to a radial migra- tion of macromolecules. This results in an in- creased rotation period of the rotor since the peri- od is proportional to the specific viscosity (Fig. 2. curve 1). After the DNA macromolecules had de- posited on the external surface of the rotor the ve- locity of its rotation decreased to the value typical of a pure solvent. The dependence of the rotor's rotation period in the cell lysate on the time after the rotor's rotation starts (t) is called anomalous viscosity time dependence. It should be noted here that AVTD cannot be observed in protein solutions. because radial mi- gration doesn't take place in solutions of mole- cules with weights less than 106 D [I I]. The param- Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 WAW MW No NOW 1. Y. Belvaev et aL - Resonance Effect of Microwaves on the Genome Conformational State of E. coli Cells 623 eters of the AVTD curve in the cell lysate arc de- termined by the genome conformational state, i.e. by hydrodynamic parameters of chromosomal DNA macromolecules which in their turn depend on the DNA nativity, DNA association with var- ious proteins, the microenvironment. etc. The ro- tor*s maximum rotation period (Tn..,) which in this method is the most sensitive parameter character- izing the genome conformational state of E. coli cells, was obtained from the AVTD curve. The measurement error of the rotor's rotation period was 2%. Results Irradiation of E. coli cells with doses of 10-50 Gy leads to changes of the AVTD curve of the cell lysate (Fig. 2, curve 2). The major cause of these changes is the considerable decrease of T ,,. After post-irradiated cell incubation for 90- 120 min, depending on the dose of irradiation. an almost complete recovery of the AVTD curve (Fig. 2. curve 3) took place. This means that during this period the GCS of the irradiated cells returned to the control level. It is in this sense that we use the term "repair" of the genome conformational state. In preliminary experiments the X-irradiated cells were exposed to microwaves in the regime of frequency switching. This was brought about with- in the range of about 200 MHz during 30-90 min. Fig- 2 (curve 4) shows the AVTD curve after cell 50 40 -30 20 10 100 200 300 400 t(s] Fig. 2. Anomalous viscosity time dependencies of E. coli G 62 cell lysates: I - control. 2 - X-irradiation (30 Gy); 3 - XR and incubation (90 min): 4 - XR and incuba- tion under the influence of EHF EM R. irradiation within the frequency band of 51.60- 51.78 GHz at PD = 3 mW/cm2 for 90 min. It can be seen that microwaves in this range ef- fectively suppress repair of the GCS. To assess the microwave effect on the repair process after X-irradiation, we used the following ratio: Tmax XR I - Tmax eff X = - - Tna. XR I - Tm.. XR where: TMUx XR - the average maximum rotor's rotation period in the lysates of cells lysated immediately after X-irradiation, Ta. XR , I - the average maximum rotor's rota- tion period in the lysates of cells lysated after X-irradiation and subsequent incubation (1); ';max eff - the average maximum rotor's rotation period in the lysates of cells subjected to EHF EMR during the radiation-induced repair. In two effective microwave ranges the x dependencieson frequency were determined. In these experiments. cells were irradiated with microwaves of a certain frequency for 5 to 15 min after X-irradiation. To assess the average value of the rotor's maximum rotation period in each of the experiments 3 AVTD measurements were made. Significance level was determined by the Student's t-test. The extent and results of a standard experiment are given in Table 1. Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 present the x dependence in the ranges examined: 51-62-51.84GHz (strain U 0.6 0.4 0.2 f [ GHz I Fig. 3. Frequency dependence of EHF EMR effect on radiation-induced repair of' the GCS of E. coli R M 117 cells (20 Gy: 15 min. 3 mW cm-,). Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 51.6 51.64 51.68 51.72 51.76 51.8 51.84 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 624 1. Y. Belyaev et at. - Resonance Effect of Microwaves on the Genome Conformational State of E. coil Cells Table 1. Values of the maximum rotor's rotation period derived from AVTD curves obtained in lysates of E. coli AB 1157 cells, lysated after X-irradiation (20 Gy). subsequent bation ation 200 gW/cml) in incu or irradiwith EHF EMR ( the course of incubation. Typeof EMR DurationT. T uSE* Significance of effect frequency EHFEMR is] IS level as [GHzj irradiation compared [min] with XR + 1 51.1 Control - 35.1 44.8 p < 0.03 4.8 47.8 7.4 XR - 7.2 7.0 0.3 P < 0.000 1 6.5 28.1 XR + I - 24.7 26.2 1.0 25.7 14.0 41.25 10 12.3 12.8 p < 0.0004 0.6 12.1 7.2 41.30 10 6.4 6.9 0.3 p < 0.000 1 XR 7.2 8.9 + 41.35 10 10.1 9.7 0.4 p < 0.0002 EMR 10.1 9.7 + 41.40 10 11.2 11.0 p < 0.0004 0.7 12.2 1 16.2 41.45 10 17.3 16.7 P<0.001 0.3 16.6 15.2 41.50 10 16.2 15.6 p < 0.0006 0.3 15.6 Standard error. RM 117) and 41.25 -41.50 GHz (strain AB 1157). 1.2 I 0,8 0.6 0.4 It is clear that in both ranges this dependence has a resonance nature with a resonance half-width of the order of 100 MHz and resonance frequencies of 51.76 GHz and 41.32 GHz respectively. In the first instance the cell exposure to EHF EMR was carried out at PD = 3 mW/cml. The SAR value, estimated by acoustic and calorimetric methods, amounted to 17 mW/g and 22 mW/g respectively. Heating of the cell suspension, when irradiated, did not exceed I 'C. The x dependence on frequen of 41.25-41.~O GHz stud- within the range was 41.2 41.25 41.3 41.35 41.4 41.45 41.5 cy low f [ GHz I ied at PD = 200 gW/cm2 with heating not exceed- Fig. 4. Frequency dependence ot EHF EMR effect on ing 0. 1 'C. It should be noted that heating of a cell radiation-induced repair of the genome conformational suspension by 5 'C for 10 min right after the dow state of E. coil AB 1157 cells (20 Gy; 200 pW/cm2, X-irradiation did not lead to suppression of repair 10 min). Approved For Release 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Ow 1. Y. Belyaev et aL Resonance Effect of Microwaves on the Genome Conformational State of E. coli Cells 625 so 1.2 Discussion Ow 0.8 Id 0.6 0.4 0.2 Fig. 5. Dependence of suppression effectiveness of radia- tion-induced GCS repair on microwave PD (strain AB 1157,20 Gy; 41.32 GHz, 5 min). WM0 processes. We also studied the dependence of sup- pression of radiation-induced GCS repair on PD of the microwave exposure at the 41.32 GHz fre- quency. The power dependence of x is shown in Fig. 5. Starting with a PD of I gW/CM2, irradiation for 5 min significantly suppressed GCS repair. As pointed out above, Fig. 3 shows a frequency dependence within the 51.62-51.84 GHz range for RM 117 strain. But this microwave irradiation was effective in repair suppression for the other strains used: ABI157 and G62. Altogether 11 experi- ments were carried out, each revealing statistically significant suppression of repair processes by microwaves at frequencies of this resonance, An EHF EMR effect on the genome conforma- tional state was also discovered in the case of in- verse sequence of cell exposure to microwaves and X-rays. Irradiation of cells with EHF EMR at the 51.78 GHz frequency (that is close to that of reso- nance) before X-irradiation prevented the process of radiation-induced repair (Table II). It is generally accepted that biological mem- branes are receptors of chemical and electromag- netic signals. Can this premise alone explain those resonance bioeffects which can be seen when cells are subjected to low-intensity millimeter radiation? This resultant effect can change such important biological parameters as velocity of cell division [1, 2] or processes of gene expression [3, 5]. It would seem that the simplest answer to the ques- tion of the target of microwave resonance effect is that the target is the cell membrane whose proper- ties determine frequencies of resonant interaction. Indeed, in a number of model studies microwave effects were detected that had been caused by a change in the ion membrane transport (13-151. But the microwave "membrane" effects examined did not depend on the EMR frequency and there- fore do not permit explanation of the resonance ef- fect on the processes of cell development and gene expression. It appeared to us that a promising ex- planation of these' observations could be supplied by the notion of the role of the genome conforma- tional state in forming cell's resonance response to the millimeter wave exposure. In other words, we assumed that parameters of the GCS, ie. space-to- pological organization of chromosomal DNA, de- termine resonance frequencies. In such an event the GCS would be sensitive to the effect of milli- meter waves of certain frequencies. In order to provide support for this supposition we used the method of anomalous viscosity time dependencies in cell lysates. which has a high sensi- tivity to the GCS change (6]. Changes in the AVTD can be detected even with an X-ray dose of 10 cGy when less than one single-strand DNA break is induced per E. coli genome. This result al- ready made it possible to assume that the AVTD method is sensitive not only to damages of the sug- ar-phosphate bonds of the DNA secondary struc- ture. The AVTD sensitivity to other changes of the genome conformation, particularly those caused by DNA-protein bonds, was confirmed by the ex- periments we carried out [ 16). The results obtained in the course of our work indicate that repair of the genome conformational state of bacterial cells after ionizing irradiation is highly sensitive to the resonance effect of millimeter waves. The microwave effect discovered cannot be ex- plained by trivial heating. This was borne out by d0i Table 11. Values of the maximum rotor's rotation peri od in cell lysatcs after a combined effect EHF EMR Q rnW/cm2. 51.78 GHz. 30 min) and XR (30 Gy) on aw E. coli R M 117 cells. Type of ± SE Significance level effect IS] as compared with AW XR + I Control 17.1 t 0.9 p < 0.04 XR 6.9±0.1 p < 0.02 XR + 1 12.5 t 1.4 - -OW EMR + XR + 1 7.2 ± 0.2 p < 0.003 Approved For Release 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 0.01 0.1 1 10 IOU IUUU PD[pW/cm2] Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Will! 626 1. Y. Belyaev et al. - Resonance Effect of Microwaves on the Genome Conforinational State of E. coli Cells ,oil no ow milli will many of the results obtained. First, there were effective PD of about I gW/cm2, while SAR amounted to 10 gW/g is not enough for a notice- able heating of the irradiated suspension over 5-15 min. Second, heating of the cell suspension by 5 ~C for 10 min during the postradiative incu- bation has no influence on the restoration. Finally, the PD averaged over the irradiated surface did not depend on the frequency within the limits of the observed resonances (± 200 MHz). There is hardly any doubt that destabilization of repair and probably other protein complexes with DNA is the central event of the molecular-biologi- cal mechanism preventing the GCS repair. Sur- prisingly, this effect may be obtained even if cells are subjected to EMR with resonance frequency before X-irradiation. This result means that a cell, irrespective of whether or not it was X-irradiated. retains the microwave resonance effect for a cer- tain period. It is especially important to stress that this memory is realized at the level of the genome conformational state. This inference is supported by the fact that after a 5- 10 min EMR effect on X-irradiated cells, the prevention of GCS repair persists for at least an hour and a half of the subse- quent incubation. The discovered frequency dependence of the effect, especially the half-width of resonances (100 MHz), is similar in character to that which had been obtained when studying the gene expres- sion of repressed X-prophage operon in lysogenic E. coli cells (3, 5]. In our view, this coincidence is one more argument in favour of the supposition of the role of the genome conformational state in the resonance response of bacterial cells to a millime- ter wave effect. In general, a chain of events seems to be in- volved in this interaction. At the first stage, micro- waves interact with cell membranes. It is likely that the signal in the membrane intensifies and is re- ceived in the DNA through the point (points) where DNA is attached to the membrane. We be- lieve that there are parameters of DNA or its . se- lected sites, including those bound with proteins. that determine the resonance frequencies of elec- tromagnetic waves capable of influencing the gen- ome conformational state through the membrane. One cannot exclude the possibility that the pri- mary targets of millimeter wave action are pro- teins, which take part in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of chromosome DNA [ 18. 191. Then changes in the GCS registered by the AVTD method will be defined by the influence of EHF EMR on the function of these proteins. By affecting the GCS through the processes of molec- ular interaction the microwaves may give rise to changes of DNA secondary structure, changes in elementary genetic processes: transcription. repli- cation, repair and recombination. Consequently, it is possible to record the final biological effect at the cell level: modification of gene expression down to derepression of operons [2-5], changes in the velocity of DNA synthesis and in cell division [1, 17]. It is worth noting that cells of all the E. coli strains used (AB 1157, RM 1' 17, G 62) were sensi- tive to EMR of the 51.62 - 51.84 GHz frequency band. The first two of these stral-ns are isogenic by known markers. As to the third strain, it differs from the previous ones by a number of markers. For instance, G 62 cells have no mutations in the gene of acetylornithine deacetylase or other genes whose products take part in the biosynthesis of ar- ginine and therefore are not auxotrophic on this amino acid. It is possible that structural genes whose mutations determine differences in the strains used have no relationship with a mecha- nism of resonance interaction. But it appears likely to us that resonance frequencies are determined by regulatory nucleotide sequences and their mutual position within cellular DNA. The results obtained in this work are in accord- ance with the physical models predicting the exist- ence in living systems of discrete resonance states corresponding to the millimeter band of an elec- tromagnetic field [ 18, 19]. A further experimental confirmation of the gen- ome's role in giving rise to these discrete states and the existence of selection rules on helicity for tran- sitions between them will be made public at a later date. Acknowledgements The authors express their gratitude to 0. A. Aizenberg for providing strains and to V. M. Shtemler for assistance in SAR measurements. They are also sincerely grateful to W. Grundler, F. Keilmann and S. P. Sitko for discussing the re- sults of this work. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 of E. coli Cells 627 aw [11 W. Grundler, U. Jentzsch, F. Keilmann, and V. Put- terlic, in: Biological Coherence and Response to Ex- temal Stimuli (H. Frohlich, ed.), pp. 65-85, Sprin- ger Verlag, Heidelberg 1988. [2] E. Postow and M. L. Swicord, in: CRC Handbook of Biological Effect of Electromagnetic Fielcis (C. Polk and E. Postow, eds.), pp. 425-460, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton 1986. 131 S. J. Webb, Phys. Lett. 73 A, 145 (1979). [4) F. Kremer, C. Koschnitzke, L. Santo, P. Quick, and A. Poglitsch, in: Coherent Excitation in Biological Systems (H. Frohlich and F. Kremer, eds.), pp. 10 - 20, Springer Verlag, Berlin 1983. [5] K. V. Lukashevsky and 1. Ya. Belyaev, Med. Sci. Res. 18, 955 (1990). [61 Ye. D. Alipov, 1. Ya. Belyaev, D. 1. Yedneral, D. M. lzmailov, K. V. Lukashevsky, L. K. Obukhova, 0. V. Okladnova, and V. S. Shcheglov, in: Proceed- ings of the Workshop on Genetic Effects of Charged Particles (K. G. Amirtaev and S. Kozubek, eds.), pp. 150-160, JINR, Dubna 1989 (in Russian). [7] S. P. Sitko, E. A. Andreev, and 1. S. Dobronravova, J. Biol. Phys. 16, 71 (1988). [81 G. T. Butkus, K. K. Mikalauskas, and A. S. Pausha, in: Medicobiological Aspects of Millimeter Radia- tion (N. D. Devyatkov, ed.), pp. 230-234, IRE Ac. Sci. U.S.S.R., Moscow 1987 (in Russian). (9] 1. G. Polnikov and A. V. Putvinsky, Biotisika 33, 893 (1988) (in Russian), [10] J. Miller, Experiments in Molecular Genetics, p. 373, Mir, Moscow 1976 (in Russian). [III E. L. Uhlenhopp, Biorheology 12,137 (1975). [12] V. D. Iskin, Yu. V. Zavgorodny, N. M. Yatsenko, L. K. Silina, E. V. Stepula, A. W. Medvedovsky, B. G. Rice, and S. V. Rudenko, Biological Effects of Millimeter Waves. Review. A. Deposited Manu- script, p. 75, All-Union Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of the U.S.S.R., Moscow 1987 (in Russian). [13] V. M. Shtemler, in: The All-Union Symposium with Foreign Participants: Theoretical and Applied As- pects of Usage of the Millimeter Electromagnetic Ir- radiation in Medicine. Abstracts (S. P. Sitko, ed.), pp. 114-115, TRC "Otklik", Kiev 1989 (in Russian). [14] R. N. Khramov, Ye. M. Kobrinsky, A. K. Filippov, and N. 1. Porotikov, ibid., pp. 49-50 (in Russian). [15] 1. Yu. Petrov and 0. V. Betsky, Dokl. Acad. Nauk U.S.S.R. 305,474 (1989) (in Russian). [16] Ye. D. Alipov, 1. Ya. Belyaev, V. P. Kryuchkov, and V. N. Lystsov, in: Proceedings of the Eight Balkan Biochemical and Biophysical Days, pp. 1-2, Insti- tute of Atomic Physics, Bucharest 1990. [17] 1. Ya. Belyaev, Ye. D. Alipov, V. S. Shcheglov, K. V. Lukashevsky, and V. N. Lystsov, in: Proceedings of Tenth International Biophysics Congress, p. 549,. Vancouver1990. (18] S. P. Sitko, V. 1. Sugakov, Dokl. Acad. Nauk Ukr. S.S.R. 6 B, 63 (1984) (in Russian). [191 F. Keilmann, Z. Naturforsch. 41 c, 795 (1986). Ow w0i am dW Ow Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 MW aw BIOINFORMATIONAL INTERACTIONS: tHF-WAVES N. 0. Kolbun and V. E. Lobarey Kibernetika i Vychislitellnaya Tekhnika, No. 78, pp. 94-99, 1988 UDC 577.31 The informational interaction of the EHF-wave band are discussed. The influence of electromagnetic fields in the millimetric band, which are similar to natural fields, upon human body is studied. The evolution of life on earth was affected by various environ- mental factors. Among the most important factors were electromagnetic fields (EMF) and magnetic fields. Studies have confirmed a high sen- sitivity of biological systems to these fields [2,53. In principle, each band of electromagnetic waves reaching the Earth's biosphere could have contributed to natural evolution and may affect vital functions [5]. In the past few decades, the theory which assigns a regulatory and informational role to EMF in biological systems has been gaining supporters [5,14,161. The theory views a bio- logical system as a biochemical,complex inseparably linked with intern- al and external EMP. A concept advanced by Kaznazheev in 1975 (see [6]) repr*esented a biosystem as a nonequilibrium photon constellation maintained by a constant energy influx from outside. Under this con- cept, EMF quanta are material carriers of information flows in cellu- lar biosystems. EMF flows within a biosystem constitute the informa- tional base of its vital functions; flows of external EMF are the fac- tors regulating (to some extent) the internal information flows. Differentiation between energetic and informational flows of ex- ternal EMF has been discussed in 13.5,83..The energet*ic actions are defined as the actions introducing a change into biosystem proportional to the amount of energy contributed. An informational interaction of 0 1989 by AWM PHU. IM 152 woo Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 an EMF with a biosystem is one where the effect is not determined by the amount of energy brought in but by specific informational features; various EMF modulations., frequency bands, polarizational and time characteristics, etc., can function as such features. The Information- carrying signal, in that case, merely triggers a redistribution of en- ergy or matter in the system and control processes in it [5]. The low- er boundary of an information effect is set [8] at flow density (FD), on the order of-10 -12 W/M 2 (10-16 W/cM2). Apparently, there is no ,bright line between informational and energetic FD. Various investi- gators (1,3,8.101 place it in the region between 10-7 W/cm 2 and 10-2 2 W/cM . Figure 1 compares the characteristics of principal EMF sources that form the natural electromagnetic background of the biosphere and the atomospheric transparency to the entire wave band. The atmosphere is unevenly transparent to EMF of different wavelengths. In turn, FD from solar radiation and from other sources is uneven throughout the EMY range. The combination of these factors determines the magnitude and dynamics of natural EM background of the biosphere in each frequency band. Biological systems are likely to be more sensitiVL to external EMF flows in the frequency bands,where the natural field background is lowest. Biological effects at informational EMYintensities MW/cm2 appear, according to Incomplete data, in those spectral regions where the external background Is minimal either because of low atmospheric transparency or a minimal space radiation (see Fig. 1). The spectral density of solar radiation in space matches closely the radiation of an absolute black body at T - 6000 K. Radio waves.accounts for just a fraction of a percentage point of the total energy radiated by the sun. In the wave band*from 0.3 to 10 mm, solar radiation is described closely by the Rayleigh-Jeans law. The effective sun temperature T,,ain the radio band is different from kinetic temperature. It has been measured experimentally and for %- 1- 4 mm varies from 5500 to 8000 K [4]. Galactic radiation does not make any significant contribution to the natural background in the millimetric wave band (EHF), as it is absorbed completely by the atmosphere near.%- 1cm (see Fig. 1). Other natural 8MF sources are the Earth's surface and the atmo- 153 Approved For Release 2000108110: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 ids PAdlefim d now- fo F OW sky BWkgMUW if MaWmAwabewpdan RefAmAbn ftwn lot n OW 4MI 4M 41 1 if f4v few f of I 1W WO fe am Fig. 1. Natural EMF sources and atmospheric woo transparency throughout the EM spectral range [121: 1) frequency "windows" in which B11 are observed according to [5]; wavelength bands where biological effects of nonthermal EMP with FD :~. 1 mW/cM2 can be observed; 2) data of Z71; 3) data of 11,3,10,133. sphere. The proper heat radiation from the Earth can be described as radiation of a gray body with it - 0,35 and T - 288 K. Atmospheric radia- tion is described by radiation laws of an absolute black body with iso- lated selecLive lines of atmospheric gases and water vapors at respec- tive T eff' In EHF-band the effective atmospheric temperature ranges from loo to 400 K. Throughout the EHF-band, the spectral density of solar radiation is greater by some 12 dB than the proper atmospheric radiation (Fig. 2). In the range )6- 1 -8 mm, the atmsophere absorbs EMF selectively, mainly in the bands of molecular absorption of 0 2 and water vapors C1,4], The total attenuation of the radiation on the vertical path in selected bands is as large as 800 dB (Fig. 3). In transparency windows, the attenuation may be just 1-3 dB. There are several frequency regions in EHF-band that coincide with 154 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 MW 3 2 A. MM AY JV W 7S f0v W VGM Fig. 2 Fig. 2. spectral densities of radiation flows: 1) solar at T- 6000K; 2) atmosphere based on data of [4,61. Fig. 3. Vertical attentuation of MMR as a function of wave- length in clear atmosphere: 1) January; 2) July. MW atmospheric absorption bands; the natural field background in them is minimal and is entirely determined by the proper noise radiation of the atmosphere. The spectral FD of the natural background in these regions is 10-20 to 10-19 W/(m2.Hz). Based on this analysis, a hypo- thesis was advanced postulating that biological systems, adapted in the course of evolution to a low-background level, can respond to EMF flows that rise slightly above 'the background radiation on wavelengths near 2.5, 1.7, 0.9, and 0.8 mm. Quantum energy of millimetric radia- tion (MMR) is sufficient for inducing important biological processes associated with rotation of water molecules*and oscillations of H 20 lattice, rotation of terminal groups within molecules, conformation of protein molecules, etc. C1,3,101. Estimating the potential role of MMR in bioinformational interac- tions (BIV, we should note that MMR wavelengths in biological tissues are such that, even In case of a very strong MMR absorption, it can synchronize biochemical processes in single-celled and multicellular organisms. 155 00i .MW 41Vff fmor Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Fig. 3 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 "'.Jf2 f-V V W 115 fGHZ woo Fig. 4. Relative frequency of sens- ory response as a function of MMR: a) data of Pyasetskii (see 1131); b) our data. aw According to our working hypothesis concerning the biological significance of EMP in MF-band, MMR on frequencies of atmospheric low absorption bands plays an informational role within biosystems and is the material carrier in interactions of biological objects at small distances. MW When nonthermal-intensity MMR acted upon selected acupunctural zones in men 1131, characteristic sensory response was absorbed with radiation frequencies in the band of 53-78 GHz. We conducted similar 8 2 OW tests with 116-121 GHz at radiation FD on the order of 10- W/cm The band includes 02 absorption line with the center near 119 GHz C151. The He-Gu acupunctural point on the right hand was irradiated. Based on 130 tests, a distribution of the relative number of sensory response was plotted as a function of DW frequency (Fig. 4). Subjective re- sponses were sir~lar to those described in C131: parasthesias, sensa- tions of warmth, tingling, etc. Several tests were-also c7o'nducted where, in similar conditions, a sensory indication of MMR with fre- quency near 180 GHz was observed. A special method was developed for the experiment to test the pos- sibility and the range of BII between noncontiguous biological objects. As in [51, electromagnetic wave filters were placed between biological objects. Changes in the state of the object were recorded; the bio- logical objects thus functioned as detectors. The Inductor was an oper- ator who had been found in earlier experiments to be capable of in- ducing sensory reactions in subjects similar to those produced by MMR. 156 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 U XV AD 0000 0000 / J k itd.."MA me", I.JW _M SW IN 4.NS Wr P OW IND 'SM2280 "M U89 fm nag r 2235$725 to27054418 ft3900moo 1 U2&fzff7790 Fft-m --"n am wim,nft an t-quwm MW Fig. 5. Transmittance characteristics of gauze bandpass filters: 1) no. 10; 2) no. 11; 3) no. 12; 4),calculated. 14- ove. Z..M"O 12 2 0,78 Y Ur I'SZ 01~ 4- f7 7; Fig. 6. Distribution of occurrence frequency of sensory reactions with BII through filters with various transmittance maxima. MW A series of passband net filters with a honeycomb array of open- ings were prepared. The filters were made from the same photographic masters by photolithography and etching of 0.2-mm-thick copper foil. No The transmittance characteristics of the filters are given in Fig. 5. Copper foil screens we re also used. Zilters and screens were enclosed in identical opaque paper envelopes. OW The subject lay down on a couch; his entire body surface was cov- 157 MW M MW Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0100070001-9 MW WO GW""NK 116-1 Zvi a HWX 77 J I Igo A-- El ArAwme Y 1-011 PIC" _T 19-1 - , I I f P OOWWgrmphy "~ I.... tabria a b Fig. 7. Setup for irradiation of bacteria (a) and experiments to detect B11 (b). No ered with two layers of carbon fabric so that only He-Ge acupuncture point on the right hand was exposed. Since the transmittance of the filters in the short-wave wing at 1<0,1