Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0400100002-1 clear that the tactile images were dominating and that his hands were of a predominantly tactile type. Thus, according to their respective pr ispositions, one person can "see," hke Diamondi, figures being pl ed in front of him, while another pers , like Inaudi, hears his o n voice calculating. Fleury, in turn, felt t relief of cubes at the ' s of his fingers. Each sensa- tion is, therefor with .each individu complementary to the rest of. his personal ment activities. These faculties ow the extra rdinary possibilities of our brains which are even capa c of co eting with computers. All these powers imply a conscio ly dir cted sensory-motor activity which, no doubt, will interest P P chologists by their analogies with p p automatic writing and, on the evel of art, with designs and pictures executed by those who are " i ers without having learned." In short, all these sync hesia diversely oriented and tributary to conditions obtained with t direct articipation of our sight, have shown the important role hich colo impressions can play in our daily lives. Everything s * up to this int, however, has been in relation to the "normal" powers of man. But as We have stated already, it o curs that these powers t transgress th frame rk of classical h This happens, for "Ie psyc 'o gy, example, when the is an intrusion--often brutal one-of data contained in the c. sciousness of others or of a erception of events that take place in he present but at a distance, d when past and future events are 'seen." Then the rs open to the domain of the paranormal. which is always so ne to the domain of art. THE PARAPSYCHOLOGICAL LEVEL Here we have finally arrived at the heart of our subjec 't, -From now on, we shall consider more complicated phenomena: appearances of colors and figurative forms,-evoked at a distance-.by telepathy or by clairvoyance. As the existence of these phenomena has been confirmed by statistical evaluations, the reading of this chapter may seem rather dry. It is the truth, however, that these statistics are a guarantee of the seriousness of these experiences and experiments; they stress not only the importance of color in paranormal perception but also the importance of the Stepanek effect, named after the sub ect on i whom this effect was observed. 1. Appearance of a Color by Telepathy I ) Role of the Nature of Stimuli and Results a) Standard Playing Cards The proving of telepathic phenomena by statistical methods is especially facilitated by using decks of simple playing cards and by playing a card game. Ever since parapsychology made its start as a science, the psychic research societies in England and France endeavored to establish experimental proof of the transmission at a distance of colors and colored symbols of playing cards. This study was later extended to other stimuli, as we shall see later. Looking back, we will remember that Professor Charles Richet was the first to introduce statistical methods to parapsychology, in 1874. He used card crames, just as Myers did later in 1884. The ApproveRu For Release 2000/08/11 CIA-RDP96-00792ROO04001 0000~4 probability of success is as easy to evaluate concerning colors and numerals as with face cards.' At the beginning, the experimenter was satisfied to shuffle the cards, drawing one and asking the subject to identify it. Repeated, this operation permitted the establishment of statistical results and their evaluation in proportion to simple chance expectancy. It is true that too monotonous a repetition of these trials often lead to a decline, which was ascertained right from the beginning of the tests. The subjects, even those very gifted, submit with difficulty to the discipline required; this gave birth to the idea of transforming the tests into a game. I The Game of Telepathic Encounter, invented by Ren6 Warcol- lier, is one of the variants of this astute adaptation. The agent, who acts as the "banker" has in his hands 13 cards of the same color; another suit is handed to the percipient. The banker shuffles his 13 cards, takes one at random and looks at it while the percipient is required to draw an identical card from his hand, placing it in the center of the table. Over this card, the agent places his card, face down. This is repeated with the 12 remaining cards, each of which will then be covered by a card from the percipient's hand. There will then be 13 stacks of two cards each. Then one can proceed to the statistical analysis, These tests for telepathy can just as well become tests for clairvoyance. In the absence of a partner, a subject can very well train himself, all alone, to pick out diamonds, hearts, clubs, spades, face cards or numerals from a deck, the cards of which are turned face down to the table. He could easily evaluate the results himself, check his progress and observe if he can perceive better, para- normally, certain forms or certain colors. As certain colors are more predominant7 than others, it is difficult to eliminate in these anticipated experiences the influences, even if unconscious, of structures or colored forms which impose themselves more particularly on the subject. Moreover, certain predominant symbols acquire this quality due 6. However, it was Dr. J. B. Rhine's statistical work - which introduced Para- Psychology at Duke University in 1934. 7. Predominant is used to translate the French word: "pr6gnante." to some unforeseen particularities, for example, symbols that relate to certain customs which are characteristic of a country. Thus, in the United States it is the star of the Zener cards that is most pre- 3 T_ dominant, as stars are displayed on the American flag. 1 N Transmissions of colors at a distance seem to be then of a spon interest for the study of their predominancy as well as for &ir possible eventual relations to psychology and physiology. One difficulty has to be faced:' that of finding tests as canGhle as possible of eliminating at one time, affective reactions as wea as the perception of too elementary stimuli. To obtain these results, Ren6 Waxcollier and, with him, Hardy used either decks of cards with different symbols and-c-D. or devices able to stimulate the transmission (see below),- ", '- 0 The author herself adapted Ren6 Warcollier's test to her resewc work with subjects deprived of sight, for a comparison of eir results with the ones he hal.obtained. 0- a b) Telepathic Decks of Symbol Cards W In order to research statistically whether it is a figure corritca tion or only a simple element that is best transmitted, WarcRier used successively various stimuli comprised of two receptiblc,.ele- ments: symbol and image, then image and color and, finally nuxzral and color. Different decks of 25 cards were thus prepared for 2ese so-called double-cffect tests.' The experiments were carried outoit closed decks with an agent operating on a group of about 2L, N en percipients, who often were of very different types and had %me for the first time to the Institut M6tapsychique International. U) Not only did the results permit a bringing out of the g9bal aspect of their paranormal reception, but also modifications of 9 ese results, according to the affective effects of one or the other associa- tion of the elements of the image and, in addition, notabl Odif ferences of predominancy found in the reception of colors _y raised, besides, the question of the relation of paranormal percek ion with the physiology of sensory channels. 2 CL 8. This test differs from the one made with colored Zener cards, which arb_also used in the United States, but with the same color for each categ< of red. The geometric figures. Thus all circles are yellow and all crosses are . - probability remains, therefore, 1/5 for every "hit," while in R. Warcollier's test it is 1/3 for partial hits (figure or color received separately), but it is 1/25 when there is a global reception of the figure and the color. [28] [29] oo CD CD CD CD 04 (D U) M (D Z W 0 LL 13 (D 0 L_ CL CL < In connection with this subject, the so-called "domino test" can find its place here, going through its different stages. The first test is a double-effect test, because there are, as men- tioned, two elements to detect, consisting of five concepts distributed according to distinct sensory and motor elements: -Insects (I) possessing: an emotive element -Fruits M a gustative sensory element -Music 44 an auditive and affective sensorial elelnent -Geometry (G) C~ an intellectual element -Velocity (V) a dynamogenic element (linked perhaps to cenesthetic and kinesthetic impressions) Each of these concepts comprises five concrete images such as: apple, banana, grape, lemon, and pear for the fruits. The first test permits the selection of not just any image or figure, but those which, statistically, based on 100 runs with 30 untrained subjects, have been the most frequently received: ship (V), grapes (F), trumpet (M), dragonfly (I), and triangle (G). In a second test, Ren6 Warcollier encircled each image previ- ously selected with a line of five different colors, thus with each of the five dragonflies one was colored with blue, green, violet, red or black. On 2,550 trials conducted in 1956, there were 136 global results which were more significant (CR - Critical Ratio - =3.43) for the colors than the partial results. An analysis of the global hits of colors showed a considerable difference in predominancy of colors: Red = 32; Black = 30; Blue = 29; Green = 26; Violet = 19. It may be surprising that this order does not correspond at all to our habitual scale of retinal sensitivity, which is low for red. Conm sequently, as it is higher for yellow, another problem arises: if we replace violet by yellow (for which the retinal sensitivity is maximal), would the paranormal order of color reception correspond or not correspond to the physiological order? [30] However that may be, several important facts are established by this test: 1) The global results express the psi faculty much better than the 7 partial results. C*4 2) The partial results show that the figures are better received Chan CD the colors. CD CD 3) The colors are unequally predominant. T - C~ Finally, in a third test, the deck of cards is further moditieqb 1 ) In order to appraise the inferiority of the partial results obtled CD with colors in relations to the figures; CD 2) In order to see whether the paranormal transmission of the y 04 w color does not correspond to the normal retinal se.nsitivity.-fo [*- his shade of the spectrum. Q Instead of simply encircling each of the figures Iwith a color9ine, to Ren6 Warcollier colored tke entire surface of the 'Pictures withmc of the five colors, among wfiich violet was replaced by orange-Y&W. Moreover, he used fluorescent colors. The decreasing order of hits of colors obtained in the g4*ba tests was: Red, Black, Green, Blue, Yellow. 6 The definite results of 6,250 trials can be summed up a9 'f ol- lows: I ) The percipients received the figure-color combination stilglus much better than separate elements. On 6,250 trials, the,CZwas . CD 3. There was one chance in 741 that this result would be, a=an- - 04 dom one. 2) The intense coloration of the stimuli made the color partiainhits M positive, depending on the form's of the figures. (D 3) The yellow-orange was as little predominant as violet. The most interesting results are of course, those that coriLern, on the one hand, the coloration of the cards and, on the other End, the classification of the colors when they do not correspond to the (D physiological sensitivity of the eye. > An objection could be raised, however, when in a fourtl2test, IEUV other experiments with other decks voluntarily linked with affo` e associations, it has been shown, for example, that, if black Atter- flies are inhibited, a red star is, on the contrary, definitely positive. It should be recognized that, even in quantitative experiments, [31] affective factors, especially those corresponding to fears and appre- hensions, modify the global results. We should not believe, however, that affective associations al- ways facilitate the outcome. It happens that they play an inhibiting part. So it is that an association of ideas such as black butterfly or black flower inhibits the psi faculty. c) The Domino Test A moment ago, we alluded to the Domino Test. Now we shall explain its scope. For a definite elimination of the emotional charge whic .h a pic- ture-color association can contain, there is nothing simpler than to make use of the numerals from 1 to 5, as Ren6 Warcollier has done in adapting a geometric presentation of the kind seen on the faces of dominoes. Hence the domino test terminology. Each numeral can have, in its turn, five different colors: blue, green, yellow, red and black-thus constituting a double effect. 3.1. 5,000 trials were made and the global critical ratio (CR) was Here again, the double effect discloses clearly the paranormal faculty. The classification of the 243 global-hit colors was: Red-61; Green-55; Black-45; Blue-42; and Yellow-40; the chance average being 40 for each color, Not one of these colors was below the probability rating to be applied, and black was found to be halfway between the predomi- nant colors and those which are not predominant. Whatever tile elements may be to which they are associated, red and yellow remain at extreme positions in telepathic transmission of colors. The author herself studied at the Institut M6tapsychique Inter- national the transmission of colors by using a closed-deck domino test; the statistical analysis showed positive results for red, CR = 5.2 1, next for green and black, and near to simple probability for blue and yellow, CR=0.31. On the other hand, research done with blind subjects led to very different results, which brought up the problem already mentioned: what are the relations of paranormal perception to the sensory in- fluences? d) Adaptation of Certain Tests for Blind People Considering the fact that an image has the characteristic, in effect, of releasing the same reactions as the corresponding sensationr.- one could raise the question whether subjects who lost their sigh 9 accidentally, but having seen colors during the period preceding thei0o blindness, would be receptive to colors in the same order, going frono Ir red to yellow. 0 Among the various investigations we were able to make peQ sonally since 1966, we wish to discuss those we carried out with Ja(8 ques Berthaux, who became a sculptor after losing his sight. 'Aus have seen, artistic sensitivity is a favorable condition, as it is , linked with those paranormal. conditions which we are stud i " 0) ,ying. r._ Let us stress the point that in all this research work based main18 on the relations of the kinetic and motor sensations toimental imag4 and colors, the agent as weli'\4s the percipient uses targets cut oft of wood, or plastic material wAich a blind person can identify. a We further wish to point out that the experimenter and the sug, jects are by turns agent and percipient. A realization of the recipracig conditions of sending and receiving actually favors the transmissiov.. It permits the experimenter to choose the "stimuli!' in relation to t4a exterior data which the subject can only receive by four sensolT 00 channels. The inversion of the roles also breaks the monotonv and reliel%gm 0 the fatigue which cannot be avoided with endeavors ofthis kind'. 0 Before arriving at color transmission proper, these experien CV in the case of the blind must pass through several intermediate stag% requiring first the transmission of motor and tactile stimuli. a) For this purpose, geometrical figures are used again, but out of wood: squares, rectangles, triangles and circles. They aire placed in the same order before the agent and before the percipie2- When the sound signal is heard, the agent outlines with a pencil vc& carefully the contours of one of the forms and the percipient to name it. IS 2 In 1967, small disks pasted on cardboard-the so-called domiM CL test-furnished the stimuli for sending the numerals I to 5, tw Zeller cards cut out in plastic material were used and, finally, objects. Leaving the transmission of forms behind, we started with the [32] [33] sending of colors, as Jacques Berthaux was also quite capable of pro- ducing polychrornic sculptures. Rectangular pieces, sized 2Y2 x IV2 cm. made of galalithe red, green, yellow and blue-were pasted in this order on cardboard, 0 2 cm. apart. Tactile markings indicated the colors of the pieces placed Ir 0 before the blind subject so that, in touching one, he knew which 0 V color he was sending or receiving, 0 0 In adapting the processes of these experiments as closely as pos- 0 sible to those followed with subjects with normal sight, we have used, W 0 CN since October 1971, decks of 25 cards for the sending of doi-ninoes 0) and decks of 20 cards for the sending of colors. 9 Jacques Berthaux's deck showed the name of the color embossed on the cards with Braille characters above a plastic label of the cor IL responding color. After shuffling the cards, the sending was done card by card, and a comparison of the sending and receiving of the cards of the agent and percipient permitted an establishment of the results after the emission. Analogous experiments were conducted with another subject who had lost his sight accidentally many years ago. The results were 00 added to those obtained with Jacques Berthaux and a statistical evalu ation was made. In these experiments, yellow CR = 6.3 7 took the first place and areen CR = 0.92 the last. C4 Perhaps a memory of luminosity made the yellow color more W predominant. Or are there physiological explanations due to the lack U) CU W of one sensory channel?' Should they perhaps be compared with the experiments on clair voyance (without an agent) made by Professor Hans Bender in 0 0 1936, which demonstrated that the best received hue was yellow, LL 13 followed by black, red, green, blue and violet? W From all these comparisons, it seems to result that the para- > normal perception of color is linked with general psycho-physiological 2 CL conditions and that it can vary if these conditions are modified on a CL sensory plane. 9. Analysis of pilot tests made with Daltonian subjects at the initiative of Dr. H. C. Berendt showed the predominance of the color blue. Of 1,500 trials, there were 78 global hits (p=1/23) with the colors distributed as follows: Blue=21, Red=18, Yellow=:14, Green=13, and Black=12. [34] e) The Reng Hardy Apparatus All these statistical studies require, quite naturally, long and tedious analyses, but parapsychology must also use modern technical methods such as the registration of the resuh on electronic devices o17 LS processes of a direct inscription of the results on standard IBN9 0 punch cards. 0 Concerning the first method, Engineer Ren6 Hardy, who diP 'r- research on a new statistical method for the study of unconsciougo preference of colors, constructed a dial apparatus, one feature which Nvas the electronic registration of the calls of the percipient. It is comprised of a dial divided into five sectors of differe colors-Blue, Green, Yellow, Violet and Red-in front of whicIN 0) turns, in five seconds, a pointer. Here, too, we have two,~-elements- of transmission: rhythm and color. The transmission here is,,Fealized in a manner differing great from the one produced with ca'rds (case of telepathy). Moreover, dL is based on the choice of a color which is to be received in prcfdQ ence to the others. 1* Hardy considers the phenomenon of telepathy as a particu case of telecommunication. The velocity of the pointer turning on the dial and watched the agents must be transmitted biologically in perfect synchronizati with the percipient. The latter, located in another room, must try IQ detect the precise moment at which the pointer passes in front 'f 0 t9 color which can be chosen by the agent as well as by himself. that moment, he pushes an interrupter which registers his call a4O 0 f ixes the position of the pointer. M The statistical results showed that, even when the choice-Tf W color was voluntary, the predominancy of red persisted. W The will, of course, can add certain modifications. Red, how ever, remains at the head of the classification, yellow and viL?et appear to be more difficult to transmit. Further below, we SW a) analyze the results in more detail. > 2 f) Standard IBM Portma-Punch Cards CL CL Concerning this second method of port-a-punch cards, it ites ,ive, of course, any results of a paranormal perception of colors, not 9 but it offers a fast technique permitting the percipients to register [331 immediately their calls on cards ready to be "taken up," i.e., to be analyzed by a computer according to its programming. When in 1970, we again took up the study of domino tests, cm o one of our collaborators, Lionel OEvyer, drew up other types of 0 0 sheets which were more practical, but the results had still to be 0 collected "manually" and then the statistics had to be,prepared. More recently, another of our collaborators, a consulting en- 11, gineer with IBM, found that the results could be "taken up" directly 0 0 by the percipients themselves on port-a-punch cards. 0 W The essential advantage of this new process is the direct record- N ing of the results by the subject on cards all ready to be ahalyzed 0) 1 I- by the computer according to a certain research program. Any in- 0 termediate handling has become superfluous. (6 We wish to point out that, on this type of port-a-punch card 0) a- the numerals 1 to 9 are vertically printed. Our collaborator had the ingenious idea to use the numerals 1 to 5 and to divide these cards i nto 5 double-entry tables. -The Numerals are arranged in vertical columns. -The Colors are arranged in horizontal lines. All the percipients have to do is to punch their calls at the oo ntersection of a numeral column and a color line (Fig. 2). 0 PEROPIENT MERIMENT NO. LINE NO. 0 0 04 E31GIYIR,B (1) B G,Y R, B G~Y,1Ri,B11__ B GJY~R!5 RI 0 B~Glyl B ... ICU 222 2 2 2 271 T 7M 21 21 22 11 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (1) 333 3 3 3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 3 1 - 444444 -4-4-4-4-4 444444 14 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 $ 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 S 5 0 LL 'a 1 (D > . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .V. . . 2 CL Fig. 2 CL In addition, in order to universalize this process, we have clas- sified the colors in the order of the colors of the prism, i.e., blue, green, yellow, red and black. After the first tentative experiments, we realized that this tech- nique was not only a means of simplifying the calculation of the results, but that it presented advantages by itself on the plane of paranormal reception. We found out that: 1) With these cards, all fraud can be avoided; by a 04 2) During training, the results can be immediately checked superposition of the sending cards and the cards of reception of information transmitted telepathically; 3) It seems that the slight relief of the port-a-punch cards is a sup- port for the reception of numerals. Moreover, the order of the prism, which has a natural base, seems to aid the subjects in visualizing the colors; 4) Finally, at the time of each reception, which can sometimes yl~N on automatism only, it is faster to punch out the respon,', t co) could be 0 call) than to write it. Thereby the rhythm of reception ON lowered from 20 to 10 seconds. to We may add that the poAa-puDch cards, thus modified, cano" (L also be used to advantage for th~ registration of the results of clair-C) C voyance and precognition tests. 2) Role of the Modalities of the Emission and Results a) Experiments with a Single Agent of importance inT,-" It is not only the nature of the stimuli which is CID ocedure of tr the telepathic transmission of colors, but also the pr ansO mission. in the classical experiments, there is actually only one agent irO eral percipients in another room. They mus N one room and one or sev detect the stimuli or a run of cards which the agent, who can b Q at a great distance, transmits successively by looking at them in th(fi) room where he is isolated. These experiments take place on the plane of information to bq_ 0 transmitted, without deliberate intention to act on the motor fun1L tions of the percipients. There is, however, another type of experiment with a singl? agent whereby the latter has a definite intention of influencing thED motor functions of a percipient, in making him execute a consciousla directed act. We have then a suggestion at a distance and the condic tions of the experimental process are different. In this situation, the agent must "see" the subject in order to [36] [371 guide his movements towards the stimulus to be detected. For this purpose, a special device is required, for example, a closed circuit TV 7 set, as used in the laboratories of the United States. CM b) Experiments with Two or Three Agents In the preceding tests, a single agent sends one or several stimuli to one or several percipients. This study permits the consideration of several psychological aspects of transmission. With one of our collaborators, Lionel Olivyer, who is a physicist, X we did research not on the plane of relations of psychology and physi- C*4 0) ology to paranormal perception, but on the plane of possible rela- I- 0 tions of transmission with physical parameters. In order to do so, we have tried to carry out experiments of C6 "interference" by sending simultaneously one and the same stimulus or even two different stimuli, this time by two or three agents, under determined conditions. We tried to obtain correlations between the modifications of these external conditions and those of the number of hits, i.e., exact calls. These experiments took place at the Institut M6tapsychique In ternational during the years 1970-71. The transmission of a run (the CO 0 25 cards of a deck) took 6 to 7 minutes. The distance between an 0 agent and the group of percipients was about 2 meters. 0 0 We used either a deck of cards of 25 colors composed of 5 blue, CM 5 green, 5 yellow, 5 red, and 5 black cards, or the double-effect test, (D U) the numeral-color "domino" test introduced by Warcollier. CO 4D Here are the modalities and the results of thesc transmissions: I ) Transmission of an Identical Stimulus by 2 Agents 0 LL We arranged for the transmission of the same double -stimulus 'a (numeral-color) by two agents to any number of percipients as (D > follows - 2 A deck of 25 shuffled cards is put in the hands of each agent. CL CL The same order of cards is maintained, and at each sound signal the two agents "send" simultaneously an identical card to the percipients. All the results varied in the sense of an augmentation of the correct calls and particularly of those called "global," in a propor- tion of 97o'. 2) Transmission of a Stimulus by 3 Agents In a preliminary study, we used a simple stimulus and arranged to send simultaneously the identical color to percipients by three agents. While with one agent we obtained + 3.7 % correct responses or hits, in the case of triple emission, the results were -13.6 % of the probability ratio. observeda With a double-stimulus transmission, however, we a a decline of 1817o for the globals in proportion to the results obtained'r in sending with a single agent. The transmission-and this should be stressed-increases ino a passing from one agent to two and deteriorates in passing from oneo X agent to three for a given group of percipients. N c) Experiments with a Group of Agents CD The preceding investigations on emission concerned. the quantita(6 "I, tive variations of the results in L~proportion to the number of agentER independent of the group of percipients. C) It is, however, possible to disregard this number, and Hard95 considers that the emissions can be effected by a "battery" of agen~g in a single block as well as collectively, where the effects, on A) contrary, seem to add up. To demonstrate these results, he invented the experimental biZZ 00 M11communication apparatus, which we mentioned above. CD The agents in an adjoining room limit themselves to hold mind the desire that the isolated subject interrupt the movement CM the pointer when it passes the color which he or they have chos and that he does not interfere with at other times. CO To, prevent the subject from falling into the habit of a detee mined r~hythm, the pointer changes randomly after a few turns. 0) A single stimulus among the colon of the dial is to be trarls ta mitted, and the percipient must, so to speak, "catch in flight" W moment when the pointer comes into one of the colored secto& 4) chosen. > Another important point to bear in mind is that the percipile, or the agents are free to choose a color, contrary to the statisti4W investigations made in the United States, which is surrounded Cty multiple precautions so that the stimulus will be indicated by aleatory number tables. [38] [39] In short, in the experiments of Ren6 Hardy conscious will, i.e., mental suggestion, intervened, and it will be of crreat interest to com- pare the results obtained in this classification of colors with the one 7 C*4 of the experiments made with card decks arranged before the trials. In the course of thousands of trials the subject, isolated at a dis- tance, gave indications of the passing of the pointer before the chosen color a number of times above chance expectancy. The results, according to the color chosen, cstablished likewise that: -When a color has been chosen (for instance, green), it always comes up as a positive and, on the contrary, the colors not chosen C14 01) come up as negatives, with the exception of red which always comes I- up thus indicating an explanation of the phenomenon as we shall see later. 0') -On the other hand, red always attracts its cornplementary color IL green, but it is never as clear as red. -It is the same for green, which attracts red, but only when it is chosen by priority. U -On the other hand, yellow and violet were negative colors, unless they were chosen, in which case they went up the scale. 'r- 'r- -Blue presents still less paranormal success than the other colors. 00 It is positive only when chosen, but it is always accompanied by red which carries along its complementary color, green, without ever being able to dominate red. (Fig. 3.) C14 The observations made of all these biotelecommunications can be summarized as follows: M 1) The motor element of the pointer, far froun being an ob- (D 7~ stacle to the transmission, stimulates it, or as pointed out by Ren6 Hardy, even establishes a psychic accord between the partners; the 0 rhythms of this are objective for the agent and subjective for the LL percipient. The ocular movements which follow the dissplacernent of the > 0 pointer can be communicated at a distance to the percipient, strength- %_ CL ening their biopsychic accord. CL 2) This method, based on the choice of the stimulus, permits < the release of the part of the will in relation to the colors best received and puts their paranormal predominancy in evidence to the exclusion of aff ectivity. The control of the part played by conscious preferences of the percipients for one or the other color showed that they did not inter- vene in their results. For instance, a person who detests green per-r, I C14 ceives it often against his liking. Corollary: As affective preferences do not intervene, it is clear T- that only the nature of the color and its pre-don-dnancy as well asa IV V 04 -_ I ............. ------------ -- -------------- ------ --------- 00 cc (D 7j; W LA TF -'T R ULG Y 6 gLy 7 T _G~ V 7 B_ G Y U 0 LL Fig. 3 (1) The results have been adapted to the same proportional scale. > The doffed line represents the probable average. 0- CL The color chosen is surrounded by a circle. CL the choice of the percipient and of the agents intervene. In spite of< trying to vary their techniques, both Warcollier and Hardy have ob tained the same results concerning the predominancy of the colors; of course, an explanatory theorY is still pending. [40] [41] 00 CD CD CD CD 04 (D U) cu (D 77D W 0 U_ (D > 0- CL CL < All these statistically based experiments stress, therefore, the im- portance of the structure of the stimulus, as well as of the uncon- scious, but on a general plane, so to speak. Their effects are revealed independently of the subjects of the experiment, unless they are deprived of sight. These experiments also show that, when the order of predomin- ancy of the colors remains the same, the external conditioning of the emission, for example, the one that includes a definite number of agents participating in the experiment, can modify the total number of successes. In short, while all these experiments establish the existence of a I psi factor, they also indicate that it does not propagate at random. II. Appearance of a Color by Clairvoyance 1 ) Color Clairvoyance It seems, at this point, that clairvoyance wherein there is no interference by third persons (the subject being alone in the presence of a stimulus to be detected) does not have to face problems as complicated as telepathy which is, of course, self-evident. This is what actually happens in a first research phase. Let us consider now the experiments made by M. R. P6rot on color clairvoyance. In his book, Parapsychologie Experimentale, PSI (Experimental Parapsychology, PSI), Ren6 P6rot relates all the quantitative clair- voyance experiments made by his wife over a period of ten years. His methodology is rigorous and the record sheets he made permit an analysis of the different aspects of this paranormal per- ception. His wife placed in front of her, horizontally, 5 target cards, each representing one of the stimuli repeated 5 tinics in the deck (color occurrence: yellow, blue, white, red and green) which was on the table at which she sat. One by one, without looking at them and without anyone seeing them-she took the 25 cards to be iden- tified and tried to place them in front of the key cards which she thou-ht were of the same color (Blind-Matching test. B.M.) The ex- "D perimenter noted on the test sheet the order number of the card placed in the compartment referring to one or the other of the five colon. [42] On 7 '500 trials made by Mine. P6rot, the chance expectancy was 1,500. The score obtained was 3,457 and, in prolonging the ex- periment, an increase in correct returns was noted. C*4 The results are remarkable. The "hits" were distributed as fol-C3 CD lows: Red 804; White 751; Yellow 674; Blue 655; Green 573. CD CD Here, again, red stands ahead, while white and yellow occupyT. the second and third positions. Green remains the last color-to beCD CD recognized. CD Red and blue kept the same place as in the preceding experi-C) Q ments on telepathy, in spite of the fact that black or violet ha CW . 4 been replaced by white. ""_1 a) The results were noted on test sheets developed by Reri6--P6rot,'* Q permitting not only an almost direct evaluation of the results, butg also the demonstration of two other elements of the "emergence AT the faculty": W -First Element- Placing a card on one of the targets nearest to the correct on&j is what one could call simply an error in localization, named by- Ir Ren6 P6rot, a "near hit." These errors in localization can also bqi statistically evaluated. 00 CD CD CD --Second Element- CD On the other hand, it sometimes happens that the subject, havinf4 ertain target made the movement of placing her card before a C VA front of anotheiO changes her mind and finally puts this card in (D target. This "abortive" movement is also noted, and the experimente%; can evaluate how many times these tentative efforts have succeedei% or not. 0 The study of this "pointing" is very interesting, because 1~L shows, as emphasized by P6rot, that the subject has "fele' her err0FD the awakening mani> which is, in the last analysis according to him, 0 festation of the function of the psi faculty outside of the mechanicatL CL gesture directed by chance. Recently, we ourselves were able, with the assistance of one 01, our collaborators, to carry out some trials on clairvoyance with color cards similar to those used by P6rot, but placed in opaque black envelopes; our subject was the sensitive, Uri Geller, who is at [43] present being studied in the United States, mainly in respect to the physical effects he can produce. C*4 Very gifted subjects, having developed other capacities, can Q Q succeed in different tests; this suggests, according to Dr. Rhine, that Q telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition and psychokinesis are variants Q T_ of one and the same psi faculty. Q Cp It Q 2) The Stepanek Effect Q Q In a second phase of the same investigations, things became more W 04 complicated, as we shall see in examiningthe Stepanek effect, named C" after the Czech subject who was studied by Dr. Milan Ryzl by Dr. J. Gaither Pratt. and later In this test, the subject Perceives, as before, a stimulus hidden IL from sight, but he seems to identify the cards not so much by the 0 color or symbol of a card, but as if by a "psychic mark" which he projects himself, with the reservation, however, that the phenomenon manifests, as far as the Stepanek case is concerned, under hypnosis. 0 The effect was detected during the followinc, experiments: -Dr. Milan Ryzl used first, for clairvoyance tests, Zener cards placed in fully opaque envelopes. 00 Q -Then he submitted his subject to color tests, but Stepanek failed Q with monochromatic cards. Q Q -Finally Dr. Ryzl used bicolor cards 04 , i.e., cards with a different color an each of their faces. There were 3,611 successes on 5,000 calls, distributed as follows: White 77D -Green: 845 White-Yellow: 792 White-Red: 751 W White-Black: 685 Red-Blue: 538 0 Green and yellow were the colors best reco nized, but blue, LL 9 which placed last, was associated with red, not with white. > The tests with white-black cards pointed to an absence of Cor- o relations between the degree of blackness and the rate of success. L_ CL This was accomplished by a progressively reduced blackness of the CL face, arranged without the subject realizing it, until it was indiscern- able from the white face. Everything happened as if another factor not perceived at first intervened, because it was verified that the subject had a tendency to repeat his successes as well as his errors. Everything seemed actually as if the design or the colors of a determined card had been identified by a reference mark invisible It was established that Stepanek always repeated the to the observers . C~ the same-exact or erroneous-responses for the same cards. On other hand, it was impossible to evoke a Q simple factor of memorization. Q After the discovery of this Stepanek effect, Dr. Pratt went from Q Q the United States to Czechoslovakia with the purpose of studying Q it with Dr. Ryzl. C) It was verified that it was not a question it of an extrasensory CD knowledge of certain points of reference on the cards, due for ex- CD ample, to identification marks, be it ever W so slight on the envelope. * D I . _ C What kind of theory should be formed concerning4 this prod jcction of a psychic reference mark on objects which the subject CD I I does not see? We shall investigate that further. ' tO Whatever it may be, accordift~ to a recent 0) article by Dr. Pratt, "the stronger form is," in his opinion this 0- one of focusing, the 0 om the view other remaining one is the ESP of a color hidden fr of the subject. It seemed that the more the number of hidden color hits in- creased, the more the focusing effect diminished until it could dis- appear if the correct ESP responses were to reach the 100% level. The paranormal perception of a stimulus is therefore, not only 00 Q global, as preceding experiments on telepathy-_ have shown, even if CD ' often only fragmentary aspects become conscious, but, in addition; Q subject and object are undissociable. 04 Clairvoyance implies the intervention of 6 elements other than (a those related to the stimulus proper. The analysis (which is still going on) of the results of the a) pendent of the stimulus and its W subject Stepanek shows that inde objectivity, a psychic action "marks" it, " so to say. It seems that the 0 objective information is transmitted to the LL subject who, in detecting " a a) it. it, "subjectivizes > 0 III. Telepathy and Clairvoyance CL Telepathy and clairvoyance can, finally, CL act together as a pair, < and it is a real difficulty to try to divide their zones of action, as evidenced by the expression GESP, Actually, with clairvoyance, certain subjects develop some sort [4-41 [45] T- 00 0 0 0 N U) Co (D W L_ 0 LL 'a (D > 2 CL CL of "psychic reference" enabling them to recognize a card outside of what it represents and to repeat the same response when the card passes before them again. It is no longer the card proper they recog- nize but their own mental reference mark as in the Stepanek effect. In telepathic experiments it is no longer the agent alone who seems to act in transmitting a color at a distance, but the surround- ings also play their supplementary part by clairvoyance and modify the result. Experiments, mostly of a qualitative nature, were carried out by Ren6 Warcollier for the purpose of demonstrating, in Particular, the part played by environment in telepathic transmissions. Thereby he was able to detect diverse levels in the intermingling of telepathy with clairvoyance. Analyses made of telepathic experi- ments in 1960, show, as a matter of fact, that the greatest number of "hits" was obtained under conditions where the light was very bright. This was the fact when Warcollier used a process he called 1e coup de poin'g r9tinien (the retinal punch). The agent looks quick- ly at perforated images before a bright light. In applying this process 7 5 % of the results were positive. A 35 % success was obtained with sharply contrasted images such as black and white, and 33% with images painted in fluorescent colors. On the other hand, images formed by lines and designs lit from behind resulted in only 2017o correct "hits." We may add that objects were received in a proportion of 33%, but sentences read by the agent without corresponding images obtained a percentage of reception of only 18% i.e., near the level of "chance coincidences." It seems, therefore, that on the paranormal plane a thought without an image would rarely appear. It also became apparent that the percipients received more modifications of a transmission than the stimulus itself carried. In 1960, for example, Ren6 Warcollier used in his office a monochromatic lighting device which produced a yellow shadow on a blue background on all the angles of the objects in the room. One of the percipients "saw" then, at a distance, "oriflammes" of yellow and blue colors in the forrn of triangles. "They streak," he wrote, "the atmosphere like lightning in a black night." [46] Thus, each time telepathy and clairvoyance become inter- mingled, the latter prevails over the former. We have to keep in rnind that the subjects, with due precautions taken, were not in-r", formed about the modes of operation; here we have then an effec".- of surprise favoring the predominance of the conditioning. I In short, all experiments which seem on the one hand, to belon'? to telepathy and, on the other hand to clairvoyance, point clearly tcC) an "indirect clairvoyance" involving both telepathy and clairvoyance,,4 0 and telepathic clairvoyance i.e., clairvoyance and "subjective" telelo pathy, the stimulus being itself created by the subject (Stcpanel~ effect). T- T- 00 C1 U) Co (D 77D 0 LL > 2 CL CL [47]