*ApptoVed Por'Rbldast 2000109/15:"CrA-ROP96,~OV12P,000800260001-,t CONFIDENTIA7 SG1 I A t n A- 5 1 - 90 V TITLE: 3, ~1- TECIHNI-QUES T-O DEVE-LO 3 P I,,- E. ?A 7, F S~ 7T 7 7 C N T E L 'S: 7,N -P S V DOC REr 28, DOC NR: --8::, AS 660P3 95 DOC DATE: FIC-HE NR INF CTY: :7 T CLASSIF: -.,NTJ-AL DWNGRADE: BY: MULTIPLE SOURCES; DECLASSIFY ON: 0'R--G1L1,-iATING AGENCY'S DETERMINATION REQUIRED RELEASE: (OC) DISTRIB: RE-~,EASE LIMITED TO AVMIC, DIA/DT, FSTC, FTD, MSIC, NISC (ST) TEXT: ENTIRE. THIS INPUT UNIT IS MARKED ACCORDING TO THE OVERALL RELEASABILITY RESTRICTION OF THE SOURCE DOCUMENT. TEXT CONTAINS NO RELEASABILITY MARKINGS. *U* WITH ADVANCED ELECTROOPTICS TECHNOLOGY, SOVIET ENGINEERS HAVE DEVELOPED A DEVICE THAT MIMICS THE HUMAN BRAIN IN THE WAY THAT THE BRAIN PROCESSES INFORMATION. LIKE THE REAL THING, THE SOVIET ANALOG IS A MULTILEVEL NETWORK OF NERVE CELLS. THE NATURAL BRAIN, A PARALLEL PROCESSOR, CONSISTS OF ABOUT 10EXPll NEURONS OR NERVE CELLS, BUT THE GREATER VOLUME IS MADE UP OF ABOUT 10EXP14 INTERCONNECTIONS AMONG THESE NEURONS. THE SOVIET ANALOG IS STRUCTURED SIMPLISTICALLY THE SAME WAY BUT USES A THRESHOLD FILTER, PHOTOCELL, LASER, AND HOLOGRAM OPERATING IN SERIES AS THE BASIC ELEMENT. INTERCONNECTIONS ARE MADE OPTICALLY. *U* THE SOVIET NEURON WORKS IN 'THIS WAY: WHEN AN INPUT SIGNAL (S) IN THE FORM OF LIGHT IRRADIATES'THE PHOTOCELL, ITS OUTPUT DRIVES THE LASER, WHICH PRODUCES AN OUTPUT THAT IS SPLIT AND MODULATED BY THE HOLOGRAM. AFTER BEING SPLIT, THE LASER ACTIVATES THE PHOTOCELLS AT THE NEXT LEVEL. INFORMATION STORED ON THE HOLOGRAMS CONSTITUTES THE PROGRAM AND DETERMINES THE INTERCONNECTIONS FOR THE OPTICAL BRAIN. THE THRESHOLD FILTER SETS THE MINIMUM LIGHT LEVEL REQUIRED TO ACTIVATE THE PHOTOCELL. *U* IN THE REAL BRAIN, THESE INTERCONNECTIONS CAN NUMBER IN THE TENS OF THOUSANDS PER NEURONS. STATE-OF-THE-ART MICROELECTRONICS COULD NOT BE USED TO SIMULATE THIS STRUCTURE AND STAY WITHIN A REASONABLE SIZE. IN ADDITION TO BEING 'LIMITED BY PACKING DENSITY OF THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN NEURONS, MICROELECTRONIC CIRCUITS SUFFER FROM THE POTENTIAL FOR INFORMATION' LEAKAGE FROM CROSS TALK (UNDESIRED TRANSFER OF SIGNALS). INTERCONNECTIONS BY OPTICAL RADIATION ARE NOT BOUND BY EITHER RESTRICTION. CONFIDENTIAL PAGE 14 Approved For Release 2000/08/15: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0500260001-4 *Aopto~edror"R61eaee~060tog'116:-~CrA-I:ZbP§6Lb(t7g2KO6O6Od260601-Ar CONF7DENTIAL k -R- -LD: 'UO571-DOiNOV20/1~4.'Ll.l~lt,,~A,,)I SEQUENCE NR: CXA85027099 --S7 ~_) - 7, 7 7r C, .1,4 --CT AN R -N *U* 'THE SOVT-:'TS RE-PODRT T~- ~D N S i R' BRA SG1 I WITH THE SAME NUMBER OF NEURONS ekND -7:~CONNECT 1ONS AS -2HE NATURAL BRAIN, USING A MODUL*AR ~)-ESIGNL. EACH WOULD BE --7 E EQUT-VALEN-1 J- OF A LAYER OF iO=-:53 NE-URONS, FORM-2,T1, TON FROM L'YER IN A 1 CM CUBE. AS WITH lfl- NATURAL INE 0 E S AND DEGRE~`-c TO LAYER 1 N T -;T- EE V!- T TN.D S C, PROCESS7',IG. ~Jj~-4 -T~fp,-Fl 7p,-, 9 F N, ETT PC H L' SC)~71FT MODEL WOUL, z ABOUT 50 C " J M MA S L. A R G F R 7- H ENATURAL BRAIN BUT MANAGEABLE SIZE AS A COMPUTPR. *U* CONSIDERING SPEED OF PROCES ING, THE OPTONEURON,BRA-TN, AT 10EXP4 TO 10EXP5 TIMES THE SPEED OF THvr, NATURAI BRAIN, WOULD BE MUCH FASTER THAN THE STATE-OF-THE-ART ELECTRONIC COMPUTER THAT HANDLES 10EXP7 TO 10EXP9 OPERATIONS PER SECOND.~ WHILE THE NERVE CELL IS MUCH SLOWER THAN ELECTRONIC DEVICES, THE NATURAL BRAIN, WITH PARALLEL PROCESSING, IS FASTER (IN THE'SOLUTION OF NONFORmAL PROBLEMS) THAN THE ELECTRONIC COMPUTER. THE] OPTONEURON BRAIN, A PARALLEL PROCESSOR WITH ELEMENTS THAT OPERATE A~ ELECTRONIC SPEED, IS STILL FASTER (WITH A SYSTEM SPEED OF 10EXP20 PERATIONS PER SECOND). *U* NOTWITHSTANDING THE SOVIET I ACHIEVEMENT IN DEVELQPING THE OPTICAL BRAIN, THE GREATER TASK IS +0 DETERMINE THE §TRUCTURE OF THE INTERCONNECTIONS. TWO COMPLEM~NTARY RESEARCH DIRECTIONS ARE BEING FOLLOWED TO DEVELOP THE ALGORITHMS FOR PROCESSING INFORMATION. *U* THE FIRST OF THESE IS THE STUDY OF THE PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF PROCESSING INFORMATION GLEANED FROM NEUROPHYSIOLOGY RESEARCH. THE WORK OF U.S. SCIENTISTS D. ~. HUBEL AND T. N. WIESEL ON THE PRINCIPLES OF PROCESSING IN OW~ HE BRAIN OF VISUAL INFORMATION IS A REPRESENTATIVE APPROACH FOLL D CLOSELY BY THE SOVIETS. SOVIET 7 ACTIVITY IN THIS AREA IS BRISK. *U* THE SECOND WAY IS THE ANALYTIC INFERENCE OFIALGORITHMS WHICH MODEL INDIVIDUAL FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN. THE OPTICAL BRAIN BUILT AND DESCRIBED BY THE SOVIETS US S AN ALGORITHM DEVELOPED TO RESEMBLE THE INTELLECTUAL OPERATIONS P RFORMED BY HUMANS IN LOOKING FOR INFORMATION. THE DEVICE DESC~IBED BY THE SOVIET$ IS A RELATIVELY SIMPLE SYSTEM THAT USES PATT RN RECOGNITION IN FINDING DOCUMENTS. IN 1980 AND 1981, THE SOVIETS PUBLISHED DETAILS ABOUT THE TECHNIQUE OF A PURELY OPTICAL RETRIEVAL ME~HANISM BASED ON HOLOGRAPHY. *U* COMMENT: THE SOVIET BRAIN i~ a MUCH SIMPLIFIED MODEL OF THE REAL THING. FOR EXAMPLE, THE MODEL, UNLIKE THE REAL 8RAIN, IS NEITHER ADAPTIVE NOR CAPABLE OF SELF, L~ARNING. THE PROGRAM OF THE MODEL IS FIXED BY THE HOLOGRAMS RECORDED ON LIGHT SENSITIVE FILM. I *U* COMMENT: THE TECHNOIJU(jy FOR THE FILM DEVELOPED FROM BACTERIORHODOPSIN DESCRIBED IN THE 23 NOVEMBER 1184 ISSUE OF THIS PUBLICATION (AST-2660P-316-84) COULD CHANGE THIS LIMITATION. CONFIDENTIAL PAGE 15 Approved For Release 2000/08/15: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0500260001-4 '-Aopto~edPbr'R61e*as'e2000108Yl5:'CIA-ROP96-100792ROO0500260OOt-4* CONFIDE~TIAL -k Al S E _7 C E ~~ 1 R CXA8 5 0 -4 7 0 9 USER 00 5 7 1-31 ONIOV20,1/14. 11. 1 -4', A:j H OIL 0 G R AIM S REC-ClRDED ON AR--- _7RASA_3__:,, ~LAj< T N G A S -.L" S T SG1 I USING THIS FILM REPROGRAMMABJLP. THE SOVIETS ALSO APPEAR TO BE WORKING ON FILMS WITH MOLECULAR CONST_!Tl~:_ENTS THAT ARE ADAPTIVE AND SELF ORGAN7ZING. THE A~_'-TTIDN 0Z TH7S C7ASS OF FILMS, OPTICAL BRAIN COULD HANDLE MA~IY PROBT,IMS REQUIRING DECISION MAKING FOR WHTC- THE ALGOR T L_~ MCAN C, _f 21 T~- I , ~ " 7 G-4 V~-t T r *U* C 0 MUM E'N 2IOELECTRONT SEARCH N H SOVIET 0 N H E 'N ! CS IR E - - 4 STATES, AND ELSEWHERE COULD, IN THE NEXT DECADE OR SO, LEAD TO THE TECHNOLOGY THAT WOULD ENABLE vh~,vl SMALL ARTIF TC IAL NEURONS AND THEIR INTERCONNECTIONS TO BE PRODUCED. THESE NETWORKS WOULD BE SMALL ENOUGH TO RADICALLY REDUCE THE SIZE OF THE SOVIET BRA TN. A SMALLER BRAIN WOULD FIND MORE PRACTICAL USE FOR ROBOTICS, SMART WEAPONS, AND COMMAND-AND-CONTROL SYSTEMS *U* COMMENT: FOR MANY REQUIREMENTS FOR ADAPTIVE, SELF LEARNING i NEURON LIKE NETWORKS, A FULL,SCALE BRAIN LIKE SYSTEM WITH 10EXPll ELEMENTS WOULD NOT BE NEEDED., THE SOVIETS ARE CAPABLE OF BUILDING SMALL WORKABLE SYSTEMS WITH 9FF-THE-SHELF OPTICAL OR ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY. AN EXAMPLE IS THE SHAPE ANALYZER MENTIONED IN THE 7 JANUARY 1983 ISSUE OF THIS PUBLICATION (AST-2660P-267-83). THE SOVIETS HAVE DEVOTED CONSIDERAB~E EFFORT IN THE DEV4LOPMENT OF THESE OPTICAL SIGNAL ANALYZERS. THESE ARE NEURON LIKE STRUCTURES AND EYE LIKE DETECTORS OF INTENSITY, COLOR, DEPTH, SHAPE ELEMENTS, AND VELOCITY. DETAILS OF THE RESYLTS OF THIS WORK CAN BE FOUND IN THE BOOK NEUROBIONICS: THE ORGANIZATION OF NEURONLI~E ELEMENTS AND SYSTEMS, BY Y. N. SOKOLOV AND L. A. SHMELEV, PUBLISHED IN MOSCOW IN 1983. THIS BOOK DESCRIBES, THE RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS PERFORMED BY THE AUTHORS AND USED BY THEM AS THE BASIS FOR A COURSE OF LECTURES THEY GAVE AT MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY. *U* COMMENT: THE SOVIETS ARE A~SO CONDUCTING INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, THAT COULD YI&LD A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE WAY THE BRAIN FUNCTIONS. THE RE EARCH OF A. G. BRAGIN AND 0. S. VINOGRADOV AND OTHERS AT THE,INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGI.CAL PHYSICS IS A CASE IN POINT. THIS TEAM HAS,,FOR THE PAST DECADE, BEEN CONDUCTING RESEARCH THAT HAS ENABLED THE~ TO REMOVE SECTIONS OF THE BRAIN FOR STUDY, HAVE THE SECTIONS SURVIVE AND, MORE RECENTLY, IMPLANT SECTIONS OF BRAIN FROM ONE SPECIES INTO ANOTHER I *U* COMMENT: THIS RESEARCH IS,CONCERNED WITH THE FOLLOWING: 1. THE FUNCTION OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS. AND CONNECTED STRUCTURES IN THE PROCESSING AND STORAGE OF INOORMATION (THE HIPPOCAMPUS IS THAT SECTION OF THE BRAIN THOUGHT TO BE CONCERNED WITH MEMORY). 2. SELF ORGANIZATION OF THE BRAIN STRUCTURES. 3. THE ABILITY OF BRAIN TISSUE TO CONNECT ITSELF TO A,HOST SYSTEM IN A FUNPTIONAL WAY. 4. SURVIVAL OF BRAIN SECTIONS AFTER REMOVAL (THE SOVIETS HAVE BUILT AN EXPERIMENTAL CHAMBER FOR SURVIVING SECTIONS OF THE BRAIN). CONFIDENTIAL PAGE 16 Approved For Release 2000/08/15: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0500260001-4 *ApprbVedFbr'Rdlelast2000tO8Yl5:,cl,_~-RDP96.200792ROGOSOG200GOt-4-k CONFIDENTIAL r7s SEQ`-'-7NCE NR CXA8 ~~')7099 5 7, 1 -9 0 NOV 2 0,/ 14. U* T S S E I ~ZC-, 7 COM1,1EN-: T HE 3 -,':)ND DESIGNL.-N"kG SG1 I BETTER AR'=FICIAL B A -ZHE SOVIETS, FOR EX,~-'VIPLE, ARE INTEREST-ED T,70N 0- EA 7 ~D SYNTHE- IN DEVELOPING SYSTEMS ~3 N, AN -ER 0 F -, S N-,-,WOR:< S 7(1,- L- ~j E UR,-,- 7 ZATION. L 1217 ~XPI.ko_ 7L SUBJECT AND RELATED QED "11 DEPTH IN A FUTURE --'SSUE OF THIS PUBL-7CATE' -1- ST-' S THE *C* C OMM E N T OF D 1 R E C'11- A D I C- L iC r 1 OPTICAL BRAIN, BASED ON NEURON N E Tj rv'i-'O R I< S ,M I G H'I B LL" ASLE TO SOLVE - TT I S F NONFORMAL PROBLEMS. I r-11 I S A GREAT CiDVAN'--, AG2' FOR PATTERN RECOGNITION, THE INTEGRATION OF SIGNALS FROM M-'L)--TIN!0DA~-' SENSORSf AND THE AUGMENTATION OF COMMAND DECI' ION MA~(ING. *U* COMMENT: WITH PARALLEL PFOCESSINGr VARIOUS PROPERTIES OF AN IMAGE CAN BE TRANSMITTED ALO~G DIFFERENT CHANNELS, I.E., SHAPEf COLORf MOTION, ORIENTATION, ETC. RECOGNITION OF THE TARGET CAN BE PREDICTED AS VARIOUS PROPERTIEO ARE INTEGRATED WITS THE MOVEMENT OF INFORMATION THROUGH SUCCESSIVE LEVELS OF THE NETWORK. IN THE SAME WAY, INFORMATION FROM MULTImobE SENSORS CAN BE INTEGRATED, I.E., OPTICAL, INFRARED, SEISMIC, CHEM iiCAL, ACOUSTIC, ETC. *U* COMMENT: THE SOVIETS ARE ALPO INTERESTED IN SHORTENING THE TIME, IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY, AND REDUCING THE STRESS IN MAKING COMMAND AND INDIVIDUAL COMBAT DECISIO0S. A BRAIN LIKE DEVICE WITH AN ALGORITHM MODELED AFTER THE W~Y HUMANS THINK COULD HELP MEET THESE GOALS. CONFIDENTIAL PAGE 17 Approved For Release 2000/08/15: CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0500260001-4