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Soviet News Abstracts Publication
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FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY CENTER
Author: Chupakhin, V., Captain 1st Rank,
correspondent
Title: SHAPOSHNIKOV URGES GRADUALISM IN
STRUCTURING COMMONWEALTH'S ARMED FORCES
Primary Source: Krasnaya zvezda, January
7, 1992, No. 5 (20692), p. 1, cols. 1-3; p.
3, cols. 1-3
Extract: Following the Minsk meeting of
heads of sovereign states,* many questions
connected with the fate of the amed forces
remain open. What position the heads of
the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of
Independent States are taking in these cir-
cumstances and how they appraise the situa-
tion that is developing around the army and
inside it were topics of conversation at a
meeting which took place recently between
journalists and Marshal of Aviation Ye.
Shaposhnikov, commander-in-chief of the
commonwealth armed forces.
The commander-in-chief said that haste
and a lack Of Mutual understanding in re-
solving highly important and complex ques-
tions have been noticed on the part of the
heads of a number of states, particularly
Ukraine.
At the present time, the Ukrainian
leadership understands the term "strategic
forces" to mean only strategic nuclear
forces, not taking into account that stra-
tegic forces must include everything which
ensures the strategic stability of both
strategic forces and the armed forces as a
whole, noted Marshal Shaposhnikov. The
commander-in-chief thought that the posi-
tion of Ukraine was not entirely in keeping
with the Minsk accords in this regard.
[Sovereign states] have the right to
create armies of their own. But at the
same time, one sometimes gets the impres-
sion that not all of their leaders have a
complete idea of the problems which they
will encounter in this connection, the mar-
shal noted.
He cited the -following example as an
illustrations Ukraine has expressed claims
to air forces on its own territory. But at
the same time, it does not have a single
airplane building plant for military equip-
ment. In three months, or half a year at
the most, airplanes simply will not be able
to fly; there will be no engines, spare
parts, components, units or even wheels.
Whether Russia will supply them and in what
order has not been decided, and a suitable
mechanism has not been perfected. The mar-
shal asked whether it wouldn't be better to

take precisely these problems as a starting
point and not immediately demolish what we
now have.
For a whole set of questions connected
with reorganization of the armed forces to
be solved in logical order during the peri-
od of transition, a period of two to three
years is necessary, in the opinion of the
commander-in-chief. He thought that it
would be quite possible, during this tran-
sitional period, for the armed forces to be
structured so that both national armed
forces and general-purpose armed forces un-
der a united command could be on the terri-
tory of a single state such as Ukraine, Ka-
zakhstan, Uzbekistan, Moldova or Azerbay-
dzhan. A precedent for such organization
exists in NATO.
Financing of the armed forces is still
another sore and complex question. The
commander-in-chief said that several ver-
sions have now been proposed for taking ac-
count of the share of each participating
country of the commonwealth in the expenses
of these armed forces. He thought that a
certain consensus on this question had been
achieved at the latest meeting of heads of
governments in Moscow. "We now insist that
these questions be resolved for the first
quarter of the year during the first ten
days of January," stated the commander-in-
chief. "An agreed-upon quota will be set
for each state."
But how will the administrative struc-
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tures of the armed forces change? There Is
no longer a USSR Ministry of Defense (Min-
oborony). What will take its place? The
former Minoborony is now the Main Command
of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of
Independent States, explained Ye. Shaposh-
nikov. As for future prospects, this pre-
cisely is one of the questions on which
work must be done in the course of two
months allotted by the participants of the
meeting in Minsk. The heads of the common-
wealth's countries are to decide what the
administrative structure of its armed forc-
es will be like.
*See also the Daily SNAP, January 21, 1991,
p. 1, col. 2
(SNAP 920203)
Author: Vladykin, 0., correspondent, Lieu-
tenant-Colonel (interviewer)
Title: SPECIALIST'S ADVICE ON MILITARY
PREPAREDNESS IN COMMONWEALTH
Primary Source: Krasnaya zvezda, January
17, 1992, No. 13 (20700), p. 3, cols. 4-8
Abstract: The article is an interview with
General-Lieutenant Nikolay Pavlovich Kloko-
tov, head of the chair of strategy at the
Military Academy of the General Staff, re-
garding the geostrategic situation of the
member-states of the former Soviet Union.
Klokotov contends that since the
breakup of the USSR, the military threat to
these states has not changed substantially,
on the whole, because sources of war will
always exist objectively on the earth.
Conflict situations will continue to arise
which cannot be resolved without the use of
weapons. The Commonwealth of Independent
States has inherited western, southern and
eastern theaters of war from the USSR, and
the military use of airspace and outer
space is still possible in the northern
sector as well. Present conditions make it
unnecessary to single out any one state or
group of states as a probable adversary in
any of these sectors. At the same time,
the commonwealth should be aware that
change can occur abruptly in a particular
region, have a good idea of the kind of
military groupings that may be encountered
in any theater of war and be ready to op-
pose these forces. Klokotov suggests that
the notion "probable adversary" be replaced
by a new concept, "potential adversar 'y I"
which would apply not to the particular
army of a real country but to a kind of
collective profile. This profile would
characterize the armed forces of states
which are the most highly developed from
the military standpoint.
Klokotov thinks that the commonwealth
needs unified armed forces to discourage
neighboring states (particularly Islamic
ones) from laying claim to territories of
former Soviet republics in Transcaucasia
and Central Asia. There is not a single


kilometer of the commonwealth's southern
frontiers which could not be disputed, he
points out. The military potential of a
number of Asian countries is increasing,
and some of these states are close to de-
veloping nuclear weapons of their own. In
these conditions, a breakup of the Union
armed forces could radically alter the sit-
uation in the commonwealth's southern re-
gions and increase the nuclear threat, in
particular. Although the member-states of
the commonwealth have agreed to preserve a
unified command of strategic forces, cer-
tain questions have not been resolved to
Klokotov's satisfaction, particularly the
question of who is to make the political
decision to use nuclear weapons and bear
responsibility for this decision. Under
the former system, the heads of the USSR
government could make such a decision very
quickly, he explains. The same operation
now requires the consent of several heads
of state in the capitals of sovereign
states, and there is no guarantee that such
agreement will be reached at the critical
moment.
Klokotov contends that the common-
wealth's security depends on preserving a
unified strategic space for a long period
of time and creating a collective system of
defense within this space. He favors a
system of dual jurisdiction whereby the
amed forces of individual republics could
if necessary be placed under a unified com-
mand, and tasks of military development,
financing and strategic planning would be
carried out in a centralized manner. Under
this system, the commonwealth's chief mili-
tary command would be under the jurisdic-
tion and supervision of the commonwealth's
2
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council of presidents, which would jointly
make all fundamental decisions in regard to
the armed forces.
(SNAP 920203)
Author: Ivanyuk, I., Major, correspondent
Title: EX-SERVICEMEN DEVELOP SPECIAL CON-
STRUCTION MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY
Primary Source: Krasnaya zvezda, January
11, 1992, No. 8-9 (20695-20696), p. 3,
cols. 1-8
Abstract: The article reports on activi-
ties of the Construction Research and De-
sign Association (Proyektstroynauka), which
is utilizing experience with construction
of military and space installations. "Pro-
yektstroynauka" is characterized as a high-
potential organization which is launching
production on the basis of its own scien-
tific developments. This association,
which has an annual turnover of millions of
rubles, takes in several joint-stock compa-
nies and small enterprises.
A conversation Is recorded with Colo-
nel of the Reserves Dmitriy Arkadyevich
Frumin, a former military construction spe-
cialist and now head of the "Proyektstroy-
nauka" association. Frumin and colonels of
the reserves V. Kostin, A. Sytnik and N.
Marichev are among a number of engineers
who acquired unique experience in construc-
tion of fortifications, missile silos and
structures of space-launch complexes while
serving in the armed forces, the author
relates. For example, concrete capable of
withstanding a direct hit by a missile with
a nuclear warhead was developed, using
high-quality cement and scarce superplasti-
cizers. Frumin recalled that while carry-
ing out a contract assignment at Kapustin
Yar in 1962, he and his associates achieved
waterproofness of concrete which was two to
three times as high as usual. Experience
of former military specialists reportedly
has been utilized in building underground
structures for civil defense and watertight
structures for underground services, in
particular. A new process which makes
sealing of joints unnecessary, permanent
forms which function simultaneously as fac-
ing and wet sealing, concrete ten times as
waterproof as conventional concrete, and
other materials with special properties
have been developed in this connection.
Frumin showed the author of the arti-
cle slabs of siligran, a concrete which is
not only comparatively inexpensive but said
to be capable of withstanding stresses as
great as those for which missile silos are
designed. Siligran is considered a possi-
ble safe substitute for asbestos cement
whose use is forbidden in many countries.
Other potentially profitable developments
of "Proyektstroynauka" include unique pro-
cesses for producing building materials,
and equipment for these processes. The


association reportedly has concluded 20
agreements for creation of joint enter-
prises and facilities, including a Soviet-
Bulgarian enterprise, for production of
finished products.
(SNAP 920203)
Author: Tsarev, I.
Title: REPORTS OF BIOELECTRONIC-WEAPONS
TESTING IN 1970s AND 1980s
Primary Source.- Trud, December 27, 1991,
No. 298 (21522), p. 4, cols. 1-2
Extract: Long ago, Gennadiy Petrovich
Shchelkunov, a specialist in the field of
radioelectronics and an employee of the
scientific production association "Istok,"
calculated and substantiated an effect of
long-distance communication without the aid
of equipment. This effect consists essen-
tially of excitation, in cerebral fluid, of
acoustic vibrations which reach auditory
nerves. These vibrations are excited by
pulsed microwave radiation. Shchelkunov
did not attempt to carry out his discovery
in practice, but he considers it quite fea-
sible from the technical standpoint.
In a scrapbook which I leafed through,
there was a short clipping which read: "I,
Ivan Sergeyevich Kachalin, and (the name of
another inventor followed) made a discov-
ery, 'A Method of Inducing Artificial Sleep
at a Distance byj*ans of Radio Waves,' in
the Soviet UnionW General-Colonel of Avi-
ation Vladimir Nikitovich Abramov rendered
practical assistance in formalizing this
discovery. Marshal of Aviation Yevgeniy
Yakovlevich Savitskiy supervised this
work."
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 Documents state that "a paper by the
 authors of an invention, 'The Action of
 Modulated Electric and Electromagnetic
 Pulses on Biological Specimens,' was pre-
 sented at the bioelectronics laboratory of
 the USSR Academy of Sciences' Institute of
 Radio Engineering and Electronics (IRE).
 In 1973, the first 'Radioson' (radiosleep)
 unit was developed at military unit 71592
 of the city of Novosibirsk and preliminary
 trials were conducted ......
 This report bears the seal of an aca-
 demic institute and signatures, including
 those of academician Yu. Kobzarev and Doc-
 tor of Sciences E. Godik. And, by the way,
 the block diagram of the "Radioson" unit
 includes the same microwave generator whose
 pulses, according to G. Shchelkunov, can
 also evoke acoustic vibrations in the
 brain.
 We were able to meet with a second in-
 ventor. Ivan Antonovich (he requested that
 his last name not be used), an associate of
 an institute of the USSR Academy of Scienc-
 es, said:
 "Yes, we have developed the 'Radioson'
 unit and have conducted not just one, but
 several successful tests both on ourselves
 and on volunteer soldiers. But prolonged
 correspondence with the Committee on Inven-
 tions and Discoveries didn't produce any
 results. They deferred consideration of
 our claim, which was registered as early as
 1974, under a totally unconvincing pre-
 text."
    existed?"
 "No, at that time, this was out of the
 question. We gave some reports at various
 institutes, including IRE in 1982. Savits-
 kiy arranged a meeting for us with special-
 ists of a military scientific research in-
 stitute. They listened with interest, but
 everything disappeared as into a morass
 The total indirect evidence makes it
 possible to conclude: 'psi' weapons are
 technically entirely feasible, prototypes
 of them were tested as early as the 1970s
 and 1980s, and this means that they may
 also exist now.
 *See also the Daily SNAP, November 25,
 1991, p. 4, col. 1
 (SNAP 920203)
 Comments
 Addit
 list
 SG11
 istribution
 Recipi-iin-ts of the Daily SNAP are advised
 that SNAP is intended solely for U.S. gov-
 ernment agencies and their designated con-
 tractors.
 "Perhaps, because such devices already
 017-
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