Approved Wben there is a very large number of targets, such as a!l the drawable words in 'a a a c a a di enary. data are best evaluated by a special formula developed by R. A 0 n r' 4 4 Fisher Carington. 1944). The baseline for cbaice expectation -is determined by g s u e r e s s the nurn er of responses for a word (or o!her item) when it was not the target. p u th u ,e e'eq The meth thus requires many test administrations wnh diverse targets. to pro- large esponse pool Yide a lar e esponse pool. (Having a large res t ponse pool is especially importan \na seritnaft,r 0 because Can ton, after years of working with the technique, found that it is tourr c~ lb eow advisable to u narrow categories for scoring a hit. For example, lie reports a 1, alhJgIIral ntiayrI substantialiv jgp r hit ratio when "elm" was scored correct only for the target than hen elm,a elm" than ~kl elm, along with oak, maple. poplar, etc., were ah classed erastsor nyI r together as hit for ny kind of tree.) A problem here is that any particular )gue ofespon se re~ _catalogue of response requenCies, such as the one Carington prepared, may be roprl, te forsu b) t. iuappropriate for subj ts drawn from a Llifferent population or tested at a enttIte d fferent time. ;Open -ended Responses. Wh the target is complex. no response is likely to be a completely right or wrong. Th stan"ard way o- scoring such data is to use blind z, judges who score each response gainst each of the targets. For example, a sub- ject may try on ten nights to d am about whatever target picture an agent happened, that night, to select fro a target pool. Then each of three blind "Judges (whose scores will be average is presented w: th a 10 X 10 array. Along the top arc listed the ten pictures, in r don-, order; down the side are the dream Jeports. The judge rates (for example, n a scale of 0 to 100) how well the dream reports for the first nigbt correspon to each of the ten pictures. He then continues with ratin<,s for each of the subs- ent nights. Analysis of variance of the arrav shows whether the ten correct targe response pairings are significantly different -from the 90 incorrect pairings. An alternative w-.tb the sam e general approacl. 's to have the blind judge rank zach response for how well ii matches the various rgets. With ten possibilities, ')e would enter into the arrav 1, 2t 3 ... 10 for e It response ome experi S .nenters choose to class all high rw-iks together, and - low rziks together, but -such pooling of scores discards so much information th it seems inadvisable. Similar ratings or rankings can be used to judge the ccuracy of "readings" (life histories). Good research mus' be double blind. The erson for whom the -eading is held is absent. The proxy sitter (a blind not ak-er) asks for the Jeading and records it. The best judge of the accuracy of a e ding is ordinarily r he absent sitter for whom the sitting was held. Each absent s ter is then pre- ~_,,nted with the entire set of readings, coded so that he does not k w which was thterded for him, and is asked to rate or to rank them. The expe -Dese ratings or rankings into an array for analysis of variance: read ~Eolumns, and sitters'scores are the rows. ln'Wolng, an alternative to such global ranking or rating requires t 1Xperimenter put a pair of parentheses after each scorable item in the ~er puts are the blind ~nscs. FpIr Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788RO01 100200009-0 cnt~cscs Nvould. for example, litter the protocol thus: "I think this is a rnan )\f about 50 or 55 who is going to have a lot of happiness in his future. lie i; has h~ sw,,iiestroubles in his past, but thinggs will go better tor him soon. He is _0 D very omeone Pained Anna He wears a green jacket with brass n i ( ) button )." The subject is asked to respond *to each item sin- y, so far as he su 'c ct 'es' so atawo an0f5who wore possible. so at a woman of 55 who wore a red sweater with a brass clasp i\bs a k s pon rr in'"Y tohe d'ra've e ag and should respond irmatively to the age and the brass, but not to the man, green, c'0115 r'ut tons_ Respon ses t~ 'PI jacket, or buttons. Responses typically consist of entering each pair of paren- ha It kIIleIIs claVrIt theses with a check i the item is clearly right, a cross if it is wrong, and a ques- tciectItener!_~g s in iguIld t if it a bus- -SbectsI tion mark if it is ambig us. (Subjects find this easier than entenng only checks b e_cks ar hesmed and and crosses.) Checks are hen surnmed, and the f equency of checks for each , r s-tCatoIernUM,'. en edb_ct 0Xs reading is entered into the pr ocol X subject array. pJy PIS on an tocols mab The items on arly of these p tocols may be subdivi e~, and a different array id Itheser rlvislo 4 set up for each division- Dream otocols, for example, may have items evalu- each dn_Dream otocols , fc e ated separately for responses. that ere or were not associated with color. aaly for re spon ses tbaere or ,sitt r, iny 0n rab "c e Saha ms5 Readip-s for absent sitters may have i ems subdivided for personality descrip Z7 nd 4 di%~idua's, references to dead indi heee a tions of the sitters, references to live tsItt is rfre nces to 11, vduals. e'c. tc A I L open-ended Responses Scored as Forced Choic method for retaining both ~ !~ A it f - freedom in the subject's response an" also the s Pi LY 0 Io rced-choice scoring i is to use complex material for the target but take on orespecified categories as ft c c C 0 r S the scorable responses. Schi-neidler and LIew:s (196 prepared a set of 81 a ep ae as f a 0 P' es-e pictures which showed all combinations of three levels /four variables: sex v s ~o r v a r a (two males. two females or one nnale and one fernale); age Y a, adult but not u agge (y ad lt ~ut r old, old); activity (passive, normal. aLtiVc); and erpotion (u. ppy, neutral, motion (U ~appy-neut; happy). Subjects were told that each picture showed two peo -,.they were 'ed two pe they w, op asked to describe the picture; and responses were scored for . accil on the cor e sd for y assembiv 1.0.24 four variables. lionorton (1975) has recently prepared an assembly ec an ss, ,a rn r pictures which permit Sbinary scorin-cl, (present or absent) for all comb;nati of ~ cin en0a b, raIs t)t ten variables. ycutrall or Phvsiological,Vleasures. When tar0ets are preselected as emotionall n emotionally chaf- d, the subject's physiologicai changes car, appropriately be Oe used as the response measure. Tar, (1963) applied painful electric shock to the agent on some trials of a GESP experinlent and measured subjects' responses by GSR, EEG, plethysmograph, and key taps conscious report). Each of the phys iological measures showed a significant difference between shock and nonshock trials, but the key taps did not. Another example is research reported by Dean i (1966), who made use of only a sin- e physiological measure. In I i iis procedure, the subject lay quietly in a darkened room. A plethysmograph record showed changes in his finger's fluid volume (a measure of autoromic activity). The agent in another room looked at names, r2ndomly ordered, of three types: persons j,-nportant to the subject but not to the experimenter; persons important Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788RO01 100200009-0 -, ~ ~ ~-a r~jri ~,i ~N i rljLI~CU ri t6tL Am t,-i Q N L-5,P ANJU VK Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788RO01 100200009-0 to the experimenter but not to the subject; ana persons knowm to neither. cats, dogs, horses, zrd huricians. Probably the two best directives for the resean Timing was recorded on the plethysmograph record. Scoring of plethysmograph changes was blind. Dean's data, and those of several similar experiments, showed increase in autonomic activity when the agent contemplated a name personally relevant to the subject. Typically, as found by Tart, the subject reported no awareness of the target. Other possibilities are obvious but have not as yet been adequately explored. No controlled research has been published on the wave form of the cortical evoked potential, cg., for auditory vs. visual ESP targets. Only preliminary in vesti ation reports similarity in the timing of alpha waves as the ESP response in 9 paired subjects. of Appropriate ESP Targets The experimenter, obviously, need not restrict himself to using ESP cards as targets. There is an inf-mite number of possibilkles. and for some subjects or ,e hypotheses, other target possibilities are preferable to a set of five symbols. T ~h g The ge of choice might be suggested by the following 'list, culled from 5 years of re& of rep 's in a single journal. The Journal of the Arnerican Society for Psychical Research\,in 1970-1974, published ESP research with these targets: cards that ' '\ were green one side and white on the other; the inner containers that con cealed these Ncalos; ESP cards; multiple-choice questions, each consisting of four items relevant to, 'a story that the subject had heard, elaborate pictures (usually 't an nrints or magazine illus ratiow'); slides of patterns and faces (including the subject's own face); n "dimes (including the subject's own name); the sex of a person in a concealed pho graph; a particular square within a 5 X 5 matrix-, red 0 "'aph -ai vs. black papers; Identi-Kit c ponents to match the face of a .target Person; a t c pone t -C t1" multisensory environment whic the subject would soon experience; erotic pic- WV r s tj tures af 'fixed to some ESP cards the timing of radioactive emissions from a ca d Schmidt machine; several sets of nve,.natUTC cards; the 12 positions of a clock face; '\a %dirnusic; geometric symbols; thle five f audio-visual programs of slides ,, - vowels; a pool of 100 simple line drawin ',,,of objects, with their names; char acteristics of the persons who would sit in -'siwcnied auditorium chairs; word I associates; relevant statements about individuals' in~ concealed photographs; series of thernatically rel ated stereoscopic slides. - Selection of Appropriate Subjects Species. Humans are not necessarily the subjects of choice. lFbough no syste- matic work has been done in comparative parapsychology, exty4chance data have been reported for such diversc anirrials as cockroaches, lizar rodents, Approved For R, worker are: (a) to study psi in the species where he is himself most expert as z experimentalist; and (b) to set up the laboratory conditions and reinforcerne; schedules which most sensitively elicit meaningful data in other types research,. Demographic Variables. Since psi has been demonstrated in young childrel, adolescents, and adults, in males and females, and in many races, the same dire. tives apply as 'in the preceding paragraph. in general, the experimenter shoull work with the 1% bjects with whom he feels most comfortable and whom he su most competent t , 6,test. Nesekction of Subje Icts. If the experimenter wants to study the relation of p to some other variable ,\, such as imagery, creativity, extroversion, or psychosil he may choose to use preselected criterion groups. it may be even more nece-1 sary in psi than in other ~iesearch, however, to do careful pretesting to ensur that such spe cial conditions as the choice of targets, the setting, or the connou tions of the wording of the instructions do not in themselves have a differenti effect upon the groups. - In the more common case of pi~selection, the experimenter may choose to us- I gifted subjects. Here he can fail -into a trap. The natural way to Find gifted sub jects is to look for those who hav". shown marked psi success outside of th! e laboratory, but this is often counterpro4uctive. A subject who considers hinise~ gifted while working tnu'er his own coriditions will' often feel either a sullen or; fierce resentment of laboratory restrictiops, and this attitude m ay defeat t1v experimenter's purpose in selecting him. 1~. ffly (Ta4 11976), and which rnay serve as z A method recently used successfu model, used two preselection steps. The first ~consisted of group testing by ax experimenter who told his subjects that he was, Ilooking for good subjects foi later work and who used rather dull targets. Subje' t with promising scores wert T invited to come to the laboratory, where the same errimenier had them woz"A .th the better scores w-~, on two types of interesting ESP machines. Those 1i they wor7 invited for a third session with the same experimenter, in whic' I- with the machine that they preferred. Their scores o .' th third session wen; remarkably high. 7 The three conspicuous virtues of this approach are: (4~ the subject's goal during the selection trials is to do well epough for later 1-ab t ry work, and thus the later work comes as no surprise to -turn; (b) the ex e. -menter effect is controlled, since it is the experimenter for whom the su, 'ect oduced earbe,, high scores who works with him later; and (c) test con itions be'i~ome increas- ingly pleasant. 6 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1100200009-0 t,on On very high-scoring runs he showed alpha abundance before and during k actu al time of guessing itself. On the chance runs he shoA t, o0pJi6ve4+or d e just before making his choices, but during the choosing period itself his alp abundance dropped. This study at present is the only EEG study involving very st nor psi performance by the subject. Since only one subject was used, the results y not be generalizable. Some re Its are more complex. Lewis and Schmeidler (1971) found a signifi- cant positi reiationship between proportion of correct choices and alpha abundance wv n their subjects were not aware that they were participating in an ESP test, a-rid a ignificant negative relationship on those runs in which the sub- jects were aware hat they were participating in an ESP test. Stanford (1971) and Stanford and tanford (1969) found no significant relationship between alpha abundance an overall ESP score but did find that high ESP scores were associated with an in r se in tl~e frequency of the alpha rhythm froinjust before ESP symbol guessing 0 he guessing period itself. Other studies have not re- ported alpha frequency s - data. Stanford interpreted such an increase in fre- ,quency as representing a ssible "coping" response ir, which the subject is 'x-` at mobilizing himself 107 ha w. at construes to be a difflcult task, yet at the same ,n 21 dme he maintains a ge eral sta of relaxed awareness. Stanford's procedures in Lliese studies were describ to -d e subjects as being precognition procedures e 'e i" far rather than clairvoyance. t he random numbers that would determine the targets had tZenmselves ready been selected. Most people intrin- sically regard precognition as a more di cuit task than clairvoyance. Only three EEG studies involving fr, -response procedures have been pub lished. Stanford and Stevenson (1973), t ting Stanford, found his alpha abun dance not related to his ability to desc-dibe concealed line drawing. However, 0 they did find that alpha frequency during a pre .minary mind-clearing period was t~ negatively related to ESP success and al o f , that an increase in alpha fre- ,soh~,ou quency from the mind-clearing period to t ',e fo, wing period of image forma- tion about the target drawing was associated It success. The two findings wi are not independent, of course. Rao and Feola (19 found that a single sub ject familliar with biofeedback and meditation was MOT successful at describing concealed magazine pictures when he was asked to p uce high alpha than 'e to p when he was asked to produce low alpha. Stanfondi and rner (1975) found that above-chance scorers on a free verbal response t k I volving concealed as photographs showed significantly mo 're alpha abundance t P, below-chance scorers, during both a prefirr-inary period of listening to soot 'ng music and duringthe imagery period. As a whole, the EEG results are confusing and, contradictory. Part f the prob- lem is that the procedures and methods of data analysis varied wi ely from study to study. The most consisolit finding was that alpha abundance ded to be positively associated with -high ESP scores, especially for subjects pres ected for expertise at the prod-action of one or both. The studies which found . re- tionsfid between ESP and EEG also did not find ove all ositive evidence for WiMORM6 ne ga =07ifr SaM 0 joa tive lationship between alpha abundance and ESP- Vc ittle work has been done with other psychophysiological. measurements. response act Tenny ( 62) failed to find any relationship between galvanic skin ivity '(GS or vasomotor activity as measured by plethysmograph, and ESP icantly positive ESP results. Wood choice succ , although he did obtain signif 'cant relationship be- ruff and Dale 952) found a positive but not quite signif' tween GSR acti *ty and ESP card-guessing success, in two consecutive studies. . -f, tty more hits on ESP cards during large skn resis Otani (1955) foun signi 'can tance changes as in ured by basal skin response (BSR)- This 10sult was ob- in tained only under a su ct ondition of indifference toward the results and w. , c reiaxa- and subjects wl~,o heard taped I eves open. Braud and Br d (1974) found that ss d B d free response GESP test., tion-inducing in3truction -ored above chance in a whereas those who heard a ision-inducing tape scored at chance. A related finding was that, over all subj .-ts, Dositive scori,,,, was significantly associated iectromvoograr)h or EMG) dur with less frontalis in uscle activit measured by ei with a decrease in frontalis activity fr0m ing the target inipression period, a that a physiologically- beginning to end of the session. The auds hypothesi i in the recei;dng organism. was very ducive to ps definable -relaxation state c ency and In addition to reduced muscle activity y Suggested: lowered freque . -rid vasomotor )1wer heart te, blood pressure. a increased amplitude of EEG; I( activity; increased basal skin resistance; lower ygen consumption-, and reduced I I 01ts Of blood lactate level- This overall schema is als; compatible w'th the resu white's (I 964a) finding that people purported to OW Strong free response ESP ability consistently described themselves as enteAr period of reiaxation and inind-clearing at the onset- Le the accur y or generality of the Too little work has been done to evaluai CertainIv the negative orrelations between Brauds' "relaxation syndrome." wo studies, plus t findings ol`Stan~ alpha abundance and psi performance in t ford that an increased alpha frequency is correlated with psi o er-tain psi !asks, results witll are at odds with the Brauds'ideas. Woodruff and Dale's and Ota ' s ~ I GSR and BSR are also contrary to the implicatiops of this syndro, - . However, he o tion o strong psi f t. nly condition the Brauds did not state that relaxation was ii ni state. performance. Perhaps there are complex interactive relations' ps am k, and the optimum physi ogical trait subject variables, the nature of ate Psi tas processing of psi information. psychophysiological Responses as Measures of Psi FerforMam-e riety of There is evidence that physiological variables are correlated in a va Man;f~sta- ways with psi perfo,,nance and are therefore in some way involved- I complex, confused, and probably misprocessed within the tions of psi are often Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788RO01 100200009-0 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788RO01 100200009-0 i PARAPSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND ANPSI 709 708 PARAPSYCHOLOGY AND OTHER FIELDS organism at sorne level. Perhaps therefore we I psi information, we have no a priori reason to should look directly at changes in assume one site more important psych ophsi ologi cal aspects themselves as indicators than another. To make evoked potential studies of the presence of a psi mes- work for psi messages, explora- sage. By so doing, we may be able to look crudely tion of a variety of potential sites would seem at the psi information during to be mandatory before the ef- relatively early stages of its processing within fectiveness of evoked potentials as psi responses the organism. Although the data can be assessed. will lack the richness of experience, they may Another EEG measure that coidd be used as an be more consistent and may addi- indicator of psi piocessing is the cont; gent negative variation (CNV), a negative tionally eventually tell us a great deal about shift in cortical potential re- the processing elements themselves. in Taig and Puthoff 1974) flashed a strobe in the corded by surface electrodes from the frontal eyes of a sender and observed portion of the brain, Also called the response of the receiver's occipital EEG. the expectancy wave, it is generailly regarded One agent-receiver pair was as a sign that the organism is im- selected for more extensive work, on the basis minently expecting some specific form of stimulation of preliminary success plus the to which it must respond. monochromatic EEG spectrum of the receiver. During Levin and Kennedy (1975) ernploycd a reaction-time strobe periods, the aver- procedure to see whether r riot the presence of a CNV could serve as evidence %age power and peak power of the receiver's alpha for anticipation of a yet-to- rhythms significantly de- 0 creased, indicating partial alpha blockage to be determined event. Subjects were told to press remote visual information. At the a key when a green light ap- same time, the subject was unable to guess with peared but not when a red light appeared. Which any accuracy above chance light appeared was determined by an RNG immediately before the light came on. which periods were strobe periods and which were In a prelinai-nary study, sub- control. ' Tart (1963) found -that subjects in a soundproof CNVs showed signiflcan*ly more evidence of expectancy room showed a faster and just before the jects RNG selected green, the color to which the subject more complex EEG pattern plus more active GSR was to respond, than before and plethysmograph responses when a distant agent was receiving strong shocks red. A confirmatory study produced chance results, than during control tirnes. At however. This procedure is ,s show idence of responsiveness to the same time, receive, . ed no behavioral evi ' very important, nevertheless, because the CNV represents a time-locked, precise event these distant events, in terms of frequency ofkey in central nervous system information processing. presses made during shock vs. Several other studies have employed psychophysiological control times. Kelly and Lenz (1976) employed measures other than a similar procedure with a re- the EEG. Tart's GSR and plethysmograph results ceiver selected for monochromatic EEG, but without have already been mentioned. an agent. The receiver re- L 0 Dean (1965), using a dream telepathy paradigm, eyes closed, and simply tried to visualize the found that active sending on target area and whether or 0 laxed , the part of an agent significantly influenced not the strobe was on. No attempt was made to the abundance of rapid eve move- guess when the strobe was on or ' off. Using a variety of preliminary procedures, s dream de- they obtained suggestive evi- ments during dream periods, even on occasions it, which the subject scriptions were unrelated to the target. dence that the EEG differentially to stimulus vs. control conditions ' Beloff. Cowles. and Bate (1970) found no evidence and that the nature of the response may be dependent that subjects upon such parameters as galvanic skin intertrial interval, body position, and so on. responses (GSR) were affected by mildly emotionally Duane and Behrendt 0965) found interesting messages sent by a remote agent, nor did Barron and Mordkofff some su estion that increasing alpha abundance 0968), Dean (1969), or Sanjar in on-, twin led to increased 99 C (1969). Rice (1966) fuund strong GSR deflections but the overall results were not significant. in receivers when the agents The ha in a remote identical twin al , were exposed 'to startling stimuli, e.g., sudden p of feet in cold water, Research Committee of the A.S.P.R. (1959) found no significant EEG changes in receivers during times in which agents were or hearing a blank cartridge fired. Hettinger being emotionally stimulated. (1952) claims that a group of pre- l Lloyd (1973) employed an averaged cortical evoked selected sensitives showed increased GSR activity potential as a measure of when agents several mil es away were stimulated or made to exercise, but does resuonsiveness to the sudden onset of a distant not provide sufficient details. stimulus. An agent was instruc- Figar (1959) measured peripheral vasomotor activity ted to send a visual image each time a light with a plethysmograph flashed. During a run, 60 such flashes were ent'ered on the EEG record -in such and found some indication that a receiver's vasomotor a way that the EEG output be- activity increased when a remote agent performed mental arithmetic. Unfortunately, fore, during, and after the flash onset could no real attempt was be averaged to see if a coherent sig- nal ememed in response to the onset of the remote made to analyze the data blind, nor was any precise stimulus. By visual inspec- statistical evaluation carried ' tion, such a cortical response seemed to be present. out. Esser, Etter, and Chamberlain (1967) found Lack of a control condition some indication that receivers prevented statistical analysis, however. Millar vasomotor activity increased when agents attended (1976) repeated this procedure to sentences or names of using control periods and found no evidence for emotional importance to the receivers, as opposed psi. An important variable ill to control sentences, but the -not anv st , - I such studies is the recording site from which autho-s did riot attel ~ I alistical analysis. the EEG is takep. The best record- Dean (e.g., Dean, 1962, 1969; ' vasomotor Ina, sites are well, known for varicus kinds activ- of ordinary senso-v stil-nulatinn. F- lWan. Approved'Fo and Nash, 1967' found additional ev:dence that receivers r Release 2000/08/07 : C'IA-RDP96-00788RO01 100200009-0 it), increased when agents attended to names of emotional importance either to the agent or receiver. Sanjar (1969) found no relationshipi%laplav AWi1FAr Rel vasomotor activity as measured by plethysmograph and agent arousal by loud noises or by being put through a psychiatrcinterview. These s' tudies are of considerable potential importance and should be pursued in more detail. Of especial interest is the fact that physioiogical responses were often correlated with the onset of the target event, whereas the cognitively pro- cessed verbal report or behavioral output of the subject was not. Perhaps such indices do give us a more direct access to less processed (and therefore less dis- torted) psi messages. SUMMARY There is riot much that can be said in sumnnari;dne this material, other than that a few sca,tered promising beginnings have been made in developing the metho- dology, for relating psi functioning to our present knowledge of biological com- munication. There is some evidenze that psi corarnunication is not restricted to humans- Before more SPeCific Speculation on the evolution Of psi and its eco- logical signiflcance can be seriously considered, we need much more data on more species. We also need to find functional relationsbips between anpsi strength and other relevant variables such as ;evel of arousal, need strength, and so On to feel comfortable that we are niot just dealing with experimenter psi effects. ,e Our knowled Of Psi ifl,"Ortnial"Orl processing in humans is little bett r off. There is fairly strong evidence, however. that psi expression do interact with es detectable physiological events, ~o Me Of which rra serve as more direct indica- y A tions of psi than our Cognitively elaborated responseT. In conclusion, we must greatly expand our data base before we can truly ass= the extent to which Psi COMmunication interacts with our presently known bio- 10ecal communication channels, either at a cellular or population level or Some- where in between. REFERENCES American Society for Psychical Research, Research Committee. Report of the Research Committee. for 1.958. Journal of "he American Society for Psychical Research, 1959, 53, 69-71- Backster, C. Evidence of a Primary Perception in Plant "Ife'. International Journal of Para- Psychology, 1968. 10, 329-348. Barnothy, M_ F. (Ed-). Biological Effects of Afagnetic Fields. New Yok: Henu m Press, 1964- Vols. I and 2. Barron, F., and Mordkoff, A. M. An attempt to relate creativity to possible extrasensory empathy as measured by Physiological arousalin identdcal twins- Journalof the American Society for P~~,Vchicall?escarch, 1968, 62, a -79. 4tbblb JfQ1 Gt WrN York u iq_A3 'D NU IQD"Wea6urnal of k b US, Parapsychology, 11949,13,166-176. Beloff, J., Cowles, M., and Bate, D. Autonomic reactions to emotive stimuli under sensory M rnerican Society for Psy and extrasensory condit; ns of presentation. Journal of the A chicai Research, 1970, 64, 313-319. Bestall, C. M. An experiment in precognition in the laboratory mouse. Journal0l"ParaPsy- chology, 1962. 26, 269. Braud, L. W., and Braud, W. G. FurtheT studies of relaxation as a psi-conducive state. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 1974, 68, 229-245. Brenner, D., Williamson, S. J., and Kaufman, L. Visually evoked magnetic fields of the human brain. Science, 1975, 190, 480-482. Broughton, R., and Millar, B. An attempted confirmation of the rodent ESP findings with positive reinforcement. In J. D. Morris, W. G. Roll, and R. L. Morris (Eds.), Research in Parapsychology 19 74, pp. 7 3-75. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1,975. Bullock, T.. H., and Cowles, R. B. Physiology of an infrared receptor: The facial pit of vipers. Science, 1952,115, 541-543. Cadoret, R. J. An exploratory experiment: Continuous EEG recording during clairvoyara card tests. Journal of Parapsychology, 1964, 28, 226. Callahan, P. S. Insects tuned in to infrared rays. New Scientist, 1964, 23, 137-138. Christopher, M-1.11ediums-MysticE and the Occult. New York: Crowell, 1975. Cohen, D. Magnetic fields of the human body. Physics Today, Aug. 1975, 34-4 3. Craig, J. G. The effect of contingency on precognition in the rat. In W. G, Roll, R. L. Morris, and J_ D. Morris (Eds.), Research in Parapsychology 1972, pp. 154-156. Meru- chen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1973. Craig, 1. G., and Treurniet, W. Precognition in rats as a function of shock and death. 1r. W. G. Roll, R. L. Morris, and J. D. Morris (Eds.), Research in Parapsychology 19 1-3, pp. -78. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press~ 1974. 75 Dean, E. D. The plethysmograph as an indicator of ESP. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research. 1962, 41, 351-35 3. Dean, E. D. Proceedings of the Parapsycho logical Associanon, 1965, 2, 22-23. Dean, E. D. Long-distance plethysmograph telepathy with agent under water. Proceedings of the Parapsychological Association, 1969, 6, 41-42. Dean, E. D., and Nash, C. B. Coincident plethysmogiaph results under controlled condi- tions. Journal ofthe Society for Psychical Research, 1967, 44, 1-13. Dijgraa. S. The functioning and significance of the lateral-line organs. BiologieL21 Review, 196 3, 38, 5 1 - 105. Dr6scher, V. The,'Wagic of Me Senses. New York: Dutton, 1969. Duane, T., and Behrendt, T. Extrasensory electroencephalographic induction between identical twins. Science, 1q65, 150, 367. Duval, P., and Montiedon, E. ESP expenments with mice. Journal of Parapsychology, 1968, 32,153-166. (a) Duval, P., and Montredon, E. Fuxther psi experiments with mice. Jourrwl of Parapsy- chology, 1968, 32, 260. (b) Essc,,r, A., Etter, T. L., and ChamberWn, W. B. Preli.-ninary report: Physio!ogical concomi- tants of "communicaton" betwezri isolated subjcctN. International Journal of PdraPsY- chology, 196 7, 9, 5 3-5 Erickson, R. Personal communication, 1969. Eysenck, H. J. Precognition in rats. Journal of Parapsychology, 1975, 39, 222-227. Figar, S, The application of plethysmography to the objective study of so-called extra sensory perception. Journal ofthe Society fior Psychical Research, 1959, 381. 1622-17 1. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788RO01 100200009-0 Approved For Release i2OOO/O8/07 CIA-RDP96-00788ROO1100200009-0 asso\ates also noted t-at hamsters and gerbils were unresponsive to sirn'lar use 0 periments ,v,c lit nsi, The X Cratuic N v , I . - of psi trailing in cats and dogs, though likewise sug- gestive of ', is still amenable 'to rival sensory, in lieu of extrasensory, interpre. tations. So 1 the homing behavior of salmon, pigeons., cats, and dogs. More persuasive are c older observations on dogs, reported by Rechterev (1949) and the more rece findings by White (1964). Wood and Cadoret (1958) tested clairvoyance in a m n og reiationship by adapting the ESP card-calling technique to a dog called Chris. eY found evidence of ESP in the presence of the owner. These few representati samples of animal Ps' should suffice in the present context. ne indicate tha despite the many ga y ps in the available evidence, the occurrence of psi from the lo liest unicellular organisms to higher vertebrates, and especially rodents, cats, an ogs, can be 'Laken for granted. It also appears that the observable psi response, te to increase in complexity as we move from organisms with primitive neural struc res to organisms with more highly diffier entiated central nervous systems, It sh -1d be noted at this point, however, that psi phenomena must not be lumped toget r in one single undifferentiated set of organismic functions-afferent or efferent, ESP, PK. and precognitive-as the A case may be. Generically they may amount t the sa-me thing, ranging over the whole spectrum of organic nature from plants to an. But we must realize th t - 3 PK responses of paramecia dilffer from those of a co roach, a hamster, or a dog, mucli In the same way as an apple and an applesee differ from a full-grown I \4\ specimen of an apple tree. By and large, evidence of psN~etermincd behavior in lower animals indicates that it may occur under the auspic&.,,,of what McLean de scribed as the archaic reptilian brain. In turn, the growih nciden_-e of psi phenomena associated with the evolutionary increase of c, ,es would tr ructu" point to the part played by so-cailed uncommitted brain regions nfield, 1975) nf-eld, in the origin of psi functions of a higher order. Yet it is needless to ay that the to ay t_ at data of arimal psi do not permit a fixed cerebral localization in any ecialized ci ny is \ae a I brain region. Further insight into the problem has to be sought by tur ' g our tby t ur_g attention to additional neurophysiological and clinical observations in hum S. 'r in h . jm PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES It has always been suspected that a vast number of psi incidents, spontaneous and experimental, are taking place below the threshhold of conscious awareness. They are subliminal, preconscious, or unconscious and can only be gleaned from monitoring such variables as blood pressure, pulse rate, electromyogram, EEG, and other indices. A typical example is Dean's (19621) plethysmograpMc experiments in which an emotionally charged stimulus word -sent by an agent elicited measurable changes in the blood supply in thc finger of a percipient. In a comparable series, Tart's 019633) telepathic percipients produced sublinninal physiological changes r sponse to mild electrical stimuli delivered to an agent. le Johnson (1974) of the University of Utrecht has stud; d subliminality in modification of P6tzl's tachistoscopic dream expenments. lie flaskied "threate ing" pictures and measured the degree to which the subject's defensivene Ric result against the m-icrotraurna affected his performance in ESP tasks. s bo!l out the hypothesis that a "good" defensive posture was conducive to psi-missila Observations of this order appear to confirm that certain elementary forms ESP tend to bypass conscious awareness. They are not tied to processing i higher conical centers and point to subcortical, midbrain, or limbic regions 10 their substrate. Experimental psychologists described sensory percept' ns this order as subceptions. Eysenck (1961), Burt (1968), 13,doff ~1974), an others have specifically pointed to their relationship to perceptual defenset. while Dixon (1971) and Beloff emphasized the close relationship of both P.: phenomena and subliminal perception to the reticular formation and the bra;,. ) has noted, fu-~fhermore, that a high state of arousal stem. Eysenck (1967, is antagonistic to psi. the cortex mediated by the ascending reticular formation The EEG is particularly suited to telepathic experiments of this kind. Duan I and Behrendt (1965) succeeded in inducing electroencephalographic changes perception. Their observations have ric, identical twins. bypassing conscious and Ullm', been replicated by others. Earlier attempts by Ehrenwald, Kahn, ~ 4 along the same lines were abandoned owing to inadequacies of the available i: strumentation. In the:r article in X-ature. Targ and P'uthoff (1974) found th~; svstematic alteration of ongoing electric activity can be elicited by a remo--~ photic stimulus. exact determination of the sources of the EEG activit": Needless to say that the of the brain is still problematlical, By and large, the occipital lobes have beel identified as the sources of ongin of alpha rh-;thm in certain altered-states -,I consciousness. EEG data concerning lateralization of visually evoked potent0 have been described by neurophysiologists, but no conclusive parapsychologic~~ findings have as yet been reported. A striking series of EEG experi-ments has been reported by Lloyd (1973). Fj work has been sponsored by the New Hoizons Research Foundation in TorontS The Lloyd series is aimed at duplicating. by telepathic induction, the "averag evoked EEG response ~' elicited by an actual auditory stimulus. It is --laimed tha gh LI the results indicate a direct brain response to a telepathic message, althou OYI 'rected the monitorin, leaves open the question whether PK may have directly aff equipment, We are told that T. H. Lloyd is a pseudonym, but the Editor of-lVell Horizons testifies to the good faith and scientific qualifications of the authol Attempts at replicating the "Lloyd affect" elsewhere were unsuccessful. The vast literature dealing with the relationship of ESP and alpha activity, ano ;its reinforcement by diverse biofeedback methods, is described in other section of this Handbook. t-al :2000/08/07 : C IA-RDP96-00788 ROO 1100200009-0 Approved For Release; 12' Approved For Rel ~ ase 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDPgV!66ftgKbVilfcO~dd66#.~'6'I The Brauds (1975) have focused attention on tile right ve ? ersus the left hemi- I other's powerful motivation to compensate for her offspring*s specific short- e e u n 0 0 0 p t \en sphere, and their relevance to facilitatLng psi functions. Their hypothesis that inducing nienial states favoring right hemispheric dominance would be psi pro- ductive was not borne out. But the expected induction of left hemispheric dominance did lead to significant psi-missing. Andrew (1975) applied the same procedure in reference to "active" psi, that is, psychokinesis. In this series, the right hemisphere group scored significantly above chance, and the left group showed an extrachance tendency to psi-missing. Results of assessing the activity of the two hernispheres during bilateral EEG recordings are not yet available. Whitten (1974) studied the EEG record of a gifted subject, Matthew Manning, while attempting to perform specified psycho. kinetictasks, In this case, a distinct wave pattern, described as the ramp function, made its appearance. The investigations of Broughtop (1976). of the University of Edinburgh, focus- ing on brain hemisphere speci?Jization, were based on the same rationale. Using an ingenious experimental paradigm to separate the two hemispheres in an ESP test, he found that improved performance could be elicited when the right hemi- sphere responses were encouraged while at the same time loading an additional conceptual task on the left hernisphere. He concludes that the right hemisphere of the brain is better at a receptive type of ESP. We shall see *that more light on the presumed lateralization of psi phenomena car, be shed by clinical observations. UROPSYCHIATRIC OBSERVATIONS In hu2,.,,a, u'r'bjucls we have to rely on the occurrence of organic pathology as a substi u '0 rg Cal removal or excision techniques used in animal experiments. The frequen cited instance of the dying serving- as telepathic percipients or agents can be t n as the closest approximation to states of clinical "decerebra- tion" or organic -1 'nus function" (Ehrenwaid, 1948) in, which higher cortical functions are in aboya ~e. Sirnilar considerations apply to the death defying feats of some out-cf-bo y subjects (Ehrenwald, 1974). Telepathy in sleep, dreams, and the REM state man and Krippner, with Vaughan, 19-113) points in the same d 'rection. So do th ountless reports of telepathy in trance condi- tions, in absent -inindedress - and in rse altered states of consciousness. The case of Ilga K., published by von N reiter (1935), illustrates arother facet of the problem. Ilgga was a mentally defec ' e girl of 9 with a severe reading dis ability. The samples of her handwriting, ~er eral demeanor, and her photo graph suggest the diagnosis of mental deficien Yet von Neureiter reported hcy that tile chfld could "read" any text if and w en he other, seated in another room, was reading tile same text silently to herself, 11ga case has been subject t6 some controversy. Yet the crucial point is that in this stance it was her ' w 0 h t a cing that was responsible for Ilga's telepathic abi.lity. Another point to bear p n in , 'nd is that her "minus function" consisted of a specific deficit on a higher n d h t h e r r 'e v e cogni *ve level. It was of the nature of an alexia-that is, a cortical deficiency as I e w c t a s g e r b e e descnb by Ddj6rine.. P6tzl and others-and was riot clue to a peripheral sensory d s b n y impa, a in in A s m Ila r JrM t. A similar picture was described by Drake (1938) in a mentally de- t p e t t tl B 0 fective bo, little Bo, and, more recently, by Recordon, Stratton, and Peters f C b 0 9q, (1968), in Eand. 'the latter case is known as that of the Cambridge Boy, Both 16.)inEand ( Little BO andeCaml Little Ro and e Cambridge Boy suffered from congenital spastic paralysis and were telepathica y responsive to 'their mothers only. re t lep thC w~heaia"r-resp eLosAngeleschc The Los Ange cc school psychologist Eloise Shields (1976) has investigated the si ab~i ties Ot25in gc psi abilities of 25 in goloid, 25 brain-damaged, and 25 undifferentiated mentally Pde fectiv Chil Gre defective clifldren,ag -21. They yielded an astronomical score ofP =.00000057 a against chance under lepathic conditions. I Their performance scores under clairvoyant conditions w e only' slightly- above chance. Another significant exp imental contribution is Schme;dleT'S (195'.) series of ESP tests of 18 hospitali d patients suffering from cerebral concussion. The clinical picture in such cases i too ill-defined to permit any neurological diagno sis beyond the conjecture that amounts to a combination of a diffuse organic r brain syndrome with sorne ddegree gree psychological overlay. Using a control group gre of I I hospital atien ized fracture patien sithout cerebral injury, Sch-neidler found a t sign-Ificantly higher scoring pattern (P -002) in the concussion group. In such cases it can be argued that tpostulated organic brain damage served t t as one of the predisposing or condii ii6o ing factors for the emergence of psi phenomena. Yet it should also bbee nnotedd hat lumping together forced-choice 0 ESP responses of the card-calling type wit ESP responses focusing on major targets of higher complexity, and trying to co relate the two with a supposedly I all- encompassing functional deficit, "min fu ion," or assorted altered states of consciousness, is apt to miss the pointusW~ee s1 presently see that to bring a semblance of order into the conf' in - h have accrued on the inter~ iicting findi g, t face between psi phenomena and neuropathology, will have to think up a new twist to the conventional question of how a given function is supposed TO be related to a specific brain region. The new twist proposed here is to rephrase -or turn arou -the usual question 'u n e u a u q pe' about the hypothetical cerebral localization of psi phenome. .Instead of won 0 inn a d of s dering what neural structures or brain region is responsib!e their operation e lie b t r 0 some of the time, we have to ask: What is it that prevenIs th organism from ents th organism being flooded by the influx of both sensory and extrasensor" s i uli all of the ensorv st i uli all r~lv "a+\he ake c + time? By the same token, we have to ask: What is it that p " rake on the u Is t t pustr organism's motor or psychomotor organizaton, that stops it from Itrcti, Ops from .c;tirl ex tin. it st~ g (or over-reacting) to external stimulation. that stor)s it from exhausting it store of Itif rox psychomotor energy in the process-and from spending itself in aparox -sm of Approved For Relbase 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788RO01 100200009-0