md Fo`~ ri"Ridlease 2000/0p/09-,AtI4~6-1 OR0022000400 Ap.,prQ.N 01 PO 65 mg Final Report- December 1986 0 Covering the Period 1 October 1985 to 30 September 1986 n SCREENING AND SELECTION OF PERSONNEL: THE PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT SYSTEM (PAS) (U) Tyn Approved For Release 2000/08/08 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO2200040001-3 0 m ft b-. -ft-w- Approyed For Release 2000/08/0V! ",- ~9002200040001-3 IV METHOD OF APPROACH (U) A. (U) Analysis Domain The domain of this meta-analysis includes all,- applications and psychoenergetic research conducted at SRI International, or under the auspices of its subcontractors, from I October 1973 to 30 September 1988. A priori declared demonstrations or other activities that were not under the control of SRI International were not included in the documentation. All other forms of experimentation were included in SRI International technical reports, unclassified journals, or publications, and thus were part of this analysis. This database comprises 117 documents with a total of 5,025 pages. (U) B y definition, there is no file drawer problem in this analysis; all items that met the above criteria were included regardless of their results. Care was exercised to avoid multiple entries of the same data. vml~ All psychoenergetic phenomena fall broadly into two classes: (1) Information Proces,;es-those phenomena that involve a passive transfer of information (e.g., remote viewing. search), (2) Causal Processfs-those putative phenomena that involve an anomalous interaction with matter (e.g., remote action). The psychoenergetic effort has been divided into various categories within these processes. The various categories within this domain are defined as follows: (1) Forced-ChoiQt-remote viewing where the targets are drawn from a limited Wo (and known) set of potential symbols (e.g., the integers 0, 1). (2) RV-Lab-remote viewing where the targets are drawn from a large set of potential material (e.g., photographs of natural scenes, natural physical locations), and the experiments are conducted under strict laboratory conditions. (3) V remote viewing where the targets are drawn from specific targets of interesf' I.,' s.h-remote v ewing wh re the targets are generally known but their (4) 5&D r i e row location is unknown 4 Approved For Release 2000/08 8~ 718 R002200040001-3 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 CIA 002200040001-3 low (U).For the purpose of this anal%sis, all putative causal-process experiments are considered under the general heading of remote action. (U) Figure I shows a schematic representation of these categories and the total number of individual trials that were conducted within each category. Psychoenergetics 26,074 Informational Causal 25,045 1,029 Forced Choice RV-Lab RVW Search 19,715 1,071 106 4,153 FIGURE I (U) CATEGORIES AND NUMBER OF TRIALS The total number of psychoenergetic trials (26,074) was collected in 154 different experiments involving 227 different subjects.* All the data were entered into a computer database management system (DB%1S). B. (U) Database Management System 1. (U) Database Requirements (U) One of the main purposes of performing a meta-analysis is to be able to look at data gathered from multiple studies conducted under a wide variety of circumstances. In order to collect and store the data in a meaningful way, one must know what kind of data manipulations will be performed. To evaluate the effect of certain parameters on psychoenergetic functioning, we needed to focus our attention on the conditions of a wide array of potentially important variables. As a result, the database design is primarily determined by the data and provides for the selection of information, by experiment, given parameEer specifications. (U) The number of subjects does not include the preliminary mass screening partici- pants. The formal screening participants were, however, included in the analysis. Approved For Release 2000/08~_ -~9YO02200040001-3- Approved For Release 2000/08/08 4 02200040001-3 ,,,~~Appr V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (U) (U) The results of the meta-analysis are presented here, where possible, in quantitative analytic terms, and various interpretations are discussed in detail. In addition, items that cannot be analyzed are discussed from a qualitative perspective. (U) The analysis proceeds in a top-down fashion in accordance with the hierarchy shown in Figure 1. A. (U) Overall Results (U) The overall analysis was conducted from three different perspectives: (1) All of the data, regardless of the purported skill of the subjects, (2) A subset of the data contributed by an experienced group of viewers, GI (i.e., long-term, generally accepted expert viewers-002, 009, 131, 372, 414, and 504) (3) All of the data except for the group GI (i.e., All-GI). Table 2 s4ows the number of trials n, total z score, p value, and effect size d for informational and putative causal processes and for the combination of the two. Table 2 (U) STATISTICAL RESULTS FOR MAJOR CLASSES Class Perspective n z p d Psychoenergetics All 25,449 9.373.69 (-21) 0.059 G1 9,825 6.863.46 (-12) 0.069 All-G 1 15,624 6.533.46 (-11) 0.052 Informational All 24,450 9.075.83 (-20) 0.058 G 1 9,702 6.691.14 (-11) 0.0.68 All-G 1 14,748 6.251.96 (-10) 0.052 Causal All 999 2.426.39 (-03) 0.077 G 1 123 2.061.99 (-02) 0.171 All-G 1 876 1.892.95 (-02) 0.064 (U) Powers-of-ten are shown in parentheses. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 . r~ DR012200040001-3 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 J 200040001-3 (U) The number of trials shown in Table 2 differs slightly from those shown in Figure 1. A few trials in each category were analyzed from a post-hoc point of view and therefore have not been included in the formal analysis. he heterogeneity of effect size within each group for all classes is very large (i.e., the chi-squares for within-groups were large). This is to be expected for such a global analysis and is frequently seen in meta-analyses of psychological data. 5 The sources of the within-group variation include the psychoenergetic skill, level of the subjects and fundamental differences between psychoenergetic tasks. T ~~ The data, regardless of subjects or process, show strongly significant evidence for psychoenergetic functioning (p -5 3.69 x 10-21). Both the informational and putative causal processes show significant evidence of psychoenergetic functioning, as well. r Imsince p values are strongly dependent upon the number of trials, the modern trend in meLa-analysis is to consider the trial-independent measure of effect size. From this point of view, the magnitude of the psychoenergetic functioning appears roughly constant for all the data shown in Table 2, and, according to Cohen's criteria for the interpretation of effect size,* corresponds to small effects. 6 The method of calculating overall effect size. however, involves a weighted average (see Table 1) and thus may not provide an accurate picture of the size of the psychoenergetic functioning within a given category. To obtain more insight into the nature of the functioning, we must examine the data within each category. B. (U) Results for Categories Within the Informational Process Table 3 shows the number of trials, total z score, p value, and effect size for categories within the informational process. The data show strongly significant evidence for am psychoenergetic functioning for all categories regardless of subjects. The effect size, however, begins to demonstrate category differences. The forced-choice effect size (d = 0.052) is equivalent to the overall effect size shown in TRe 2 (d = 0.059). Since the forced-choice category accounts for 77% Of the total so number of trials, the effect-size averaging technique biases the overall result. For example, the effect size (d = 0.209) for the RV-Lab category is significantly larger than for the Forced-Choice dow Case (X2 = 22.70, v = 1; p :5 6.63 X 10-6). The RV-Lab effect sizes meet Cohen's criterion for a medium-sized behavioral effect. Idw (U) Values of 0. 1, 0.3, and 0.5 correspond to small, medium. and large effects, respectively. 12 Approved For Release 2000/081(r IR002200040001-3 1> - 1-3 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : Cl 20004000 Table 3 (U) STATISTICAL RESULTS FOR INFORMATIONAL CATEGORIES (U) Powers-of-ten are shown in parentheses. Category Perspectiven z p* d Forced-Choice All 19,6757.42 6.12 (-14)0.052 G1 9,4875.82 2.92 (-09)0.060 All-GI 10,1884.69 1.39 (-06)0.046 RV-Lab All 966 6.49 4.33 (-11)0.209 G1 196 5.39 3.49 (-08)0.385 All-G 770 4.55 2.71 (-06)0.164 1 RV All 9 3.98 3.45 (-05)1.326 GI 9 3.98 3.45 (-05)1.326 All-G - - - I RV-Search All 3,7902.61 4.53 (-03)0.042 GI - - - All-G 3,7902.61 4.53 (-03)0.042 1 J For the RV-Lab category, the experienced group, G1, performs significant)% betterthan the novice, larger group (X2 = 7.63, v = 1; p ::&~ 0.0057). As in the overall analysis, the data analyzed in Table 3 show a large heterogeneity of effect size within each category. The heterogeneity of effect size, however, is significantly reduced for the experienced subjects in the RV-Lab category. This reduction may result from a more uniform skill level of the subjects in group G]; this is in general agreement \vith our qualitative assessment of their abilities. awnly 8.5% of the remote viewing operational trials were analyzed as a formal experiment. The effect size for these exceeds Cohen's definition of a large effect. The equirements o emote viewing. however, are less dependent upon the ,.quality of the viewing than they may be on other factors. Excellent remote viewing does not necessarily imply goo nformation. 13 1002200040001-3 Approved For Release 2000/0 _8 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : Cl -~220004 .0001-3 In the RV-Search category, 91.3% of the data were collected under labo ratory conditions by novice subjects. commensurate with that The small effect size (d 0.042) is and may reflect our lack of understanding about how to elicit this form of psychoenergetic functioning. C. (U) Specific Results for Remote Viewing (U) In this section we address the specific questions posed in the SOW. In any kind of an investigation where th6 general results fall under a statistical regime (i.e., z scores less than about 5), no hard definitions exist for definitive conclusions. The problem is confounded in behavioral science because many factors, beyond the particular independent variable in question, may significantly alter the outcome of an experiment. In trying to assess a large body of literature, as more constraints are placed on the outcomes, fewer within -group trials are available for analysis; thus, statistical conclusions become more difficult. This is also true for psychoenergetic research. *L Yet, it is possible to describe trends, to suggest ways of improving experiments based upon earlier results, and to obtain clear insights into factors that may affect psychoenergetic functioning. ML To ensure the most reliab .le interpretations of results in what follows below, group GI has been used for the quantitative discussion. As was shown in Section V.-B, this group possessed the most homogeneous set of data for the RV-Lab category and demonstrated a significant amount of remote viewing ability. 1. (U) Selection/Screening - The selection of individuals who are able to accomplish remote viewing both in an operational setting and in the laboratory is of paramount importance. As is shown in Section V.-B., above, group GI provides, the best results for both types of remote viewing. Throughout the history of the program at SRI, 6 individuals have been able to demonstrate consistent functioning over a long period of time. This does not mean that, after vigorous searching, only 6 have been found. Rather, given our .,charter for most of the time period in question, we had little impetus to find other viewers. During fiscal years 1986-1988, it became clear that a greater number of talented viewers was needed for both applications and research. 7 14 Approved For Release 2000108108 02200040001-3 8 : Cl 200040001- Approved For Release 2000/08/0 3 Prior to FY 1986, little was known about how to select good viewers. There was little systematic research either at SRI or within the field in general, and what.was available was inconclusive or contradictory. The effort that began in FY 1986 encompassed a broad approach to the problem. We initiated three different types of quantitative approaches: self-report personality tests, neuropsychological testing, and behavioral testing (i.e., the Personality Assessment System-PAS). In addition, we used one heuristic approach, which simply asked individuals to try remote viewing. .M The heuristic approach has been quite successful. The efficiency (i.e., the number of talented viewers found divided by the total number screened) is approximately 1% in the general population (i.e., groups of self-selected volunteers). Based upon the results of a mass screening effort, two individuals have been asked to be regular contributors to the project. ne other heuristic source of good viewers is individuals who have noticed a psychoenergetic ability in their lives. Many viewers in group GI came to the project in this manner, and a new viewer, claiming similar experiences, was identified in a recent screening effort. This viewer produced an effect size of 0.440 in 6 remote viewing trials, which contained many striking qualitative correspondences between targets and responses. Of the quantitative techniques, the neuropsychological approach was not successful at predicting performance. The PAS, however, predicted performance of 9 viewers to a signific ant degree. By far, the best way to select viewers as of this writing is to use individuals r have who eithe e bilities measured in other laboratories, or who have had strong personal experiences. One technique not mentioned above holds great promise for the future. Three individuals from group GI who participated in a neurophysiological study of correlates with remote viewing produced unusually large central nervous system responses to light stimuli directed at the eyes. More work is needed to determine if this simple test might be the most effective way to screen for individuals with excellent remote viewing ability. 810C 15 -3 3]9R 02200040001 Approved For Release 2000/0 N~ved ForRelelase 2000/08/08.: C. IA-,RDP96-00789ROO2200040001-3 2. (U) Targeting Targeting is a general term to describe the method by which a viewer is "directed tc!Fhpeintended target. Common 'techniques that have been employed include the following: (1) Beacon-an individual at the site of the intended target. (2) Coo dinates-the geographical orms coordinates of the intended target. (3) Abstract-a word or phrase (e.g.,"target") or other abstract representation of the intended target. (4) &-If-none of the above, the viewer initiates the collection of data. We examined these techniques in order to determine which provides the best access to a remote target. For these four targeting techniques, 183 trials were identified-the remainder, 13 trials, were listed as "unknown" targeting. The effect size for viewings initiated by these targeting techniques was 0.401, leading to a p value of 2.92 X 10-8. Thus, there is significant evidenc e for remote viewing functioning. The between-groups chi-square is signif ican t (X2 = 11.58, v = 3; p :5 0.0058), indicating that the effect sizes resulting from these targeting techniques are not drawn from the same population. It is difficult, however, to attribute the significant differences to targeting techniques alone. In none of the experiments could the targeting technique be used as a valid independent variable, because. in all cases, the viewers and experimenters were not blind to the targeting condition. Thus, it is possible, even likely, that the viewers' scientific or emotional bias toward one technique or another confounds the interpretation. Other factors, such as feedback time and type, or potential physics models of information transfer. also confound the interpretation. Given these caveats, beacon targeting appears to provide the best and most stable results (h 66, z = 5.305, p ::!~ 5.65 x 10-11, d = 0.653). 3. (U) Evaluation and Analysis (U) The evaluation and analysis of remote viewing data has undergone significant improvement during our 16 years of investigation. Beginning as a simple blind matching by judges, the techniques have been improved by the addition of concept analysis (the paraphrasing ONO of a complex response), discrete descriptor analysis (defining targets and response as the yes/no answers to a predetermined set of descriptors), and fuzzy set descriptors (defining targets and responses as fuzzy sets). Approved For Release 2000/08/0" FOP 9- S-DOMW 02200040001-3 0 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 02200040001-3 ,,ol'-~-Approv A 4~ The fuzzy set technique has also been applied to experiments and found to provide a useful estimate of remote viewing accuracy-( 1-tTe percent of the intended target that was described correctly) and viewer reliability (the percent of the viewer's response that was correct). ~For rapid evaluation of laboratory experiments, rank-order judging of targets within preselected (i.e., by fuzzy set techniques) target packets is recomm ended. For more accurate measures of remote viewing ability, however, the full fuzzy set analysis, is suggested. Determining whether the fuzzy set technique can be applied ,.is a topic for further investigation. 4. (U) Training amix training efforts were conducted during the time period under consideration; three were qualitative and three were quantitative. There is no overall quantitative evidence that remote viewing can be taught to novice viewers. Of the qualitative efforts, two were conducted with, "viewers, and one was conducted with SRI personnel. All three showed. some qualitative evidence, however, that training improves remote viewing skill. Quantitative experiments were conducted with 18 novice viewers in three separate experiments comprising 48 1 trials. In the first group, the novices were self-selected on the basis of strong interest and previous personal experiences. None had participated in prior laboratory experiments. The six viewers in this group produced overall significant evidence for remote viewing (n = 169, z = 1.719, p ::!~ 0.043, d = 0.132). None of the viewers, however, individually or collectively demonstrated significant evidence that training helps a viewer to improve. The second group of 9 viewers was selected because the Persona]iL\' Assessment System predicted that they would exhibit a wide range of remote viewing ability. dM Overall, their data did not reach statistical significance (n = 221, z = -0-971, p :!E~ 0.834, d = -0.065). While the best viewer produced an effect size of 0. 170, none of the viewers' data no reached statistical significance. None of these viewers individually or collectivelv demonstrated significant evidence that training helps a viewer to improve. am OW. In the third group of 3 novice viewers, one demonstrated significant evidence for Jrnprovernent (n = 26, z = 3.01, p < 0.0013, d = 0.590). No While significant evidence for remote viewing has been observed, whether training can improve remote viewing skill has yet to be substantiated quantitatively. It is. possible MW that knowledge has not yet advanced to the point where we know how to train. Since the data from viewers in group GI have remained stable over time. we conclude that simple practice does not appear to improve performance. 17 low Approved For Release 2000/08/r ~79R002200040001-3 0040001'7~ 07 19R0P;.':2.P DP96-0 E 2600108/08. ~Release J-1 "T SRI recommends that investigations into training be continued. in the meantime, good viewers are more easily found than trained. Role of Feedback (U) Feedback is defined as providing the viewer with information about the intended target after a remote viewing experiment. Very few experiments were devised to test the role of feedback in determining remote viewing -quality. In the early phases of the project, the primary objective was t .o provide as good a result as possible. and since feedback appeared not to hinder remote viewing, most of the.early sessions always included it in one form or another. A"The strongest evidence about the role of feedback is provided by the FY 1987 tachistoscope experiment. In that study. subliminal or minimal visual feedback was provided to the viewers. Two of the four viewers produced independent evidence for remote viewing ability (n = 40; z = 2.30, p :!::~ 0.012, d = 0.363, and z = 4.43, p :!~ 4.78 x 10-15, d = 0.700, respectively). Neither of these viewers showed any dependency upon the intensity of the visual feedback, including zero intensity (i.e., no feedback at all). The question of the role of feedback was examined for group G1. We examin d' 'f"e ,e edl.)ack time (i.e., the time duration after a session before feedback was provided), and feedback type (e.g., site, falsesite, verbal, visual). We found that there were substantial and significant differences among the various feedback times and among the various feedback types. To interpret these differences with regard to feedback is difficult. For example, the significant difference between a 1-hour delay compAred to a 5-minute delay may result from the fact that most of the 5-minute delay feedback intervals occurred in experiments in which photographs were used as targets. Since the longer delay occurred in experiments that used beacons and natural sites as targets, one interpretation is that the observed differences are attributable to target type rather than feedback interval. A similar problem arises in the feedback type category. One clear result. however. does ernerge. The effect sizes for feedback of natural sites (d = 0.734) is significanth. larger than for feedback of the incorrect natural site (d = -0. 137. X2 4.55, V 1; p < 0.042). Giving false feedback appears to inhibit remote viewing. A recent study indicates that feedback in remote viewing experiments is not essential.7 This result is in qualitative agreement with the findings from our tachistoscope JW experiment. In forced-choice experiments, however, Honorton found that the role of feedback in the precognition experiments was criLical.8 0040001-3 789ROO220 2000M For Release 0 ed Approv rN r',00~Ap se 2000/08/08: CIA-Rr 0001-3 proved For Relea ile the quantitative results are mixed, viewers indicate that feedback is psychologically important. We conclude, therefore, that feedback should be provided whenever possible. 6. (U) Effect of Distance We examined the effect of distance on the quality of remote viewing. Distances were divided into four ranges: < 1 km, < 50 km, < 5000 km, and > 5000 km. For the group G1, there was no effect of distance on the quality of remote viewing (X2 = 3.56, v = 2; p :::~ 0.167). It is possible to be definitive about this particular result since all confounding variables tend to increase the chi-square rather than decrease it. 7. (U) Effect of Size of Target Only one experiment has been conducted that directly addresses this issue. Photographs were reduced to a spot size of approximately 1 mm in diameter. One viewer from group GI produced significant results (n = 6, z = 2.10, p ::!~~ 0.018, d = 0.857). We are able to conclude that targets I mm in diameter do not inhibit remote viewing quality. No data are available 'on targets of varying sizes. 8. (U) Physiological Correlates to Remote Viewing .(U) In the field in general, the search for physiological correlates has not been k successful. Early results indicated that an individua I should be moderately relaxed and as free from physiological stress as possible (e.g.. headaches, bathroom demands). These results are not surprising in that it is likelythat such a "physiological" state would be optimal for any human k activity. SRI has examined neurophysiological correlates to remote viewing in two separate experiments. Specifically, the central nervous system appears to respond to a remote light flash, and thus provides a correlate to remote viewing. For the two experiments, a total of four viewers (all from group GI) produced independent significant changes in ce-production in correlation with remote light stimuli.'-10 SRI recommends that the effort to isolate particular parts of the central nervous system that respond to remote stimuli be continued. The potential for screening and training are significant. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA~_ - 19 _~~2040001-3 Co .Approved For Release 2000/08/08 -'102200040001-3 9. (U) :..Psychological Correlates to Remote Viewing Psychological correlates to remote viewing have provided weak, but significant, eviden e for correlations with some forms of psychological variables. In the early work with the Personality Assessment System, SRI found that many of the group GI viewers clustered near each other in PAS space. In later work, the PAS predicted viewer performance to a significant degree. SRI's work with self-report personality tests has not been successful; however, Honorton reports small, but significant correlations with the thinking/feeling dimension in the Myers-Briggs Type Inventory." In general, psychological correlates have been weak and/or unreliable. 10. (U) Shielding and ELF The main purpose of searching for shielding against psychoenergetic functioning is to provide for a secure environment. 1. M. Kogan proposed a model of psychoenergetic information transfer based on extremely low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic radiation-12 In that model, Kogan proposed that the brain is, in effect, a 10-14z oscillator and law the body is a crude antenna. Radiation at that frequency would exhibit many of the properties of psychoenergetic functioning known at that time. Too few data were collected under known shielding conditions to make definitive statements with regard to shielding. Two trials were collected in a 30-dB shielding at 10 Hz. These trials showed significant evidence of remote viewing (n = 2, z = 1.92, P < 0.027, d = 1.358). In another experiment, when the target material was contained in a M SCIF, significant evidence for remote viewing was observed (n = 6. z = 1.91, p < 0.028, d = 0.780). The trend. however, is clear: electromagnetic shielding does not inhibit psychoenergetic acquisition of target material. 11. (U) Audio Analysis In a single study involving 6 trials with a single viewer from group G1, a significant correlation of remote viewing quality with the audio/linguistic character of the response was found-(n = 6, r = 0.995, p ::~~ 0.050, d = 0.800). One purpose for determining within-session correlations with remote viewing quality is to provide for an independent and a priori measure of quality. (U) SRI recommends that this type of investigation be continued to determine the Mimi degree to which the result can be generalized across viewers. 20 Approved For Release 2000/08(8 7)gRO02200040001-3 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 C P96-007R 2200040001-3 12. (U) Search and Tracking As was seen in Section V.-B., above, significant evidence for search was found overall (n = 3,790, z = 2.61, p :5 0.0045, d = 0.042). Most of these trials were collected in experiments using computer techniques. In a few experiments, however, the target material was physical objects in a laboratory setting. The effect sizes from these experiments do not differ significan Lly from the overall. result. 1W Search has always been a challenge. On a few occasions, operational use of search 'h~s proved extremely useful data, but on the average, both the laboratory experiments and operational use have been disappointing. SRI recommends continued effort in search to determine those factors that can enhance a potentially very useful phenomenon. 13. (U) Precognitive Remote Viewing NONThe first SRI precognition experiment provided significant evidence of the !~ 0. 0 4 2, d = 0. 8 6 4).13 phenomenon (n = 4, z = 1.73, p - From FY 1975 to FY 1987, precognition was not studied in any systematic manner. During FY 1987, one experiment was.. conducted using natural sites as targets and one of the group GI viewers. The result was not significant (n = 10, z = -0.476, p :5 0.683, d = -0.150). A second experiment using novice viewers was conducted in the same year. This also did not reach a significant level (n = 55, z = 0.070, p :5 0.472, d = 0.064). Therefore, the results of SRI's investigations are mixed. However, in a recent meta~analysis of the precognition forced-choice literature conducted by one of SRI's subcontractors, 50 years of experimentation involving 50,000 subjects showed highly significant evidence for the phenomenon (n F-:1 106, z = 24.23 , p :5. 4 x 10-52, d = 0.04 1). This result is consistent with the forced-choice real-time studies conducted at SRI (d = 0.052). Taken as a whole, there appears to be compelling evidence for precognition: When pre ognition is used as the underlying assumption for a heuristic model of psychoenergetic functioning, 15 years of random number generator data fall on the predicted theoretical curve." 14. (U) Analytics (Forced-Choice) (U) Forced-choice remote viewing (defined in Section IV.-A.) has traditionally provided weak but consistent evidence for a psychoenergetic phenomenon. In the experiments conducted during the Rhine era, over one million trials were conducted with ESP cards (i.e., a one-in-five target system).15 Strong significances were observed, but effect sizes were of the order of 0.02. 21 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 1 2200040001-3 re Approved For Release 2000/08/08 :,CIA-RDP96-O&MR002200040001-3 Table 3 shows the results for 19,675 trials collected SRI since IQ - at effect size is consistent with the early. results of Rhine (d = 0.052). In fiscal years I one of the viewers from group GI was able to increase the effect size by a factor of 10 p :!:_:~ 0.00015, d = 0.51), meeting Cohen's definition of a strong effect. While significant improvement with this viewer during the three years, the number of formal small, and thus interpretation is difficult. SRI recommends that a forced-choice investigation be conttt,l,,,,,. to determine if such strong effects can be observed in other viewers. IS. (U) Conducting an RV Experiment -=No formal experimentation has been conducted to examine parameters that enhance remote viewing. SRI does not use any formal induction techniq%,,, the sessions are conducted in a businesslike atmosphere with the viewer and monittit upright and opposite each otheracross a table. Since the overall effect size (d= 0.385) oll.., Md for group GI meets Cohen's definition of a medium-sized effect, these session condition, 1,, tilt appear to hinder the phenomeno n. 16. (U) Countermeasures The first step in investigating countermeasures for remote viewint, I., lot examine whether it is possible to shield against psychoenergetic intrusion. As was discii..,., Section V.-C.-IO, E&M shielding does not appear to be effective. Jo provide an effective shield or a useful p hysical countermeasure, it be determined whether psychoenergetic phenomena interact with the physical world. 1', remote action studies conducted at SRI, most of the studies have not demonstrated any ek I, I, of psychoenergetic interaction with the physical world. Two exceptions are worthy of discussion. In a study conducted in F%' 1,, sit involving random number generators, the significant results were consistent with the database of such experiments. Later, it was shown that these results are not due to a 11111.1. interaction, but rather due to precognition. 14 'jMDuring FY 1975, a striking anomaly was observed when one of the from group G1 attempted to influence a shielded magnetometer. The device was perturbt-11 significant manner, but no other experiments were conducted that showed similar non-st.,111- results. 22 Approved For Release 2000/08/0~ ,A-RUP96--O-O~89ROO2200040001-3 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 P96-00789 200040001-3 C7,- 7 In an experiment designed to replicate claims made in the People's Republic of China, 'SRI determined the degree to which pulses from a photomultiplier tube correlated with the quality of remote viewing. While strong evidence for remote viewing was seen, no significant correlations with the tube output were observed. WAt this time, there is no evidence that psychoenergetic phenomena can be shielded against nor effectively countermeasure d. 23 Approved For Release 2000/08/OEr--. A Dr)PCIA-()() 02200040001-3 7 f or Release 2000/08/08C-RDP96-0 002200040001-3 7 REFERENCES(U) 1. Zimbardo, P., Psychology and Life, 12th Ed., Scott, Foresman and Company, Boston, MA, p. 54 (1988) UNCLASSIFIED. 2. Rosenthal, R., Meta-Analytic Procedures for Social Research, Applied Social Research Methods Series, Vol. 6, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA (1982) UNCLASSIFIED. 3. Light, R. J. and D. B. Pillemer, Summing Up, The Science of Rei,iewing Research, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA (1984) UNCLASSIFIED. 4. Hedges, L. V. and 1. Olkin, Statistical Methodsfor Meta-Analysis, Academic Press. Inc., New York, NY (1985) UNCLASSIFIED. 5. Feingold, A., "Matching for Attractiveness in Romantic Partners and Same-Sex Friends: A Meta-Analysis and Theoretical Critique," Psych. Bull., Vol. 104, No. 2, pp. 226-235 (1988) UNCLASSIFIED. 6. Cohen, J., Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, (rev. ed.) Academic Press, New York, NY (1977) UNCLASSIFIED. 7. Targ, E., R. Targ, and 0. Lichtarge, "Realtime Clairvoyance: A Study of Remote Viewing Without Feedback," The Proceedings of the ParapsycholoSical Association 281h Annual Cont-ention, Tufts University, Medford, MA, pp. 335-342 (August 1985) UNCLASSIFIED. 8. Honorton, C., D. B. Ferrari, and G. Hansen, "Meta-Analysis of Forced-Choice Precognition Experiments," Psychophysical Research Laboratories' Technical Report (1989) UNCLASSIFIED. 9. May, E. C., R. Targ, and H. E. Puthoff, "Possible EEG Correlates to Remote Stimuli Under Conditions of Sensory Shielding," Proceedings of Elec tro77 Professional Program . of the IEEE, Special Session on the State of the Art in Psychic Research, New York (April 1977) UNCLASSIFIED. 10. May, E. C., W. W. Luke, and T. J. Frivold, "Neurophysiological Correlates to Rk:mote Viewing (U)," SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, Final Report-Objective D, Task 1, Project 1291 (December 1988) 11. Private communication. 12. Kogan, 1. M., "Is Telepathy Possible?" Radio Eng., Vol. 21, P. 75 (January 1966) UNCLASSIFIED. 13. PULhoff, H. E. and R. Targ, "A Perceptual Channel for Information Transfer Over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent Research," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 329-354 (March 1976) UNCLASSIFIED. 14. May, E. C., D. 1. Radin, G. S. Hubbard, B. S. Humphrey, and J. M. Utts, "PSI Experiments with Random Number Generators: An Informational Model." SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, Final Report Project 8067 (October 1985) UNCLASSIFIED. 15. Honorton. C., "Error Some Place!," Journal of Communication, pp. 103-116 (\fainter 1975) UNCLASSIFIED. 24 Approved ForRelease 2000/08 `~-002200040001-3 er Approved For Release 2000/08t MA-CMD, J:A 789ROO2200040001-3 New (U) Thus, the groups of interest were ranked as ERUa > ERA8 = ERU8 > IRAS when predicting overall performance and were ranked as the reverse of this when predicting to the significance of the learning within the experiment. 3. (U) Results of Predictions: Correlations Between RV Performance.and PAS Profiling (U) Table 5 shows the PAS predictions for overall RV performance as measured against actual performance--i.e., each trainee's performance as measured by an effect size estimate (Pearson's r)3 derived from the figure of merit analySiS4 p-values. An effect size estimate is used to normalize for number of sessions. Table 5 ]WAS PREDICTION VS. ACTUAL VIEWER PERFORMANCE Actual Viewer PAS Prediction Performance Viewer Profile PredictionComments Viewer Effect Number of ID ID Size (r) Sessions (n) 739 ERUa best 739 0.170 10 210 ERA8 best 137 0. 110 23 very 928 ERU8 best close 928 0.082 28 in ranking 512 IRA5 best 512 -0.131 25 891 IRA5 best 450 -0.139 37 450 IRU4 middle 307 -0.159 25 137 ERU5 middle might 210 -0.220 23 do well in IDS, but not 307 EFU5 worst in RV 891 -0.267 27 176 EFU6 worst clearly 176* -0.279 23 the bottom PAS prediction coincides with the viewer's actual rank. Approved For Release 2000/08r:'" 1728 R002200040001-3 (U) While the rank order correlation contrasting the top five and bottom four performers does not achieve statistical significance, it is encouraging that the PAS correctly identified two out of the three best performers. The failure to identify Viewer 137 is easily attributed to lack of prior experience with ERUS viewers. Thus, the results tend more to confirm than to disconfirm the FY 1984 PAS study. (U) Table 6 shows the PAS predictions for evidence of RV learning as measured MW against actual evidence for leaming--i.e., each trainee's learning-slope effect size as derived from the figure of merit slope p-values. Table 6 ow WAS PREDICTION VS. EVIDENCE FOR VIEWER LEARING PAS Prediction Actual Viewer Performance Viewer Profile Prediction Viewer Effect Number of ID ID Size (r) Sessions (n) 891 IRA5 Most improvement739 0.223 10 512 IRA5 928 0.213 28 928 ERU8 137 0.155 23 210 ERA8 210 0.082 23 739 ER.Ua 450 0.046 37 450 IRU4 891 -0.041 27 137 ERU5 176 -0.085 23 307 EFU5 307 -0-392 25 176 EFU6 Least improvement512 -0.524 25 PAS prediction coincides with the viewer's actual rank. (U) The PAS predictions concerning viewer learning are largely unsuccessful. When the PAS predictions were forwarded to the SRI COTR, however, they were caveated 18 Approved For Release 2000/0 0; -bn9ROO2200040001-3 200040001-3 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 - 8 2 IV CONCLUSIONS (U) NNW (U) Several important factors must be noted when assessing the overall efficacy of the PAS in this study. It is important to observe, for example, that the novice RV training results Mimi are preliminary: final training results are not officially scheduled for delivery until the end of the first quarter of FY 1987. Although continuation of training with the original nine participants at this juncture would destroy the double-blind aspect of the PAS study, a MW workable solution to this problem has been identified--namely, to continue training with a new group comprised of the most promising few candidates out of the original group of nine, No augmented with new candidates to whom the monitors and evaluators are blind with respect to PAS pattern. so IftThe explanation for the observed lack of significance in the preliminary novice RV training results is presently unknown. one am hypothesis would suggest that the training procedures are simply not proving effective. This appears unlikely, however, given that significance was achieved with novice trainees using the same procedures in FY 1984. A second possibility is that training needs to be of a longer duration.* This hypothesis can be tested by observing whether significance is achieved with the selected viewers from this study who continue training. (U) The PAS results for this study are encouraging and provide a conceptual replication of the earlier FY 1984 PAS work. In the earlier study, the PAS was used successfully to predict the top performer out of each of three different training groups. In FY 1986, the PAS has been used effectively to predict two out of the top three performers in a single training group. As an empirically driven system, the PAS Reference Groups experience continual refinement as the PAS data base increases. It is anticipated, therefore, that the predictive power of the PAS will increase accordingly. (U) This is more consistent with the apparent indication that aspects of the training results arc correlated with something else, i.e., the PAS. 22 Approved For Release 2000/08/ 02200040001-3