Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96AQ7,8,QW2ZQQQ7,QQQ14er Education - A5 later enlargcd Sor Juana's English-speak- ing audience with translations; Sor Juana Iturs de /a Cruz: Poems (Bilingual Preis, 1985) and A Woman orfGenius: The Intel- lectual Autobiography of Sor Juana Inis de la Crz (Lime Rock Press, 1982). Me. Peden, a professor ol'Spanish at the Uni. versity of Missouri at Columbia, also translated Mr. Paz's Sor Juana for Har- vard. The got Juana revival will continue next year, when, for example, as part of its se. ries on Latin American Literature and Cul- ture, Wayne Stale University Press plans to publish Toward a Feminist Undentand. Ing ofSor Juana ln4!s de to Cruz, edited by Stephanie Merrim, an associate professor of Hispanic studies at Brown, No Access to Formal Fducation Ms' Merrim's book will addressanissue to which she says Mr. Paz pays insufficient aftention-Sor Juana*s relation to writing by other women. Unfold 51srers7 Histrafric Nuns in Thetr Own Works, a literary study of nuns in Spain and in Spanish holdings in the New World during the 16th, l7th, and I 8th cen- turies, will also sbod light on that matter. Edited by Ms. Arenal of Staten Island and Stacey Schism ofWest Cheater University of Pennsylvania, it is scheduled for publi- cation by the University of New Mexico Press in 1989. The pivotal event, scholars seem to agree, will be the appearance of`Mr Paz's study in tandem with Mr. Truebl~~',-- thology. The anthology contains Sur Juana's best Works in poetry and in prose-"Fir.1 Dream" and "Reply to Sof Philothea," re- spectively --- as well as a variety ofher oth. er writings, including Some excerpts from The Divine Narcissus. one of her several plays. As Mr. Paz shows, those achievements came against considerable odds. Juana was born out of wedlock. proba- bly in 1648, in a village southeast ofthe city ofMcxIcIr (now Mexico City). At about the age or 10 she was sent to live with an aunt in the city. By riccessity-as & woman. she had no access to a formal education-she was largely self-taught. She nonetheless pro- Cpnfinued on Page A8 Plvapsycholcgists Fire Back at a National Academy Report That Called Field Unscientific and Expe7iments Flawed By DAVID L. WHFFIYR Parapsychologists, who investigate such phenomena as extrasensory perception, have fired back at a National Research Council committee that mid their field is, unscientific and their experiments poorly conducted. Parapsychologists study psychological phenomena not readily explainable by the existing laws of science. They believe some experiments they frequently conduct demonstrate unexplainable effects that point to the possible existence of telepathy cre the power of mind over matter. A report by a National Research Council commit- let, however, said those experiments had been completely Incoticlusive and any pos- itive results were due to sth-Irring"I flaws, or "dirty test tubes." Parapsychologists consider the reputa- tion of their field and its future support to be at stake and they have been trying to discredit the National Research Council report, "Enhancing Human Performance: Issues, Theories, and Techniques," re- teased last year by the National Academy Press (The Chronicle. December 9, 19r87). The U.S. Army commissioned the report to see V some perforamace-improvement techniques developed outside the main- Stream of science, such as biefeedback, sleep learning, and extrasensory percep~- tion, might have some value for soldiers. , No Scientific justification' Not all of the report deals with parapsy- chology, but it said them was "no scien- tiftc justification from research conducted over a period of 130 years for the existence of Parapsychological phenomena." Dean 1. Radin, a research psychologist a( Princeton University anxi the president of the Parapsychological Association, says the parapsychologists expected a some- what negative report but felt the National Research Council committee had tone to extremes oincluding the attempted sup. pression ofevidence favorable to parapsy- chology-to try to debunk parapsychologi- cal research. "Reports like the one by the National Research Council tend to influence people who might be interested in funding this work," says Mr. Radin. "They are not in- terested in ridicule any more than anyone else is." Universities Urged to Set Clearer Policies on 'Gray Areas' of Scientific Misconduct WASHINGTON A group of scientists, journet editors, lawyers, university administrator&, and federal policyntakers convened by the In- atituteofMcdicint made a seriesofrecom- mendations last week that could give uni- versities a bigger role in encouraging props er scientific conduct. A number of reports of scientific fraud this year triggered Congressional investi- gations ofsome specific cams and prompt- ed suggestions that the federal government should more actively audit the research it pays for. Scientists who fear such interfer- ence in research and who have some con- cems of their own about ethics in science are beginning to re-examine their research practices. Some universities are also tak- in& a new look at their promotion and ten- ure policies to see if the policies are en- couraging rapid-fire publication that could be promoting bad science. The Institute of Medicine, which is part of the National Academy of Sciences, has put together a committee on scientific rc- sponsibility that is preparing a report for the Nationail Institutes ofHealth. The earn- mitt" organized last week's workshop. at which speakers expressed widely diver- gent views on what to do about pre venting scientific misconduct-not just the blatant Continued on Page A 10 Dean I Raidire "Reports like the one by the National Research Council tend to Influence people who might be Interested in funding this work" Ray Hyman, a professor of psychology at the University ofOregon and one oftwo people on the research council'& commit- tee who evaluated parapsychology, de- scribes the parapsychologists' criticisms of the committee's report as "kind of sil. 1y." Some Experiments Worth Following "The parapsychologists should be re joicing," he says. "This was the first go, erriment committee that Said their work should be taken seriously." The report recommended that the Army continue to "monitor" some parapsycho- logical research and occasionally visit some laboratories, including one at Prince- ton University. The committee said the re- search worth following included "Ganz- feld" experiments intended to measure te- lepathy and experiments in which research subjects try to mentally force a random- number-generating device to cmit numbers that are not random. Mr. Hyman says the parapsychologists Continued on Page A 10 RESEARCH NOTES Bonest the 'Sukersaunts Superconductivi~ Advance; Profess zonaL and Part- Time Work f Researchers from Brigham Young University have unearthed what they say is the largest complex of dinosaur pelvic bones that have ever been dis- covered. The massive fossils include several (used vertebrae and the pelvic bones of what was believed to be a plani-eating Supersuarms dinosaur. The Brigham Young researchers esti- mated that the dinosaur measured 120 feet in length and weighed between 20 and 30 tons when it died some 135 mil- lion years ago. The complex of bones, which mcm- tured 73 Inches by 52 Inches, was uncov- ered August 18 at Dry Men Quarry near Delta, Colo. Researchers said the new find was important because it would help to set- tic the debate over how Supersaurms was related to a smaller dinomurknown as Diplodocus. -KIM A. MCDONALD Superconductor Advance Reported at U. of Arkanstis Two researchers at the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville have reported a safer Method of making a thallium- based high-tcmperature superconduc- tor. a material that, when chilled, is capable of transmitting electricity with no resistance. Thallium, a poisonousel- ement used in rat poisons. appears to be a necessary element in the preparatio ofsuperconducton with the mosidesir- able properties. A thallium-barium-calcittm copper Cowinued on Page A8 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO2200270001-8 Reproduced with permission of copgright owner. Further reproduction prohibited. A field worker sketches a fessil'that researchers say belongs to the gigandc "llupersaurus" dinosaur. A 10 - 'Me Chronicle of Higher Education - September 14, 1988 A prov 00/r/08 CIA-"PgQ-00789ROO2200270001-8 yCgo%ar Rqlpase 2 1 tapes-sollse-sander'c notmark r~ Pa ogists mspong to nticism 0 ield the pictur: in a way'a "arecelver" might notice, ethics ofgiving to new management models for voluntary organizations. In this probin . practical, and visionary book, Robert Payton defines the essence ofphilanthroply. And emerges a'& its most cloquen't voice. "Bob Payton [is] an extraordinarily talented and experienced practitioner and scholirofphilan(hmp~,...cxp~nds our vision of the promist: of philanthropy:'-*John G. ~imon, Yale Universitt. 304 pages - $19.95 PHILM7MROPY VOLUNTARY ACnON FOR THE PUBLIC GOOD Foreword by Richand Lyman Philanthropiv, Robert Payton writes in this provocative and c h blening book, is "Airicrica!; most distinctive virtue:'And now one of ph' n ,brop~~ most distinguished leaders offers a powerful statement of Its p, rTx)scand a critical inventory ufils potential. DrAving on wisdom gleaned I rum a life devoted to advancing the mission of phi] anthropy, Payton bri ngs into bold nolief the disti net ive clual it ics of the philant hropic I radi I ion, its changing role in American sucietv. And he confrunis man *v of philanthrop 'v~ most pressing challenges-fr6m the The parapsychologists also had ROBERT L. FAYTON some political quarrels with the Na tional "An essential guide ... long overdueP DAVID W STEWART and HENRY A. SPILLE DIPLOMA MILLS DEGREES OF FRAUD Foreword b Fred M. Hechinger y This groundbreaking book Ion" the shadowy underworld ofhigher educatiun-and casts new 11, on institutions that offer millions of Americans fraudulent or academically deficient degives. Aftersix. years- of research b%- the American Council ou, Educatiun~ Center for AduAt Learning and Educational Credentials, Center executives David Stewart and Henry Spille expose the techniques diploma mills use to lure pruspec- live studints-and show how diploma mills can operate legaliv. Filled with dozens of real-world examples. their book is an cxlt~aordinai.v look at a serious threat to American societv. Thereli more: a clear, conelse guide to what accreditation means; help on distinguishing Itelifinnate nontraditional education H f lent one,; an workable recom a programs rom fraudu mcndations for fighting this multimillion dollar danger to the clualItY and iniegritv of American higher education. 'An essentialiguide foranyone whowants to learn how Lodistinguish legitimate from fraudulent degree granting institutions:' -*Fmd M. Hechinger. ne New York Tistev Fosvidatiopi, hic. 272 pages - 919.95 At bookstores. Clr-~rdcr toll-free with your credit carTI: 1 (800) 323-7443 The American Coundl on Educallim/Migamillan Series on HIOW Ed"afforl MACMILLAN PUBMING COMPANY A Division of Macmillan, Inc. - 866 Third Avenue - NLw York. NY 10022 Confinsiedfrom Page A5 are pushing for acceptance by other m.b ars too soon. Many parapay- chaskigisns are well trained, he says, but are often not following widely ac- "Isted si andards for experiments. "I think their experiments should be an embarrassment to them," he says. "They ceed to go back to their lab, oratorics and clean up their act." The Parapsychological Associa- tion. which has about 250 members, has replied to the research council's committee with a 29-peae critique of its report. Large "y of Fixelings Clued The critique says the "comonk- tee's conclusion far outstrips the scope of its investigation.... Para. psychologists have accumulated a huga body ofexismimental findings that (a) suggest important now means of human interaction with their envi- normseelt and (b) cannot be plausibly attribmteJ to known conventions! mechanisms. " In one kind of experiment, cited both by many parapsychologists and by their critics as being the best work parapsychologists have done, rc- search subjects am placed in a mclin- ing chair in a soundproofed room with "while noise" piped into their e4ars and goggles or halves of Ping- Pong balls placed over tkeir eyes w they sit a uniform field! of light. Thic blandness of their sensory environ- ment puts them into a reportedly pleasant, altered mental state, or "Ganxreld." Some parapsy*cholo- gisis believe this state make Ithe re- search subjects more receptive to telepathic messages. In a separate room, a researcher selects a videotape or a still picture from a group and shows mother m- search subject an Image, which he or she tries to transmit mentally to the person in the Ganzicld state. After a set time, the -receiver.- or person in Ike Ganzfeld state. is brought out of Ike state and is shown the same group of videotapes or pictures. The receivers are asked to pick the image that mesa clowl)~lales to lite Mr. Hyman says other images that cues also were in theirmight make mind during it possible for the Ganzfeld receivers state, If to deteci the receiver which image was picks the used unless image that the experimenter the sender has two was shown, it sets of images. is considered a -hit" or a positive result.In a second kind of common para- psychology Tese' C&Ucd experiment, P-TI research Desi d gne subjectil Y try mentally to influence The eWrimenigmachines that vary in theirgenerate ex- numbers ran- =I design. doinly. In but Mr. Radinthe usual says that, version of these taken as a experiments. group, they an electronic demonstrate device that "in(IIrmationgenerates call be transmitteda random series of zeroes in ways we and ones, don't understandnod the subject yet." of the ex. The W.X.c. perifficrot committee's tries to Mr. Hy- push the string of man attributesnumbers mentally research either in mantle indi- the dimc- calimi kilopathylion, of more at other zeroes paossormalf or m(i Does. . t Mr. Radin, communicationwho has analyzed 0 poorly 597 designed experiments. random-number-gemralor Hi experi- says that, if parts- normal communicationmots donc is to be. by 68 mscanchers, says proved, experimentersthe results first have Indleale to that the random- be certain number generators that the are somehm selection be- ofintages is completelying influenced random. No away from such proof random- is given in liess. Ganzfeld experiments, he says, and "The statistics poor methods indicate of randomly that the m- selecting suits are an image so far away we mod, such from chance an hand shuffling.that chance Is not a possible explana- He also says tion," he the experimenterssays. "I'm not saying it's should use something two sets psychic, of the same but there im- is wine ap&--be theivilialartifact there. pictures And so far or video. I haven't been able to find any normal artifact that might explain the results." Once again, Mr. Hyman says the New this fall. From ACUMacmillan. parapsychologists don't have enough prooffhat the random-number gener- ators are really random, and without Mills 9 ... a spolendidly rich, robust and walistic that proof he says the experiments we meaningless. account ... PP* Research Council's report. They charged that the committee chairman find asked the author of a background paper commissioned for the mport to withdraw big conclusion that the Ganzfcld experiments am meth logically sound. fi~o T chaliman. John A. Swets, chief scientist at Boll Beranek and Newman, a Cambridge, Mass., can- suiting firm, says he did ask Robert Rosenthal, a professor of social psy- chology at Harvard University. if he would eliminate his conclusions Schollamillif, about the Ganzfeld experiments from his paper. Mr. Swets says the corn- mince preferred its own analysis of the Ganzfeld experiments. "We thought the quafily of our analysis was better, and we didn't see much point in putting out mixed signals," SHYS Mr. SWC13. "I didn't feel we were obliged to represent every point of view." Mr. Rosenthal said he thought it was "inappropriate" ofMr. Swets to ask him and Monks J. Harris, a grad- uate student, to withdraw their con- clusions about the Clanzfeld experi- ments. Tile conclusions were ulti- nustely kept in the background paper but not included in the report. MAke"ll" Of Coommitme Criticiwd Ile parapsychologists alsosay the committee was unfairly stacked with &vowed critics of parapsychology and should have had at least one parapsychologist on it. Mr. Swels says the committee didn't have any members who were advocates for the performance-en, hancerreat methods being evaluated. Mr. Hymn. who is a cognitive psy- chologist interested in the subject of human error. says he has written about parapsychology since the 195Ws. "I'm one of the row critics he knows the., who reads their lit- aralum. and who goes to their can. vcntions." He says he is neutral. "I don't care shout parapsychology," he say.. "To me it's a very dull topic." Even ifparapsychoiDgistsdiscover the existence of special mental pow. ers outside of what is now known, Mr. Hyman says he believes the powers will be so elusive and so sub- tle that they can't be controlled. If anything, he says. parapsychologists will only find a "cosmic hiccup." Copies of the Parapsychological Assoc,iistion's critique, "Reply to the Nutional Research Council Study on Parapsychology." am available for $2 from the Parapsychological Ass~ ciation, P.O. Box 12236. Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27709. Policies on Scientific Misconduct Cowinvedf- Page A5 fabrication of data, but sloppy re- search practices. Despite the differences, six panels that met for two days came up with some specific recommendations for preventing misconduct and poor m- search practices. The panels recom, aded that universities have: ortl Specific policies requiring scien, lists to keep data to support pub. lished papers and encouraging scien- tists to give the data to others who want to check their results. s Guidelines for the heads of lats- or., one& and the mentors of research trainees about their responsibilities to trainees. Such guidelines would make sure students and trainees knew who was supposed to be train- Ing them and whom they could turn to for help. Some training in the eth- Ica of science and good research practices might also be required, a Written policies making it clew that those who we not directly in. volved with research should not be named as the authors of scientific pa- pen. The policies would end the practice in wine laboratories of auto- matically making the head of a lab- oratory an author on every paper coming cut of the laboratory. Arnold S. Relman, editor of the New England Journal of Medicine, spoke in support of a larger role for the institutions where scientists are based. "Institutions have to Lake more of a role in making sum good publication practices are followed," he said. -We editors cannot possibly investigate and insure the validity of every author's nameon each paper." An enhanced role for universities and other nwarch institutions was not supported by everyone at the workshop. Some scienfisis argued that the en- couragement of good research pruc- ticcs should cons, from the laborato- ry itself. without outside interference by the university. The Institute of Medicine work- shop was intended to look at "gray areas" where blatant fraud is not in- volved but where research practices might still be questionable. William Raub. deputy director of the National Institutes of Health, said much attention had been given to big scientific sins, such as plagia- rism, but less attention had been giv- en to the little sim-sloppy record- keeping. poor supervision of re- marchers, selective mporling of data, publishing the same data in many journals, and the use of the "least Publishable unit.- That term refers to scientists Who write papers the moment they have enough significant data, instead of waiting to confirm those data or ex- pand on them. "Them is no apparent consensus on how bad then sins arc, what the standards should be, or if there should be standands," said Mr. Raub. -D~Vlg) L. WHEELEM. Reproduced with P.Appiseved.F~,a*PeLea-seF2GQG/g3MaG4A~,Rl3R&6-00789ROO2200270001-8