Approved For RWease 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-%087ROO0400100014-4 Parapsychological Monographs No. I A Review of Published Research on the Relationship of Some Personality Variables to ESP Scoring Level GORDON L, MANGAN Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand hib1ishea i.n 1958 PARAPSYCHOLOGY FOUNDATION, 11VC. 29 West 57th. Street, New York 19, N. Y. Approved For Release 2001/03/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0400100014-4 Approved For R&fease 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-4W87ROO0400100014-4 Nash and Richards (26) in 1947 first investigated the relationship be- tween a measure of intelligence and scores obtained in a series of PK tests. The I.Q. scores of their 4.8 college subjects, obtained from the. Higher Examination of the Otis Self-Administcring Tests of Mental Ability, showed a very small correlation (-.12) with PK scores. Summary on Intelligence and &P The nature of the relationship between intelligence and ESP scoring level is still undcfined. Valid objections, which preclude any clear-cut conclusions being drawn, can bc levelled at most of the studies that have been made. In the first place, they have often involved too few subjects, a fact which makes generalization difficult, despite some high correlations. Again, the same intelligence test was never used by two investigators, and since different tests may be sampling different aspects of intellectual ability, the results are not strictly comparable. In addition, not all the intelligence scales or estimates used arc of equal validity, and in two cases, the in- vcstigation of the relationship between intelligence and ESP scoring level was a side-issue to the main experiment. One tentative conclusion, however, may be drawn. There seems to be one factor conducive to a correlation between ESP scorin- level and 0 intelligence, namely, when the "best" estimate of scores is used as the ESP criterion. By the use of the "best" estimate of scores rather than averages for the ESP criterion, Humphrey found that the correlation between intelligence ratings and ESP scoring increased. An estimate based oil the best results achieved should eliminate those fluctuations due to factors other than intelligence, such. as boredom and fatigue, which are known to affect scoring level, and give a purer estimate of ESP to be correlated with in- telligcnce. Obviously thc overall average run scores need not be ari ac- curate reflection of the subject's real ESP ability. Humphrey's findings particularly suggest either that the more intelli- gent subjects have better ESP, or that the obtained correlations between intelligence and ESP scoring- arc merely indicative of the sul@jccts' adapt- ability to the test situation. No more definite judgment can be made at this stage. 10 INTEREIST C. 1@. Stuart was wi IJ(T.SOIlalit\, factors all cXpri-illicilt involvilil- i dwir cJfCCL OFF LSI' sco W Of "aff(Ttahility" 11111[c Of' 111i succcs@,, i111 i@, @ 01-C lie has just prc% Ili 19-16 Stum-L (52 li,t of 60 i[ems. Sul),ICCI %dlich varicd fl-0111 "li 11,1, Nshich includcd ev -'Llidellts, was @11 dic cXI)CriliICIlt. Thl C'MCV;Iled stillullus I)iC( vdlich were Closely re, vMv whCOler the SLI[)i IliClUIV-S iTlflUVtlCCd tilf m'Itchilli" 111CIllod, dc-, 11, lit) .. The to!al 11"Si [,lit olliv One 11011-@*i_111 ll;ade oil the ill, 1!F 111C f'i%-c "Ittitildes 1.( %%:I@ Flo m-idence, llow ol the stillwhis J)icturc' Sto@trt lhen. sepamt hich I .C.11 11(- tl@Ntlvllw) frolli III(" Ili Nllhiec(.@ to be ""li i!--l of ispiration" I 11,111,7C, ;11)(I @ , Ll n I Stmm C-quatc'i dW CMCCIL "I'Op as the "1111,111,cC, 11, the (Ilawinq f'. m .Onp If( OMistic;l1l." 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In the Pr,1tt_1-lumphycy scrics@ the tell extravcrts had a deviation of +56, and the nine introvcrts a deviation of was sigilificant (P -- 34. The CR Of the clifferen,c - .02). In the Lawrence series, a deviation of @ the 9 extraverts made -48, the 12 introverts a deviation of -- 18. ifference was non-significant (P The CR of the d the two series inadc a deviation .08). The total of 19 extraverts froin d- 104, and the 21 introverts a devia tion of -52. The CR of this difference was 'significant (P @ .005). As shown in Table 5, the consistency of this separation was significant (P --- .005) with 74 per cent of the cxtravcrts scoring above chance and 76 per cent of the introverts scoring at chance or below. Attempts at Refielition Caspar (5) administered the Bernrcutcr Inventory to Qo subjects and obtained 2 GESP and 2 BT runs from each. Ile classified his subjects as extraverts or introvcrts on the basis of whether they scored above or below the 50Lh percentile on the scale. The extraverts had a deviation of +26, and the introvcrts a deviation of -IS. The CR of the difference was suggestive (P ---- .03). Eight of the fourteen extraverts scored above chance, but none of the six introverts did. When evaluated by the exact method, the results are significant (P @ .02). Although only two studies have been reported with the Bernrcuter, it appears, to be a very promising research tool, In both studies, high and low scoring ESP subjects were separated with a high degree of consislency. In the Nicol and Humplarcy study (27) correlations were obtained between ESP scores (Known and Unknown runs) and two measures of introversion-extraversion. Factor T of Guilford's STDCR Inventory is called Thinking Introversion-Extravcrsion. The thinking introvert is given to reflective thinking and analyzing hirnself and others, while the opposite holds true for the thinking extravert. The correlations be- tween Factor T and the known ESP scores was 10, with the Unknown scores +.37, * and with total ESP scores +.33. Factor S of this same test is called Social Extraversion; it correlated +.29 with Known ESP Scores, +,21 with Unknown scores, and +.34 with total ESP scores. None of these correlations was significant, but a significant correlation (+.54**) was found between Social Extraversion and Self-Confidence (Factor I ) and a suggestive correlation (+.37*) was found between Thinking Extraversion aad SAf-Confidence. The lattcr correlations have value in this study. Self-confidence was f,,uiid to be the factor most highly correlated with total ESP score (r + .55 * *). -A person with a high score on Factor S is characterized as being social, as one who tcnds to seek social contacts and enjoys' the company of others, while low scores indicate shyness and seclusiveness, Szimmary of Introversion-Extraversion and ESP Scoring Letiels In all the studies reviewed in this section, it was found that extraver- sion was associated with higher ESP scores than introversion. This factor, or more precisely, the scales on which this factor is measured, separated out high and low scorers with a high degree of consistency. Unfortunately, however, it is not clear which aspects of behavior are included under flic term extraversion, and for evaluative purposes it would seem essential to have more specific information on the factors underlying this broad [16 111)1)1,.chensive catelaory. I S, such ai .-Itcosion sea c 'acLor, and it is uncert.i ., C1 for cx- 1.1 tors as'. . ample, -o 1,,1"d quCSt1Qn11.L1rC. .%J1 zdtcrnative llqs becil ofd-Martiii or Caucil, vl! I 4 1,4011), correlated tt,ai(@ ) r -'Wa T cttc' estimate of ext, to correct for th@ @i, nicthad has becri u@@', 111d the direction a ])it;) er'd clits of extrav oil is ticsc lines would have roo- 7;@ 7 Approved For Release 2001103107 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0400100014-4 Approved For Wease 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-W87ROO0400100014-4 oinpi-chensive category. Part of the difficulty lics in the fact that single kc,(C,L tile Pratt-Humpll- ANvi-clice Chirvoyaricc Series. 1il,en.,;jon scales, such as Bernreutcr, may not give a pure measure of -\traverts had a deviatio I-lie faCLor, and it is uncertain to what extent it can be identified with such n of 1,1(.tors as,, for example, social and thinking extraversion on the Guil -31. The CR of the difference - I (ple . ,* Series, the 9 extraverts made lot,( sLionnairc. iation of --- 18. The CR of tile Ali alLernative has been to use a multiple trait scale, such as the Guil @Aic total of 19 extraverts frory, f,)rcl-Martin or Cattell, where all the overlapping inaterial of a number j highly correlated traits, which together should give a progressively and the 21 introverts a dcvia- 1),,tter estirnatc of extraversion, is utilized, and by the use of regression is significant (P - .005). '111,11ysis, to corrcet.for the degree of overlap between the various traits. this separation was signific ant 11iis method has been used with some success by Nicol and Humphrey, crts scoring above chance and -111d Ll.ic direction is a promising one. Some clarification of the compon- e or ])Clow. ents of extraversion is Jicccssary@ however, before further work along these lines would have much value. Inventory to 20 SUbjects and icli. Ile classified his subjects whether they scored above or lie cxtravcrts had a deviation - 18. '.['he CR of the difference zirteen cxtraverts scored above When evaluated by the exact -02). eported with the Bernrcuter, tool. In both studies, high and h a high degree of consistency. ') correlations were obtained %vn runs) and two measures Cxi-ii1ford's STDCR Inventory )n. The thinking introvert is 'r hirriself and others, while b -@travcrt. The correlations be- -M d-.10, with the Unknown @.33. I Fxtraversion; it correlated Unknown srores, and +.34 lations was sl@nificant, but a I)Ct'AICCn Social Extraversion JITeStive correlation (+.37*) 11 and Self-Confidence. The Y. Sclf-confidence was found total ESP score (r + .55**), ,rharacterizcd as being social, -enjoys the company of others, siveness, Scorit;g Levels .1 it was found th@.@, extraver- 11',ln introversion. This factor, Ifactor is ircasurcd, separated ')f consistency, Unfortunately Mavioi are included under the 40scs it would seem essential 'tclors underlying this Jroad 17 1 mv fd Mffff 4-4 AWf6ved For] e,MA f 2 f Zfflfflft Approved For FAMease 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-U787ROO0400100014-4 EXPANSION-COMPRESSION RATINGS AND ESP SCORING In 1942, while at Stanford University, Stuart (51) developed a tech- nique for judging similarities between four concealed target pictures and the drawings made by a subject attempting to reproduce the pictures. This technique, called the preferential matching technique (PMT), was used by Stuart to analyse the large collection of drawings he ob- tained at Stanford; the tatter provided the data to which the expansion- compression ratings were applied. Paula Flkisch (8) has devised a projective test which utilizes the form qualities of children's drawings. Ccrtai_n features of the drawings are considered-to indicate neurotic trends, and these features are. incasured in tern-is of four criteria: rhythm-rule, coinplcxity-simplexity, integra- tion-disintegration, and expansion-cornpression (E-Q. The E-C criter- ion was the only one which subsequently proved successful in discrimina- ting high and low scoring ESP subjects. Elkisch defines expansion and compression as follows: "Expansion stimulates the imagination dynamically. It conveys an atmosphere of freedom, courage, adventure, and may be a symptom of vitality and of healthily developed extraversion. Expansion stands for a direc- tion toward the surrounding world; for the potential ability of making contact. ..Compression conveys. a feeling of disconifott, of being shut in, of pressure and cornpulsion. Compression may be, if connected with other traits, a symptom of a neurotically developed introversion, even of a compulsion-neurosis. Compression stands for isolation." Certain aspects of expansion-compression can be fairly objectively described. For example, in making drawings, the compressives use only a sw@ill a.qount of the available space, their drawings are cramped and badly proportioned, Iiiie-- are light and feathery, they use too :rnany coil- ventional forms-houses, boats, etc. By means of these characteristics it is possible to make an overall assessment of expansion-cornpression. Drowing Tests In the first reported E-C research, Humphrey (20) in 1946 used tile data from four series of clairvoyance drawings obtained by Stuart. Of the 96 subjects involved, 41 were rated expansive and 55 compressive. The drawings from each group were scored by the preferential matching technique. With mean chance expectation at 40.0, the mean ESP score for the expansive group turned out to be 41.88, for the comprcssiNc group only 37.45. The difference in average scoring level between the two groups has a significant value (P @- .003). Although there was no significant overall deviation in his data, Stuart had found significant backward displacement (P @ .003) which had been the main ESP effect. Displacement data were not available for, one series, but a comparison was i-nadc between backward displace- mcnt scores of the expansives and compressives on the remaining series. 18 NVith mean chance c.@I)cct,,It (if 29.54 and the 33 ccrinp,(, between the scores of the 1%@ Following this succcssfill Ifinophrey applied the used the data of the Stu@ll, individual Tests. A tO1;LI of vach, \Vith nican chance. cx sive group was 308.23, for I ill scoring level between tile the I-"-C rating niadc a succ v.-iiii (J'Sl? drawings.Therc %%idi the expansives nowscor I'l-0111 these two reports *1( coinprcssion, discriniinates I vm-aiicc and GFISP drawiiw@ I)icssives are tile Positive sc, dic nature of the ESP test, A logical follow-up was if) tv,@( rcsulLs. The th-A SLudV ikiiiiphrcy (45). The 186 i,kcd to make CIMWingS in ttieii given 2 BT card. runs. 'I i-ion-significant. Tfic drawir, 1-1 5111_&Ct NWIS CXPLIISiVC Or C( r,,;)ansivc, 97 compressive. flic averagc rtin score of 4.79, but the cliff since there werc v1-fut two sessions, a total ;:xllt, Tire expansives hUd a 1 1,1.1till, (his consistency in(o ll-ri-i the c%pansives arid co ht a large scale expcrilll N:'11111, ;Ill([ NfeMohan (53) @,tlbiccts oil the basis c Of clairvoyance tcsLs. 'I 4 cLairvoyance card I slih-imt (lid 4. sl)oiittiic(. for tile purpose of con] diff'Crent coliditiolls. dw Lvimp scrics, 63 si @--d by 2 clairvoyance "viliv.s, all in one session, !hr Overall results of tile Vl'ollp series were tioll-m! @Ve _@Ill@jccts scored abovc init [Ile. diQ ,(TC11c, series tile 23 c@\ hclow challc( Aill (1) = .01). Wlicn 'T i!lg Icvcl w a%, highiv ih- card tcsts the total \@a% no Niv,nificarit scl Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0400100014-4 Approved For iWease 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP9646787ROO0400100014-4 wt, ratings were compared against PK scores, it was found that both groupj scored slightly above chance. Sum?nary of E-C ratings and r,,SP scoring This review indicates that the E-C ratings were not always successfill in separating high and low scoring ESP subjects. The best evaluation of the overall efficiency of E-C ratings is Humphrey's 1951 review article (19). In this she states that in 10 of the 12 clairvoyance drawings scrics evaluated up to that time, the expansive subjects, as a group, obtained a higher average ESP score than did the compressive subjects. If the prof,. abilities associated with the diffcrcncc ill each series are combined 1)@- Fisher's method, the E-C difference, considered in its entirety, was sigrlifi@_ cant (P --- .005), although the overall ESP results of the series were in- significant. Humphrey reported that 54% of the 140 expansive subjects scored above chance, while only 42% of the 345 compressive subjects scored above chance. If these percentage figures are evaluated for consistcnc@, of group scoring, a significant chi square of 6.03 (1 d. f.) is found (P =.O 1). In analyzing the GESP drawings, it was discovered that the compressi%!c subjects had a higher average ESP score than did the expansivcs ill ciglit of the nine series evaluated. Humphrey states that the difference between the two types of subjects for all series pooled is statistically significant, but the method of evaluation is not specified. There were 29 cxperintents completed in which clairvoyance card tests and drawings were given each subject. In 17 of these, the cxpansives made a positive deviation on card tests while the compressives had a negative deviation; in nine experiments this direction was reversed, and in three no difference between the two groups was found. '!'here was a deviation of +62 for the 955 runs of the expansive subjects and a deviation of -51 for the 1949 runs of the conipressive subjects; the difference between them was insignificant, The difference in average run score for the 26 Duke series was of borderline significane (P @-- approx. .02), while the three non-Dtike series showed a lion-si.nificant reversal of effect. Another intcrestiii,@, point reported by Humphrey was that the four series in which sub"IMS were tested individually gave a much larger differer -.c than that found in the group-test series. In these series where the E-C rating was applied to clairvoyance 9cores, the psychological conditions varied widely from series to series. The E-C rating was based oil one drawing in some series, on two dra@- ings in others; sometimes four drawings were used. The ratings were ad- ministered before the card runs in some of the series, in others after tli,'. runs. On the basis of her experience, Humphrey suggests that the E-C ratill" is not dividing subjects according to whether they will score positi,@:cl%l or negatively, but rather according to the type of hit distribution 01C, will give. Although compressive subjects as a group gave negative I'S11' scores, closer analysis of the results revealed that this score was (111c the bad beginning and that compressives are quite capable ot makilic high positive ESP scores after they are "warmed tip". It was also observed that an individual's drawings may changC f"oll, expansive to compressive within a single session, or bcLN'Vccii scssiOM,@ with the ESP scores tending to reflect these changes. The E-C rati,W,@ therefore appear to be indicative of the subject's temporary mood. 22 1. I-A ADJUSTMENT I-, QUESTIONNAI Altliough projective tecIlnio. .11IN, used to assess in indi%-idt pvrsonality inventories and qii in overall adjustment iridex ,, hted to adjustment. An cxai hisecurity Questionnaire. A short form of the -Mas -mrd by Smith and liumphrc- 'I lie secure subjects aver.-wcd 11.71 in 166 runs; the differciA notsignificant. .,\ Liter article by Stuart, f I'r@t X%1hen applied to dra%6wf@ S Ilds experiment, tl)c secure %i,oion oil the dmWinFS d1all 01C it)SCCIII-C SUI&CUS FC( I-Io%v cl)ancc. None of tlicst- @;Ilniflcallt, The differences oil Moi.LMiflcant, with Llic secure .4 )-01 and the in@ccurc sulJVc Tlie Ifeston Personal Aditiq -hutin an overall index of ile scores for each of the si,, 04.1t Elie Ina Jority of sub.lccts 1@ -led positive deviations anc 1.1kied neq , ative dcviation,;. %r(I %vas @011.SiSICIIL it a SkIl-' kwels (30) administered the and a C011CqC group O@ TDIII) the SLIlliCCAS Will) "feclin-s of inad"q Scores Oil t Tie clair%,C)NA liglit rcl@ttlorlsldp to it ()f the niental licalth ratit f the college SIII)IMS. in flie Nicol ,in(] 1'@tllllt! WaS dcri@,Cd from -'reLitions having a factors @vhicll could 111ent. ATI-Iong 1110@:e SCOT'i'lig wcrc frecdoi -M M"4M7 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0.400100014-4 Approved For Rla4ease 2001/03/07 CIA-RDP96-W!87ROO0400100014-4 lucky disposition), freedom from nervous tension, emotional stability, calm trustfuliless, and low irritability level. Summary on Adjustment Ratings from Questionnaires and ESP &oring Levels With the exception of Rivers' study, the results of the research in cluded in this section all point toward the conclusion that higher ESP scores are obtained by subjects possessing the personality characteristics generally included under the label of "good personal adjustment." Whether well-adjusted subjects score higher because of greater co operation, quicker adaptation to the experimental situation, better ability to establish rapport with the cxperimenter, freedom frorn personal in hibitions, some combination of these factors, or other unsupccted factors is a matter for further research. COMBINATIONS OF I ESP Some of the researches rc\- dic relationship beLwecri ESI dirce personality ineasurenic. cussed previously, b0WCVCr, @1 ific various measurements sin of any combination of th Tkis section will be dc%7ot( the rcIaLionship of these coi tcoring level. In a review article Humphi in average score was obtaine U crne-low ratings on the In rititer rating was considered s, lrvcl bem,cen thcsc combinc(I and represents the pooled r( Expansion-compre,ssion rai irrics and the difference in ESP SCOriDg 1-,\, Subjects Scori above Chan, 't'ansive @.l , ,:111-ange 26 -1;1prmsive 36 Votal's 62 qroup and the 01omninced, but bccav @11CICWX was not 'Is S, "Jinbination of pcrso,i Approved For Release 2001/04/W: CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0400100014-4 Approved For RWease 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-W87ROO0400100014-4 found to be able 7. 11rcy's study on introvcrsion-cxtravers,'on (16), and raises the question of Personality , f (he optimal number of runs to be used in meastil,,, studies utilizing personality : 3). The highest .1casurcinents. biects (43.93) III a later study, based upon data gathered and in the 1952 study and a subjects (36 :,,ter 1953 series, Nicol and Humphrey (28) '81). attempted to discover whether .0007). s,ijects could correctly identify successful ESP calls. Subjects were re- nsecure and the (I ocsted to. place a check mark beside each Col,,' call which they felt was a hit. 5). -1 11is, of course, was done before the subject was informed of his success. ItalitY combination'I'lic nictliod used to evaluate whether an iv awareness of ESP had been dem- zj, onstrated was to compare the proportion of :"Its of tile checked hits against two studiv , . cliecked misses. @fllows an average scoI,c subjects, and The authors reported that the 34 subjects represented 4-61 for in the pooled c CR of the cliffere,eeUnknown runs were. successful in identifying correct calls to a very 5). In the (45) significant degree (P -- .0003). '1his effect did. not hold tip for the 22 it all six classes,sobjects rcprcsented in the Known runs. Since whicil only the Unknown runs -c-securc subjects@,Ivc significant results, these alone were had considercd when the attempt i7c -subjects. %s,as made to discover if "conviction of success" If the r,_ was related to personality , Ix gaVc results factors. accord - Only those subjccts who gave an average of fivc to ten checks per run (23) where a werc included in any of the statistical evaluations. "pure The checking success ;there was an of the confident and unconfident subjects were average compared, and it was :Ire subjects found chat the 17 unconfident subjects had and 5.@5 a significant (P @ -- .0006) , CR of the differenceexcess of cliecked hits over misses; the checking success of the 12 cino- With the E-C tionally unstable subjects was also highly results significarit (P = .002). , On the surface, these findings appear to have ,C, clairvoyancecorisiderable theoretical to tile iinportancc. If, on the basis of personality tests, certain groups of subjects recalled that could be selected who "sometimes know when a bat. they're right," the pro- tered to 36 subjectsgress of ESP research would be considerably advanced. I-lowevcr, there I conditions are certain criticisms which can fairly be (know. leveled at the experimental s runs tinder procedure. For instance, it seems questionable known to include only subjects liaving an average of 5- 10 checks per run in the overall evaluation. Because and emotional of the well-known bias resulting from atypical scores in computing an inter-corrclationaverage, it would appear that a more appropriate measure of central -1111T19 then], tendency, such as the niode, might have been there- employed to select sub- "ch clinlillatesjects. An interesting comparison would have the been to present the overall -orrelation betweenevaluation in terms of all runs having 5-10 checks, rather than making (R @ the su@jcct the basic unit. +.65) was Another point deserving attention is that there appears to be some or.cach factor. grounds for assuming that checking behavior By per se is a function of self- J confidelicc. Since the authors mention tha,t IrIvc an equationquite persistent urging and coa%liig @ as resorted to in an effort to obtain lf-"'Ifidenec tile desired 5-10 checks, and two nicasures it seems reasonable to ssume that subjccts to- who were unresponsive to :]an either mcasuresuch prodding could be considered as lacking in confidence. Yet it was -, pre icted these same "unconfidcnt" subjects who were group excluded from consideration 'idually, 110N@Cverwhen the role of confidence upon checking success was investigated. deviatcd sharp) ' y Siownary on Combined Personahy Measures and ESP at the magnitudeIII all the reports reviewed in this section, a higher degree of separa- ,',,,,her of tion. was obtained betwecii subjects when combined runs rather than single -('Ilcc I)ersonality measures were used. This suggests . scores were that the expression of s "' tile sessionmay be dependent upon a number of personality - factors working in , coinbination and that the most profitable method 2) after 12 runsof selection for ob- found 41 flum- laining high and low scoring ESP subjects would be to use a battery of personality tests rather than -3',Pglc measuies. 27 1 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0400100014-4 V-V~000~OOVOOONLOLOO-96d(3N-VIO: LWJ0/W0Z OSBOIGN J0=1 PGAoiddV L 111IJ U I UT UVa J I "'IR ills lod "U11.1 JO.Joyllt'l, .1opurl pDjsD) lle ill UWE jjjrq UU BUIPIAO.Id Si,@ .),103S U11.1 3,'31313AU )Ill 1)1110M c]3oqs Dill jo DlOLn )(kil Dill q3111M t1loaj L'Ipp DJOU1 Sula')s ill 31)UTU SUO11122111PAD JUDII 'J.motll 'SDT.los 33.11-11 oSoip j'() I btlpa')s ul soouo.13jj[j) ;)Ill ANa *111 JO op"1111L, 'silns,m () ISIOD'tjo Dlcllssod oip oDtill 111V Dip uoomioci chilmoil;?, I @SLIOIJIPLIOJ ILIJUoLuljock') Dill puu Clox1gotil 33ul@' .Juuoulu"31S TOIL f 00' " J) 111eJUILdIS SUAk sico.@j Dip jo sunj %S' 3111 .)10od C Dili ioj (Wils Dill jo (8@.) 0101,1.113 1X311 oil I ojo.@V@ sjuos PUL, 11L@OAJW[D JO S31,10S oojtlj@ @ j L I I iso) oili m su na ual Dill jo DMM 'SUOTITPUOD SUT'4jom JO aiipolmoml 01 .P01,13d )t jod suw og SP AUL'U1 St, v ui p3op[d amm sjuo.@ oilj, S "JUDLUU0,11AUD VUTIS31 q pml sioofqns Dill njjv Tq!ssod Dill inoqv poploopun ,!!.%k U0l)[?J1JTSSL'lD d3Dils oTlj j jo A1111clIssod p?np!A1pU1 III' JO 11T U0TJPAj UU U 0 Q 0 H33(j SULI 10A31 @UIJOJS JSIJ QAll'Jl3 JSOJU DIIJ, q( A0 SIH(IfUnix moijimILIA0 IlMlisoms o1daus t, put, oansvom Ai!luuosuod alBuis -e 9uiAojdiT-i3 s3ipms uT punoj uoQq suci St., '110.2m.1agp fo U2.7s AID.Toul Ump 13111L"T "Isa, jo Juno= PuL, sopsiaDIDL-a-etia Aiyl-euosiod uoDmiDq diqsuoprlDj L, moqs oi olqlssod oq /Ww ii IsisAlvuL' IvOTTS11121S JO SPOIJI-)LU pDuijQi Djotu puu soinseow Iml-eilosa3d p3mciuma jo DSn ap T159noup ILqj SUOT11331PUl DAT2 oslu siTodzu osDql jo ouioS V-K00U00V000NL84W96d(3N-V10: LOICOMOZ OSLO)" J0=1 PGAOjddV LOIC01@00Z qSeeleN J0=1 P9A0J1MV"-41'1' V_V WOO W0V000NL8L00-96d(3N-V10 : [ kJO t1011MOIJISSup JO SLUJq ins 3TIJ, JlV_1DAO OIL Qj)Vt11 ILI, '40311111y, 0111 UT oA'D'.j.)fj PUB JJt'JPOOA% -qpIDLULIDS 01 Jullulls 0 ItIo') QAO 01LIM .10 A131311i lloqu 111JI'll'Op DJ@Ak Otl.%@ -[ s1cli-top Inq .1@,l 011 juji J!'" oll S1,111T poj3l3jsuoD voqji,,j 3114.ITT loofC111S .1 0111 -p ;IU3Jj '.T3AQA%01l su SIT @I_ID;\O S,.Tu 'oDUIPTIO MoPrl Aoll, -do Sj-.)A o1clissocluu,, wil X, plIJOTIS AOL11 0 L@ sLl OT M j, "'Aluo wwj Ctil punqj oil (1) 31clissod AlyC3 SP113"M .Poju@)SD.11 )ql j)uv un.r jod silil Q'J, pojudiuoo ocl 3Lp U, .'JE111 sliodoi z)jl J.311oq sp.)[ ac)"ll umo S, tod UOtIs"Mb no SJU. jj()@k IL1111 OAQI,z)q no,( -).Nxjoct noA OC(3) ID1113TAM JO rj p3A@113(1 UT '((43010 J() V 931,139 Ul -S3'\1s13')pjIj JO A.10J31133 n1j'[1UTIU03 1! 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IDLpo.9,oi' poduInf uoo(l -)ALq sosocland DAIM.mcluioo joj put, .30-ITOT _U3AUO3 JOJ loilm mofqns ito.5-tiou clooLls-cioll 011j, 'SUOTIVIA3P DATILBoU pal 1ST.10p(f-')DX3 7, Illim 'puO.B OL11 11B QfjTlM 'SUOTILITADP OAT)ISOa I)LITI uOTId33x3' ;3UO Allim 't-looils Dill I-elp t9wos Dill ii-ap s .Q'TODS js"T Jotl.'alif P73q clooiLls Dill lsosL _T, jo uop *,o 9 jo ino g ITT iuqi sp,@)Aoj 0 1 olqu, .33clsuj -01 olcli" --IT polulloo 0'IL' laolwaijisst'lo I.L'02-do3ijs -L T otli ITO Bupuaq mup, polisilqnd mwpom gaotllo osxp jo slInsat 3TT.L 'U1_3A3q PliU TojP!QUJq0S Aq* poumiclo osoili -muriuvisqns IOU op slInscu ino cc Tp '10 AVAk *DUO c - IvIll pU!j DM 'Joillo 3 sapmmu OATITSOCI AJDA tljjM 9103fqns kat'm '9UTP11pul A'102Dwo .1amou Csol &)j-PD M01-112I ojui clnoA ino P0 lilds om jj @sop jjjqe (ISU, SSOSSOd 110/. OAOipq no/, oC[, pu-e jdSJ JO o0uo -4SIX0 Dill Ul DADIloq noA oQ, -suopsonb Dip oi osuodsDi DAIIL'2QU AJQA U -10 'LOIC01 @OOZ qSeq^ J0=1 P0Aojddv V_V WOO @00VOOONLOLON96dON Approved Forl0lease 2001/03/07: C.IA-RDP96W787ROO0400100014-4 'Do you believe -e rl,l s could be a matter of confidcricc in tllc C r1thcr than belief. i test situation. - ii I , , @css ESP abiliti Schmcidlcr dcfiiicd sheep as those who thought CS?' If N@le Split ill her later series, 4'r category includingssibility, paranormal success in the experiment was at least a po , Iv Or the other )ats as those who denied that there was any ' we find tl),I,t possibility of paranormal 15 .,cress tinder the conditions of the experiment. I hy Schmcidler In her 1954 P-F study, and Beva n. duncidler used essentially the same criterion, )Jishcd data bearingalthough some of the on tile 10. ::eIlls in the scritencc completion questionnaire, used to rate the sub- Jut of 6 cases, -ct.@s attitude to the test situation as such, the sheep 11;t(I furnished additional informa- ,hecp, with one ::or, oil his attitude of belief. exccptioll s, with 2 exceptiollsBevan's critcron was Somewhat different. Ile J,,,d ' first of all asked his ' t subjects who, "ll.liccis whether they accepted ESP as an for conve established fact. If they (lid ll- 111"'Pccl together @ as i k)t they were goats; if they did, after laboratory methods of testing ESP n. . -@idcrablc variation.k were demonstrated, they were asked, "Do you think that ESP can be CIS, which was reported:ncasurcd by the techniques just explained ill to you?" If the answer was ..no" or "dont know", the subject was disqualified. All subjects placed ilieniselves oil a continuum from belief to disbelief; Bevan thus obtained ., category of indecisives. For the purpose Of comparing Bevan's and Schincidler's work, the indecisives should @at Grou be combined with the sheep. s (P f etro In series A of his experiment, Caspar asked p his subjects whether they ) --ts Scoring Ifelieved in ESP (shcep), whether they were undecided (indecisives), C or Whether they disbelieved (goats). In the 'hance Totals second series, however, his @u]Jects were asked three questions; "Do you know what the term ESP 7 18 nicans?", "Do you believe that ESP is a theoretical possibilityl ... .. Do 5-ou believe that you yourself have ESP ability?" As Caspar himself 9 10 ))oints out, question 'threc of the questionnaire, concerning the sub- ject's belief in his own ESP ability, resembles most Schincidler's criterion. 6 28 He reports that, in the limited part (Series B) of his experiment that can Ile compared with her results, the shcep (sheep and indecisives) averaged 181 10! 12! 161 -1.89 hits per run, and the goats 4.97; a more detailed analysis is not - ------- 1)rcscntcd. 28! 121 6! 0! 101 Kalin's criterion was whether subjects thought that ESP is theorcti- rally possible (1) in this particular experiment, (2) under other circum- @tanccs. Ile found that one group of subjects considered ESP "impossible scored above chanceliere only", that is, in the test situation. and These have been entered in is pattern of scoring10 as indecisives, but, in accordance with was Sclimcidler's final Olle-tailcd probabilityci-ittcion, they should be included in the is goat category, together with , C(11) the "impossible Miywhcre" group. Kahn further @ .01) , questioned his sub- .T'all J)c Consideredjects on whether tticy expected to score above as at- chance, at chance, or estion which needs below chance. This overlaps with Schmeidler's to be initial critcrion; Kahn, 'Is collf irmation of Sell. ),()\%,ever, treats this as a separate analysis, bearing oil the confidence of tile subject in the expcrimental situation. 1" a" criterion on J,ilbert considered bot'll those subjects who which the were rated as "believes id1cr herself changedif the i rSP and thinks he will do well in the experiment" - and "believes in series reported - in 1943 ['W but doubts that lic will do well in the experiment" as sheep; those Icir attitude to %s*flo were doubtful about the whole thing, psychic who rejected ESP com- " - !Ilctely or who gave contradictory responses, allcc ill particular;were goats. His criterion the 7 ,11,1 Would occur 11 sin-lilar to Schincidler's; his results or who may be fairly compared with hers. I -rejected tile p" Woodruff and Dale asked their subjects three ssibility. questions; "Do you (11e tN'vO categoriesI-'clicvc ill the existencc of ESP?", "I)o arc you believe you possess ESP ancc". There seems ;thilities?", "I think rny results in the above to experiment are 'above "),"Is, Who 1-ciected'below chance'." Unfortunately, however, they the 'at cbancc' "orc at chance; , on the illdc no overall sheep-goat assessment on all three items of their ques- w1lo accepts the tionnairc. The subjects' scoring averages can reality merely be presented in to Score at chance t@@rllis of classification on each itcrn singly. in 35 Approved Fo Approved For RA4ease 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-W787ROO0400100014-4 In considering these various analyses, it appears that no strict answCr can be given to the question of whether Schmeidler's results have beer, repeated. In the first place, her criterion was initially a shifting oil(@, and the criteria others workers used diff'crcd from hers, in some cases considerably. In addition, there were differences existing ill subjects (high school, volunteers and college), differences in targets (ESP sylyi. bols, IBM sheets), differences in number of runs pet, COMBINATIONS OF WV subject (4,5,6,8,12), differences in ESP situation (clairvoyance and GESP), TI)ES OF B and differclaces WITH ATTITT in the experimenters (seven different experimenters). - The question is an extremely important one, however, and some sort of comparison, however crude, seems necessary. This is attempted ill Table 12 by fitting the various criteria to Schmeidl.cr's as closely as possible. Thus, since Schaicidler combined indecisive and shcep, in Table 12 Bevan's, PeLrofs and Eilbert's ilidecisives are The Rorschach is combined Nvitli a widely their sheep. In Kahn's experiment, the indecisives were ard cards, administered those who con- in a sidered that ESP was "impossibIc here only," i.e. in the ij)onds by reporting test situati(;11. What lie These are included in the goat category in accordance I'lle. underlying with Schincidler', principle , is i final criterion. Only that section of Caspar's results such ambiguous material, which lie bijilself 01( ' claimed to bc comparable with Schmcidlcr's results is llis, s, included in Tabli, stAf into the-matcrial. I 12. In the Woodriiff and Dale experiment, no break-down pAUCriling of the is given for subjeCL'S 1111( the whole series. Differentiation in terms of three items,@Qlllc indications each of whicli about inany partly includes the slicep-goat criterion, is presented be is rigid or flexible here. in his 111 creative., anxious, inI[clIcc 'Fable 12 A quantitive index of the sl 0irough use of a check list de Shcep-Goat Data of Other Workers More check marks are gi,,,('r, it, in an atypical manner, all( Slicep Coats a @.inglc scorc representing dic In the ESP series, an illUtA Av. A%, ssif Type ESP Sub. Runs Dev. Score Sub. Runs I>v. Scoi* iobjects then cla Expe-rinlenter t acd LIX111M ronipIcted 3 clairvoyance ru tilcir results as Bevan GESP 20 232 +110 5.47 10 120 +2 5-0-' the tar(,et ol C1 10cceded until a lotat of 9 I lie group Rorschach test NN- Caspar GESP 4.89 4.9: blots on a large screen, 'I Hic Rorwhach records Nv, Eilbert C1. 37 185 +39 5.21 4 20 -2 4 _- d siil@jects having 10 check Kahr. C1 62 733 +42 5 . 06 12 143 +13 , Itilects with I I or more cl, . i e!illiinatc any possibility ( inneidler was kept Petrof cl 29 232 d- 1 5.00 10 80 -18 4 _7 i-nor-1, -ll cllecke(l by an assistiull Dale and hi prcl:ininan, work Witt Woodruff @@!:tnridler noticed diat %,@ -it rating, i (a) C1 460 +@O 5.04. 1500 +35 -5 `@111 the slicep-go, (b) Cl 1040 -3 4.997 920 +58 @coring levels. (c) cl 1500 -9 4.99 4c)o -1-64 poorly ndjusted slih.1c 0)c diff@rcncc bctWcen Inspection of the Table shows that in three cases the (lic Nvell adjusted sheep 01", suhic i,!rT(j of %vell and indecisives) scored higher than the goats, in three adjusted cases tfle i-" higher than the sheep. Although the various experimenterswell ;,dillsted goa.t@ in I!.. sm., ; cases obtained successful discrimination of high and low -,Illd in filtuic ESP Scl';@` !@crlc@, illf in terms of the sliccp-goat criterion as each one definedVall of VA5. it, theSe 1ta fri 1@nr'@Ctlacll (1 not be regarded as repetitions of Schnicidler's results. . wcrc 36 oved For Release 4TW0400 1000,14'- 777- _4 411 Approved FoNiblease 2001/03/07 CIA-RDP9640787ROO0400100014-4 t appears that no strict ansWer Scbincidlcr's results have J)em n was initially a shifting One , . (,red from hers, in some ases C iifferclices existing in subjecl, th' rences in targets (ES1 if runs per subject COMBINATIONS OF RORSCHACH ADJUSTMENT RATINGS (4,5,6,8,12), @, and GESP), and differences TH ATTITUDES OF BELIEF AND ESP SCORING LEVEL (@rinicnters). WI I. one, however , and some sort . -ccssary. This is attell-1pted in to Sclimcidler's as Closely as led indecisive and Sheep, in The Rorschach is a widely used projective indccisivcs are combinedtest consisting of 10 stand- will, Idecisives were thoseard cards, administered in a set order; to who Coll- these cards, the subject re- ")"" " in the test sponds by reporting what he sees or what the situation blots rcprcscnt to him. . The underlying principle is that in order accordance with Schincidler'sto structure anything froin *;11"S results which such ambiguous material, the subject must lie himself project something of him- s results is includedsclf into the -material. This struc Luring in Tabl is interpreted as reflecting the e patterning of the subject's unconscious needs O@ no break-down is and drives, thereby giving given for :@)f three itcln@q, sorne indications about many facts of his each of which personality, such as whether presented here. lie is rigid or flexible in his approach to situations, whether lie is impul- creative, anxious, intellectually ambitious, socially withdrawn. sive , A quantidvc index of the subject's overall adjustment can be made vr W through use of a check list devised by Dr. k Ruth Munroe (24). One or _ niorc check marks are given for each Rorschach or category responded ers to in an atypical manner, and these check marks arc added to obtain Coats score representing the subject's degree of adjustment. a g Av In the ESP series, an introduction was given by Schincidler and the . Av. subjects then classified themselves as sheep Score Sub or goats. The subjects next Runs D S , completed 3 clairvoyance runs (a unit of 75 ev. trials), and then checked core 5.47 10 120 -1-2 5 their results as the target order was read 02 aloud to them. The testing . proceeded until a total of 9 runs had been completed in this fashion. TJ,e group Rorschach test was administered by projecting slides of the 4.89 ink blots on a large screen. This was given 4.97 either before or after the ESP tests. 5 ' The Rorschach records were scored by Munro's 21 check list method, . and subjects having 10 checks or fewer were 4 20 -2 4.90 rated as well adjusted, while 5.06 12 143 +13 5 SUIJeCtS With 11 or more checks were . at--d 09 pourly adjusted. In order . to eliminate any possibility of bias when scoring the Rorschach records, 5.00 10 80 -18 4.78 Schnicidlcr was kept ignorant of the subject's ESP score, which had hcen checked by an assistant and then later double checked. In preliminary work with 85 subjects from two earlier series (39), 5 Schincidler noticed that when an adjustment 04 rating was combined . With the shcep-goat rating, it was possible 1500 +35 5.02 to obtain greater separation of :1 997 . 920 +58 5.06 I-SP scoring levels. 9.99 460 +64 5.14 The poorly adjusted subjects scored at approximately the chance level, but the difference between the sheep and goats became more marked rec cases the sheep for the well adjusted subjects. She advanced (sheep the hypothesis that this N2 ill three cases I)attern of well adjusted sheep scoring higher the goats than poorly adjusted sheep )us experimenters and well adjusted goats scoring lower than in most poorly adjusted goats would @ligh and low ESP 11C found in future series, and large scale scorers testing cf this hypothesis began one defined it, thesein ilio Fall of 1945. ncccl -i results. When Rorschach data fiom 250 subjects tested in I I classroom cx- I)eriments (41) were analyzed, the diffcrcn@@c in average run score found 37 Approved--For Release 2001/03/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0400100014-4 Approved Foi@Rblease 2001/03/07: CIA-RDP9MO787ROO0400100014-4 .significant (P@ .0002) bilt I)ance, thus confirming t1l, _,ii in later cxPffirliclits re- ew article (32) presented experiments utilizingCOMBINATIONS Or, RORSCHACH SEVEN SIGNS WITH tl)c. lictober 1945 and Decenal)er ATTITUDES OF BELIEF AND ESP SCORING 3 in Table 13. Adjustment Ratings In an attempt to explore further the relationships between Rorschach variables and ESP scoring, Schmcidlcr decided to analyze the 250 Ror- No schach protocols from her first work (41) for R particular categories that . seemed to appear more frequently in the records uns of high and low scoring Av. Score. 3000 S111ijects. She isolated 7 factors or signs whose presence in a subject's 5.10 record seemed to act as deterrents to ESP scoring. 1879 If these seven signs are analyzed in terms of their interpretative signifi- 5.17 atterns of "response tendencies" seem to emerge. A cold, three cance 1121 4 , 97 p %vithdrawn, restricted attitude can be inferred from the presence of . F+%, Mr., and no shock; extreme impulsiveness or lack of emotional control from the presence of CF+ and C+; and excessive, near-corn- 2205 4.95 pLilsive mcntal activity or "quantity ambition" from the presence of R+ and total movciricnt++. Thus, subjects who have even one of 856 5.10 these seven signs present in their record could be considered to have a specific maladjustment which rnight prevent them from demonstrating 1349 4.85 ESP. After having empirically determined these seven signs from this 'cil the average collection of 250 records, Schmeidler went scores of on to gather new data from significant (P- other subjects to see if the seven signs would 000003) continue to show the sairic . relationship to ESP scoring. The two review . articles (33, 34), which means of the poorly ad- 1.4). report further testing with the Rorschach, indicate that absence of seven signs continued to be associated with higher scoring, i.e., her data. sliow that sheep in whose records these signs do not appear score higher than sheep in general, and goats from whose records the signs are ab- and Goat Groups ic"cts Scoring Table 15 below C 'hance Totals ESP Data of 250 Subjects from whom 7 Signs were Empirically Derived 85 209 Classification 7 Signs No. Subjects No. Runs Average Score 91 150 Sheep Present 66 590 4-84 176 359 Absent 51 459 5.44 37 (1 d.f. -)001 Goats Present 62 559 5.09 -led salj* ,Iccts arranged in OW11 indicates that when 11 Were Positive scorers, 'hancc ScOrers The chi- tilly a one-ta: led test of 1 )11s Nvcrc Predicted froin Absent 71 638 4-33 sCilt score lower than goats in general. Table 15 shows the scoring levels Of the origiual 250 subjects from whose records the data were derived; 16 shows the scoring level of 329 additional subjects whose rec- ords were subjected to a similar analysis. 39 :111711--l 17 07 P10 00100014-4 Approved For iWease 2001/03/07: CIA-RDP96*6787R000400100014-4 S REACTION FO FRUSTRATION AND ESP SCORING The Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study (P-F) is a projective tech. niquc used to obtain a measure of a persoiVs reaction to frustration. it consists of a booklet of 24 cartoons, each depicting an unpleasant or frustrating circumstance, such as missing a train, in which one p rs e 0,, makes a remark of frustrating significance, depriving or blaining tile other. The subject responds oil behalf of tile frustrated pcrson. The drawings are deliberately crude, having only indistinct facial featurc.@ and a minimum of background provided. The test can be. scored for several different categories but so far onl)@ three have been used for research in parapsychology. These three are defined as follows: Extrapunitiveness-refers to aggression overtly directed toward the environment in tile form of blaming some outside force for the frustra@ tion or of placing someone else under an obligation to solve the difficult%,. Intropunitiveness-aggression is expressed overtly by the subject against himself in a inartyrlike fashion with an acknowledgment of guilt or shame, or by assuming the responsibility to clear up the situation. Inipunitivcness-aggrcssion is evaded or avoided in any overt forin, and the situation is interpreted as being insignificant or no one's fault or as likely to solve itself if the subject simply waits or conforms, The first indication that the P-F inight be a useful test in parapsycholog). grow from a thesis study by L Eilbert at CCNY. An article by Eilbert and Schincidicr (7) reported that when the P-F scores of Eilbert's suh- jects were divided into four quartiles, the differences between ESP score", obtained by subjects in the first and fourth quartiles were suggcsti%-c (P around .05). Tile correlation of _-.32 between extrapunitiverless and ESP score was significant (P @ .01) but the correlation of +.28 for in- tropunitiveness and +.22 for impunitiveriess were only suggesti%'(' (P @- .04 and .07 rcsl--)cctively). Sclinicidler (4-3) then attempted to see if similar results could be ob- tained from analysis of P-F scores which she had obtained during several years of testing. She bad PX scores for 416 subjccts and obtained ;' correlation of -.09 between ESP scores and extrapunitiveness (P -.03) and a correlation of -I-.10 with impunitiveness (P .02). When her rc- suits were combined with Eilbcrt's, the correlation of -.12 between ESP scores and extrapunitivcness was significant (P @.005), and tile correlation of +.12 with impunitiveness was also significant (P @_005). These combined data were also analyzed by corriparing the cliffc"crice in mean ESP score 1-)ctwccn the subjects scoring in the lowest 100/0 '111(l highest 10% of the Rosenzweig categories. The mean score of the lc,"St extrapunitive (lowest decile) subjects was 5.20 'while the mean sco"I., of the most extrapunitive (highest decile) subjects was 4.86. This differelicc 42 in 1-nean score was significart (p '01 ,,,,,)unitive sui)jccts was 4,94, of the h 5 27- this difference in nican scores directions were in all cases 11), than for the goats. In fact, most of till d were independently significant tione for the goats. Despite the fact that significant c0i Mccii the PX and ESP scores, tl@e cor the relationships racasured 'A'01116 S(Till ,light be expected since the PX scorc ,Ile subjects would respond to a inildl\ I necessarily life. This does not I be expressed in an ESP situation. It N i(leas as to how the subject i"LcrPl'c'('( the at joyable experience, ,Ygrcssi\T LVI annoying situation would have littIc LSp sitti.ation. Oil schilicid1c, To test this assurilpt, , -F ill a group setting with the P annoying the sul_)jccts found the 11"s], c) combined 1,col ance was based upon a incomplel-c', nairc, a variatioll Of the of a paragraph written oil tile slll*cl@ sentence method contributcd nlosL )1e. Ratings were inadc along a 7 point rating, the greater was tile dc(.,"`e(- ()f icets. Since thc P-F scores were' projection into a moderately hand that only tile P-F scores Of '111- inodcrately frustrating Would bc CO annoyance ratings of 5 or 6 were scle' annoyed group. relations I)ct\vccl Although the col* 266 subjects were in tile expect('(' insignificant. l-1(.)wc-cr, when inoderately frusirate(l subicc'("' statistically significant for cxt",'pUlll inipunitiveness (1, @ +.21) P -1w, sheep, but ently significant for t Schme-dler's interpretation Of tht. habitual response to inild fril@traLiorl and hostile while making ESP rcsi)c inildly frustrating, and would tll('I(.t subiects who characteristically rt'@I( punitive fashion would CJllPJlX"'iZC ately frustrating expe-ril"cut 11,1(1 CO fore, make higher ESP @'COI'cs' I Ile correlation for the introl)(111i,i" ViQue of being a goat, was PrOl"' to\vard the experinicntl Ile in a. frustrating situati( and @\,ould take upon hiniself 0-l". llcwould, therefore) teild to ibIA-R'D'P96-00787ROO0400100014-4 Approved For%fiWlease 2001103/07: CIA-RDP96*-"'0787ROO0400100014-4 stcr, and through securing positi,., r in such a situation. Stich fuldill": subjcct's scoring level in an E I' ,S) know is how the ESP situation is VALUE-RATINGS AND ESP There is one article by Sclimcidler reporting on ti-le use of the Allport- Vernon Study of Value,, (AVSV) in an ESP experiment (35). This test indicates in which of six different value areas (theoretical, religious, social, economic, political, or aesthetic) a subject seems to identify him- self most. Scores are obtained in terms of percentile ranks and subjects scoring high in one or two areas must necessarily score low in the remain- ing ones. Although it had been found that sheep made higher ESP scores than -goats, it is apparent that the subjects' answers to the theoretical question of whether ESP exists or not did not separate them into clearly distinct groups with favorable or unfavorable attitudes toward the experiment. Some of the sheep might find. the experiment boring or irritating and some of the goats might like competitive tasks and enjoy playing "guessing games". Schincidler had earlier suggested (44) that the sheep-goat dichotomy would be most mcaningful for sul--)jccts to whom theoretical problems are important (that is, subjects with high theoretical scores on the AVSV). Table 19 ESP Data Arranged According to Percentile Rank on Theoretical Scale of AVSV Sheep PercentileGoats P Diff. in No. Runs Ave, Score No. Runs Ave. Score Ave. Score All 504 5.30 455 4.93 .37 .002 Subjects Below 384 5.18 367 4.95 .23 .06 90 90 or 120 5.68 188 4.85 .83 .002 Above 95 or 40 5.95 24 4.38 1.57 .001 Above 100 24 6.51 8 4.50 2.04 .006 The hypothesis stated before these data were gathered therefore was that the difference in scoring level between the sheep and goats would bc grcatci- for those subjects who had Ct strong theoretical orientation. The problem of whether ESP could be demonstrated in the test situation should then be one that takes on personal significance for these subjects, since it is closely related to their systems of values or expectancies. Such 45 rM FOW PPrOVed For 1/03/07: CIA-RDP96-00787ROOO'400100014-4 Approved FoNMIease 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96%-tfO787ROO0400100014-4 Eubjects would presurnably identify more closely with the purpose of tile experiment, that is, to show the presence or absence of 17,,SP, A total of 63 sul@jccts from four diff6rent psychology classes were tested in a classroom setting. Each subject was supposed to classify hiln- self as a sheep or goat, make 8 ESP runs, and complete the AVSV. TI)C theoretical scale of the AVSV was then scored and subjects receiving 11 percentile rank of 90 or above were considered to be theoretical subjects. Table 19 shows the results of the various breakdowns which were inade to compare theoretical and non-theorctical subjects, In Table 19 it is shown that the difference between the inean scores of the non-thcoretical sheep and goats was not significant (P - .06), but when the theoretical slicep and goats are considered, the difference between their average scores is over three times as great as tile difference of the non-t-licoretical subjects (P @ .002). From the table, it appcars that the differences in scoring level continue to become larger as the degree of theoretical orientation becomes more marked; the P values associated with these differences are significant or highly suggestive. Tile irlterpretation advanced is that subjects who place increasing emphasis on theoretical values are able to exhibit a corresponding increase or decrease in their ESP score. Generally, the number of cases in each category is too small for sucli generalization, In addition, however, when the three categories (90 or above, 95 or above, and 100) in Table 19 are considered as discrete rather than continuous categories (ic., 90-94, 95-99, 100), as they shotild be in any valid comparison of scoring levels, the differences in scoring Table 20 ESP Data Arranged According to Percentile Rank on Theoretical Scale of AVSV (Amended Figures) Sheep Goats Diff. in Percentile No. Runs Ave. Score No. Runs Ave. Score Ave. Score P All Subjects 504 5.30 455 4.93 .37 .002 Below 90 384 5.18 367 4.95 .23 .06 90 or Above 120 5.68 88 4.85 .83 .002 90 to 94 80 5.55 64 5.03 .52 .06 95 to 99 16 5.07 16 4.32 76 .14 100 24 6.54 8 4.50 2.04 .006 level between the sheep and goats at each level of theoretical orientatior, cease to be significant except in the case of the 3 subjects on the M00I percentile. These: amended figures are shown ill Table 20, it is apparent that although there arc significant differences in scoring level bctNvCCll thcorcdcal and non-theorctical shcep and goats as groups, tile ill'" pressivc progression of theoretical level with ESP scores does Dot stand I'll under strict evaluation. 46 M-71W66400100014-4 CONCL From this review of the pc: studies, it seems that soinc pr tie, personality charactcristic@ lubjects. As a gericralizm1on soniewhat extraverted, seek,]-(- ably disposed towards ESP, al tend to score high, while tend to score low. It was stated at tile hq'i'll propriatc to review tile E'Sl) t%VO basic approaches of 111i 5pects; on the ojic hand, ill other in the consiste"CY 01' 1 In gencral, 1fUl-DPllrcv l" of qucstionnaircs@ or froin a iiaiitics exhibited in drawir q -1 Citiler by herself or by otlic although she. did havc solil( rived from the ESP materi; reutcr and the Stuart Tiacr It is generally rccOL!,ll1Z(-(1 11initations. Regardless of t, 1)e rerrienil)-red that @Wsurfacc" traits like cxp@ nicasuring instrument itsclj -ioW end to give rise to Split Oic well-known "balo" efl ('c 1w.nircuter and Gljilford-' flctor of the. attitudC Of ti) condiLion his respol"Scs to A scconcl factor is tile tC 11iown to affect responSes t)] :@ sitailar influence 0-11 ICCLI 'Tply particularly to tlic 01C fact that sorne sull 6C" expansive to `%'OUld, prcsurnably, c11,-1U @@,nreliabilit@ lies i f drawings dispk1YC(1 11` 1)robably tile cNp1,11l,'1t1` "itll such scales as tile "Plieral explaration allll" V-V WOO WOVOOQNL84OQ JQ 7%40N;-@,Ytp@, Aoidd quoulind 3JOU.1 siLndch, uoilu-ciuldxo I L@.T 3 1 J.') ajoul 'lSjlj Dill 'JDA;)Aloq Ininomi .oa pule molst'W Dill St, safuos tjons, !soipnis D-U, Dili jo Ajij!clLl-LndDT-T_IoLj oil, jo uojjuu-eldx3 Dili /il([u(jo.i(j'jj jou paArldmi) dutmvap ji) jojouj P,11033S Dill, 'A01131muoO jo leop 3os ouirs all uo sD,9pnfomi Acl s@9unuj ivLp iotj otil ui s3il jo 2-)jnos jruopTppu UV -Aup ol @vp wojj o2ueclo 'Alcileu-Inso'ld liilljov, Pue 'Clorssag [L1lUDUlI.IJdX3 DUO 3111 111 OAissoadiuoo 01 3AisLn?dxa ul()j, 3ST-11"llo 01 PUnOj c6pnf Duo Aq poi@ua mo@qns Dims imll jouj ;)III Luojj 2ui,9pnf 'sSuiJ73,1 uoiss3.Tc1uioo-uoisuvdxo oill oi AliETnoila'al Ald(h. ol uj.-)Qs -pinom 11 --simais-s3sa, uo Douz)nUt'll JVljUIIS si,iDxo Alciecioad 11 pui, loj,2os xmiDjujoU 3111 UO SQSUOdSOJ 433JJ12 01 UA%OjjS uDDq suil szTjj, -:loDfc1ns Dqj jo pooLTT Ajaiodwol Dili si mio-ej puoz)zls V -33J.93p Dlctb-jDP!sl-io3 L, 01 SoSuodsoj siLl uoillptloi Auui uouLmils jviu3TuijDdxo Dili oi mCclns Dili jo opnill-w Dili jo 10,131,j pe.muo@3 2uoils Dill -z)lqujDpjsuoD si tmjeW-piqj[jn-,:) pire iDinoiwall su soji@os ilons ui ,ol-eq, jo iunouic oill pup 'l3z)jjQ "Olvu,, umou@q-113,N@ 3(11 si onill, 'sqcos @Luj-ea-jlos ul -si.I.IoTuoinsinui snoprlds 0-1 QSLI OAd 01 PLI;)l IJOTqM SQ31131AUUI JULIA313,111 o.1 1:)DCc[ns st JIDS11 jumunalsul: 19minse3m oql 'AiT.injosm-Ajmix@s '(I(JlSSQJCJUfOD-UOIR .Uedx3 o>lq siiL,,n aavjms, Ilaolisuu.11 1111m P3cIjQ3ufjD @la.&rej s-em Ao'alclumll imp panciTUOUT3.1 ',)(I isnLu ii puE 'jlosii joimj Dili jo /mIlquis Dqi jo ssolpaujbx 'SLI011LITIJUI . . .1 OJOADS St'll poillau OjIlmuolisollb Dill luill P-3zlWiO33,1 AllunuOS ST 11 .A.IOIUOAUI ISDJOlul jjunjS Dili PuL, nin3i -U.[Dg Dili ipim ssoaDns juriard puL, ljlosli I-eidovem jSj, 3111 UIO.1j PDAIJ J)DIPA3.1 OUTOS ONell PIP QIJS It -0p Sullui 0--'T Dlql 1111M ssanns Isoull Iulltuls BuolL, sniluouundxo nyo Aq io jl3snq Aq nyt.) olclU172Dcloa lou @llunsn onm siInsoa JDH -s2uTAxjp iii pollclitpco sopiT-enb UIL11,10-3 JO 017CULITISO OATIOO@qo ss-,)l jo wom u moij jo 1sDiituuopsDnb jo suvam Aq simuissDss-e Mijimosuod joil opew AoiT-ldI:unj-j IlLmouoB UT 'PDADIT131? silns-,m oili jo Aomisisuoo Dili ui nqio aqj uo 1pDsn jimainTjsui Surmsuam jo odAl uf 'puml Duo Dili uo !slzmds -31 OAXJ Ul Jpjjjp j3jpj3uiqoS puT2 k;),iqdTTinl-l jo soLlouoiddu oiseq omi Qqj Suop-oos o.,va ui -qojt,3soi Aiijvuosj3,j-,j-S,,j 3-ql. MOIA3,I oi, Dimicloid ill jo SulutilSoci oLp ii, poveis si?m il -du p3umos ii imp dux@ououx si 'MOl Ojoos 01 PU31 a7isodclo ssossod oqm worcins ol!qm IqBiq Q.iojs o) pml uiojs,@s onl-PA JUD110.100111 11,23RI U DAPTI OTJM PCIU ',ISI SpXemOl PwOCISIP Al(tv -JIIOAL'j we OtIm 'poisn(pu-Ilom lovenclimi loinoos 'P;)jJ3At1JjX3 Div oilm sioofqm veili aSpnf ILISitu om 1uoiWzilri3u,-),9 I, sV -sioo@cjlls (ISI '9U1.10.3's-mol Pu-e -11.21LI jo ScInO.T.9 jo Aliluumiad Dili BuTululrjoiDp spiumol opul-ii uoDq s-etj ssDi@8oad otuos wi-ji sumos ii 'swpills Aiijb-uosaoj-,jSj, o-qi jo isom jo ujup woupiod oT11 jo mQiADj silip uToij, PULTS JOU S30P 1,zolo@) ult Q111 'sdno.j.9, sL, q), LODmiDq 13AQI 2UTIODS 11 s, 11 '06 31qi@ I 1POOl Dili UO S]3-1)fqns 110(imU31110 jeorl3aO3111 jc 900' 91 90, zoo* 90' zoo- - El QJOO(,@ 'DAV 0.103g U! (s3in" lU3TJD1oQL1J 1,10 @UL@11 Oupoos UT S33U3J3jjjp PfIlolls, AOL(j SL' 1(001 9 66- DiDjosip SL> P-,)13p!suoo @j JO 06j SOM0201LID D311ji. Tj@xis -IOj ITULITS 001 si Aic JO 3sB3jDuI 2ujPuo(lSDJ.j SIS11TICTMO Sulsvojoul zm'i alfj -OMISORRug Ajq.@,ljj j( S3111CA Dili !po@fjL,' J 111 1) Dill su' J32.rel omoooq o; S-Moclclu 11 lolqej@ oqj ul( 0:)113-13jim 3111 se lu3J.B su 0DU3,IQjj!p Djp 4pjj3pjSjj(j. '(90, @- T) 1TIuO1J!TI.21s I SOJODS JIUDUI OLIJ UDDAAJO( -SIDDR) 3PL'U-I OJDAk 1qOlTlM SUMo'f IL@D,7ojooy o(l o -e &IIA13331 'sioo@qns pui? 01[j, ASAV OT41 D131dwo -Ullil Ajissu,13 ol posodc1m.. 3,IDM s3ssulz) A2010113AS(I 'dKI JO DOU 3ql jo 3sodand oqi itlim c V-K000WOVOOONL8L*96d(3N-V1O: LOICOMOZ GSBGIPSJO=l PGAoiddv Approved For%61ease 2001103/07 : CIA-RDP96*.0787ROO0400100014-4 Schmeidler generally used attitude classificationsbinations perinittcd and prqjCC(l\,(, se Coil' Th i h h tec e n d in isolation. ques. S e obtained consistent results, and her experiments Wup- generally repeatable. Insofar as the sliccp-goatTileasures use classification is coll. hmeidler's AVSV study i@ S cerned, however, the question remains of preciselyc what factors a attitudinal (.1 il, rc -goat hee volved in this difTercritiation. In the firstthe s place, is it possible for a st 1@1,(T[ p between 1.@,i I ar relationship i i to g ne ve an uncqiiivocal answer to the question l of his attitude to'""' Althouah no stl lc parapsychology, which is a multi-diniensional0 subject? Ile may ()rientation. ' accc'J"'t e nn@lde for ""',l one aspect of psi (telepathy, for example), predictions wer and bering 1-5). One must reject another (cl@iir. pi@l voyance, for example); in such a case, differentiationum must obvioll@,lv (11 retical oricntation i@ h be made along these lines. Further, it is eo possible that in addition to tlio@ t ' ' standinl itl i theoretical acceptance of ESP other factors , such as confidcrice, tw illtcr(,@t @ criticisrns no in the experiment, and willingness to co-operateti-lis area. rtallcc might be concern(,(, @,Jor irnpo C)f M i h h e s , n t i-edictin(I ill(l eep-goat differentiation. If these additional factors arc involve(], ) the subject's answer i-night merely reflect Some success rnuch deeper multipliasic "'A' motivational factors. personality ratings) UsIn,9 level of Success reporlcd Concerning the personality measurements obtainediS.110L from prOJCCtl\,C -- l tests, it is generally agreed that the factors@ measured oil Rorschach ancl the approach most proini. @ i t i the P-F Scale arc basic fundamental aspects j of personality struct.t(re. In tile final evaluation, a sui*u@s i Because of the endurance of this structure, n one would expect to - gct Unique factors s marked tendencies repeatability of diffcrentiation in terms Possesse of Rorschach and P-F criteria il i i providing the tests themselves are reliable. on, When we describe separ,-i- t stiMulated to compet alld@ he dirccLion i tion in terms of Rorschach or P-F variables, , we are describing a soiricwliat ng t pr dict c 11"stloll ( i gross estimate in each case, and it seems on. reasonable cnouh to assunic 1 ESP deviat ed bv 11) ses i that the Rorschach estimate of adjustment - and the P-F estimates of cs POs characterist tllo@e POSY:-@@ d t ki extrapunitivencss and intropunitivericss, o in their gross evaluation, arc n similar ill llcl' d wliet . reliable enough measures. Since there has above chance an been repeated Success in dis. , t rcason,-Abl, I i criminating high and low scorcrs on the basis' of these criteria, we imply V therefore) ril ristics Pos'sessuLl that there is a relationship between these the characte deeper factors and E SP. f the major proble It must be remembered that in all ESP experiments,to be one o the role of the ay well coil)" er M experinienter is a vital one. A factor which The a.nsw might contribute to ive study of the Per. consistency or lack of it in any series of intens ESP experiments is the delicate nd direct cOn"pansoll experimenter-subject relationship. The effectJectS, a of such a factor i ed by 9170'- , of is Very .911bit ips la di difficult to estimate, as it involves the sp personalities of the experimenter y , in deVOUP, f and the subject, and their interaction. In ro considering this problem of on the other , indiv r ScIcct'llff f consistency of results, however, cognizance , should be taken of the possible o techniques ')a,,is of the - effects of such a factor, le . olely on vels, s tests and assessirients. It must be emphasized that at this stage of ESP-,pcrsonality res,,@arcli, more successful predictions of ESP scoring levels have been made on a group than on an individual basis. Certainly the greatest amount of re- search effort has been directed towards differentiation of scoring levels on the basis of single personality measurements. This is a. separation in terms of direction rather than amount of deviadon, and as such, is generally not discriminating enough for the purposes of in'dividual pre- diction. For example, though Schmeidler's poorly adjusted group, as a group, scored around chance, the variation in range of individual scores, from very high to Very low, was statistically significant. Better prediction of direction of group deviation has resulted from tile use of combinations of personality measurements, rather than single dimensions. Evidence for the efficiency of 3ucli combinations is offer,") by Humphrey with combinations of E-C and Interest ratings, and EX, and Security-Insecurity ratings, by Schmcidler with combinations of sheep-goat and adjustnient criteria, sheep-goat and "absence of s('vcil signs" criteria and slicep-goat and value ratings and by Nicoland fluin- phrey with a con-ibination of confidence and emotional stability factors, 48 ATINTAT-MW 77N;V1R111T?U 9WM!r41,f1A e ai e D1096-00 ,78 17ROO0400100014-4 Approved For'*061ease 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP9dMb787R000400100014-4 differentiation than any 01 the .cations and projecti%,rnitted greater These combinations Per' d her experi ed ments wer, in if is c Ineasures ti us l oladon. cr Step in tilis direction. Once, tudy is a furth eared a SV ass s i AV a was :it c know"', on is coil. there :;Cl app what factors arc ttitudinal il classification ec of theoretical l l. cgr y -goat is it possible a for a siil@ject tile sbccp P scoring level and C redictions were iriadc, tionship bcLweell Es l l of his attitude a tow@ir(k vidua lincar re p Although no strictly indi cases were very small -iubject? lie in inay accqj some orientation. 'niade for groups which 'Sion of ESP scores redictions were i@@t out that the progrcs h . d reJect another ese (clair. p P, 111113cring 1-5)_ One niust . ot as impressive as It appears; t 111 i ntiation must - obviotisk, , n ' n is an important contribution Nvith theoretical orientation is d tu i , that in additions to tli S c " y notwithstanding, th i . sms 1i as confidence,Critic interCS1 7 this i area. h y b 1-jumpi-ircy and Nicol reporting is the b wledge Of k t no e concerne(l of ac m major g importance i ores l f from l a l individual r"Sp So Al h the hou i di ana ct actors are t nvo ng ve( g , s lti in d pre l some h succes i regression analysis. and MU't'Ple one bl eeper niu e _te , l valua as personality ratings, us1rLg c orted is "lot high, the, Inctliod is a p btained from projecth-c cess rep level of WC mising. r that if something is know" Of proach most Pro a le h _,urcd on Rorschache ancl a t rs c p n nal evaluation, it appea up if, for example,, hC make- , I the fil it ' al l -of personality s structure. person y y -)jcct . ipa ion, Or Is. easi unique factors in a Sol ards Social partIC t n le Would expect i to get Icics d P tow F possesses i marked h tender h n i it is z, this informatio D , possible to ut"' ount Of ' ' - t an gree, cr the sc am ac stimulated ter to a COMPCL i c to a much lesser dc nality d len We descr -Ig be scpara- the direction, an , f whether the perso pll,edicti, still rcrnains 0 are i w7c describing on a somewhat sub3cct. est ri,SP deviation. Thc1.(1u ndividual hiffh-scOrl"T e I . l h t -nable enough lig to assuine y P characteristics d th Possessed F by ti tile f rar t Of sul.)jccts who score s :)OSScsScd by groups level. ' n - , i cori es o g e similar es in ma kind -@ir to ire those ross evalu I tion lative difference in d whether the IT in amount Of , ncc g an a above repeated sticc ch@ Css in Clis- buted to diff@rcnccs ht reasonably Ile attr1 l factors. This appears i therefore, these critcria, m we imply g notivationa I possessed or to f ESP personality research. har acteriSti cs factors and E area SP. o . the c of tile major Problems in this , he one hand, fro," rces-oll t be one to )criments, the orne rclc of the frol-I'l two sou . g sub- The answer may well c akeup of tile few high-scorill in istics alit 2h might contributer to y t is know", of the cliaracte intensive study of the person h -periments is a the delicate jects, f arld h direct f comparison i with w . . vely, as a group, and) bJects who qcorc posltr tatistical f d i su suc i actor by s very groLips a o displaycc mental an of better cxpcri@ @Lics of the experimentervelopinent rid predicting their probable scoring on the other, from dc l li @idcring this s problem of a ' ty qucs for selecting individua ements oil a number of persona tcchni ,Cl. be taken , of tile possible levels, Solely on the basis of measur -,ISP-pcrs6nali tests ty research, arid assessments. Is have been made on a e greatest amount of re- itiation of scoring levels -q. This is a separation in -i, a tion, arid as such, is KPOSCS of in'dividual Pre- Worly adjusted group, is - in range of individwil Significant. @Ull has n_:srilted frorn the '-Mts, rather than siagic I combinations is offered ratings and E-G -37 WILIt combinations Of absence 'of Seven and ,3nd by Nicol and IlLiai- Hotional stability factors. 49 1 114-4