A NEW CONTACTLESS TACH . MUER V. A. KONSTANTINOV, Engineer A Alt C. Z10 The instrument in question - the RVT -electronic tachometer - is a radiowave imeasuring instrument connected with the -object through the r-hicrowave-band elec- Aromagnetic field. Radio Methods More Convenient Than Stroboscopic Ones The RVT radiowave tachometer meas- ures the rotational parameters of various machine parts from any distances, practi- cally in any requisite frequency range, no matter what materials these parts are made of, and irrespective of their shape and size. Electromagnetic energy passes through dielectric walls and, what's no less Fib important, spreads over the machines' natural waveguiding elements such as the engine exhaust p.ipe to the turbosuper- charger rotor, to the valves, etc. All this gives the RVT instrument con- siderable advantages over stroboscopes. Adequate Accuracy The radiotachometer measures ro- tational speed with an accuracy to within =LO.017 s-1. If the rotor carries an impeller or a pinion, measurement accuracy can be increased K times, where K is the number of blades or teeth. All it takes is a no less than 3-mm blade or tooth pitch. By dialling the number (from 1 to 99) equal to that of blades, teeth and other such elements of a rotating object, the operator reduces the instrument's readinc to ordinary units of measurement. If r tational speed fluctuates more than thr( times per second, the automatic spec change tracking system goes on. Many Uses The radiowave principle of measureme extends the range of the RVT tachometer application considerably. it is suitable f measuring surface vibrations accurately within 0.1 Hz, as well as running speed cars, for instance, from as far as 600 away. Combined with an oscillograph or with recorder, the RVT instrument can be us, for measuring relative amplitudes af phases of various objects' surface 0 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500180031-6 BASIC SPECIFICATIONS OF THE RVT RADIOTACHOMETER Measurement ranges: rotational speed, .................................................................................. .................................................... s-1 ........................... 1-10 -1,6.104 vibration, Hz .......................................... ................................................................................. ....................................................... 1.10-2-105 Measurement ranges Rotational Vibration frequency, speed, s-i Hz 1.101-1,6-1021,6-1 02_1 1,6-103_1,6.104 1-101-2-101 6-103 Error: S-1 ................................................. -+-0.017 _-0.117 _+_11.7 Hz .................................................. - - - _+_0.1 Minimal measure- rement time, s .......... 0.3 0.5 3.0 ............................ Automatic frequency range, % from change speed tracking .................................. + 300 to -70 10 Maximum distance to 10 object, m ........................................................................ Linear movement speed measurement: speed, km/h .................................................................................................. 20-200 error, % ........................................................................................................ +1 Power consumption, 36 W ....................................................................................... Supply voltage, V: a.c. (50 or 400 Hz) 220 ......................................................................................... d.c . .............................................................. .................................................. 12 or 24 Mass, kg ............................................................................................................... 4 )rations, as well as for periodic structure in- egrity checks. Such checks can reveal a )roken pinion tooth or a mechanical flaw in a turbocompressor rotor blade, for in- .,tance. chometer measures the r.p.m. of the cen- trifugal oil cleaner rotor in 6-8 sec, and of the turbocompressor rotor, in 10-15 sec. have devised a method of filtering the rc flected signal modulation spectrum, of fir ding the requisite harmonic and of trac@kin it automatically. rhe RVT Succeeds Nhere Stroboscopic and induction rachometers Fail A typical application of the RVT radlota- -hometer is measuring the rotational speed )f the IC-engine's supercharger com- )ressor. This is a very important job as any -Jeviation of the turbosupercharger's work rom normal impairs the technical and .conomic indices of'the engines. Such -neasurements are essential to the devel- )pment and operation of aircraft engines, ,entrifuges, turbines of various kinds, @Iectric motors (low-power ones, in par- icular), gyroscopes, etc. The RVT radlotachometer cuts down to a hird or even a fifth the time it takes to neasure the rotational speed of the basic ,lements of an internal combustion engine, or instance. Measurement speed is 10 to '0 times higher as compared with the ;troboscopic method. The RVT radio-ta- A New Circuit for Measuring the Reflected Signal Modulation Spectrum In measuring turbocompressor rotor r.p.m., a typical reflected signal modulation spectrurn contains, apart from the fun- damental harmonic the frequency of which equals the rotor rotational speed, a number of harmonics with different frequencies - components connected with the operation of the turbine, with valve and engine piston movements. The amplitude distribution of the harmonics depends, in general, on the incidence angle of the microwave signal, on the distance of its travel, on the shape of the object, and other factors. Sometimes a reflected signal is superimposed by modu- lations caused by the movement of several components, although only one com- ponent's rotational speed is to be meas- ured. The way out was offered by a transceiv- Ing aerial whose designing and right posi- tioning relative to the rotating object invol- ved a number of technical problems. We Measurement results are brought out t a four-digit indicator. An output to an am logue recorder is provided. As a result, th instrument can be used for automatic cof trol of most various objects' rotation. speed change dynamics. The use of standard microcircuits an opto-isolators has simplified the Instrumer to a maximum. No special skills are required for ope ating an RVT tachometer. Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500180031-6 SHKARLET c. T S ' c- nl. Techt,, . A12M 1 EE - - =F ie new actromagnetoacoustical MA) thickness gauges are .-e from the shortcomings : the priorart gauges. The AA instruments are )ntactless, they measure .e thickness of rolled stock any travel speed with a accuracy and have a imber of other important Ivantages. The now method consists, essentially, in ,citing an ultrasonic oscillation pulse in e metal article being rolled. The thickness the article is judged by the time it takes e pulse to pass through it, bounce off the )posite surface and return to the sensor 3 a reflected signal. leasurements ontactless The ultrasonic pulse is excited by means f a pulsed electromagnetic field lasting for oout 0.5 lisec. The pulse oscillator induc- )r is in a permanent magnetic field which armeates the article under test. Eddy our- )nts induced by the pulsed electromagne- c field interact with the permanent mag- etic field and thus excite an ultrasonic iave inside the material being tested. The ,ave extends in depth, reaches the oppo- 'Ito surface and comes back causing vi- rations on the surface which generated this .ufse. The vibrating metal in the permanent iagnetic field excites eddy currents which i.re picked up by the inductor now playing )e role of a sensor. 'As we see, the ultrasonic pulse is in- luced, and the bounced-off signal picked ip, without any contact with the article inder test. ligh Measurement Speed ind Accuracy Pulse repetition frequency is high )nough - about 100 Hz. Therefore, neasurements can be made at a rolled ,took travel speed of up to 5 m/sec. The )asic error does not exceed 2% over the @hickness range of 3 to 15 mm, with scale inearity guaranteed. High Level of Interference Suppression If the distance between the surface of the article under test and the inductor/sen- sor changes, that has no effect at all on the accuracy of the EIVIA instrument's oper- ation. This is an important advantage of the new thic ,kness gauge over the ordinary magnetic and electromagnetic thickness gauges. The neutralisation principle is used to prevent the EMA instrument from reacting to any chance defects of the surface: the "fault" signal is given only in case the rolled stock thickness is indicated to deviate from normal for five times at a stretch. Finally, the instrument's circuit provides for suppressing the interference concomi- tant to acoustical wave propagation in metal. No matter how curved the surface of the article under test may be, this causes no measurement error. As a result, the new instrument is best suitable for testing pipe walls as well as sheet metal thickness. Rolling Mill Operators' Work Made Easier The EIVIA thickness gauge gives accu- rate indications of positive and negative deviations of the rolled stock thickness from normal. The deviation limits are set from the instrument's control panel. The EIVIA thickness gauge can be fitted into the rolling mill stand control loop to make the operator's work easier. The EMA instru- ment can be connected with an automatic device indicating, in one way or other, any faults in the rolled stock. The new instrument has been patented in the USA, the FRIG, Japan and France. Approved For Release 2001103/07 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500180031-6 V. V. KJUYEV, Dr. Sc. Jech.), General Director, Spektr Research and Production Amalgamation, O.S. SIEWMNOV, SoiW Cla-nd. Sc. (Tech.),-Lab r t Chief, Institute of Introscopy satIEWOV Al- C 90039 TIke ainIt"ruments which de- tect flaws in ferrous and non- ferrous metal articles by the eddy current or constant mag- netic field method keep improv- ing. In this article we dwell on new flaw detectors using these methods. Many of these in- struments have no parallels in world practice, and others are much simpler and more reliable than the prior-art ones. They offer new ways of checking for higher product quality. The VD Flaw Detectors for Checking Quantity-Produced Articles These instruments -check wire, pipes, round billets, round and hexahedral rods from 0.05 to 200 mm in diameter, and square billets from 5Ox5O to 250 x 250 mm in cross section for su.rface defects by the eddy current method. A distinctive feature of this method is that it brings equally accurate results for ferrous and non-ferrous metals. The article under test is put either through a ring on which transducers rotate, or through a stationary trans- ducer, As compared with the prior- art flaw detectors with rotating transducers, the instruments of the VD series are more reliable, simpler in design and take less time to maintain. Testing pipes and rods with a curvature of up F(C to 5 mm per one meter of length is no problem at all. Variations in the clearance between the transducer and the surface under test within =E2 mm have no effect on the flaw detector's sensitivity, as distinct from the prior-art models. Hence the possibility to test oval-shaped as well as round articles. The VD-40N, VD-41 N, VD-43N and VD-60N flaw de. tectors are fitted with a facility pinpointing the flaws in the rolled articles under test. They provide for sorting the articles into three categories: "OK",, "Reclaimable spoilage", "Re- ject". The VD-30P flaw detector can by right be described as universal. It gives invariably accurate indications over a wide range of diameters, con- figurations and metal grades thanks to its easy-to-detach in- terchangeable transdL with the appropriate diar of the through hole and to cial filters. Indications arc livered to counters, a rapi( tion automatic recorder a: computer. The VD-10P and VD flaw detectors test wire ri of any material with ele( conductivity ranging from 60 Mohm/m. The result ana' unit indicates the length number of the inadequate lity sections and their loca in the wire coil, The samc formation is delivered to printer and to the programn- unit which controls the gra( assembly of the autom machine making various I cles out of tested wire. The design of these flaw tectors' transducers me special mention. Usu transducers intended for t BASIC SPECIFICATIONS OF THE VD-SERIES FLAW DETECTORS Detector model VD-10P VD-20P VD-30P VD-40N VD-41N VD-43N VD-60N Transducer type Stationary Rotary Object configuration round round round annular round square or annular hexahedral Diameter, side length,0,05-0,2 0,2-0,6 1-47 30-120 10-50 100-200 50-250 mm Minimum size of flaw detected,in depth: mm 0.2-0.5** 0.5. % of diameter 10 10 1-2* - - Maximum object travel6.0 510 3.o 1.5 1.0 speed, mis depending on diameter; less for sized articles, more for hott-rolled articles;*** Including those on edges. 32 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500180031-6 v stationary fla w ?ctors have proved efficient means of )d stock testing (1). table flaw detectors very convenient for Ing various items ,t on the workbench, ng the assembly and inting of large-size .,les and construc- s(2). BASIC SPECIFICATIONS OF THE IVID-SERIES FLAW DETECTORS Detector model IVID--l0F MD-901 MD-1001 ducertype ................................Rotary Rotary and stationaryStationary under test ..............................Pipe Sheet Hot-rolled strip with welded joint dimensions, mm: -ioter ................I30-160 ........................ thickness ...............................up to 12 - - III ............................................... 560-2,500 500 :ness ....................................... 0.4-3.0 1-6 detectable crack: Imm .............0.2 and over - - ...............I ......... . % of metal -less .......................................10 7 :ravel 1, m/s ......................................up to 3 0.5-5.0 0.5-10.0 I r%f%#%4 1r%121n7 r,,i,&_PnPqF;_007871R0005001 ting thin wire are made by hand. The new transducers do not require handwound coils and are much longer lasting than the prior-art ones. The MD Flaw Detectors for Testing Steel Sheets and Pipes in many cases the eddy cur- rent method proves less effec- tive than that of constant mag- netic field. This is true of testing thick rolled sheets and pipes when inner as well as surface flaws are to be detected. Such sheets and pipes can best be tested, at the rate of their ma- nufacture, with the MD flaw de- tectors depending on constant magnetic field for their oper- ation. The MD-10F flaw detector comes complete with devices for magnetizing a pipe perpen- dicular to its axis (circularly) and for rotating transducers around a pipe. An electronic system processes the signals, coming in from the transducers and delivers commands to the sorting mechanism, with ddta on the outer and inner flaws of the pipes arriving separately. The MD-10F flawdetector has a self-checking unit which signals any mechanical failure and any disturbance of control settings. The M D-901 flaw detector is intended for testing rolled sheets in crosswise and lengthwise metal cutting lines. It sorts out good sheets from faulty ones and indicates the location of flaws. Magnetic field dispersions in the flaw areas are picked up both by stationary transducers and those rotating parallel to the metal sheet. Depending on the rolled stock width there can be one transducer or several of them. A special electronic cir- cuit precludes mistakes con- nected with changes in clea- rance between the transducers and the metal article being tested. The MD-1001 welded joint indicator @60j@ _@nstrument Approvea For Keieilbt: z.%jv 11-11111 33 which delivers signals to the automatic system of a contin- uous steel sheet rolling mill. The information it furnishes about the joint helps adjust roll- ing speed and prevent metal strip breakage. The instrument can also be used in continuous pickling lines, automatic weld cut-out machines and other such units. An important distinguishing feature of the MD-1001 indicator is its high noise immunity which precludes the generation of spurious signals. An ingenious layout of the transducers and a new method of information processing make it possible to single out the weld's magnetic field only, "ignoring" single or group flaws. The instrument comes complete with a sheet magnetizing device. Portable Universal Flaw Detectors for Transport and Heavy Engineering Surface defects - cracks, 'iair seams, laps and other defects of ferrous and non-fer- rous metals on planes 30 mm and more in diameter are de- :ected quickly and accurately )y the VD-20N-D instrument. :'itted out with a rotary trans- Jucer and using the eddy cur- -ent method, it finds flaws from ).2 mm deep and 10 mm long ,ven on articles with an elec- rically non-conductive coating ip to 1 mm thick. The flaw de- ector is equipped with a defect ndicator lamp. A more accu- ate information about the sur- ace being tested can be ob- ained from the screen of a ca- hode-ray tube. As the trans- @ucer is moved over the metal urface by hand, the instrument as a special electronic circuit preclude spurious signals nd misses which might be aused by variations in the learance between the trans- ucer and the metal being .sted. The MD-40K flaw detector is 3ry convenient for checking the qua.11ty of coarse threads of steel components like studs, rods, bolts and hooks. The in- strument is fitted with a set of transducers which make it possible to check on threads 30 mm and over (pitch from 1.5 to 12 mm). The instrument detects flaws more than 0.5 mm deep and over 10 mm long. The transducer is moved conSeCu- tively along the thread fillets for the purpose. The procedure can be easily mechanized, if necessary. The MD-41K flaw detector reveals fatigue cracks in gear transmissions with pitches of 4.5 t-o 8 made of ferromag. netic materials. This instru. ment, with its electronic circuit similar to that of the IVID-40K, comes complete with a set of transducers for checking gears over the entire above. mentioned range of pitches. A transducer is placed in a gear tooth space by hand. An ad- vantage of this instrument is that with it gear wheels can be tested without the gear trans- mission being taken apart be- e there is no need for any caus special preparation of the arti- cles under test. The instrument detects flaws more than 2 mm deep and over 10 mm long. The magnetographic method of testing welded joints in pipelines up to 1,420 mm in diameter, with pipe walls up to 20 mm thick is more con- venient - and much safer f or than the servicing personnel the radiographic one. The magnetographic method con- sists in placing a piece or ord- inary ferromagnetic tape 35 or 50.8 mm wide on a joint and recording the flaws' magnetic field on it by passing a per- manent magnet along the joint. The new UV-30G flaw detec- tor reads the information re- corded on tape - the leakage fields of the weld's flaws - and reproduces it on the screen of the cathode-ray tube. Besides, test results are recorded on paper tape. This method of tes- ting is 5-7 times more efficient than the X-ray or radioisotopic ones. UP` TO A THOUSANDh INTEGRATE"D CIRCUITS A-% R2 PER Huu ra A new semi-automatic solder- ing device is 3 to 10 times more efficient than conventional equipment. Add to this the excellent qua- lity of soldered joints, the opti- mum conditions of solder mel- ting, extraordinary soldering efficiency (it takes a mere 0.3 sec to solder one lead), the ab- sence of solder "jumpers" between leads, the light weight and compact size. Another merit of the device is a simple and efficient facility to prepare microcircuits for ass- embly. It bends microcircuit leads, trims them to size and applies precisely dosed-ot amounts of solder to their enc. - all in one working stroke! The semi-automatic solderir device and the integrated ci cuit preparation facility hav been patented in the USA, th FRG, Great Britain, Franc( Japan and other countries. -_Am Zl-` .2 r 4-211 @_t_!_@77_ BASIC SPECIFICATIONS OF THE SEMI-AUTOMATIC DEVICE FOR SOLDERING INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND FACILITIES FOR PREPARING THEM Semi-automatic device: Efficiency, integrated circuits up to per hour ...........................1,OOD Soldering temperature, 00 C ..............................................about3DO Temperature maintenance accuracy,_+_5 01 C ...................... Maximum printed card size, mm 210 .......................................x 280 Overall dimensions of the semi-automatic soldering device, mm.. 400 x 500 x 220 Mass, kg ..............................................................................17 Power consumption, W ......................................................1150 Integrated circuit preparation facility: Press effort, N .....................................................................700 Rod stroke, mm ...................................................................20 ..... 0.3-0.6 . Solder wire diameter, mm .......................................... : - 150 : x 60 Overall dimensions of facility, mm ........................... . ..... X100 Mass, kg ..............................................................................2 Approved For Release 2001/03/07: CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500180031-6 W 'ULTRASONIC 3TRUMENTS R OBSTETRICS K011011-YOV, -(Tech.), of Department, ite of Introscopy early diagnosis problem /ed by various methods, e- ,.rasonic method (UZ) b rtainly the most suitable )r use in obstetrics and --ology. ew instrument, Malysh D M), has been devel. specially for obstetri. Its ultrasonic converter continuous ultrasonic tions to the patient's irough a layer of contact The signals, reflected internal structures, are up by the converter, with quency of the oscillations ed from moving struc- 'the heart, blood vessel )tc.) differing from that of cillations reflected from ary structures (the Dop- 'ect). As distinct from the ,copic methods, the ul- c converter is not affec- usual acoustic noises in se. design of the amplifier 3tector of the Doppler icy signal ensures the loise ratio necessary for I 77 77 sending minimum-power ultra- sonic signals to the patient's body. Radiation intensity does not exceed 10 MW/CM2, which totally precludes any harmful effects on the foetus. The Malysh can be used for diagnosing palpitation and cardiac disorders in the foetus and for localizing the placenta. Palpitation is detected as early as in the 8th-10th week of pregnancy. Thanks to the con- verter fitted with focussing len- ses of a special design, the lo- cality of the moving structure control has been sharpened, and their differentiation im- proved. In these character- BASIC SPECIFICATIONS OF DEVICES FOR ULTRASONIC MEDICAL INVESTIGATIONS Malych Ekran area under examination,Any 400 x 300 mm. I resolution, mm: depth ......................................... 2,5 )ntal ........................................... 4,0 ing frequency, 3,0 2,5 MHz .................. storage time, - 15 min ............... consumption, W 1,5 600 ...................... supply .......................................From From 220 batteriesV maIns (g ...............................................3 250 Left the Malysh por- table instrument; right the Ekran stationary tomograph with two di. $Play units (screen sizes: 23 and 50 cm in dia onai). 9 7r) istics, the Malysh is superior to the prior-art instruments of its kind. The Ekran (Ul-20EM) pulse ultrasonic tomogra -ph is of a still wider diagnostic lati- tude. It shows sectional roent- genograms of internal organs on a display unit screen. Upon being processed, the echo signal proceeds to the memory unit where an image is formed by scanning. A vidicon is used as a memory cell; in- formation about the converter's co-ordinates and the reflected pulse amplitude is delivered to the intermediate picture tube. The final signal shaped on the vidicon target appears on the videomonitor screen as a half- tone imago. This mode of to- mograph operation is usually referred to as the "B" mode. Besides, the image can be formed in the "A" and "M" modes. In the former mode, the sig- nal is formed on the screen only along the line scanned by the ultrasonic converter at the moment. On the horizontal, the visual display unit screen shows the value of the echo pulse, and on the vertical - the distance inside the body from the converter's point of contact with the skin. This method is commonly used in encephalo- graphy to study brain struc- tures. What the "M" and "A" modes have in common is the immobi- lity of the converter. The differ- ence between the modes is that in the "M" mode the echo am- plitude shows as bright lumi- nance in the appropriate point of the screen, and the ampli- tude of this or that structure's movement - as a "hump" ris- ing over the scan trace. This mode is used chiefly in cardio- logy for examining heart valves and walls. Two visual display units with 23 and 50 cm screens (diag.) broaden the sphere of the Ek- ran device's application con- siderably. In particular, it is used for diagnosing kidney, liv- er and other troubles, localizing stones, tumours and inflai-n- mations. It enables oncologists to determine the size and posi- tion of metastases more con- fidently. A distinguishing feature of the Ekran device is its conver- ter of a new design which en, sures high pulse resolution of the device. Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0500180031-6 r