Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : ClA-RDP96y00789R00j2001§Qqt1 SECRET/NOFORN PROJECT SUN STREAK WARNING NOTICE: INTELLIGENCE SOURCES AND METHODS INVOLVED ------------------------------------------------------------------ PROJECT NUMBER: 0760 SESSION NUMBER: 01 DATE OF SESSION: 27 SEPT 90 DATE OF REPORT: 28 SEPT 90 START: 1445 END: 1515 METHODOLOGY: ERV VIEWER IDENTIFIER: 052 ------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. MISSION: Access and describe Stonehenge. 2. VIEWER TASKING: Access and describe the site in the target envelope. 3. COMMENTS: No inclemencies noted. A Summary of Information is attached to this report. 4. EVALUATION: 5. SEARCH EVALUATION: HANDLE VIA SKEET CHANNELS ONLY SECRET/NOFORN CLASSIFIED BY: DIA (DT) DECLASSIFY ON: OADR Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO1200150002-1 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO1200150002-1 UNCLASSIFIED WORKING PAPER SUMMARY OF INFORMATION: Target, Date: 27 SEP 90 Time: 1445-1515 Viewer: 052 Qession: 01 The target is structure. -It is tall, wide, has shuLters on the wina-o@and'a -poinLed rooE. It is very tall and narrow in the front,, with a large red door marking Lhe entrance. It is located in a wide open area and there is running water close by. There are a lot of trees, but I can also hear cars on the road. It is an older looking structure, a European style or a Victorian. Somebody lives in this house. However, some of -the purposes of this house is to educate and to teach. Many people come to this house to learn about it. There is also a religious feeling about this house, making me think of a church. Inside this house, there is a lot of hustle and bustle going on. People are scrambling to prepare for something and trying to hurry to get it done. I could see one woman with medium-length light colored hair pinned up, making a bed with a white colored bedspread. Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789ROO1200150002-1 'Approved For Release 2001/03/07 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO1200150002-1 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO1200150002-1 _7-.@ _7' -47' 'rLj M Aff 'ISED. E' !@@EJTHS:?:zX"`_ ._W_HC)RA FF -za @k 7%4@ aj@Wlj.- 7 s; lot? A.v It . 777 ' '. -, 14 '@T w one of the mysteries of Stonehenge is hou, the huge stones were placed in position. The drawings helou, explain a possible method of erecting a trilithon. For each of the uprights a hole is dug, then the stone is hauled into posi- tion on rollers, the bottom end is tipped into the hole, and the stone is heaved into vertical position by hundreds of men on long ropes. The lintel stone is @1@,Jeli raised by levers, in small stages, as a platform is built up under it; finally it is moved sideways until mortises on its underside fit into the tenons on the tops of uprights. The total lack of agreement among the experts hardly inspires confidence: if Stonehenge was so manifestly a structure designed for predicting eclipses, there should be at least some meeting of minds on how it was done. In 1857, in order to settle whether cunei- form had really been deciphered, the Royal Asiatic Society challenged scholars to submit translations of a newly discovered inscription; four did so, the re- sults were found so alike that there could no longer be room for doubt, and the issue was declared set- tled. When the astronomers who have been studying Stonehenge come up with at least convergent ideas, then we may be readier to believe that its priests knew how to predict eclipses. zz its original position, one is fallen flat, and two have disappeared.) Newham and Hawkins point out that the short sides of the rectangle are parallel with Stonehenge's main axis. So, when one looks along them to the northeast, one sights, just as along the axis, upon the point of midsummer sunrise. If one looks along them in the opposite direction, toward the southwest, one sights upon the point of mid- winter sunset. And the line of the long sides marks, in the southeast direction, the southernmost point at which the full moon rises at midsummer, and, in the northwest direction, the northernmost point at which it sets at midwinter. Both men were struck by the same idea as to why Salisbury Plain was chosen for 4F k 4 I.. T A,. 9 -A,6 7 , MICHAEL TTA CRAIG. HAWIES THE -DORLING ATLAS KINDERSLEY. OF LTD EARLY MAN By @ACQUE Happily, some of Hawkins' findings do converge with those of another student of Stonehenge- although he was unaware of it. Stonehenge offered q;Arlines- Hawkins argues, not only for the midsum- the site; at its latitude the lines of midsummer sunrise and moonrise cross at right angles and so a rectangu- lar disposition of observation points is possible. The claim that Stonehenge was so sophisticated an > veloped the skill to idengy the erable accuracy, CL If, then, this unique -Megall number of specific astRnomi was set on a site delibeWely 4 tions, what of its humb%r rel (D and alignments, even rig ]one objects of veneration an4no mi astronomically useful oI Fjwewe dropped by a Scot prassor makes Hawkins' seem ILF- a fi: stream of articles bulk W_@ out ander Thom has tried redemo hirs and cromlechs of B-Hrain > Q _J tion to whatever religious purp( instruments for determining c( rings not only of the sun and m( 1; i d, S-2 -T UP -4 A& Stonehenge, the ruins of an ancient religious center and astronomical observatory. Sightings from different positions and along the various stones were used to predict astronomical events with remarkable accuracy. STONEHENGE, stC)ii'henj, is the ruins of a Stone Age monument situated on Salisbury Plain in southem England. It is one of the most imposing and complex of the 40 to 50 prehistoric circular enclosures or "henge" monuments kr)own in the British Isles. The most striking features of Stonehenge are the remains of a great circle of lintel-capped rectangular stone columns surrOUnding a still taller "'horseshoe" of trilithons, each trilithon Consisting of two columns supporting the ends of a horizontal top piece, or lintel. The tallest trilithon rises 24 feet (7.3 meters) above ground, and each of the uprights weighs tip to 50 tons. Other conspicuous features of the monument include the Slaughter Stone, the Heel Stone, the bluestones, and ditches. Many of the elements have changed through time as the result of natural forces or human activity, Standing stones have toppled, ditches have silted, and additions and changes have been Made by the prehistoric peoples to whom this site was an important religious center during the Neolithic Period and the Early Bronze Age, roughly from 1900 to 1400 B. C. Speculation on and study of Stonehenge have eontinue d "nabated from the time that it was 'T'st mentio ned in the literature shortly after the Norman Conquest of 1066. Its construction has be n attib ut'd to many of the va-rious peoples Who have inhabited the British Isles. The most Widely held belief was that Stonehenge was built I the Britons, a Celtic people, for druidical rites. Ityis now known, however, that the Celts and the ir druid priests did not come to Britain until 1,000 years after Stonehenge was abandoned. The first architectuntl study of the site was "'ade in the 17th century bv the ['-11glish archi- lect lni,@,ro Jones at the cominand of King Janies 1. More accurate snr,,e,%s and ohs@enations were conducted subsequently by such British anti- quaries as John Aubrey, Sir Richard Colt Hoare, and William M. Flinders Petrie. The numbers assigned by Petrie to the various holes and stones are still employed in identifying them. Archaeological research has provided the most trustworthy evidence concerning not only the several phases of construction and their dates, but also the cultures to which they belong. In- terpreting the original function of Stonehe'nge is partly an archaeological matter and partly an astronomical problem. Scientific excavation and restoration began in the 20th century, especially with the work of William Hawley from 1919 to 1926. The most meticulous investigations were conducted jointly by Richard J. C. Atkinson, Stuart Piggott, and John F. S. Stone from 1950 to 1954. The result of these excavations was an extremely complicated picture of successive pe- riods of construction. Construction. The history of Stonehenge may be divided into three main periods. The first major construction, or Period 1, took place be- tween 1900 and 1700 13. c. It was accomplished by people belonging to the secondary Neolithic culture, a blend of earlier hunting and gatherin peoples and the first groups with an agricultu ral economy to appear in the British Isles. This construction consisted of a circular ditch anti bank about 320 feet (97 meters) in diameter, broken by an entrance CaUSCWaJ' from the north- east. just inside the bank anc concentric with it was dt g a ci .rcle of 513 equally spaced holes- called th Aubrev holes for their 17th ceritur-, discoverer John Aubrey. The holes were fillc@l with chalk rubble art([', in sonic instances, with cremated hunian bones. Charcoal from one hole vicided it radiocarbon date of 1848 11. c. @: 27 5 years. The 16-foot (4.9-int-ter) tall [feet Stone was erected at this time or earlier, it short dis- CPYRGHT 0 CPYR STONEHENGE tance outside the ditch to the northeast. The 11cel Stone is a block of sarsen stone, a type of sandstone use(] for many of the larger' stone elements in the monument. The structure of Period 11 (about 1700-1500 u. c, ) does not now exist but can be inferred from the existence within the ditch and the Atibrey hole circle of the "Q" and "ll" holes. These holes form a double circle, 86 feet (26.2 ineters) and 74 feet (22.5 incters) in diameter, each circle originally containing about 38 blue- stones. Many of these stones were removed and used for later constructions. Two parallel ditches were dug outward from the main entrance, form- ing an avenue ninning northeast toward the point on the horizon at which the sun rises on mid- summer day, or the summer solstice. Because of the absence of holes in the western part of the double circle, it would appear that Stone- henge II was never completed. The architects must have belonged to the Beaker culture, col- onizers who came from the European continent at the end of the Neolithic Period, for shards of Beaker pottery have been found in association with the traces of this structure. Period III (about 1500-1400 B. c.) witnessed the final and most spectacular phases of construc- tion. One of the principal features is the 100- foot (30.5-meter) circle of 30 sarsen stone columns. Each column weighs about 25 tons; measures about 3 to 4 feet (0.9-1.2 meters) thick, 7 feet (2.1 meters) wide, and 13 feet (4 meters) high; and is capped by a continuous circle of horizontal lintels held in position by mortise and tenon 0 joints. Within this circle Is the cential hor,,e,@J,. of five sarsen trilithons referred to R'N iou"l, Other featurcs, such as the circles op "Y" Alj@j "Z" holes outside the sarsen circle and a s,1,J1 horseshoe of bluestones within the trilitholl a pear to represent later modifications Of pfaln. The largest of the bluestones, called t6, Altar-Stone, now lies under two falleu trilitli", stories. Its original location all(] filuction unknown, The builders of Stoncheng(, III almost ccrtainIN rucinbers of the Early I1roI,,,. Age Wessex ci;lture, at the time oDC Of the 1110@t advanced European cultures outside of the terranean area. Other sites of this culture, laru,.- ly graves, have produced bronze ax blades ,,I other artifacts resembling strikingly in det@lil@ many objects froin central Europ'e and \I,- cenaean Greece. In 1953 a cavving of a brony, dagger similar in form to those used at Mycel,' during the period of the shaft graves was foull(I on one of the sarsen stories. As for the construction techni(lues of Stor,_ henge, much practical experimentation has b,(.1, done with simple e(luipment to determint. 1)0,- sible methods of transport and the size of tI, labor force needed to move and erect the lar2( sarsens. Geological studies have shown that tli(. sarsens came from Marlboroufrh Downs, soule 2F) miles (32 kni) north of Stonehenge. The Wu, stones were brought frorri the Prescelly N-101111- tains of southwestern Wales, probabl@ by sea aud then overland by sledges running on rollers. It has been estimated that it might recluire upwar&N of 500 men to pull a 50-ton Stone up the steepcst 'He stone y Q, sarsen circl, 00 0 AM fte op ci, N Station-stone % g '-,rectangle % 40 Z hol@s 0 0 Y holes 0 0 D c, Alubre )1eY holes 1"'o 0 oun Standing stone Fallen or missing stone 0 50 Feet provpd For Release 2001/03/07 CIA-RDP96-00789ROO1200150002-1 It(- central hors to pr( e"11,11 :% lousk.. circles ol circle and i in tile trilith0n ar(., nodifications of tl,(@ ucstones. called tl, two fallen trilith'), i an(] flincti @tollchcllge III f the EarlN Bro,,,. ime one of the in,st outside of the Medi. f this culture, la,g,,- 'onze Lx blades awl itrikingly in detail, Europ,e and carving of a bron7',. )se used at Mveenat! ft graves was foun,l echniques of Stone, imentation has been t to determine pos- trid the size of tbt and erect the lar 4@ lave shown that t@(. lgh Downs, some 20 nehenge. The blue- he Prescelly Moull- probably by sea and nning oil. rollers. it ght require upwards tone up the steepest stone t N Standing stone Fallen or missing stone 0 50 Feet CPYRGHT STONE'S RIVER, BATTLE OF-STONEWARE tile route. Timber crib%%'Ork. IeNcrs, doli), along iln( ropes %verc considered adequate for raising ()ties to vertical positions and placing lintels oil St tlicir tops, Function. The original function of this ex- tril.ordinary monument has been the subject of Illuch speculation. It has been thought of as a 13ionUMeDt, funeral or otherwise, to various leg- endary or historic personages. It has also been considered to be the center of a religious cult. Because. of its orientation toward the rising sun, scientists have seen it as an astronomical observa- tory of some kind. Archaeologists are in general agreement that the site had Lmth a religious and an astrODornical function. It is like1v that the Monument at Stonehenge, hallowed Gy its early use as asurely religious structure, became niodi- fied _ ually in its early phases to perform astronomical functions as well-first to record the advent of the summer solstice, then to predict sunrise, moonrise, and probably eclipses, all as part of a religious and agricultural ritual. In 1963, Gerald Hawkins, an astronomer, used a computer to work out all observations that could be made by sighting along and through the various markers, stone posts, and openings be- tkveen uprights, including four "station" stone locations that form a rectangle on the line of the Aubrey holes. His calculations indicated Nvith a]- most perfect probability that Stonehenge can be used as an astronomical instrmuent to predict accurately, with adjustment of movable marking stones once a year, the movements of both sun and moon as well as eclipses, Various objections to the theory and its implications have been raised by archaeologists. One of the important ones is the unlikelihood of the existence of such a sophisticated device, requiring the passing on of accumulated observational data over a long period Of time, in a culture that was otherwise on a con- siderably lower level of development than the heart of Bronze Age culture in the eastern editerranean. M I DONALD F. BROAA'@N Boston University Further Reading:.Atkinson, Richard J. C., Stow henge (Macmillan 1956); Hawkins, Gerald S., and White, John B., Stonehenge Decoded (Doubleday 1965); Petiie, William Flinders, Stonehenge (1881); Stone John F. S., Wessex Before the Celts (Praeger 1958). STONE'S RIVER, Battle of, in the American Civil War, fought Dec. 31, 1862-Jan. 2, 1863, about 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Nashville, Tenn. It is often called the Battle of Murfreesboro. A hard-fought but indecisive conflict, it had no apparent influence on the strategic situation, but President Abraham Lincoln observed that if the Union Army had been defeated, "the nation could scarcely have lived over it." After Gen. Braxton Bragg led an unsuccessful invasion of Kentucky in the autumn of 1862, he retired to Murfreesboro, in southeastern Tennessee. Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans, the new com- niander of the Union Army of the Cumberland, was based at Nashville. Eastern Tennessee was favorably inclined to the Union, and the high command in Washington was determined to drive the Confederates from the region. Under strong pressure for action, Rosecrans led his army out of Nashville on Dec. 26, 1862. Rain, fog, and Confederate cavalry patrols hin- dered his advance, and his leading elements did Dot approach Murfreesboro until the evening of the 29th. The next day, the two armies con- 753 fronted cach other in strength. Rosecrans had about 45.(KX) mcn: Bragg a little less than 40,0(K). Bragg deployed his forces astride the west fork of Ston(.-'s @ivcr. a few iniles northwest of the town. The bulk- of tile])) N\cru oil tile west bank, but one division, allout. 5,000 men. was oil the east. Rosecrans concentrated entirely on the west side of the river. The battle plaris; of the opposing connuarlders were idciitical in pri.llci le. Each phlnDCd to hold Nvith his right wing anTattack with his left \ving, seeking all envelopment of the cnenly. Bragg struck first, about 6 A. N1. on Dec.. 31, He surprised the Union troops at the right end of the line: manv were cooking breakfws-t. His assault gathIered nionlentUni as reinforcements ar- rived. The Union night was bent back at right angles to the left, and by midafternoon the Union army Nvas compressed into a tight horseshoe with its fiack to the liver. But stout resistance and minor counterattacks had jolted the Confederates. Bragg called for the division oil the cast bank of the river to streDgIb- en a last blo\-.,, but its commander did not move, fearing a Union attack, At a council that night, some Union generals wished to retreat to Nash- ville, but Rosecrans decided to bold. On Jan. 1, there was little fighting. Both armies were exhausted and had suffered heavy losses. The next day, the only important action was cast of the river, where 'a Union force that bad crossed there repulsed a Confederate attack. Bragg realized that Rosecrans had received ammunition and supplies, and oil Jan. 3 he w&ith- drew through Murfreesboro and proceeded south. Rosecrans occupied the town but did not pursue his foe. The situation in Tennessee remained static for six months, but by holding fast Rose- crans had averted what would have been a serious defeat for the Union at that stage of the war. The Union losses were about 12,800 inen killed, wounded, and missing. The Confederate casualties totaled about 11,600. The Stones River National Battlefield noxv occupies part of the battle site. In the Stones River (or Murfreesboro) National Cemetery are graves of soldiers of both armies. STONEWARE is a hard, nonporous ceramic. It is made of a highly siliceous paste, either a special clay or clay mixed m4th other materials, such as ground flint, feldspar, or marble. The paste is fired at a high temperature until it vitrifies (fuses) to form a nonporous, glassy sub- stance that gives a nnging sound when struck. Stoneware thus differs from soft, low-fired porous earthenware. It closely resembles hard, high- fired, nonporous porcelain and is often called por- celaneous ware. However, because stoneware is usually heavy and opaque, with a bluish gray or reddish brown color, Western authorities Kave tended to distinguish it from porcelain, which they characterize as thin, translucent, and white. Stoneware may have incised, impressed, or applied relief decorations. It may be unglazed, or it may be glazed to resist acidic liquids or for decoration. A thin, slight]), pitted salt glaze is common. Thicker, colored lead glazes are also found. Stonewares were made in Shang China be- fore 1000 B. c. Heavy, porcelaneous stonewares of the Han, Vang, Sun@, and Yuan dynasties had black or brown painted decoration or relief decora- tion with celadon green glaze. In die Ming period,