Approved For Release-2001/03/26. : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 W VW PROCEEDINGS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CYBERNETICS AND SOCIETY September 19-21, 1977 Sponsored by: IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society With the cooperation of: College of American Pathologists Human Factors Society IEEE Computer Society IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Mayflower Hotel, Washington, D.C. Approved For Release 2001/03/26 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved FodWlease 2001/03/26 : CIA-RDP99ft787ROO0200080055-4 IEEE Catalog No: 77CH1259-1 SMC Library of Congress Catalog Card No: 75-28733 Manufactured in The United States of America - Approved For Release 2001/03/26 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved For Release 2001/03/26 : CIA-RDP96-00787RJO0200080055-4 %W A NOTE FROM THE CHAIRMAN With this conference we celebrate the 20th anniversary of the founding of this Society, even though our current name has been with us only for the past seven years. Our worldwide membership of about 5000 members represent many disciplines all brought together by the unifying thread of the "systems" approach to problem solving. In this regard, we are indeed pleased to present John Warfield with our Outstanding Contribution Award. John spent the past several years grappling with a methodology for coping with complexity. His concepts associated with Interpretive Structural Modeling have been tested and proven as demonstrated by the session organized by Raymond Fitz on this subject. I feel it necessary to note that we have departed slightly from the conventional in this conference and have introduced two sessions which, to some of our readers, may appear controversial. The first is the session, Scientific Studies of Acupuncture. Acupuncture, as you know, originated thousands of years ago in the orient and only recently received serious attention by Western medical scientists. Did you know that acupuncture flourished in the U.S. from 1820 to.1850? According to a researcher at the National Library of Medicine, acupuncture had been introduced to the U.S. from Europe and a substantial number of articles appeared on this subject in the U.S. medical literature of the period; however, interest waned as he found only six articles for the period 1850-1900. Today, the situation has changed. Western medicine now agrees there is something to acupuncture. Its analgesic properties are recognized but not understood. Bruce Pomeranz of the University of Toronto, whose article appears here, recently received international attention on his discovery of a possible mechanism that describes why acupuncture works. Stephen Kim, trained in both Eastern and Western medicine, is a trained acupuncturist. He departs from traditional methods by making use of an electronic device for locating acupuncture points. His paper reports striking success over the traditional methods. The session is rounded out by recent research by other investigators: Lee, Clifford and Mau. Clearly, acupuncture has now become a valid research subject for biocyberneticists. Our second unconventional area is Research in Psychoenergetics, organized by Hal Puthoff of SRI. The presentation of this session is the outgrowth of the spectacular luncheon talk by Hal and Russ Targ at last year's conference for which they received our Franklyn V. Taylor Best Presentation Award. Recognizing that their professional integrity was at stake, they have gone to great lengths to assure impeccability of their work; neverthe- less, a reviewer of their original paper which appeared in the IEEE Proceedings last year stated, "This is the sort of thing I would not believe in even if it were true. " Notwithstanding such emotional reactions, psychic phenomena are a reality, and Hal Puthoff's session of first-rate carefully selected papers is worthy of your consideration. Finally, among the unusual presentations, I commend your reading Bill Gevarter's excellent summary, "A Wiring Diagram of the Human Brain as a Model for Artificial. Intelligence." William H. von Alven Chairman Approved For Release 2001/03/26 : C)IA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved For4%lease 2001/03/26 : CIA-RDP96AQ787ROO0200080055-4 COMMITTEE 'William H. vo 'n Alven ....................................................................... Chairman Ed Connelly ................................ Vice-Chairman Symposium Or, anizers/Directors: 9 lames D. Pa1q;ier ..................................................................... Societal Systems C. C. Li ...... ............................... Biomedical Systems & Biocybernetics Andrew P. Sage ............................................. Systems Science, Methodology & Engineering Thomas B. Sheridan ............................................................. Man-Machine Systems Hans Oestreip'her ............................................ Pattern Recognition & Artificial intelligence Short Course Organizers: I ]Decision Analysis in Medicine: Methods and Applications ............................. E. A. Patrick, MD Societal Systems Methodology ............................................. A. P. Sage and J. N. Warfield Public Presentation: A Scientific View of ESP ................................................. Harold Puthoff & Russell Targ Luncheon Speakers: e Society and T ;chnology Assessment ........... %...................................... Gretchen Kohlsrud 'rhe Computer Invades the Farm ........................................................ Arthur D. Hall The Computer, Invades the Home ........................................................ Jerald J. Zeger Approved For Release 2001/03/26 :VCIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved For Release4POl/03/26 CIA-RDP96-00787R;0,0200080055-4 with the initial condition that - 2(k + W) t kS m W to @--+ki[l - e (7) which is the achived velocity w of the follower during the inspection period to@Owe have ?Lk_Lk 2 )to 2(k + k')(t _ to) kS m M k- e le (8) The spiral after-effect (SAF) is the velocity of the stimulus relative to the follower, namely, 2(k+k') @_(@@(t_to) SAF = 0 - w m _Lto - im k+kl - e le (9) Since k and W are positive, this equation shows that the SAF is always opposite to the direction of the stimulus S. In equation (1), the mental force F is assumed to be proportional to the difference of S and w, namely, increasing S would increase F; however, at high speed of S, w can not keep pace with S, and F will level off and can not increase unlimitedly with S, thus F would be F = k(l - e-S - W) (1), For small S, equation (1)' will transform to equation (1). Also, the total mass is equal to Trr2d, where d is the density, thus 2(k+k-) t SAE 1 e-S)[l - e 7r2d k+kl 2(k+kl e 7rr2d (t-to) (9), Equation (9)' shows that SAE is related to the inspection period to exponentially, also the effect decays with time t exponentially, these are experimentally verified by Eysenck and Holland (1960) and by Stager & Burton (1964). Stager & Burton (1964) also show that the constant, which in this model would correspond to 2(k + k')/7r2d, increases slightly with lessen the inspection period, this is probabily due to the fact that with a shorter Inspection period, only a smaller area of the stimulus may be covered by the field of attention (Chiang, 1973, 1976), thus r Is smaller then it should, which increases the constant. Equation (9)' also shows that the SAE increases exponentially with the stimulus angular velocity s, this is confirmed experimentally by Mehling, Collins & Schroeder (1972). For a given angular velocity, the linear speed of eliciting motion in the retina is proportional to the size r or the visual angle. By inspecting equation (9)', it can be deduced that the period of SAE shows a peck with r, indeed, experiments of Mehling, Collins & Schroeder (1972) show this to be the case. It is hoped that future experiments can be conducted in a systematic way according to this equation such that various effects and parameters may be estimated, In summary, a dynamic perceptual model of movement after-effect is proposed, quantitative calculations from this model c4n be made and agree with the existing data. The awaked state, hyponotic state and the qusi-hyponotic state can also be defined from this model. This model investigates into the working mechanism within the brain and identifies many parameters in a dynamic machinery, which would help not only to the understanding of the brain, but also to diagnosis the pathology of the damaged brain. This model may also be used to build a more inteligent machine which behaviours similarly to human being. REFERENCES 1. Chiang, C. 1973. "A theory of Muller-Lyer illu- sion", Vision Res., 13, 347-353. 2. Chiang, C. 1975. "A thi-o-ry of Pogendorff illu sion" Jap. Psychol. Res. 17, 111-118. 3. Chiang, C. 1976. "A theory Tf ambiguous pattern perception", Bull. Math. Biol. 38, 491-504. 4. Eysenck, H. J. & H. Holland, 1960."Length of spiral after-effect as a function of drive." Perceptual and Motor Skills, 11, 129-130. 5. Mehling, K. D., W. E. Collins'anTD. J. Schroeder. 1972. "Some effects of perceived size, retinal size, and retinal speed on duration of spiral after-effect". Perceptual and Motor skills, 34, 247-259. 6. StaFe@r, P. & A. C. Burton. 1964. "Graphic record- ing of the spiral after-effect: a study of its magnitude and rate of decay." Canad. J. Psychol. 18, (2), 118-125. FIGURE LEGEND Fig. 1. A flow chart of perception mechanism of periodic movement. Recognized ------------- Peri odic Signals Detector I I- E@] Signals Perceptual Space 11\ Physical Space Subjec Iivel Controller Approved For Release 2001/03/26 : gjA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved ForA%elease 2001/03/26 : CIA-RDP9WW787ROO0200080055-4 THE EINSTEIN PARADOX 0. Costa 4e Beauregard Institut Henri Poincar6, Paris, France Intrinsic time symmetry plus (wavelike) addition of partial amplitu'des herald the advent of a new para- digm, where advaiced waves and information as orga- nizing power are @io less operational than retarded waVE@s and information as gain in knowledge. I. Introduction According to@all dictionaries the meaning nol, or fundamental, of the word Paradox is: a surprising but (perhaps) true statemen@.Copernicus' heliocen- V trism. has been a @.paradox". ox was also contained in Einstein's Such a parad I Special Relativity. What Einstein did in 1905 was neither discuss t4e mechanical theories of the ether, nor elaborate newimathematics, but rather taylor the 1 conceptual frame after the I(group property) of the Lorentz-Poincar6 formulas faithfully expressing the phenomenon of@no ether wind. Today the situation is much the saiae, except that the paradox shows up at the end of the story rather than at its beginning. In 1927 Einstein, at 2 the 5th Solvay Council , that is, over the very cradle of the "New Quantum Mechanics", cast the mali- gnant spell it is-my duty to discuss today. Neither 3, 4, 5 nor he ' nor later Schr6dinger nor de Broglie , others, did believe the paradox to be the true, Copernican one, as we know now through experimen- tat:Lon6 . In imitation,of Einstein's 1905 approach I will today neither dispuss hidden variable$ theories and Bell's theorem, nor will I fiddle with the mathe- matics. No: just i 'ising the plain-, well known mathe- matics of the neoquantal mechanics of 1924-1927, and purposely doing so: in the simplest conceivable form, as I deem appropriate for expressing a new paradigm for 11unveiling the Sense of the Scriptures" - I will show which ingraited natural belief is unambiguously excluded by the e#perimental results on photon pairs issuing from a cabcade transition - very much like the belief in an Ither wind has been excluded by the Michelson experimpnt. I will then proceed by unrave- ling the statemenIt written since long ago in the accepted formulasi, where nobody took the care to read it, but where the;experiments now require us to do so. The Sense of,the Scriptures (as I will show) is that the elementaPy stochastic event of quantum mechanics, the trbnsition, or collapse of the wave function, does possess an intrinsic time symmetry - as also did the.collision in classical statistical mechanics, where it gave rise to the famous Loschmidt and Zermelo parad !@xes. However, the Einstein 2 1927 paradox (better -Podolsky-Rosen7 khown as the Einstein 1935 paradox) is piade much more severe than the old ones through Born::Is replacement of the law of addition of partial probabi;'Llities by the wavelike law of addition of partilal amplitudes, entailing the "neo- quantal" correctiibn expressed by the off diagonal terns. It is this combination of intrinsic time sym- metry with a wavelike probability calculus which causes the sting of the paradox, and which heralds the advent of an bminous paradigm, where advanced waves, and information as an organizing power, are de jure symmetrical to retarded waves, and to infor- mation as a gain in knowledge. II. Correlation Pblarizations i -n-Atomic Cascade A Dramatic Experimental Result. The "neoquantal" mechanical expression for the probabilities of answers (yes, yes) and (no, no), (yes, no) and (no, yes),when photon pairs issuing from a cascade transition at C and propagating in opposite directions along an axis x meet linear polarizers L and N of relative angle a is, for the 0-1-0 type cascade 1 2 <1,1> = <0,0> Cos%< <1,0> = <0,1>= in a, W 2 Ts and, for the 1-1-0 type, <1,1> = <0,0> I si 2 <1,0> = <0,1>= I cos2a. (2) n o( 2 2 Experimental verifications are excellent Had these experiments been performed in the days of the old "paleoquantal" mechanics, they certainly would have produced the same sort of commotion as did the Michelson experiment. They do require, in de 6 Broglie0s words, a radical revision of"our familiar notions concerning space and time". Consider for instance the case where a= 7/2 with the 0-1-0 cascades. The neoquantal prediction <1,1> = 0 means that all the photon pairs are found with linear polarizat@ifons parallel to either of the two orthogonal directions y and z of the polarizers L and N. This would have 'stupefied the paleoquantal physicists, who thought of the photons of each pair leaving the source C as possessing a polarization, compatible of course with the dynamics of the system, but essentially independent of the orientations A and B of the polarizers (and even of their presence In the 0-1-0 case these could have been parallel linear polarizations with random directions, or also,possibly, circular polarizations of equal helicities. In any case the paleoquantal prediction was, for a a 7T/2, that a large number of (yes, yes) answers should occur. As a corollary, the sub-ensemble of photon pairs with(paraliel) linear polarizations along y or z was thought to be of measure zero. The experimental fact is just opposite:all the observed photon pairs display this property, whence necessarily the three following statements, heralding the advent of a new paradigm: 1) The photons in each pair issuing from the source C do not possess polarizations of their own, but borrow one later, by interacting with the measuring devices L and N. This of course is a specification of a well known general statement in the neoquantal mechanics, of which perhaps there is no more direct experimental proof than this one. 2) In the chance game which is played,the dice are not cast at C when shaken in the cup, but later, when rolling on the table, at L and N. They are, however, correlated, and this is the Einstein 2 3 4 paradox, rejected by him , Schr8dinger , de 6 Broglie 5, but now experimen ally demonstrated 3) The correlation existing @ bFitween the distant measurements at L and N is not tied, in space-time, along the spacelike vector IN, which is physically empty, but along the Feynman style zigzag LCN made Approved For Release 2001/03/2q., CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved For Release4POl/03/26 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 MV of the two timelike vectors which ate physically oc- cupied. In other words, the two measurements at L and N do produce the same wave c-ol-lapse - in their common past. Again in other words, Einstein's prohibition to telegraph into the past does not hold at the level of the quantal stochastic event, the wave collapse, so this statement is of a "factlike"8, or macroscopic nature. The quantal transition per se is essentially time symmetric, just as was the collision in classical statistical mechanics. However, the Einstein paradox is much more severe than the "corresponding" Loschmidt and Zermelo paradoxes, due to the wavelike character of the neoquantal probability calculus, as will be shown right now. III. Neoquantal and Paleoquantal Calculations for Atomic Cascades. From the two (orthogonal) pure helicity states La Lb and R a Rb of a photon pair a, b, we build the two (orthogonal) P-invariant states (L Lb + R Rb) = "(Ya Yb + Z. Zb) (3) a 2 (L Lb - R = i[Za Yb - Ya ZbJ, (4) a a "b i@ where Y and Z denote the linear polarizations along orthogonal axes y and z. A and B denoting the angles with (say) y of the linear polarizers L and N, and setting a _= A - B, we calculate now, using the neoquantal "golden rule" of adding partial amplitudes and squaring their absolute sum, the transition probabilities, first in terms of circular, second of linear polarizations. Turning analyzer L by AA'and N by AB will shift the relative phase of the L. Lb pair by (say) +Aa, and then that of the R a Rb pair by -Aa. Thus the partial amplitudes are, in terms of circular polari- zations, 6 ia and e-ia, whence (for the 0-1-0 cascades) <1,1> = <0,0> = lie ia +e-ia 12 1(1 + cos 2a), (5) 8 2 <1,0> = <0,1> = (l - cos 2a), (6) 8 corrections. Incidentally, neither of these contribu- tions is rotation invariant around x. Thus the paleo- quantal plysicist would have randomized his result, which can be done most easily by writing 2 sin 2A sin 2B = cos.2a - cos2(A + B), whence 1 <<1,1>> = <> = 1 + 8 cos 2a <> = <> = 1 cos 2a (9) 8 instead of (5) and (6). So, while the neoquantal transition probabilities are basis invariant, the paleoquantal ones are not. The difference is due to the off diagonal terms, that is, it stems from the wavelike nature of the neo- quantal probability calculus. All this is well known in general. So, the Einstein paradox is just one more of the neoquantal extravagances. IV. Neoauantal and Paleoquantal Correlations in General The typical system under consideration is des- cribed as a pure state T expanded as a sum of partial amplitudes T> = Zc,IY@j> (10) where @ i and @j span independent Hilbert spaces. The subsystems @j and @j are thus coupled,although this aoupling may not be a "present" one as in the case c-t ci and Ewj=l. we are discussing. By definition Wj J A and B denoting the Hermitean operators of mea- surements performed on @ and @, the (basis invariant) correlated mean value is = EZ c@ c-<@-JAJ@ > <@ilBlVj> (11) I J I i where, setting = <@iJAJ@i> =_ , (12) the (non invariant) contributions of the diagonal and off diagonal terms are respectively () = Z wi (13) A c Q -qiJAJ@j> <@iJBJ@j> + c.c. (14) 2 Jj Second, we use as orthogonal states the linear polarizations Y and Z. The transition amplitudes towards the (yes, yes) answer is cos A cos B for the Ya Yb state, sin A sin B for the Z a Zb state, cos A sin B for the Y Z state, and sin A cos B for the a -b Za Yb state. Using the "golden rule" we recover formulas (1) and (2) in the form B)2 <1,1> = <0,0'> = l(cos A cos B + sin A sin 2 (7) 1(coo 2A cos 2B + sin 2A sin 2B) + 1 in 2A sin 2B 2 7 1 2 <1,0> = <0,1> (sin A cos B cos A sin B) (8) 1(sin 2 A cos 2B+ cos 2A sin 2B) 1 in 2A sin 2B. 2 In these formulas the contributions ( )/2 are the paleoquantal predictions, assuming that the photon pairs do leave the source as a statistical mixture with(parallel) linear polarizations along y or z. The contributions ±(sin.2A sin,2B)/4 are the neoquantal (13) is the paleoquantal expression, implying separate statistics on the subsystems, and (14) the neoquantal, or wavelike, correction. A = 0 in representations diagonalizing either A or B, and then assumes the expression 0 of a mixture. But this is a semblance "relative" to the frame - except of course if the corresponding measurement is performed. Formulas of Section III are specifications of these. V. The Essence of the Paradox A little fable will help understand matters: At midnight GMT two travellers leave the Calcutta airport C, one for London L, one for Nagasaki N, each carrying a closed box which contains, or not, the one ball which a third man, in Calcutta, has enclosed, behind a veil. Having landed at 6 GMT each traveller opens his box, and immediately learns what the other man finds. The point is that, when made explicit, the logical inference is not drawn along the spacelike vector IN, but along T-he Feynman style zigzag LCN made of the timelike vectors CL and CN. Approved For Release 2001/03/26 : OtA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved For_A%lease 2001/03/26 CIA-RDP98%0787ROO0200080055-4 There is no paradox in this because we have a "local hidden variable" with value 1 in one box and 0 in the other-The die is cast at C, and we have between L and X pure telediction with no teleaction. 4-oefficients of the expansion being the values of on U. As and are Fourier reciprocal, the position operator ih -this formalism - is (given a) x@, and is faithfully represented by x. Two well known expressions of 2 are 2 = D+- 1@_ = Dre - D (22) 't adv - This is thl@ very point which is changed in the wavelike proba@ility calculus". Observers at L and N may wait until the very last moment before deciding which of two"inclompatible magnitudes" they will measure - for in-stance, the linear polarization of a photon along d :ne of two directions of angle a. Therefore it isat L and N that the die is cast -Is'. and, as there i a correlation, what we have between L and N.is some :Sort of telediction plus teleaction. VI.RelatIvistic Spinless Particles Here is a short r6sum6 of a fully relativistic formalism I have!presented elsewhere 9. Units such that c = 1 and-t- 1 are used; X = 1,2,3,4; 4 = it. The space-time @(x) and 4-frequency E) (k) repre- sentations of square integrable solutions of the Klein-Gordon equation are associated with the Hermitean scalar;product i bE: (k) dil . 2k J@@J a W) The invariant a integral is over an arbitrary spacelike surfacl@ cy of (4-vector) element dax;[ ax denotes the Schro"dinger or Gordon current operator (difference of partial derivativRs tothe-right and the left The T1 @ntegral is over both sheets of the mass sheil k k + k 2 0, d7l denoting the length of X dil'k(k Xdri = kdT1 X E(k) +1, -1, 0 according as k X ends on the positive or negative frequency sheet, or off shell. In Di@acls 10 nota:*@.on = <@11b> = ,; (16) the double bar recalling that we are using a second order equation. As usual, the condition =6(a,b) defines orthonorih.ality. Introducing:the Fourier nucleus = * =(2Tr)-3/2 exp(ik x X (17) X if k ends on the mass shell, 0 otherwise, we write the reciprocal F6urier transforms as = = . (18) Introducing.the Jordan-Pauli propagator = (19) which is odd in,x - xl and zero outside the light cone, and such t@at .W11xll> = (20) iff x' - x" is spacelike, and substituting the second (18) in the firs@., we solve the Cauchy problem in the form <.xllla> = (21) This formula exps@nds the wave function at any point instant xliupon the (complete) set of (orthogo- nal) propagators :With apexes x on a given a I the The preceding reasoning shows that completeness of the and of the are related to each other, and that the presence of both positive and negative frequencies in (18), and both retarded and advanced waves in (21), are not independent from each other, VII. Relativistic Spinning Particles An integrally equivalent expression of (15) is A = i @b do Ti a abc (k) dT1 (23) with a YX in the Dirac, in the Petiau-Duffin- X Kemmer theory, etc ... The simple bar recalls that we are using a system of first order equations. Modulo this change all equations are formall the same as in Section VI. The Fourier nucleus and the Jordan-Pauli propagator now imply the projec- tor projecting any solution of the Klein-Gordon equation as a solution of the spinning particle equation. VIII. Intrinsic Time Symmetry of the Wave Collapse. A New Paradigm. The preceding formalism yields a fully relati- vistiq description of a position plus spin measure- ment performed on a quantal particle, and one very well suited for discussing the recent measurements of correla 6. tions I will avoid inessential wording by conferring a very small rest mass to the photon, so that it isatrue spinning particle, and that the measurements performed at L and N are position plus spin measurements. The relativistic position measurement performed flat an arbitrary spacelike surface a" (rather than 11 at time t") consists in asking "does the particle cross a given element daX of a" (rather than" is it inside dx dy dz"? The corresponding eigenfunction, according to formula (21) is the Jordan-Pauli pro- pagator (rather 4'an Dirac's 6(xl - x)), or in a position-plus spin measurement, which means that if the particle is found "at Z (in the above sense) it certainly has come inside. the past, and will go inside the future light cone. This, of course, is known since Minkowski - except that the measurement at x does collapse the wave. And tl;i7s collapse, Tue to the very formalism, affects neces- ar'l both future (which is trivial) and past hich, due to prejudice of macroscopic origin, was @w overlooked). This is the Einstein 2 paradox - and a truly Copernican one indeed, as it is written down in the very scriptures of the wavelike probability calculus (especially in its explicitely relativistic 11 form) and is experimentally verified 6. This neither Einstein 3, nor Schr6dinger 4, nor de Broglie 5, were ready to believe, when stating respectively that it would "imply telepathy", or "be magic", or upset our "familiar conception of space and time". It turns out that a measurement performed around the point-instant x is potentially tied to the whole universe - to the inside of the future and the past light cones; also, to the outside of the light cone via pairs of timelike vectors. Approved For Release 2001/03/2619 CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved For Release4001/03/26 : CIA-RDP96-00787RQ;0200080055-4 Einstein's prohibition to "telegraph into the past" was thus only of a factlike, or macroscopic character. And his prohibition to tellraph outside the light cone, though strictly valid' in terms of direct signalling, is overthrown nevertheless by the possibility of zigzagging via timelike vectors, some- what like a sailboat uses _@1@dde wind. IX. Macroscopic Factlike Asymmetry In the Dirac electron theory there is a complete lawlike symmetry between positive and negative energies, that is, between particles and antiparticles. In fact, however, the electron is as common as the positron is exceptional - which, on the whole, is true also of matter and antimatter, Something similar occurs with retarded and advan- ced waves - and, as we have seen, this question is not unconnected with the preceding one. The intrinsic symmetry between retarded and advanced waves is tightly connected with two other ones 13 which should now be mentioned. In quantum mechanics, retarded and advanced waves are respectively used for statistical prediction and retrodiction, which shows that the intrinsic symmetry between them is tied with that between entropy increa- sing and decreasing processes (known as the Loschmidt and Zermelo paradoxes). Then, the factlike preponde- rance of retarded waves is tied with that of entropy increase. As information is another name for negentropy (especially when chance is taken as a primitive concept, as in quantum mechanics) the intrinsic symmetry we are speaking of is also tied with that between information as gain in knowledge (the common,trivial sense) and information as an organizing power (the rare, esoteric sense). Both sides are exemplified in reception and emission of a phone conversation. Now, very much like the esoteric antimatter does make a few incursions inside our familiar world of matter, and we know now where to look for it or how to produce it, so we should inquire if perhaps the esoteric finality, that is, advanced waves, decreasing entropy, information as will, does not perhaps make a few incursions inside our familiar world of causa- lity. Let us call anti-physics the corresponding context, physics obeying by definition the (factlike) Irreversibility Law (Second Law). The point is, as we have seen, that quantum physics does have, essen- tially and symmetrically, one foot in physics and one in antiphysics - just as it has one hand in positive and one in negative frequencies. 3- The antiphysics context is the one which Einstein has termed "telepathy", Schr8dinger 4 "magic", de Broglie 5 the upsetting of "our familiar concept of space and time". Parapsychology seems a good name for it. References (1) These were known already by Larmor in 1898 and, almost exactly, by Voigt in 1887, (2) A. Einstein in Rapports du 5' Conseil Solvay, Gauthier-Villars, 1928, p. 253-256. (3) A. Einstein in Einstein Philosopher Scientist, P.A. Schilpp ed.,The Library of Living Philoso- phers, 1949, p. 85 and p. 683. (4) E. Schr3dinger, Naturwiss. 23, 844 (1935).See P. 845. (5) L. de Broglie, Interpr4tation Causale de la M6canique Ondulatoire, Gauthier Villars, 1956, p. 73. (6) S.J. Freedman and J.F. Clauser, Phys. Rev. Lett. 28, 938, 1972 ; J.F. Clauser, Phys. Rev. Lett. 3.@_, 1223, 1976; E *Fry and R.L. Thompson, Phys. Rev. Lett. IL, 465, 1976. See also M. Lamehi-Raohti and W. Mittig, Phys. Rev. D 14, 2543, 1976; A.R. Wilson, J. Lowe and D.K. Butt, J. Phys._G2., 613, 1976. (7) A. Einstein, B. Podolsky and N. Rosen, Phys. Rev. @I, 777,'1935. (8) H. Mehlberg's terminology in Current Issues in the Philosophy of Science, E. Feigl and G. Maxwell eds.,Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 1961. (9) 0. Costa de Beauregard, Pr6cis de M6canique Quan tique relativiste, Dunod, 1967. (10) P.A.M. Dirac, Principles of Quantum Mechanics, 3rd. edition, Clarendon Press, 1947. (11) For the connection with Feynman's formalism, see 0. Costa de Beauregard, Phys. Lett. 60A, 93, 1977. (12) The discussion of tachyons is outside the scope of this study. (13) For more details, see 0. Costa de Beauregard, Studium Generale 2-4, 10, 1971 where references to the literature are given. See also Found.Phys. 6, 539, 1976. - Approved For Release 2001/03/26 : tiA.R.DP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved ForA%lease 2001/03/26 : CIA-RDP90%-0787ROO0200080055-4 MULTIPLE SUBJECT AND LONG DISTANT PRECOGNITIVE REMOTE VIEWING OF GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS J. P. Bisaha and B. J. Dunne* Mundelein College, Chicago, Illinois 60660 ABSTRACT An extension of earlier precognitive remote view- ing experiments was conducted with two experimental protocals: 1) using two subjects simultaneously predicting where an experimenter would be 35 minutes in the future, and 2) predicting over 24 hours into the future over a distance of 5,000 miles. In the first experiment seveo trials were carried out with a total of seven inexperienced volunteer subjects, tested in pairs, to determine their ability to describe a remote geographical location twenty minutes before the target had been selectO and thirty-five minutes before the experimenter arrived at the randomly selected site. Transcripts of subjects' descriptions were compared against the seven targets and against each other by six independentJudges in a blind rank ordering procedure. Theiresults of this matching were: Group A transcripts aga@nst tragets = p<0.005; Group B tran- scripts against;targets = p<0.01; Group B transcripts against Group Ailtranscripts p<0.005. Experiment two, used one subject on five trials predicting 23.5 to 24.5 hours into the future where the experimenter would be in Eastern Euroke. Blind rank ordering of the transcripts and1photographs taken provided a results of p<.025. Furthe evidence of the widespread availability of a perceptual/@communication channel in which time and distance ap@ear to pose no barrier, is accessible when ordinary m@des of p .erception and communication become inoperabie, and can be "tuned into" by anyone if they can sep4@ate the signal from the noise was further substantiated. INTRODUCTION While the @recognitive experience is a very old one, experimentAtion in precognitive remote viewing came about as a1variation of the clairvoyant remote viewing experiments, which demonstrated the ability of' isolated sub iects to describe an unknown target site at the same time the experimenter was visiting a randomly select@d location.1-2Successful experiments of replication @ave been carried out not only in the clairvoyant rem(5te viewing4-6but also in the precog- nitive remote viewing.7 Over twenty aboratory experiments have been conducted in our lab with more than ten subjects involving the p4ecognitive protocol. Each indicate a subject's capability of not only describing scenes accurately acroq's spatial but also temporal barriers. Since this ability seems to be a latent and wide- ly distributed one, rather than an unusual talent of a gifted few, and since the clairvoyant remote viewing experiments have been so successful over long spatial distances, two separate experimental protocols were devised to expand on the original experiments. The first protocol was a multiple precognitive experiment involving two subjects, who simultaneously predicted where the experimenter would be in the future. The second protocol involved a long distance experiment with the subject being required to predict 23-24 hours in the future, where the experimenter would be over 5,000 miles away. PROTOCOL ONE: (MULTIPLE PRECOGNITIVE REMOTE VIEWING) METHOD Seven subjects, (two males and five females, ranging in age from 24 to 37), were selected on a volunteer basis and tested in four different subject pairs. The subjects knew each other prior to the experiment, but were not related by either blood or marriage. The nature and protocol of the experiment were explained to subjects before the trials began and they were told that they would have sufficient time to relax, make themselves comfortable, and allow their minds to become as blank as possible. They were then instructed to try and visualize where the experimenter would be between 35 and 50 minutes after the trial began and to describe whatever images or thoughts came to mind during that 15 minute period aloud into a tape recorder, and to make any sketches if they so desired. Subjects were advised not to try to define specifically or identify their impressions, but to describe them generally with as much detail as possible, even if the images appeared to make no sense or have no continuity. The time at which the trial was to commence was agreed upon by both subjects and experimenter, and subjects were then separated with instructions to have no communication with each other until after their parts in the trial were over. In four trials the subjects were in the same building, but in separate rooms on different floors. There were observers stationed with each subject in three of these trials. In the remaining three trials, subjects were in different locations, separated by approximately ten miles. When subjects began generating their descriptions, Table I Experimental Protocol (Ifultiple Precognitive Remote Viewing) 10:00 Experimenter leaves with 10 envelopes containing target locations and begins 20 minute drive. Subjects begin descriptions of where Experimenter will be between 10:35 and 10:50. 10:1$ Subjects' responses completed, at which time laboratory part of experiment is over. 10:20 Experimenter generates random number between 1 and 10, counts down,to associated envelope, and proceeds to target location. 10:35 Experimenter arrives at target location and remains there for 15 minutes, taking photographs and notes. 10.5@ Experimenter returns to point of origin. E-perimental trial completed. .%-Presently at the Division of Human Development, Univers*"rewd-For Release 2001103/26mClA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved For Release4901/03/26 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 VOOK an experimenter left the area with ten envelopes which had been randomly selected from the target pool of over one hundred locations in the city and suburbs of Chicago, previously compiled and sealed by an individual who had no other association with the experiment,(the contents of which were unknown to either experimenter or subjects). Driving continuously for 20 minutes with no particular direction, or until- five minutes after the subjects had completed their descriptions, the experi- menter then blindly selected a number from one to ten from an enclosed container holding ten numbered and folded sheets of paper, counted down to the chosen number of envelopes, opened the envelope and proceeded to the location indicated on the enclosed card, arriving at the target 15 minutes later, or 35 minutes after the subjects began recording their descriptions. The experimenter remained at the target for 15 minutes, photographed the location and made notes as to her impressions of the site, then returned to the point of origin.(This protocol can be seen in Table 1). Typed unedited transcripts were made of subjects' recorded responses and attached to any associated drawings which a subject may have made. Seven trials of this sort were performed, resulting in a set of seven photographs with accompanying notes, and 14 transcripts which were randomly divided into two sets so that each set contained one description for each of the seven targets. The transcript sets were labeled Group A and Group B. Six persons, not otherwise affiliated with the experiment, were asked to be judges. Two judges blind rank ordered Group A transcripts against the target photographs and notes; two judges blind rank ordered Group B transcripts against the photographs and notes; and two judges blind rank ordered Group A transcripts against Group B transcripts In this manner each judging procedure was independent from the others, avoiding the possibilities of cueing from one set of descriptions to the other, or fatique on the part of the judges if they were required to match all 14 transcripts. It also provided six seperate sets of scores for evaluation from six spearate impartial individuals. Each set of rankings was made on a scale of one to seven; one being the best match and seven being the worst. Seven was the lowest possible rank sum for each set, 49 was the highest. RESULTS Statistical analysis of these results was performed using Morris' method for evaluation preferentially matched free-respone material.8 The sums of the ranks assigned by the two judges matching Group A transcripts against the tragets were 15 and 13, with probability of 0.005. The sums of the ranks assigned by the two judges matching Group B transcripts against the targets were 15 in both cases, presenting a probability of 0.01. The sums of the ranks assigned by the two judges matching Group A and Group B transcripts were 12 and 14, resulting in a probability of 0.002. Of the total of 42 matches which were made(six judges ranking seven items) there was a total of 17 direct hits(matches ranked as one). (See Tables 2 and 3). An indication of the accuracy of subjects' descriptions, as well as the variation in individual perception of a single remote target precognitively viewed, can be offered by the following excerpts from the transcripts, selected by the judges as best indicative of the target. The degree of accuracy varied among subjects, as did the specific details of the target. Target 1: Plaza del Lago Shopping Center The Target site was a shopping mall designed like a Spanish courtyard or plaza, with a circular garden area designed around a fountain, having paths leading out in different directions. Two sides of the mall consist of a series of low brick arches, the third side is a row of low white buildings with awnings flanking a taller structure with a tower. (See Figure 1). Group A (S4)--"A few trees..not really that big.. there's like a fence around it, maybe a gate-cement or something to the left toward the front-There's a lot of white-Everything seems to be very clean and orderly." Group B (S5)--"Really tall building, some man-made structure of brick or cement. Something rectangular next to it. Is it one building or one next to it?.. That rectangle is only one story high, I think. The other building is much taller. The tall part might be round, there are lots of parts to it... I see sidewalks, paths go around it.. Some trees, other buildings can be seen through the trees.. There's a Table 2 Ranks Assigned by Judges Matching Subjects' Transcripts Against Targets in Precognitive Remote Viewing Trials Target (Subjects) Ranks Assigned Group A Group 13 Plaza del Lego (S41 S5) Wrigley Field 010,89) Techny Mission (S41 S5) Lindheimer Obs. (S61 S7) Madonna del Strada (S51 SO ITOR Station (S6, S') Grant Park Bandshell (S7, SO Sum of Ranks Statistical Significance Judpe I Judge 2 Judge I Judge 2 1 5 4 2 1 1 3 2 3 1 1 3 2 3 1 3 3 1 2 2 2 1 3 1 3 1 1 2 t5 13 15 15 p< 0.01 P < 0. 005 p< 0.01 p< 0. ot Approved For Release 2001/03/26 :501A-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved Fongkiplease 2001/03/26 : CIA-RDP9@%0787ROO0200080055-4 Table 3 Ranks Assigned By Judges Matching Transcripts B Against Transcripts A in Precognitive Remote Viewing Trials Transcipt Ranks Assigned Judge I Judge 2 A@l (Wrigley Field) A-2 (Madonna del Strada Chapel) A-3 (Lindheimer 08servatory) A-4 (Grant Park Bandshell) A-5 (Plaza del Logo) A-6 (Techny Mission) A-.7 (Northwestern Railroad Station, Glencoe) 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 Sum of Ranks Statistical Significance dOUble doorway, double doors with an awning..Maybe the tall building is;on top of it, or next to it-There's a circular pathway:with grass in front." Target 6: Northwestern Railroad Station, Glencoe The target v '@as a small, dark brick building with a Pointed roof and circular turret. Two sets of tracks in front of the @uilding. During the 15-minute experimental per@od two trains passed, one of which stopped. Experirbienter went inside the station for a few minutes, not6d wooden floors, benches and a train schedule Posted On one wall. The station was surrounded by trees in a pa4k-like setting. (See Figure 2). Group A (S') --"I have an image of looking at the traffic and seei% it go by really fast, speeding cars see a train $:tation.. I see a train coming-older buildings.. tree4.. see just the front end of the train station. 8ee a little bit within it,unless they are! planks. Woodd;n planks on the floor.. There are posters or something, advertisements or posters on the wall of the train station-I see the benches.. I see the tracks." Group B (SO)--"There are lines pointing in several different direct;ons.. There's a round-like disk.. it might be the un on it, might be like a big light.. It feels like, looks like.feels that things are blowing the wind is blow0g and everything is like blowing in the same directWn.. There's something rising..it's sort 12 14 p< 0.001 p< 0.005 of blowing upward, maybe things are swirling." PROTOCOL TWO:(LONG DISTANCE PRECOGNITIVE REMOTE VIEWING) METHOD As a further investigation into the parameters of precognitive remote viewing phenomena, a series of five trials were conducted between the Midwestern, U.S.A. and Eastern Europe over a consecutive five day period in August 1976. Each morning between B:30 and 8:45 A.M., Central Daylight Time, the Subject in the U.S. attempted to describe the geographical location where the Experimenter would be in Eastern Europe up to 5,284 miles away. The descriptions were tape recorded each morning and subsequently transcribed. The Experimenter was to spend the 15 minute period between 3:00 and 3:15 P.M. attempting to concentrate on his surroundings and taking a photograph which could later be compared against the subject's descriptions. (This isshQwnin Table 3). upon his return, the Experimenter presented the five photographs and brief descriptions of the five target sites in random order to the Subject for matching in the blind rank ordering procedure followed in previous experiments.7 The Subject gave the Experimenter copies of the transcribed descriptions, also in random order for the Experimenter to match against the targets. In addition, a third person, who had no connection with the E &@9aajn2()0J10(3126t - nt). A" rbV6tPTF_flV-11- R#1%14A10%1 :'Ctg-uRDPN2DO7'8i7RM02(YOOM(3w-4e 514 Approved For Release4p0l/03/26 CIA-RDP96-00787RVO 200080055-4 Figure 2. Northwestern Railroad Station(TargetMultiple Precognitive Remote Viewing 6 in Experiment). Table 4 TARGET 1: DANUBE RIVER (BRATISLAVA, CZECHSLOVAKIA) Experimental Protocol Long Distance Precognitive Remote The target was a "flying saucer" restaurant, Viewing a circular building raised high into the air on heavy Day 1 8:30 A.M.(CDT) Subject in Midwest,pillars above a bridge near the bank U.S.A. of the Danube begins description of where river. The subject described the experimenter as being 3:30 P.M.(Europe) experimenter will .near water . . . a,very large expanse be 23.5,hrs. of water . . . in the future in Bratislava, boats . . . vertical lines like poles . . . a circular Czechslovakia or 24.5 hrs. in shape like a merry-go-round or gazebo . . . it seems to the future in Moscow, U.S.S.R. have height, maybe with poles . . . a dark fence along Day 2 3:00 P.M.(Europe) Experimentera walk . . . at the top of the steps, stops at what- like a path or " e walkway . . . a boardwalk and there's r lo a fence along it. ati h i t f ve (See Figure 3). c on e s a or fifteen minutes, and takes a photograph of target to compare with predicted location. TARGET 5: EXHIBITION OF ECONOMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF U.S.S.R. (MOSCOW, U.S.S.R.) experiment, was also asked to blind rank order the photographs against the descriptions. RESULTS These procedures resulted in three independent sets of scores which were analyzed according to Morris' method for evaluation preferentially matched free- response material.8 The three sets of ranking were significant at .04 in two cases and .05 in one. (See TableA).. Again, two experiments have been selected to show the accuracy of the transcripts in prediction. The target was a huge park with many fountains, flowerbeds, and buildings. The Experimenter stood looking through the entrance which was a huge archway with a blackmetal fence. The Subject's transcript reads as follows: "Lots of different shapes,activity, buildings..Gate or fence.made of metal of some sort.. high for a gate..dark metal..People walking..Something round circular..light color stone..slab on a stand.. a bench or table..something like a row of doorways.. some sort of fountain in circular shape-Cultivated flowers around in beds." (See Figure 4). Table 5 Ranks Assigned PrecognitiveRemote by Judges Matching Viewing Targets to Subject's Transcripts RankingIndependent in Long Distance Judge Time in Experimenter's Target Approx. Distance Future Ranking Danube River 5,087miles23.5 hrs.1 1 1 (Bratislava, Czechslovakia St. Michael's 5,067miles23.5 hrs.2 2 3 Church (Bratislava, Czechslovakia) Hotel Ukraine 5,284miles24.5 hrs.1 1 2 (Moscow, U.S.S.R.) Tretyakov Gallery5,284miles24.5 hrs.2 3 2 (Moscow, U.S.S.R.) Exhibition of 5,284miles24.5 hra.2 1 1 Economic Achievement of U.S.S.R. (Moscow, U.S.S.R.) Sum of Ranks 8 8 9 Statistical p,4.025p,4.025P,4.05 Significance Approved For Release 2001/03/26 PIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved ForAftlease 2001103126: CIA-RDP9MO787ROO0200080055-4 Figure 3. (Target 1 3lovakia, Figure 4. Exhibition of Economic Achievement of the U.S.S.R., Moscow,b-S.S.R.(Target 5 in Long Distance Experiment. provide a significant cross correspondence between subjects on the same target,no telepathic indication can be deduced in the multiple precognitive remote viewing experiment. The reports of the subjects in each pair differed enough to make it obvious that, while both subjects were perceiving the same target, the perceptions reflected individual differences in cognitive processing of information and interpretation. The significant correlation between A and B is not indicative of a seperate channel of communication between the subjects; but rather supports the hypothesis that two seperate and effective channels appear to operate simultaneously between each subject and target and/or experimenter and target. The long distance precognitive experiment demonstrated the capability of an individual to also extend this ability over great spatial distances as.well as temporal distances of over one 24 hour period. Although the degree of significance of this experiment is not as great as had been found in other precognitive remote viewing research, the results are still well above chance expectation and provide further substantiation to the exintance of this ability. Furthermore, the results are indicative of the great latitude of the parameters of the remote viewing experience, parameters which have Aot previously been tested to these extremes of time and distance. The ability appears to function as well over large time and space differentials as it does when the target is within a 35 minute, local distance. The principle factor which appears to be operating under the conditions of these experiments is a situation where normal modes of rational thought or communication are inoperable, thus reducing the internal noise and external stimuli to permit the weaker signal to be distinguished. Subjects have discovered(particularly those who have performed more than one trial) that they are capable of screening out the noise, cognitive and sensory, and perceiving the information being trans- mitted, inspite of the logical impossibility of such an accomplishment. When subjects are given permission to explore their psychic abilities in an enviornment where those abilities are the only possible ones which can produce results, they discover that such abilities do exist and are relatively reliable. The positive results obtained form the various experiments attempted to date, indicate that the protocol of this design is a useful and effective one for addition- al research into the nature of non-ordinary information transfer. REFERENCES 1. R. Targ and H.Puttoff, "Information transfer under conditions of sensory shielding,"Nature, vol. 252, pp. 602-607, October 18, 1974. 2. H. Puthoff and R. Targ, "A Perceptual channel for information transfer over kilometer distances:Histor- ical perspective and recent research," Proc. IEEE, vol, 64, pp. 329-354, March 1976. 3. R. Targ and H. Puthoff, Mind-Reach, N.Y.:Delecorte Press, 1977. 4. A. Hastings and D. Hurt, "A confirmatory remote DISCUSSION viewing in a group setting," Proc, IEEE, vol., 64, October 1976. The signific@nt results of these 5. T. Whitson,D.Bogart,J.Palmer,and two separate C.Tart,"Preliminary protocols lend fuFther support to experiments in group remote viewing," the hypothesis that Proc. IEEE, ol. the extrasensory channel of communication64, October 1976. and/or perception utilized in remote viewing6. J. Vallee,.-A.Hastings, and G. Askevold,"Remote is a widespread viewing and relatively comon faculty which experiments through computer conferencing," can be exercised Proc. IEEE. without extensive@training or experiencevol. 64, October 1976. when the enviornmental con@itions are favorable.7. J. Bisaha and B. Dunne,"Percognitive Distance and remote viewing time appear to po@e no barriers in the Chicago area, a replication to its effectiveness. of the Stanford These finding's are in keeping withexperiment," Research in Parapsychology those of 1976, previous studies testing remote Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press INC. viewing in individuals (In Press) or group settings@, and provide " evidence that even the 8 precognitive aspedt of this phenomenonR.Morris, operates on an An exact method for evaluating preferen- " open channel which can be "tuned tially matched free-response material, into" by a variety of J. American 'Iconsoles" with differing genetic Soc. Psychical Res.vol 66, p. 401, structures. Although Oct. 1972. there was enough information in each transcri t to 00787ROO0200080055-4 6 RDP96 CIA 110312%, - Approved For Release 20 - i Approved For ReleaseZO01/03/26 : CIA-RDP96-00787RQ;0200080055-4 RESPONSE SENSITIVITY OF HUMAN SUBJECTS TO ELF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS: CRITICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR TWO ELF MODELS OF PARANORMAL BEHAVIORS Michael A. Persinger, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Psychology Environmental Psychophysiology Lab Laurentian University Sudbury, Ontario, Canada Summary. The potential role of ELF (extremely low frequency) electromagnetic fields in the mediation of alleged paranormal behaviors or remote viewing is considered. Two models have emerged to conceptualize the relationships between the agent-object (A), the percipient (P) and the geophysical-mediator (G). A type I interaction involves a direct A-G-P relation- ship by which information associated with A directly modifies G that influences P. A type 2 interaction requires G to operate only as a discriminative sti- mulus, conditioned stimulus or "trigger", independent- ly, to A and P with shared reinforcement (experience) histories. The latter model requires little informa- tion transfer by the ELF-G factor since the detailed sequences are a consequence of A and P's shared con- ditioning in the presence of G. The available data concerning response sensitivity of human subjects to small changes in ELF field frequencies and intensities are discussed. An essential problem for scientists concerned with the explanation and description of alleged tele- 1 2 pathic-clairvoyant (T-C) behaviors or remote viewing is the mechanism by which information traverses some point A to some point B without using conventional sense modes or stimulus sources. Since alleged T-C behaviors involve long distances and opaque boundaries between the putative agent and percipient, the basic natural mechanisms which satisfy the conditions of a T-C mediator candidate 3 are limited. Putboff and 4 5 6 3 Targ ,Kogan , Bentov and Persinger have suggested naturally produced ELF (extremely low frequency) electric and magnetic fields as one means by which paranormal information could be mediated. The physi- cal and biologically relevant characteristics of these signals are reported in ELF and VLF Electroma- 7 gnetic Field Effects. At present, there are two models developed to conceptualize the relationships between the agent or object (A) the percipient or reporter (P) and the geophysical-meteorological mediator (G). A type 1 interaction would be a simple A-G-P relationship by which information from A modifies or is coded onto G and influences P some time and distance later. A type 2 interaction would be another example of a "third factor theory" whereby G would influence A and P separately at about the same time. Since G would not be apparent to either A or P, the conclusion of a direct A-P interaction would be likely but inaccurate. The two models require different demands from ELF signals. A type 1 interaction requires direct information coding upon the ELF signal. Although the amount of information would be small considering the typical bit rate, such difficulties could be attenua- ted theoretically by: (1) increasing the exposure time to the ELF signal or by (2) "closure effects" displayed by P. More critical features would be: (1) the increment of time the agent-object could main- tain ELF coding and (2) P's neural capacity to differ- entiate and "understand" the signals. A type 2 interaction does not require acute co- Approved For Release 2001/03/26 ding or modification procedures but instead requires the operation of learning/conditioning. This interac- tion assumes that A and P have shared reinforcement histories (shared experiences) in the presence of G (some specific ELF signal). In this situation, later presentation of G would initiate both the alleged "transmitted information" in A and the paranormal res- ponses in P independently. The basic operation would involve elementary learning principles such that the G factor becomes a conditioned stimulus or a discrimina- tive stimulus. G, per se, would contain little infor- mation, rather it would behave as a "trigger" to evoke the changes in the two organisms involved. The effect would be similar to the cascading series of intense private responses ("thoughts"), visceral changes and biochemical alterations in a person who has been puni- shed in the presence of a four-letter curse word; the word itself (before the conditioning) would involve little energy and information. Within this model, the "same" ELF characteristics associated with some environmental event, e.g., geo- magnetic storm, earth-ionospheric perturbation, could influence hundreds of different A:P pairs in different ways. The crucial behavioral operation is a history of shared response displays by individual A:Ps in the presence of the ELF stimulus. An attractive feature of this model involves elimination of the cumbersome "time factor". Since the G factor elicits changes in the A and P independently, traditional designations of agent and percipient would be irrelevant since tempor ral relationships (including apparent precognition) reflect only response latencies to the field's presen- ce. via- From a behavioristic perspective, the role of wareness" and related verbal behaviors is not an essen- tial factor in the ELF models. ELF signals could eli- cit a number of pervasive response sequences within the human organism without involving private responses. Conditioning without the role of "awareness" has been demonstrated in the laboratory many times, e.g., co- vert responses. Depending upon the reinforcement his- tory, the subject may suddenly display particular res- ponse sequences or if the associations had been aver- sive, show diffuse characteristics of "anxiety". If other response systems were involved, the display of 'Vawareness" behavior during the signal presentation could actually interfere with the organism's total response. Situations described metaphorically as "mind wandering" (low level private responses) would be more optimal for efficient ELF signal responding. The key to the ELF theory lays in the empirical verification of ELF-EM associated organismic changes. The degree to which ELF electromagnetic fields signi- ficantly influence living systems is still a matter of controversy. Investigation groups (e.g., Committee on Biosphere Effects of ELF Radiation of the Assembly of Life Sciences, Washington, D.C.) and academics are still debating the practical nature of these changes. Review of the behavioral-biological effects of ELF fields have been reported elsewhere. 7, 8 Significant organismic changes in the presence of ELF electroma- gnetic fields have been reported in more than one hundred experiments involving human and non-human ani- OPA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved FopPelease 2001/03/26 : CIA-RDID98ft787RO00200080055-4 mals; however, frankly, the absQlute effects have been quite small and are not always consistent. In addition, systematic determination of frequen- cy-,intensity- or wave shape-dependence functions have not been completed. The number of ELF-EM incre- mental characteristics within either amplitude, fre- quency, rise time, peak time or wave trains, that the human organism can discriminate as different is un- known. Such discrimination is required, especially for a Type 1 interaction model, unless one assumes a 0,1 detection mechanism but this would require an organismic capacity to distinguish temporal patterns. Some evidence exists that human subjects can respond ,differentially to ELF parameters. Forty minute exposures to either 3 Hz or 10 Hz electric fields of either 0.3 V/m or 3 V/m did not significantly alter 9reaction time in 70 human male ,and female subjects ; however, weak changes in varia- bility of response latencies were apparent. On the 10 other hand, Konig , quoting Hamer's work and his own results (with smaller groups of subjects) argues that Iauman reaction'time is altered by: (1) the presence or absence of 4 Hz and 10 Hz electric fields and (2) frequency shifts of only 1 Hz at the field strengths of 2 mV150 cm.. However, Konig did not apply systems- tic statistics'to these results. Friedman, Becker 11 . and Bachman exposed more than 70 male and female subjects to sinusoidally modulated magnetic fields -4 -3 between 5 x 10@ T and 1.7 x 10 T. Shifts in field frequency of only 0.1 Hz (from 0.1 Hz to 0.2 Hz) were sufficient to significantly alter reaction time. The effects were facilitated by using each subject as his/ her own control. These data indicate that small shifts in field frequency alter simple reaction time in human subjects. However the effects are weak and involve significant overlaps in standard deviations between field parameters. Different:response systems, such as the visceral, somatic, biochemical or vascular matrices, may diS7 play differential sensitivity and susceptibility to low level, natural ELF field effects. Reaction time, correlated prirdarily with gross pyramidal tract features, may rilot be as sensitive as (for example) vascular or vi@ceral (emotional) changes that are not required to be:highly correlated with "awareness" or 12 11voluntary" responses. Ludwig and his colleagues have reported significant alterations in headaches and related vascular complaints in the presence of ELF magnetic fields. However, with the exception of non-human animal studies, e.g., Reille 13, who repor- ted conditionediheart rate changes in pigeons exposed -5 to 10 T nagnetic fields between 0.2 Hz to 0.5 Hz and not between 300 Hz and 500 Hz, little research has been conducted with these potentially responsive s,tems. Alterations in such systems could still modi- f- "awareness behavior" (if sufficiently intense) or @y influence dream sequences. More detailed analyses of the ELF models and problems of human behavior in the context of paranormal stimuli have been reported elsewhere. 14, 15 4. Harold Puthoff and Russel Targ, "A perceptual channel for information transfer over kilometer distances: historical perspective and recent re- search", Proc. IEEE,,1976, 64, 329-354. 5. I.M. Kogan, "Is telepathy possible?" Radio Eng., 1967, 21, 75. 6. 1. Bentov, Stalking the Wild Pendulum. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1977. 7. M.A. Persinger (Ed.), ELF and VLF Electromagnetic Field Effects. New York: Plenum Press, 1974. 8. M.A. Persinger, H.W. Ludwig and'K-P. Ossenkoppo - "Psychophysiological effects of extremely low fre- quency electromagnetic fields: a review", Per- ceptual and Motor Skills, 1973, 36, 1131-1159. 9. M.A. Persinger, G.F. Lafreri;_@re and D.N. Mainprize, "Human reaction time variability changes from low intensity 3-Hz and 10-Hz electric fields: inter- actions with stimulus pattern, sex and field in- tensity", International Journal of Biometeorology, 1975, 19, 56-64. - 10. H.L. Konig, "Biological effects of extremely low frequency electrical phenomena in the atmosphere. Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research, 1971, 2, 317-323. 11. Howard Friedman, Robert 0. Becker and Charles H. Bachman, "Effect of magnetic fields on reaction time performance", Nature, 1967, 213, 949-956. 12. W. Ehrmann, H. Letiner, W. Ludwig, M.A. Persinger, W. Sodtke and R. Thomas, "Therapie mit ELF-Ma- gnetfeldern", Zeitschrift ffir Physikalische Medi- zin, 1976, 5, 161-170. 13. A. Reille, "Essai de mise en 6vidence d'une sen- sibilit6 du pigeon au champ magn6tique A Vaide d'un conditionnement nociceptif", Journal of Physiology (Paris), 1968, 60, 85-92. - 14. M.A. Persinger, "The problems of human verbal behavior: the final reference for measuring os- tensible psi phenomena", The Journal of Research in PSI Phenomena, 1976, 1, 72-90. - 15. M.A. Persinger, "ELF field mediation in sponta- neous psi events: direct information transfer or conditioned elicitation?" Psychoenergetic Sys- tems (in press). References 1. M.A. Persinger, The Paranormal: Part II Mecha- nisms and Models. New York: M.S.S. Information, 1974. 2,, Russel Targ,and Harold Puthoff, Mind-Reach. New York: Delacorte Press, 1977. 3. M.A. Persinger, "Geophysical Models for para- psychological experiences", Psychoenergetic Systems, 1975, 11 63-74. Approved For Release 2001/03/2&i~CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved For ReleaseZP01/03/26 : CIA-RDP96-00787RW200080055-4 STATE OF THE ART IN REMOTE VIEWING STUDIES AT SRI Russell Targ, Harold E. Puthoff and Edwin C. May Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California 94025 ABSTRACT For the past five years we have been investigating aspects of human perception that appear to fall out- side the range of well-understood perceptual/processing capabilities. Of particular interest is a human infor- mation-accessing capability that we call "remote view- ing." This phenomenon pertains to the ability of certain individuals to access and describe, by means of mental processes, remote geographical locations up to several thousand km distant from their physical loca- tion given only a known person on whom to target.1-4 SRI and at a prearranged time to obtain from the sub- ject a description of an undisclosed, remote site being visited by a target team, one of whose members is known to the subject and who thereby constitutes the target person. The target team is assigned their target loca- tion by an independent experimenter who has generated a list of targets located within a 30-minute driving time from SRI, and who accesses this list by a randomization procedure. The target pool consists of more than 100 target locations chosen from a target-rich environment. The target location selected is kept blind to both the subject and experimenter closeted at SRI. The experi- ment is thus of the double-blind type. In this paper we concentrate on recent transconti- nental experiments carried out with individuals whose remote perceptual abilities have been developed suf- ficiently to allow them to describe--often in great detail--geographical or technical material such as buildings, roadsy structures, natural formations, along with real-time activities of persons at the target site. These experiments, together with our previously established data base of over 50 local (< 20 km) ex- periments, indicate that (1) although the information channel is imperfect, the data generated by the remote viewing process exceeds any reasonable bounds of chance correlation, and (2) the extent of physical distance separating the subject from the target site up to transcontinental distances does not appear to signifi- cantly affect the accuracy of perception. INTRODUCTION In our discussion of the state of the art of re- mote viewing studies at SRI we take as our data base the 51 experiments described in Reference 2 (local remote viewing with targets ;5@ 20 km) plus five cross- country experiments (some with multiple subjects) de- scribed in Reference 4 and amplified here. In these experiments we have investigated an often-reported human perceptual ability that has heretofore not been widely investigated in the laboratory. This ability we term "remote viewing." It is an ability by which human subjects perceive, and describe by word and drawing, distant scenes and activities blocked from ordinary perception. We have found that subjects have been able to describe with equal accuracy scenes at both local sites (that isy within a few miles) and those at trans- continental distances. These abilities are developed in several individuals sufficiently to allow them to describe--often in considerable detail--geographical or technical material such as buildings, roads, interior laboratory apparatus, and real-time activities. As observed in the laboratory, the basic phenome- non appears to cover a range of subjective experiences variously referred to in the literature as autoscopy (in the medical literature); exteriorization or dis- association (psychological literature); simple clair- voyance, traveling clairvoyance, or out-of-body ex- perience (parapsychological literature); or astral pro- jection (occult literature). We choose the term "re- mote viewing" as a neutral descriptive term free from prior associations and bias as to mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Description of the Protocol (Local Targets) We begin with a synopsis of the basic data base of 51 local remote viewing experiments. 2 The general pro- tocol is to closet a subject with an experimenter at In detail: To begin an experiment, a subject is closeted with an experimenter at SRI and instructed to wait 30 minutes before beginning a narrative description of where the target team has gone. Meanwhile, the tar- get team obtains sealed traveling orders from a monitor who has previously prepared and randomized a set of such orders. After leaving SRI by automobile, the tar- get team opens the traveling orders and proceeds di- rectly to the target without any communication with the subject or experimenter remaining at SRI. The experi- menter remaining with the subject in the SRI laboratory is kept ignorant of both the particular target and the target pool so as to eliminate the possibility of cue- ing (overt or subliminal) and to allow him freedom in questioning the subject for clarification of his de- scriptions. The target team remains at the target site for a prearranged 15-minute period following the 30 minutes alloted for travel. During the observation period, the remote viewing subject at SRI is asked to describe his impressions of the target site into a tape recorder and to make any drawings he thinks appropri- ate. A tentative evaluation is made of the subject's output when the target team returns to SRI. Finally, following the experiment, the subject is taken to the site so that he may obtain direct feedback. Initial Experimental Series To give a concrete example, we summarize the re- sults obtained with the first subject on the local re- mote viewing series. This subject (designated here as Sl) participated in nine experiments. Subject Sl came to our experiments with a reported history of spontane- ous remote viewing experiences, In general, the sub- ject's ability in our experiments to describe correctly buildingsy docks, roads, gardens, and the like, includ- ing structural materials, color, ambience, and activ- ity--sometimes in great detail--indicated the function- ing of a remote perceptual ability. A Hoover Tower targety for example, was recognized and correctly named. Nonetheless, the descriptions generally contained inac- curacies as well as correct statements. A typical ex- ample is indicated by his drawing shown in Figure 1 in which the subject correctly described a park-like area containing two pools of water: one rectangular, 60 x 89 ft (actual dimensions 75 x 100 ft); the other cir- cular, diameter 120 ft (actual diameter 110 ft). As can be seen from his drawing, the subject also included some elements, such as the tanks shown in the upper rightj that are not present at the target site. We also note an apparent left-right reversal, often ob- served in paranormal perception experiments. Further, the subject incorrectly indicated the function of the site as water purification rather than recreational swimming. We often observe essentially correct descriptions of basic elements and patterns Approved For Release 2001/03/26 : M-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved FortRelease 2001/03/26 CIA-RDP9@%0787ROO0200080055-4 J_J 1@ I I I I i I I AV E. LECT. TENNIS DIST. COURTS 100 PLAY GROUNDS SEYRVICE POOL HOUSE ARD CONCRETE BLOCK FIRE STATION PICNIC AREA/ 41) City map of target location FIGURE 1 SWIMMING POOL COMPLEX AS REMOTE VIEWING TARGET coupled with incomplete or erroneous analysis of func- tion. This themelemerged as a thread which continued throughout our worlk and eventually led to a break- through with regard to an understanding of the inter- relationship between paranormal perception and cere- bral functloning,@namely: that paranormal functioning may involve specialization characteristic of the brain's right hemisphere, which predominates in spatial and other holistid processing, in contrast to the left hemisphere which predominates in verbal and other ana- lytical functioni4g. 5-7 0 Judging of Resulti To obtain a numerical evaluation of the accuracy of the remote viewing experiment, the experimental re- sults were subjected to independent Judging on a blind basis by an SRI ri@.search analyst not otherwise associ- ated with the resoarch. The response packets, which contained the nin 91 typed, unedited transcripts of the* tape-recorded nartatives and associated drawings, were unlabeled and presented in random order. Working alone, the anaiyst, visited each target location in turn and in a blind fashion rated the subject's descriptions on a scale I to 9:(best to worst match). The statistic of interest is the sum of ranks assigned to the target- associated transcripts, lower values indicating better matches. For nine targets, the sum of ranks could range from nine (f:or perfect matching) to eighty-one. The technique for -calculating the probability that a given sum of ranks's or less will occur by chance is given in Reference12. The results of the Judging, shown in Table 1, included seven direct hits out of the nine. The overalliresult was statistically significant 5 : at p = 2.9 x 10- .i Table 1 also indicates the various types of targets u I"d in this series. Further, in ex- periments 3. 4, and 6-9, the subject was secured in a double-walled copp6r screen Faraday cage, which pro- vides 120-dB attenuation for plane-wave radio-frequency radiation over the'range of 15 kHz to I GHz. The re- sults of rank-orde 'r judging indicate that the use of such shielding does not prevent high-quality descrip- tions from being obtained., Replication Series, i Having compleied this initial series of experi ments, we concluded that remote viewing appeared to be both a real and a kobust phenomenon. We then carried Table I DISTRIBUTION OF RANKINGS ASSIGNED TO TRANSCRIPTS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH TARGET LOCATION FOR SUBJECT Sl Rank Target LocationDistanceof (km) Associated Transcript Hoover Tower, 3.4 1 Stanford Baylands Nature Preserve, Palo6.4 1 Alto Radio telescope, Portola Valley6.4 1 Marina, Redwood6.8 1 City Bridge toll plaza, Fremont 14.5 6 Drive-in theatre, Palo Alto 5.1 1 Arts and Crafts Plaza, Menlo Park 1.9 1 Catholic Church, Portola Valley8.5 3 Swimming pool complex, Palo Alto 3.4 1 Total sum of 16 ranks -5 I I (p=2.gXlO ut replication experiments with other subjects (the 0 results of which are given in detail in Reference 2) until we had established a data base of 51 experiments. A summary tabulation of the statistical evaluations of these 51 experiments (with nine subjects) is presented in Table 2. Of the six studies, involving remote view- ing of natural targets or laboratory apparatus, five eached statistical significance. The overall results, r evaluated conservatively on the basis of a judging pro- cedure that ignored transcript quality beyond that necessary to rank order the data packets (vastly under- estimating the statistical significance of individual descriptions), clearly indicated the presence of an Approved For Release 2001/03/2&q CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 W Drawing by Subject S1 Approved For Release4901/03/26 CIA-RDP96-00787RQ50200080055-4 Table 2 SUMMARY: REMOTE VIEWING OF LOCAL TARGETS Subject Number p-Value, of Rank ExperimentsOrder Judging With natural targets Sl 9 2.9 X 10-5 S2 and S3 (four8 3.8 X 10-4 each) S4 9 1.8 X 10-6 S5 and S6 (four8 0.08 (NS) each) V1 and V2 (three;two)5 0.017 With technology targets S2, S3, S, 12 0.036 information channel of useful bit rate. The descrip- tions supplied by the subjects although containing inaccuracies, were sufficiently accurate to permit the judges to differentiate (blind) among various tar- gets to the degree that roughly 5% of the transcripts were directly matched.2 LONG-DISTANCE REMOTE-VIEWING EXPERIMENTS General After establishing the data base of 51 remote- viewing experiments with local targets (sites within a few kilometers), we undertook a series of five experi- ments designed to determine whether an increase in subject-target separation to transcontinental distances would degrade the quality or accuracy of perception. A major motivation for this effort was the desire to begin to accumulate data to examine various hypotheses, e.g., whether remote viewing is mediated by extremely low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves. Under simple forms of this hypothesis, one would expect a degradation in accuracy as the subject-targe4 - fistance is increased to several thousand kilometers. As a secondary goal, we were interested in the real-time data rate--e.g., determining the extent to which a remote-viewing subject can track the real-time activities and movements of a known individual in a distant city. Therefore, the subjects were encouraged to describe real-time activity during the viewing period. The methodology with regard to target selection again was designed to eliminate possible cueing paths. Targets were determined either by random-number genera- tor entry into a previously prepared target list un- known to subject and experimenters with the subject, or in one case, on the basis of site selection by an in- dependent, skeptical challenger. An interesting additional technique that was em- ployed successfully in the first two of the five ex- periments was the use of the DARPA computer telecon- ferencing network for post-experiment feedback. Access to the computer by the traveling experimenter was by means of a portable terminal. The use of the telecon- ferencing service allowed the subject in one state (California) to communicate with an experimenter in the other state, New York. The conversational TALK mode available on the DARPA not was used for this pur- pose in the following manner. The subject at SRI (supervised) and the experi- menter on the east coast agreed (via computer telecon- ferencing) to begin an experiment in one-half hour. The purpose of the computer in this experiment was to provide time- and date-stamped permanent records of all communications between the various parties involved in the experiment. These data could be read in real time by any authorized person entering the SRI-AI Tenex (MSG) system. After logging off the computer, the outbound ex- perimenters used a random-number generator to determine which of several locations in the target area would constitute the target to be visited in this experiment. Neither the subject nor the experimenter at SRI knew the contents of the target list, compiled in New York after logging off. Having selected a target location by the random protocol, the outbound experimenters pro- ceeded directly to the site and remained there for 15 minutes. At the previously agreed-upon start time (one-half hour after breaking computer links) the subject typed impressions into a special computer file established for this purpose. When the outbound experimenters returned from the target site to the hotel, one of the experimenters made use of a limited-access file to enter his description of the place he actually visited. He then returned to the executive level of the computer, and awaited the appearance of the SRI experimenters and subject who could then (and only then) link the New York and Menlo Park terminals. At that time both files were printed out on both terminals, the the subject and the outbound team each learned what the other had written. Menlo Park to New York City (Grant's Tomb) Two subjects, S7 and S8, both in California, par- ticipated simultaneously in this experiment of Grant's Tomb, which was the first of the two New York City tar- gets. Both subjects independently provided computer- stored records of their impressions, and one made the sketch shown in Figure 2. Subject S8. an SRI systems analyst, said in his opening paragraph: "Outdoors, large open area, standing on and then off asphalt (rough material), dark for a path. A white building, like a ticket booth. Wooden structure, is white in color, and has an arched look about it. There is a large shade tree close to Russ (outbound experimenter)." Subject S7, closeted in a separate SRI location began with: "I thought of a high place with a view. The subject continued with "I saw a tree on your left in a brick plaza--it seemed to be in front of a build- ing you were entering." Later, "I could not clearly identify the activity. A restaurant? A museum? A bookstore?" And, "You were looking at coins in the palm of your hand, maybe giving some to Nicky (son of outbound experimenter)." The coins were in fact used to purchase the postcard from which Figure 2 was made, and they were given to the experimenter's son who made the purchase. Both subjects then went on for an addi- tional paragraph to describe details of the activities they imagined to be going on inside the building they saw, details that were partly correct, partly incorrect. As an example of the style of narrative generated by a subject during a computer teleconferencing experi- ment, we include the entire unedited computer-logged text of S71s response to the Grant's Tomb target in Figure 3. Approved For Release 2001/03/26 : NA-RDP96-00787R000200080055-4 FoOftlease 2001103126: CIA-RDP96%0787ROO0200080055-4 FPNOWT VIEW FIGURE 2 COAST-TO-COAST REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENT. SUBJECT DESCRIBED: "OUTDOORS, LARGE OPEN AREA.... SHADE TREES.... WHITE BUILDING WITH ARCHES." Menlo Park to Ne@ York City (Washington Square Fountain) In the seco3id experiment, the target, again chosen by random protoc6l, was the fountain in Washington Square Park. One subject ' S7, participated. The sub- ject produced an exceptionally accurate transcript. The photos and the subject's drawing of the fountain are shown in Figlire 4. The subject began his printout with the followiAg: "The first image I got at about the first minuteiwas of a cement depression--as if a dry fountain wit@ a cement post in the center or in- side. There seemed to be pigeons off to the right, flying around the surface out of the depression.... At one point I thought you were opening a cellophane bag ...... (The e@.Perimenters had in fact bought ice cream during thel,experimental period.) "There was also a rectangular wo@den frame, a window frame, but I wasn't sure if if. was on a building ?I or a similar structure with a different purpose. (A possible cor- relation from a functional viewpoint to the Washington Square Arch through which the outbound experimenters viewed the fountain toward the end of the experimental period.) "All in! all I thought you were In Riverside Park...." (Incor :kect analysis.) An SRI scientist, familiar with theiNew York City area but blind to the target, did, howeVer, identify the target correctly on reading the twent@ lines of printout as it emerged from the computer term:1nal. (For the complete transcript, see Figure 5.) These experiments provide an elegant demonstration of the utility of the teleconferencing process as a secure data recording system to provide real-time moni- toring of long-distance remote-viewing experiments. In a more detailed tape recording made after the experiment, but before any feedback, the subject de- scribed "cement steps going into the depression, like a stadium, and the rounded edge of the top of the depres- sion as you go up to ground level." These descriptions are not only correct, but also show remarkable detail. Quantitative Analysis of New York City Target Transcripts In attempting to derive a quantitative estimate of the amount of valid data in a transcript, we have made a detailed analysis of the previous two transcripts generated by a single subject (S7) during the long- distance experiments between Menlo Park, California, and New York City. To carry out this analysis, each transcript typed by the subject into a computer file was edited to re- tain only declarative statements spontaneously generated by the subject, or responses to direct questions. These statements were collected in groups called concepts. For example, if the subject had five references to a condition that can be defined as shady, these would be combined in the concept "shady." We performed four comparative analyses on the con- cepts from the two transcripts: Transcript A with Site A; Transcript B with Site B; Transcript A with Site B; and Transcript B with Site A. Each concept was assigned a rating ranging from 0 to 10, depending on the analyst's subjective impression as to whether the concept had no correspondence (a rank of 0) or complete correspondence (a rank of 10) with the target. The cross-matching was to serve as a crude measure of chance or generalized correspondence For the Grant's Tomb target site, there were 21 distinct concepts with a mean score @k = 6.4 (d = 4.3); for the Washington Square site there were 16 concepts with a mean score p = 6.8 (a = 2.7). The individual cross matches were as follows: Grant's Tomb trans- cript to Washington Square had a mean score p = 3.6 (a = 4.3), and the Washington Square transcript matched against Grant's Tomb yielded a mean score p = 3.8 (a 3.8). Table 3 shows the detailed analysis for the Grant's Tomb experiment. For each of the 21 concepts (all that were found) we display a summary of the con- cept, the target correspondence and its related score, and the correspondence with the control target, Washington Square, and its related score. Table 4 shows the same data for the Washington Square site and its control target, Grant's Tomb. The combined score for the direct matches is 4 6.6 (a = 5.1), and for the cross matches is p = 3.7 (cr = 5.7)y where the means are calculated by direct average and the standard deviations are computed from the square root of the sum of squares of the deviations from the mean scores. The difference in the means, although not definitive in a statistical sense (be- cause of the large spread) is consistent with earlier qualitative assessments of transcript accuracy of over 50 transcripts. From these means we would estimate that approximately 66% of this one subject's response constitutes an accurate description of the target site, whereas if the data are matched against other target sites, only 37% of the response would typically apply. e22C Approved For Release 2001/03/2 . IA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Grant's: Tomb Target in Now York City Approved For Release4Q01/03/26 : CIA-RDP96-00787RQW200080055-4 <- TYPE I (MSi,-. Is 1678 CHARS) DATE: 2 JUL 1976 1126-PDT. FRom: TARG SUBJECT: S7s,REPORT To. T R RG RUSSEL - I THOUGHT OF A HIGH PLACE WITH A VIEW - DETAILS INCLUDED 3 NIN BEFORE V IEWING I SAI.tl A TREE ON YOUR LEFT IN R BRICK PLAZA - IT SEEMED TO BE IN FRONT OF H WRONG BUTTON - BUILIDING YOU WERE ENTERING - YOU WAITED FIS. IF FOR AN ELEVATOR AND READ SOMETHING ON THE 41ALL 'YOU CAME OUT .',OFF THE ELEVATOR.'." AND THERE I,.IAS A ROOM ON ",'OUR LEFT WITH A VIEW - I COULD Nor CLEARLY IDENTIFY THE ACTIVITY - A RESTAURANT 7 A MUSEUM? ABOOKSTORE-f YOU LOOKED FIT A:SOMETHING A CARVING OR MENU OR DIRECTIONS ON A POST BEFORE ENTERING - FROM THE ROOM I THOUGHT THERE WAS A VIEW OF A HARBOR OR WATER ABOUT 1/3 OF THE FRANME - AT ONE TIME I HAD THE FEELING THAT 'YOU WERE LOOKING AT COINS IN THE PALM OF YOUR HAND - MA)'BE GIVING SOME TO NICKY - WHICH WERE THEN PUT IN A `3LOT - JUKEBOX? PINBALL?- AL@-.'O THE SUFFICE IAITH SOMETHING VERTICAL ABOVE - SOMETHING REFLECTING METAL PIPEX OF AN ORGAN (THE ONE I DIDN"I VIEW LAST TIME ) OR OF BOTTLRES AGAINST A MIRROR - SOMETHING REFLECTING - THEN DAVID ,---.:NAPPED HIS FINGERS - I SAW A BASKETBALL" VERY CLEAR TACTILE SENSATION FRON A SOMEWHAT TEXTURED GLOBE - FILS05 ON ANOTHER SNAP - THE COLOR RED NOT SHARPLY DEFINED - LIQUID OR FLOWING MATERIAL OR NICKY RACING AROUND IN A RED SHOIRT ANOTHER SNAP AND D ASKED FOR THE NAME OF THE PLAVCE - I IAAS THINKING "PAR" BUT I THREW THAT OUT AS OLD FIND SAW THE LETTERS "CH" WHICH I COMPLETED AS "CHILE" OF' "CHILI" -- ALS:0 ANOTHER SNAP AND THE NAME OF THE THIRRD PERSON - JCE JOHN OR GERRY - IS IT GARY? - ARUSSELL 1 S THAT YOU-1HIF THAT I-) A S S7 AND WE WERE IN T HE "MSG" -STILL., I THINK THAT IT MAY ABORT! FIGURE 3 COMPUTER FILE PRINTOUT. CALIFORNIA-NEW YORK LONG DISTANCE REMOTE VIEWING. TARGET: GRANT'S TOMB (NYC). Although crude, this subjective analysis serves as 'a first step in suggesting a method for further single transcript analysis. New York City to Ohio (Ohio Caves) A third long-distance remote-viewing experiment was carried out under the control of an independent, skeptical scientist. In this case, both SRI experi- menters, while visiting in Ohio, agreed to take part in a remote-viewing experiment in which our host would select the target. of rooms lined with calcite stalactites and stalag- mites, frosty white and beige crystals formed like icicles. The entire cavern is illuminated by small electric light bulbs attached to the walls. After a 45-minute walk, we exited the caves through a large metal door giving access to a square cross-sectional shaft with stairs leading to the surface. Following the experimental period, the scientist observer called the subject in New York, 45 minutes after we left the caves. The opening statements of the subjeetts transcript as dictated over the phone and posted to the SRI experimenters is as follows: Under the observation of our chailenger, we tele- phoned Subject S4 in New York City and obtained the subject's agreement to participate in a long-distance remote viewing experiment. The subject was told only that we were located somewhere between New York City and our California laboratory and that shortly we would be taken to a target that we would like to have described. The time for the experiment was set for 2:00 PM EDT. We also agreed to call again at 3:00 PM. EDT to obtain Subject S41s impressions and to provide feedback as to the actual target. The scientist took us directly to the Ohio Caverns at Springfield, Ohio, which he had chosen as the target location (see Figure 6). We entered the grounds through an entrance arch that opens onto an enormous expanse of lawn, perhaps 20 acres, The caves are located at a depth of Ftd 150 ft and are entered through a small building having a long flight of steep stairs. Once underground, we walked through a maze of rock-lined tunnels that lead eventually into a series "1:50 PM before starting--Flat semi-industrial countryside with mountain range in background and something to do with underground caves or mines or deep shafts--half man made, half natural--some electric humming going on-- throbbing, inner throbbing. Nuclear or some very far out and possibly secret installation-- corridor--mazes of them--whole underground city almost--Don't like it at all-long for outdoors and nature. 2;00 PM--(Experimenters) R and H walking along sunny road--entering into arbor- like shaft--again looks like man helped nature--vines (wisteria) growing in arch at entrance like to a wine cellar--leading into underground world. Darker earth-smelling cool moist passage with something grey and of interest on left of them--musty--sudden change to bank of elevators--a very man-made steel wall--and shaft-like inverted silo going deep below earth--brightly ut...." 523 Approved For Release 2001/03/26 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved Fo Oftlease 2001/03/26 CIA-RDP90%-0787ROO0200080055-4 CAR- Subject's Perception was of a "Cement Depression as if a Dry Fountain with a Cement Post in the Center -or Inside." FIGURE 4 COAST-TO-COAST REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENT WITH TARGET AT WASHINGTON SQUARE IN NEW YORK CITY 6 JUL-; J:a*4.z-PDT T *ROM AR9, S Siric U To@ _7__S_,1_AR9P[WT. PART, 2 NYC EXP IMAOE I GOT, AT AB13UT THE FIRST' MINUTE WAS 'EIF 14 CEMENT ,'-,I).EPRES&I13P14 _ A$ IF",R DRY FOU@'RTAIN --I WITH A CEMEMT POST IN T14E @-CENTER CW1INS'TDE':.. -fNERE. SEEMED TO A PIGEONS OFF TO THE P-16HTR ;'FLYING AROJHDTHE SURFACE 12UT 13F THE DEPRESSIOh. THEM I SAW AS IF IFIF DISTF04CE A REAL" STA-DiUM WITH GRASS IN THE ! GE9,WERE RROW tENTER 'AND PERHAPS STADtUf4LIGHTS. ' -11THER IMS :,OF HOUSES/RPICkEt r FEIA,4CE,-' ,SOME VERTICAL UNiTt WITH iAGr.ED TOPS. THEN A FLUTEDeGROOVED'' Y'E'RTICAL C-OLUMH, BUT r COULDN'T StfnE 'WAHT IT M R@LATED M). @ FIGRI-14 Y13U WERE IIH A DEPRE-StED AREA WITH I AS :,CEMENT SIDES, LOOKIH6 OUT ONTO THE SURFACE CRJTSI.DE.- THE CEMEMT $IDES ARE NOT MAIGHTP BUT SLCPINGP ALMOST S-SHAPRD. ALSO.A. -tLtAk FEE IN6 OF THE HEAVY F. WORN METAL BAR 13H THE T13P -OF L i_TYPICAL NYC OR ANYCITY FENCES. T14EOE DI-DWT, SEE@ T13 AE. ANYTHIM6. .RRRLLY SPECIAL INSIDE P JUST A SEPARATI1* BETWEE11 TEWC twti @JIMILAR AREAS., AT 13ME POINT, I THOUGHT Y13U wERE'UPENING. R "', CELLOPHANE DR& AND LATER L SENSE]) Y13U,'FEEDIk PCIPCOR" - TO I-GEONS . THERE "S ALSO - A RECTANGULAR WMD04 FRAME A Ad I mIPW FR`RMEP BUT' I WASN/T SURE IF It WAS ON A' BOILDINGY. OR A , SIMILAR STRUCTURE WITH A DIFFERENT PURPOSE., @ ALL IN ALLP 1 THOUGHT WERE th RIVERSIDE PARK HEAR A TRACW'RHTJ PLAY -AREAv, ZCCASIONALLY'LOOKING UP AT THE "ROCK AND LERF".CLIFFS LEADING THE DRIVE. AFTER I HAD THOUGHT THAT AHD.FIT'IT IN T WITH,,THE IMAGES RECEIVED SO FAR, JT KIND 13F STUeK, FIND I 'POSSIBLY GENERPTED MORE PARK SCEHES@ T14E STADIUM /FOUN ITRIN IMAGES. WERE THE FIRST AND THUS THt LERST BJIRSEP !AS TO PARK MEMORIES... (I SURE b13 LIKR THE TLELETYPE. IT CAN BECEM @OBSESSIVE FASTIMEP I SEE). THmT wfts% mEssnGE 6 FIGURE 5 COMPUTER FILE PRINTOUT. CALIFORNIA-NEW YORK LONG DISTANCE REMOTE VIEWING. TARGET: WASHINGTON SQUARE (NYC). Approved For Release 20011031266!4CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved For ReleaseQP01/03/26 CIA-RDP96-00787RQgO2OOO8OO55-4 FIGURE 6 OHIO CAVES: DESCRIBED BY SUBJECT IN NEW YORK AS, "UNDERGROUND CAVES OR MINES.... DEEP SHAFTS.... DARKER, COOL, MOIST EARTH-SMELLING PASSAGES." Subject S4 concludes with 11 1 see a lot of gold and metal and silver-gold glow all over--not much sound--very silent factory--scary--few people--very special." As if often the case, one observes that the basic gestalt of the target site is cognized and even ex- perienced--e.g., the underground caves aspect, while specifics are misinterpreted--e.g., the labeling of the location as a nuclear installation. A second subject (S8) working by himself at SRI, who had agreed in advance to participate in the same experiment by date and time, was less successful with the cavern target. This subject erroneously interpreted early impressions as associated with a museum. As a result the majority of his transcript, although con- taining some correct elements, reflects primarily an incorrect analytical interpretation and cannot be said to constitute evidence for paranormal functioning. New Orleans to Palo Alto (Northern California Bank Plaza) Two experiments carried out between New Orleans and Menlo Park, California, constitute the final tests of the long-distance series, five experiments of which have been completed to date (all reported here). These last two were carried out with the two subjects who had participated in the first two California-to-New York experiments. The first experiment in this series involved Subject S7 in New Orleans viewing activities of a group of three people known to the subject, at a location in a Palo Alto/Menlo Park area 2000 miles away. The sub- ject's principal impression was of an "overhang of a building over their heads.. also a round gold rim around a sunken depression . The target, a bank build ing is shown in Figure 7. Principal features of the target include a dramatic building overhang, and a rec- tangular concrete depression with a fountain in which the water comes out of a circular gold rim. The sub- ject also reported "some kind of fake china flowers mushrooming out of the depression." There were four orange lamps mounted on the gold rim. Finally, S7 reported "there was a projectile coming toward (one of the outbound experimenters). Like a ball or frisbee, as if (another experimenter) has tossed him a ball." Actually the experimenters had found a paper airplane lying on the ground and had thrown it back and forth several times. In fact, the photo of the site taken at the time of the experiment shows the airplane between them. This is one of the few times that a remote view- ing subject has perceived rapid motion at the target site. Table 3 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE GRANT'S TOMB TRANSCRIPT Subject's DescriptionCorrespondence Cross-Correspondence (Quotes) (0-10) to Washington Square (0-10) 1. 1 thought of a high Bluff overlooking10 Standing in R 0 place with a view river depression 2. 1 saw a tree on yourLots of trees 10 Nearby trees a left 3. In a brick plaza Plaza looks like8 Plaza looks like8 brick brick 4. Building you were Entered tomb 10 No buildings 0 entering building 5. Read something on Read informative10 No walls, no 0 the wall plaque reading 6. Came off the elevatorNo elevator 0 No elevator 0 I. A restaurant? None 0 None 0 S. A museum? It is a museum 10 None 0 9. A bookstore? Books and cards 10 None 0 are sold 10.A carving, menu or Bronze plaque 8 None 0 directions on a at entry post 11.The room has a view Room looks down No room 0 on tombs thirty feet below 7 12.View of harbor or View of river 9 Large operating 9 water fountain 13.Coins in your hand Used to buy cards10 Used to buy ice 10 eream 14.Gave some coins to He bought cards 10 Doesn't apply Nicky (son)* 15.Nicky put them into No slot 0 Doesn't apply a slot 16.Reflecting metal Could be columns6 Aletal pipes 6 pipes in fountain 37.Bottles against a None 0 None 0 mirror 18.Something reflectingMarble and glass6 Water in fountain6 doors 19.Basketball or texturedNone 0 Glass globes 8 globe around fountain 20.Nicky in rod shirt Correct 10 Doesn't apply 21.Liquid or flowing None 0 Water in fountain10 material Mean Subject knew Nicky was in Now York with experimenter. Approved For Release 2001/03/26 MA-RDP96-00787R000200080055-4 Approved For0l%lease 2001/03/26 : CIA-RDP96%,0787ROO0200080055-4 Table 4 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE WASHINGTON SQUARE TRANSCRIPT Subject DescriptionCorrespondences Cross-Correspondence (Quotes) (0-10) to Grant's Tomb (0-10) 1.Cement depression We were in a cement10 Tombs are in marble10 depression depression 2.A dry fountain Operating fountain 8 None 0 3.Cement post in the Cement post plus 7 Tombs in center 2 center large pipe 4.Pigeons off to the Pigeons were in 8 No pigeons 0 right the park nearby 5.Stadium with grass Scale factor 3 Scale factor 3 and lights 6.Rows of h@uses, Houses with iron 9 None 0 picket fence fences 7.Vertical units withArch supports perhaps3 Columns in front 10 jagged tops of building 8.Fluted grooved whiteSide of arch supports6 Columns in front 10 columns of building 9.You are in depressedExactly 10 Tomb is in a depressed3 area with area cement sides 10.Sides are;:sloping Exactly 10 Somewhat curved 3 almost S- at top shaped : 11.Heavy worr:L metal Copper posts in 7 Marble railing 3 fountain 12.A separation betweenIn and out of fountain6 Above and below 7 two in tomb area different : :areas 13.You were 6pening Yes 10 No 0 a cellophane bag 14.You were feeding Others were 3 No pigeons 0 popcorn to pigeons 15.RectanguIA:r woodenCould be the arch 5 Rectangular building3 frame ... on a building 16.Riverside;park, Play area nearby 3 Tomb is in Riverside7 tracks and play Park area I Mean 6.8 Mean Menlo Park to New Orleans (Louisiana Superdame) For the fin al experiment (subject in Menlo Park) it was agreed thatlat 1200 CST on a particular day, the outbound experi@ 'enter would choose a target location in his city by random protocol and remain there for the required 15 minutes. During this time, Subject S8 in Menlo Park would tape-record impressions and make any drawings that s6 :emed appropriate. (The DARPA net was nct available bi@cause of computer net malfunction.) The target-chosen by randomized entry into a New Orleans guide book list was the Louisiana Superdome. The outbound exlJerimenter tape-recorded the following description as 4e looked at the building: "It is a bright sunshiny-day. In front of me is a huge silvery building with a':white dome gleaming in the sun. It is a circular building with metal sides. It looks like nothing so much!as a flying saucer. The target is in fact the 80,0001'seat Louisiana Superdome stadium." The subject in Menlo Park described the target as "a large cir4@ular building with a white dome." The subject also expressed feelings of wanting to reject what he saw be4use the dome looked "like a flying saucer in the middle of a city .11 Some appreciation for this perceptionican be obtained from Figure 8 in which the target is s4own, together with the sketches that the subject made. Taken overall, the results obtained in these five long-distance re ;@note-viewing experiments are of roughly the same accuracy with regard to site description as appears at this point that there is little, if any, degradation in quality of perception as the subject- target distance is increased from a few miles to trans- continental distances. The results obtained on the basis of viewing a New York site from SRI in Menlo Park, California, three thousand miles away, for example, are similar to those obtained in local remote-viewing ex- periments. Any theory of paranormal functioning put forward at this time should take this insensitivity to distance into account, and any application of para- normal functioning need not, to first order, consider distance as a barrier, at least to the range examined. CONCLUSIONS In this paper we have described our investigations into aspects of human perception that appear to fall outside the range of well-understood perceptual/pro- cessing capabilities. Specifically, we have examined a phenomenon we call "remote viewing," the ability of certain individuals to access and describe, by mental processes, remote geographical sites blocked from ordinary perception by reason of distance and shielding. In a series of experiments extending up to 5000 km, we have not observed any degradation in accuracy or resolution as a function of increasing distance. Fur- thermore, some real-time tracking of the activities of individuals at the target site has been accomplished over these distances. Although the information channel is imperfect, the data generated by the remote viewing process exceeds any reasonable bounds of chance correlation. those obtained i:n local remote-viewing experiments. The descriptionanot only contain correct information In the spirit of the dictum of physicist Richard P. beyond that expe !@ted by chance, but also show remark- Feynman that experimentation in difficult and contro- able detail and resolution. Furthermorej real-time versial areas should be exhaustively self-criticized, activities are observed and correctly described in a we list below the potential criticisms of our experi- number of instances. Although extensive data must be mentation, along with a discussion of each point: taken before a final conclusion can be reached, it criticism (C) and rebuttal (R). Approved For Release 2001/03/26t2CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved For Release4901/03/26 : CIA-RDP96-00787R-P40200080055-4 @qf J V, @S FIGURE 7 REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENTNEW ORLEANS TO PALO ALTO, 30 OCTOBER 1976. SUBJECT DESCRIBED: "THE OVERHANG or A BUILDING OVER THEIR HEADS," ALSO "A ROUND GOLD RIM AROUND A SUNKEN DEPRESSION .. .... .. IN THE SURFACE OF THE DEPRESSION THERE IS SOME KIND OF FAKE CHINA FLOWERS. IT'S LIKE A BONSAI TREE MUSHROOMING OUT OF THE SURFACE." LATER IN THE TRANSCRIPT THE SUBJECT SAID "THERE WAS A PROJECTILE COMING TOWARD ONE OF THE OUTBOUND EXPERIMENTERS. SOM E KIND OF A PROJECTILE, LIKE A BALL OR FRISBEE. AS IF ANOTHER EXPERI MENTER TOSSED HIM A BALL." (IT WAS A PAPER AIRPLANE.) Experiment Selection: contact with a judge is aware of the target- list/subject-output correspondence. For Cl: The experiments discussed example, judges are not taken to could be selected target sites out of a larger pool of experimentsby a knowledgeable person, but rather of which proceed many are of poorer quality. to the target sites, unaccompanied, on the RI: Selection of experiments basis of written instructions generated for reporting does with- not take place; every experimentout knowledge of subject output. is entered as performed on a master log and is included in the statistical evaluations. Educated Guess: Data Selection: C4: A subject may be able to guess as to which sites in a given area are likely to be chosen as targets, and may have familiarized C2: Data for the reported experimentshimself could be with the locations. edited to show only the matching elements, the nonmatching elements being discarded.R4: In the statistical judging procedure used, no R2: Data associated with a givenadvantage could be gained even if experiment remain a subject unedited; all experiments are were to be given a list of possible tape recorded target and all data (tape transcripts, sites beforehand and encouraged to drawings, familiarize clay models) are included uneditedhimself with the locations. Even in the data in such an package to be judged and evaluated.extreme hypothetical case (no such procedure was ever used) where a subject could not help but render a set of perfect descriptions Cueing: of target sites, he still has the basic statis- tical problem of generating blind C3: The study could involve naivet6the correct in protocol target/description pair sequence that permits various forms of upon which cueing in- , the statistical evaluation is based. tentional or unintentional. R3: The use of double-blind protocolsTarget Limitations: ensures that none of the persons in contact with the subject is aware of either the C5: If a subject is given feedback particular after an ex- target or target pool; similarly,periment that today's target was no one in a fountain, Approved For Release 2001/03/26 :sVIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Circular Fountain in Concrete Depression Approved For4telease 2001/03/26 : CIA-RDP9 ft-787ROO0200080055-4 /P A-4 C-@ FIGURE 8 LONG DISTANCE REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENT - SRI, MENLO PARK, TO LOUISIANA SUPERDOME. SUBJECT DESCRIBED LARGE CIRCULAR BUILDING WITH A WHITE DOME. 31 OCTOBER 1976. he knows,that the following target is unlikely to be a fountain, since targets are chosen for unique d4fferentiable qualities. R5: The target pool is use (> 100 target sites) containsliseveral fountains, several buildings, several @arks, etc., and therefore the content of a givon target, determined by random entry into theiitarget pool, is essentially indepen- dent of the contents of other targets. Transcript Gefierality: I C6: Transcri@ts generated by subjects are so general to match anything. ("Sky is blue, grass isigreen. R6: Judging protocol involves differential match- ing. Th4refore, true but general @T-atements do not holp a judge to preferentially assign a transciipt to one site as opposed to another.: "Read-In" Mato@hes: C7: Given a transcript and a target, a judge can "read in" matches. Inadequate Handling of Judging Materials: C8: Preparation of Judging materials (transcript typing) may provide opportunity for a "leak, or perhaps degradation of typing ribbon may provide artifactual information as to order of experiments. R8: Transcript typing is carried out in a random order by individuals kept blind to the key; one-time ribbons are used. Post Hoc Photography: C9: Photographs used to illustrate remote view- ing results are taken after completion of the experiments, and therefore suffer from the fallacy of post hoe matching. R9: All blind Judging, matching@ and statistical evaluation of the results (which is where the scientific issues are decided) are com- pleted before photographs are taken; judges do not have access to photographs during their analysis, and therefore judges cannot be cued into correspondences observed post hoe. R7: Differential matching on a blind basis allows matches to @e "read in" equ@a`lly for non-cor- respondi#g as well as corresponding target/ transcript pairs, and therefore provides no differential advantage. In short, at all times, we and others responsible for the overall program took measures to prevent sen- sory leakage and subliminal cueing and to prevent deception, whether intentional or unintentional. To ensure evaluations independent of belief structures of both experimenters and judges, all experiments were carried out under a protocol in which target selection Approved For Release 2001/03/2rkd CIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved For Release-,WO1/03/26 : CIA-RDP96-00787RQW200080055-4 at the beginning of experiments and blind judging of 7. R.W. Sperry, "Cerebral organization and behaviorp" results at the end of experiments were handled indepen- Science, vol. 133, pp. 1749-1757, 1961. dently of the researchers engaged in carrying out the experiments. In five years of self- and other-criti- S. I.M. Kogan, "Is telepathy possible?," Radio Eng.p cism, we have not found a way to fault either the ex- vol. 21, p. 75, January 1966. perimental protocols or the conclusions derived there- 9. 11 Telepathy, hypotheses and observations," from. Radio Eng., vol. 22, p. 141p January 1967. Furthermore, since the initial publication of our investigations of this remarkable phenomenon,1,2 in- dependent successful replication experiments have been performed in other laboratories as well.14-19 Therefore, the phenomenon does not appear to depend on specific personality/environment configurations. We are thus led to conclude that remote viewing constitutes a ro- bust phenomenon whereby subjects are able to describe in words and drawings, to a degree exceeding any reasonable bounds of chance correlation, both the location and actions of experimenters placed at undis- closed sites at varying separations from the subjects up to transcontinental distances. REFERENCES 1. Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff, "Information transfer under conditions of sensory shielding," Nature vol. 252, pp. 602-607, October 18, 1974. 2. Harold Puthoff and Russell Targ, "A Perceptual channel for information transfer over kilometer distances: Historical perspective and recent research," Proc. IEEE vol. 64, pp. 329-354, March 1976. 3. Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff, Mind-Reach. New York: Delacorte Press, 1977. 4. Harold Puthoff and Russell Targ, "Direct Percep- tion of Remote Geographical Locations," Proc. IEEE Electro/77 Special Session on The State of the Art in Psychic Research New York, N.Y., April 19-21, 1977. 5. J. Ehrenwald, "Cerebral localization and the psi syndrome," J. of Nervous and Mental Disease vol. 161, No. 6, pp. 393-398. 6. R. Ornstein, The nature of human consciousness. San Francisco, CA: Freeman, 1973, Ch. 7 and 8. 10. ; 11 Information theory analysis of telepathic communication experiments," Radio Eng., vol. 23, p. 122, March 1968. 11. 1 11 The information theory aspect of telep- athy, 11 RAND Publ. P-4145, Santa Monica, CA, July 1969. 12. M.A. Persinger, "Geophysical models for parapsy- chological experiences," Psychoenergetic Systems vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 63-74; 1975. 11 13. The paranormal--P. II: Mechanisms and models," M.S.S. Information Corp., New York, 1974. 14. Arthur Hastings and David Hurt, "A confirmatory remote viewing in a group setting," Proc. IEEE, vol. 64, October 1976. 15. Thomas Whitson David Bogart, John Palmer, and Charles Tart, ?I Preliminary experiments in group remote viewing," Proc. IEEE vol. 64, October 1976. 16. Jacques Vallee, Arthur Hastings, and Gerald Askevold, "Remote viewing experiments through compu ter conferencing," Proc. IEEE vol. 64, October 1976. 17. J.P. Bisaha and B.J. Dunne, Precognitive remote viewing in the Chicago area, a replication of the Stanford experiment," Research in Parapsy- chology 1976. Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press Inc., 1977. 18. B.J. Dunne and J. Bisaha, "Multiple Channels in Precognitive Remote Viewing," Research in Para- psychology 1977. Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press Inc. (in press). 19. J.P. Bisaha and B.J. Dunne, "Multiple Subject and Long Distant Precognitive Remote Viewing of Geo- graphical Locations," Proc. IEEE 1977 Internation- al Conference on Cybernetics and Society, Washington, D.C., September 19-21, 1977. r Approved For Release 2001/03/26 :C";IA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved FoO%elease 2001/03/26 : CIA-RDP9ft- 0787ROO0200080055-4 SOME COMMENTS ON THE SUBJECTIVE NATURE OF PSYCHIC RESEARCH, THE SUBJECT_EXPERIMENTER RELATIONSHIP AND THE PSYCHIC TYPE OF PERSONALITY Ingo Swann, Consultant Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California 94025 ABSTRACT Successful psychic research subjects are seldom asked to estimate' or elaborate upon their personal con- tact with psychib abilities. The emergent field of parapsychology is thereby weighted heavily with the opinions, hypoth;ses and selective areas of interest of researchers. Therefore, the field is deficient in in- formation that might lead to the establishment of novel hypotheses incorporating subjective inputs from psychic subjects. This condition has probably not been favor- able to the establishment of a holistic view of para- psychological potential. It has created an unreal formal division @etween psychic abilities and experi- menter, perpetuated difficulties in the subject-experi- menter relation4ip, and delayed an understanding of the psychic-type1of personality. These difficulties are real, and ar: Preflected in the literature, which is reviewed. community. The scientific community, as a suprasocial order, has very low tolerance for the parapsychological community, since the base hypotheses of the two are in extreme disagreement. THE "UNOFFICIAL" PARAPSYCHOLOGICAL COMMUNITY AS AN UNTAPPED SOURCE OF ADVANCEMENT The unofficial community, therefore, has no direct route into scientific consideration, since it is not incorporated into official status, which in turn is re- jected for the most part by the suprasocial order. Because of this, the unofficial sources might be thought of as an uninspected source of advancement for the future, and the author feels that the granting of re- newed interest in a novel cooperation of the official and unofficial parapsychological communities is now in order, especially in view of the emerging clues con- cerning Soviet advances in psychotronics. INTRODUCTION The followi 1hg brief paper represents not so much a critical assesOment of certain areas of parapsychol- ogy, but a tenta@tive description of some work to be dorle in the futul@re. It is based partly on the author's extensive participation as a parapsychology research subject in some seventeen separate research situations over the past six-year period, and partly on studies of official and unofficial parapsychological literature. Essentially up to the present, parapsychology in the United State's exhibits characteristics associated with a closed intrasociety. New members find entrance into it difficult; it possesses a hierarchy of in- fluence; it has 'a low toleration for unusual and ex- traordinary hypotheses; and it tends to depersonalize its topic--psych .ic abilitios--from human attribute to impersonal empiricism. It possesses a literature in the form of journals, and is hereafter referred to as official." There exists also a vast amount of "unofficial" literature in the form of biographies, records of un- usual "psychic"'material, and anthologies of mixed official and un6 ,fficial content. It has been the experience of the author that psychic subjects 1are confined to unofficial status, and are seldom,'if ever, invited into or obtain mem- bership within the official community. This condition is, of course, not unusual in the mental sciences, and presently is sho:wing some signs of change. In the past, though, t@is political divisiveness has led to many impasses i@ the emergent understanding of para- normal aptitudes ;, and many of these impasses are per- petuated by theldominant attitudes and personalities of official sta@us. The officia .1 community can be criticized, as has already been don:;e in many instances, of failing in achievement, and this criticism is likely to increase as the advances.of the Soviets continue to come to light presently. The author believes th at this criti- cism is justifio ;din some part, but failure of Para- psychologists i@ not total, nor does it originate totally within t 'he official parapsychological com- munity itself. :The official parapsychological com- munity suffers from strong constraints that originate within the disbelief systems of the broader scientific THREE MAJOR AREAS WHERE OFFICIAL AND UNOFFICIAL STATUS CAN AND DO MELD pear to be three major areas (at least) There ap where official and unofficial characteristics either meld or conflict, depending upon the individuals in- volved. Of these three, the extraordinary difficulties found in the subject-experimenter relationship is the most obvious, as well as the most documented. Second, the official community, it might be as- sumed, would be interested in identifying the psychic- type of personality, but interest in this topic has been sporadic, and stronger some twenty years ago than it is at the present. The identification of the psy- chic-type of personality would necessitate larger and increased inputs by those personalities themselves, creating a bridge (if even tentative) between official methodologies and unofficial content. Third, there exists a vast and unexplored area of subjective or qualitative information that has hardly ever been solicited by the official community from its psychic subjects, nor, frankly, tolerated by the major- ity of its present or historical personalities. The present author views this situation as unfortunate in the extreme, since the United States has possessed many gifted and creative psychics. These three areas might be seen by contemporary parapsychologists and future comers to be of high interest if not of high priority, and each area possi- bly represents a discrete area of inquiry concerning the nature of psychic potential. The Subject-Experimenter Relationship It has been apparent in Psychical research for quite some time that psychic subject relationships with experimenters constitute a special field of inquiry in parapsychology, and perhaps a special problem to science in general. It is understood, in science as a whole, that sub- ject-experimenter relationships often suffe2r*from standard pitfalls and experimenter effects. In para- psychology, however, this situation takes on extra- ordinary importance. In sociology and psychology, for 7See bibA4109-yed For Release 2001/03/26~ICIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved For Release QX1103126 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROV2OOO8OO55-4 example, subject-experimenter relationships may suffer merely from bias originating in the experimenter's school of thought, or from within the experimenter's hypothesis which he is testing. When this is so, the experimenter may eventually overcome the difficulties if and when he is willing to go beyond his schooling and favorite hypothesis. In psychic research, however, accumulating evi- dence indicates that the subject-experimenter rela- tionship is of extraordinary, if not basic, importance; and that the subject-experimenter relationship is possessed of problems that involve the experimenter's own psychic potential and hence are amazing in their complexity and stunning for their magnitude. At this present stage in psychic research, the situation is cogently identified by what appears to be a paradox: some experimenters seem to achieve comfir- mative results in their experimentation, while others do not, and in fact, seem to disrupt chance expecta- tion in their experiments towards an unexpected, un- explained negative statistic. In some cases, failure of the experiment can be explained by lack of psychic ability in the subject,, experiment incompatibility, and experiment deficiency, and standard experimenter bias and ineptitude. Often, however, when these factors are corrected, the subject- experimenter relationship still fails to produce results. Past inspection of -this situation suggests that there are several factors not usually found in other disciplines that enter into parapsychological experi- mentation. An understanding of these factors seems paramount if Psychical research achievement is to be seriously envisioned. As early as 1938, 33 it was discovered that in independent research projects whose conditions and goals were closely parallel, highly significant're- sults were obtained in one case while in another, only chance results were found. It was felt then that the possible cause of this discrepancy was due to dif- ferences in the experimental approach and the handling of the subjects. A joint experiment was made to determine if such was the case, and it was concluded that "failure to find evidence of ESP in card tests may be due to an unfavorable experimenter-subject relationship." During 1943 to 194538,39 it was confirmed that an individual's personal belief system concerning the existence of and possibilities in ESP influenced not only successful results in subjects, but also the ex- perimenter's attitude and approach to ESP experiments. A negative belief depressed results while a positive belief contributed to successful experimental outcomes. Schmoidler labeled the non-believers "goats" and the believers "sheep." In parapsychology, therefore, the peculiar psychology of the experimenter becomes of as great an interest as is the psychology of the psychic subject. A survey of the parapsychological literature, how- ever, indicates a deficit of inquiry concerning the psychologies of parapsychologistsy and no reports are available revealing the psychological profiles of ex- perimenters who have obtained positive results and experimenters who have obtained negative results. It seems obvious, therefore, that in future meth- odologies that isolate a more exact image of the ideal experimenter in his or her own psychic poise will take on as much importance as probing into the insights and talents of psychic subjects. A recent assessment of this situation52 deliberates this situation and estab- lishes the probable truth that a psychic experiment can no longer be considered apart from its overall context, environment, participants and sociological expectations. Is There a Psychic-Type of Personality? There has been, within the official literature, some effort to determine the characteristics of the psychic-type of personality, For the most part, this effort has been sporadic, falling victim, the author feels, to the exclusion principles operating in the official community. Identification of the psychic-type certainly has not received overwhelming attention, nor does this category of parapsychological work appear to have other than a low priority. Evidence exists, however, that there is a psychic- type of personality, or at least a type of subject personality that is most likely to be successful in ex- periments. It is to be understood that this type might be very illusive in the experimental situation, since the experimental situation appears to respond and be influenced by other than subject willingness and abilities, as mentioned above. It might be expected that positive platforms in- volving incentives, vital interests, attitudes and expectations would contribute to successful outcomes in parapsychological testing, since these categories are seen to contribute to other areas of human endeavor. In 194353 it was found that experiments with incentives yielded significantly higher scores than tests without incentives. A moderate improvement in scoring was ob- tained merely by informing the subject of his result, while a significantly higher improvement accompanied the giving of a reward for high scores. Effect of attitudes was demonstrated in 1960,32 while, similarly, a high significance between interest of the subject in the task and his coring was estab- lished in 1967.5 In 1975 and 197649,50 it was found that those who expected psi hitting scored significantly higher above chance than those who expected not to be successful. This latter type of report echoes the implications of the sheep-goat phenomenon. Schmeidler's discovery of the sheep-goat effect probably constitutes one of parapsychology's most basic phenomenologies, indicating that one person's psychic gestalt (composed of learning, attitudes, preferences, bias, tolerance, expectations) somehow interacts with the psychic gestalt of others. In 19664 confirmatory sheep-goat experiments showed a highly significant relationship between belief and scoring in ESP tests. Thus, the basic opinion and psychological atti- tudes of the experimenter interact at some communal sub-awareness level with those of the subject, and tend to influence the visibility of ESP in the subject. In 1945 and 194812il3 attempts were made to dis- cover if ESP and IQ were possibly related, but it was found that if any there was only a small correlation between ESP performance and IQ. In 196510 it was established that the separation of ESP scores on the basis of IQ showed no relationship between intelligence and ESP, arid, in 195036 evidence was offered that mental health analysis did not prove to be a reliable basis for selecting good ESP subjects. In terms of IQ and mental health, therefore, psi performance is not necessarily predictable, any more than is genius and inventiveness predictable or measurable by IQ.lY9 Approved For Release 2001/03/26 : t!]A-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved Fo^1 elease 2001/03/26 CIA-RDP9$40787ROO0200080055-4 A search of the official parapsychological liter- ature reveals that it may be possible to isolate suc- cessful psi subjeots on the basis of extroversion, ex- pansiveness and world view. In 194647 it was found that high and low scores in ESP drawing tests were separable on the basis of the expansive or comptessive quality of subjects' drawings. Subjects who did Well in ESP tests tended to make ex- pansive drawings, while those who scored below chance expectations tended to produce compressive drawings. It was also found,that, given the Maslow Security- Insecurity Test, high ESP scores were obtained by the secure subjects, @nd low scores by the insecure subjects. This particular Indicator of ood ESP performance expectation was confirmed in 1973 ,93 where expansive subjects scored significantly higher in ESP than com- pressive subjects:(p < 0.05), these results being in- dicative of an interaction between extroversion and expansiveness. A consistency between high-scoring subjects and extrovert-introvert ratings was found in 1951.17 where 74% of extrovertsigave high ESP scores and 71% of the introverts gave lower scores than the expected average. The relationship (?f extroversion to ESP scoring was seen again in 1952 7 when, in telepathy tests, extro- vert; receivers scored positively while introvert receivers scored negatively. It was found in 197119 that; the difference between extroverts and introverts was significant iri every case, and that positive and negative characteristics could be established based upon extroversion::and introversion. Extroversion and ESP thus may be taken as a positive correlation.21 In 195444 it:was found that subjects who turned their aggression 6utward scored low in ESP tests as contrasted with si4bjects who did not, who scored sig- nificantly above 'hance, while it was shown in 196718 that subjects who,had a high degree of anxiety as measured by the Dq'fense Mechanism Test scored below chance and those *he had a low level of anxiety tended to score well above chance. determinants of both subject and researcher alike. As noted before, the official literature carries no reports on the mental makeup or subjective realities of experi- menters. The subjective realities of subjects, when written up, exists in the unofficial literature, which is diverse, cloudy and of a massiveness that is prohibi- tive to organized investigation, save in the presence of a large staff, adequate funding and computer storage and retrieval systems. This paper, in fact, constitutes a preliminary proposal for a project to collect, cate- gorize, test and evaluate the subjective realities of subjects and experimenters alike. The evidence in the official ifterature has led inexorably toward the illusive, intangible areas of the subjective; but this trend has been engaged only tenta- tively and only by select researchers (as listed in the bibliography). This typo of research--into the subjective--would necessarily begin with the disadvantage that the mental sciences hold the subjective to be at least irrelevant, if not irrational and characteristic of the "lunatic fringe." Notwithstanding, it seems appropriate, based upon the limited, but clear, evidence given here and found in the official literature, increasing excursions into the subjective seem recommended. In the author's opinion, the subjective realities of psi subjects possess at least three tangible quali- ties that cannot be avoided. First, the verifiable data that emerges out of a subjective attempt to view distant locations35 is seen to be remarkably accurate. There is hardly any other interpretation for this phenomenon, except to hypothe- size that there exist additional forms of human per- ception at the subjective levels, forms that have not yet been isolated fully, and whose structure is unknown at this point. But that that structure must exist, there can hardly be any doubt. Second, creative Individuals, psi subjects and parapsychological experimenter alike are seen to inter- act within hitherto unelaborated subjective constraints. In 1968 6 it Was established that those who tended to perceive the e:ternal world in a holistic manner x showed more evidence of ESP than those who tended to perceive the world in an analytical manner. The psychic-type of personality, therefore, is probably not isolatable by IQ determinants, and is divergent from standard mental testing processes, and in these contexts-in generally unknown. In his or her subjective qualities, however, the psychic-type of personality can b@ seen as a non-aggressive extrovert, who tends towards,holistic world views, and is capable of high interest,'both subjectively and empirically, in psi processes. Holistic world views are composed partly of em- pirical associations and experience; but there is a good deal of evidence suggesting that a world view may be composed of other and additional factors not asso- ciable to external realities as we presently understand them. These factOrs are, so far, to be considered as subjective in their nature, and gather increasing importance as evi4ence for them accumulates. And, third, successful ESP subjects appear to depend almost as heavily upon their subjective realities as they do upon objective experience. This allows them to create or participate in operant modes of conscious- ness that are alien to objective science alone and which are, for lack of a better term, almost solely subjective in their nature. There may be a fourth reason for engaging heavily in subjective research of the psychic. This paper is being prepared before the author can have sufficient access to information coming out of the Soviet Union as a result of the Toth detainment. What information is available, however, seriously substantiates that Soviet parapsychologists have intruded deeply into the sub- Jective possibilities of psychic potential, have iso- lated a certain amount of structure, and are expediting development of psi-mediated communication channels and lines of perception and influence at a distance. CONCLUSION It is the author's opinion that the subjective aspects of psychic research can no longer be avoided. The Subjective Nature of Psychic Research It has been his experience in active and extended para- psychological research that successful outcomes of ex- A tentative assessment of the future of psychic perimentation depend almost totally upon commensurate research (but an 4ssessment that the author does not subjective flexibilities, both in the subject and in the feel. too hasty or unwarranted) indicates that a great experimenter alike. This might also be extended to deal. of future parapsychological achievement in re- include individuals not directly associated with the search will rely Upon revealing the subjective experiment. Approved For Release 2001/03/263ACIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved For Release W01/03/26 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROW200080055-4 It seems apparent that the individual's subjective qualities might be static or frozen in many instances, but that the subjective qualities are none the less capable of swift flux, association and psychic concre- tizing. These subjective qualities might exist either as a gestalt or holistic psychological platform, but that, upon occasion, they can be convened with pre- cision capable of perceiving, identifying and communi- cating bits of information that flow into the analyti- cal capabilities of gifted psychics. These subjective qualities can, and do, interact with the psi-fields of others, and are influenced accordingly, depending upon the confidence and goals of the individuals involved. The tips of these subjective qualities can be seen in the official literature by the subject-experimenter paradox and in the personality characteristics (limited as they may so far have been established) of the psy- chic-type. The overall subjective implications can be seen, if one's belief system is permissive of novel and unique information, in the unofficial literature, and quite possibly in the Soviet approach to parapsychology and psychotronics. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Arieti, Silvano. Creativity, The Magic Synthesis, Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, New York, 1976. 2. Barber, T.X. "Pitfalls in Research-. Nine In vestigator and Experimental Effects," in R.M.W. Travers (Ed.), Second Handbook of Research and Teaching, Rand McNally, Chicago, 1973. 3. Bevan, J.M. 11 The Relation of Attitude to Success in ESP Scoring," J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 11, No. 4, December 1947. 4. Bhadra, B.H. "The Relationship of Test Scores to Belief in ESP," J. of ParaRsychology, Vol. 30, No. 1, March 1966. 5. Buzby, Dallas E. "Subject Attitude and Score Variance in ESP Tests," J. of Parapsychology, Vol, 31, No. 1, March 1967, 6. Buzby, Dallas E. "Precognition and Psychological Variables," J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 32, No. 1, March 1968. 7. Casper, George W. "Effect of the Receiver's Attitude Toward the Sender in ESP Tests," J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 16, No. 3, September 1952. 8. Crumbaugh, James C., "A Questionnaire Designed to Determine the Attitudes of Psychologists Toward the Field of Extrasensory Perception," J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 2, No, 4, December 1938. 9. Douglas, John H. "The Genius of Everyman (1). Discovering Creativity," Science News, Vol. 111, No. 17, April 1977. 10. Eason, M. Joan Clare and Boleslaw A. Wysocki. "Extrasensory Perception and Intelligence," J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 29, No. 2. June 1965. 11. Eilbert, Leo and G.R. Schmeidler. "A Study of Certain Psychological Factors in Relation to ESP Performance," J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1950. 12. Humphrey, Betty M. "ESP and Intelligence," J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 9. No. 1, March 1945. No. 3, September 1948. 14. Humphrey, Betty M. "The Relation of ESP to Mode of Drawing," J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 13, No. 11 March 1949 15. Humphrey, Betty M. "A New Scale for Separating High- and Low-Scoring Subjects," J. of Parapsycho- logy, Vol, 14, No. 1. March 1950. 16. Humphrey, Betty M. "ESP Score Level Predicted by a Combination of Measures of Personality," J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 14, No.; 3, September 1950. 17, Humphrey, Betty M. "Introversion-Extroversion Ratings in Relation to Scores in ESP Tests," J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 15, No. 4, December 1951. 18. Johnson, Martin and B.K. Kanthamani. "The Defense Mechanism Test as a Predictor of ESP Scoring Direction," J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 31, No. 2. January 1967. 19, Kanthamani, B.K., and Ramakrishna Rao. "Person- ality Characteristics of ESP Subjects: I. Primary Personality Characteristics and ESP," J. of Para- psychology, Vol. 35, No. 3, September 1971. 20. "11. The Combined Personality Measure (CPM and ESP)',' J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 36, No. 1, March 1972. 21. "Ill. Extraversion and ESP," J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 36, No. 3, September 1972. 22. 11 IV. Neuroticism and ESP," J. of Parapsychology,, Vol. 37, No. 1, March 1973. 23. 11 V. Graphic Expansiveness and ESP@" J, of @@arapsychology, Vol, 37, No. 2. June 1973. 24, Kellyt B.F., H, Kanthamani, I.L, Child, and F,W. Young. "On the Relation Between Visual and ESP Confusion Structures in an Exceptional ESP Sub- ject," J. of the American Society for Psychical Research, Vol. 69, No. 1, January 1975. 25. Kennedy, J,E., and Judith L. Taddonio. "Experi- menter Effects in Parapsychological Research," J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 40, No. 1, March 1976. 26. Kreitler, Hans and Shulamuth Kreitler. "Sub- liminal Perception and Extrasensory Perception," J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 37, No. 3, September 1973. 27. Kreitler, Hans and Shulamith Kreitler. "ESP and Cognition," J, of Parapsychology, Vol. 38, No. 3, September 1974. 28. McConnell, R.A. "The Motivations of Parapsycholo- gists," J. of the American Society for Psychical Research, Vol. 69, No. 3, July 1975. 29. Mihalaskyy J. and Douglas Dean. "Bio-Communica- tion," Conference Record, 1969 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Cat. No. 69C29-C5M--. 30. Mihalasky, John. How Extrasensory Perception Can Play a Role in Idea Generation, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Publication No, 72-DE-51 1972. 31. Moon, Marvin L. "Artists Contrasted with Non- 13. Humphrey, Betty M, "A Further Study of ESP and Artists Concerning Belief in ESP: A Poll," J. of Intelligence," J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 12, the American Society for Psychical Research, Vol. Approved For Release 2001103126 !WIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved Fo^elease 2001103/26 CIA-RDP9ft. 0787ROO0200080055-4 69, No. 2, April 1975. 32. Nash, Carroll B. "The Effect of Subject-Experi- menter Attitudes on Clairvoyance Scores , J. Of Parapsychology, Vol. 24, No. 3, September 1960. 33. Pratt, J.G. and Margaret M. Price. "The Experi- menter-Subject Relationship in Tests for ESP," J. of Parapsycholog , Vol. 21 No. 2, June 1938. 34. Price, Margaret M. and J.B. Rhine. "The Subject- Experimenter@Relation in the PK Test," J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 8@ No, 3, September 1944. 35. Puthoff, H.E. and Russell Targ, "A Perceptual Channel for @nformation Transfer over Kilometer Distances: Oistorical Perspective and Recent Research," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 64, No. 3, March 1976. 36. Rivers, Olivia B. "An Exploratory Study of the Mental Health and Intelligence of ESP Subjects," J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 14, No. 4, December 1950. 37. Ryzl, Milan and John Beloff. "Loss of Stability of ESP Perfo;rmance in a High-Scoring Subject," J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 29, No. 1, March 1965. 38. Schmeidler, G.R. "Predicting Good and Bad Scores in a Clairvoyance Experiment: A Preliminary Report," J. ;of the American Society for Psychical Research, Vol. 37, 1943. 39. Schmeidler,G.R. "Predicting Good and Bad Scores in a Clairvoyance Experiment: A Final Report," J. of the An@erican Society for Psychical Re- search, Vol., 39, No. 4, October 1945. 40. Schmeidler,.G.R. "Separating the Sheep from the Goats," J. of the American Society for Psychical Research, Vdl. 39, 1945. 41. Schmeidler,'G.R. "Progress Report on Further Sheep-Goat $eries," J. of the American Society for Psychical R44.search, Vol. 40, 1946. 42. Schmeidler, G.R. "Personality Correlates of ESP as Shown by IRorschach Studies," J. of Parapsycho- logy, Vol. 13, No. 1, March 1949. 43. Scbmeidler, G.P. 11 Rorschach and ESP Scores of Patients Suffering from Cerebral Concussion," J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 16, No. 2. June 1952. 44. Schmeidler , G.R. "Picture-Frustration Ratings and ESP Scores for Subjects who Showed Moderate Annoy- ance at the ESP Task," J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 18, No. 3, September 1954. 45. Schmeidler, G.R. "Agent-Percipient Relationships," J. of the American Society for Psychical Research Vol. 52, No. 2, April 1958. 46. Smith, Burke M. and Edmond P. Gibson. "Conditions Affecting ESP Performance," J. of Parapsycholog Vol. 5, No. 1, March 1941. 47. Smith, Burke M. and Betty M. Humphrey. "Some Per- sonality Characteristics Related to ESP Perfor- mances," J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 1946. 48. Stewart, C.E., Betty M. Humphrey, Burke M. Smith and Elizabeth McMahan. "Personality Measurements and ESP Tests with Cards and Drawings," J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 11, No. 2, June 1947. 49. Taddonio, Judith L. "Attitudes and Expectancies in ESP Scoring," J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 39, No. 4@ December 1975. 50. Taddonio, Judith L. "The Relationship of Experi- menter Expectancy to Performance on ESP Tasks," J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 40, No. 2, June 1976. 51. White, Rhea A. "The Influence of Persons Other Than the Experimenter on the Subject's Scores in Psi Experiments," J. of the American Society for Psychical Research, Vol. 70, No. 2, April 19T6_. 52. White, Rhea A. "The Limits of Experimenter In- fluence on Psi Test Results: Can Any be Set?," J. of the American Society for Psychical Research, Vol. 70, No. 4, October 1976. 53. Woodruff, J.L., and Gardner Murphy. "Effect of Incentives on ESP Visual Perception," J. of Para- psychology, Vol. 7, No. 3, September 1943. Approved For Release 2001/03/265~~IA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved For Release W01/03126: CIA-RDP96-00787ROQP200080055-4 EVIDENCE FOR DIRECT INTERACTION BETWEEN THE HUMAN MIND AND EXTERNAL QUANTUM PROCESSES HELICT SCHMIDT Mind Science Foundation, 102 W. Rector, San Antonio, Texas 78216 Summary - The reported experiments use electronic equipment to investigate some psychic phenomena which, during the last 100 years;have been reported by many researchers. In these experiments, human test sub- jects try either to predict the outcome of quantum jumps which, according to current theory should be unpredictable, or they try mentally to affect the outcome of these quantum processes. The experiments confirm the existence of an anomalous interaction be- tween the human mind and external quantum events, and draw attention to some of the unusual features of this interaction. INTRODUCTION In 1894, Sir Oliver Lodge 1 demonstrated the use- fulness of radio waves for information transmission but ten years earlier he had already participat- ed in experiments where messages were transmitted telepathically over large distances from one person, the "sender,' to another person, the "receiver". Today, more than 80 years later, we understand radio waves well, we have a theory in form of Max- well's Equations, and we have efficient electronic senders and receivers to make radio waves useful. The telepathy mechanism, however, is still obscure, we do not have a satisfactory theory and we have no electronic transmitters and receivers of telepathic signals. Nevertheless, the study of telepathy has already led to a series of quite unexpected discover- ies. It now appears that telepathy was just the tip of the iceberg, that it is closely related to a large family of psychic phenomena, or "psi effects", which challenge a basic tenet of our everyday and scien- tific thinking, the axiom of causality. The first indication that telepathy implies more than a "mental radio" came from the clairvoyance ex- periments of Charles Richet2, the famous physiologist. Richet shocked his collegues by demonstrating that the "telepathy mechanism" also worked without a human sender. In these experiments, a human receiver could successfully identify randomly selected distant pic- tures and playing cards which were not known to any- one. There were more surprising developments to come. Richet had already wondered whether clairvoyance could perhaps reach into the future, and later, J. B. Rhine3 reported that in large scale laboratory ex- periments, test subjects had indeed, successfully predicted the order in which the cards in a deck would appear after shuffling. Richet based his discussion of "precognition" on a deterministic world model in which the future could, in principle, be calculated from the present. Modern quantum theory on the other hand, suggests that the future is not completely determined by the past and that there are processes, the quantum jumps, which are, in principle, unpredictable. Therefore, the physicist's most basic question with regard to precognition is whether human subjects can predict the outcome of quantum processes, like radioactive decays. In the next section, I will report some ex- periments in this direction. PRECOGNITION OF QUANTUM PROCESSES For these experiments, I used a quantum mechan- ical random number generator4 which utilized the random timing of radioactive decays as it's basic source of randomness. A weak source of Strontium 90 was placed near a Geiger tube'so that decay parti- cles were registered at random time intervals at an average rate of 10 events per second. Connected to this system, was an electronic modulo-4 counter which was incremented by a clock at the rate of 106 steps per second. An arrangement was made that the counter could be stopped at the time when the Geiger tube registered the next signal. Then each of the four possible stopping positions of the counter were prac- tically equally likely. This is the modulo-4 random number generator, In the detailed design of this random number gen- erator, proper precautions were taken that the ex- pected variations in component characteristics could not effect the randomness. Furthermore, frequent randomness tests5 were alternated with the precog- nition test sessions. These randomness tests, com- prising approximately 5 million generated numbers, evaluated the frequency of each number and of each possible pair of successive numbers. No permanent or temporary deviation from randomness was found. During a precognition test, the subject sat in front of a panel with four colored lamps, four cor- responding push buttons and two electric counters (a trial counter and a hit counter). Before a button was pressed, the lamps were dark and the internal modulo-4 counter advanced at the megacycle rate. If any button was pressed, nothing happened until the next decay particle reached the Geiger tube. At this moment, the modulo-4 counter was stopped and the random stopping position 1, 2, 3, or 4 was indicated by the lighting of a corresponding lamp. The subject tried repeatedly to guess which lamp would light next and he registered his guess by pres- sing the corresponding button. If the predicted lamp did light, a hit was scored. Thus, the subject could operate at his preferred speed and he received immedi- ate feedback on the correctness of his predictions. A punch tape recorder registered automatically the sequences of guesses and random events so that the scores given by the display counters could be inde- pendently checked by a computer. The whole equipment was transportable so that the subjects could be test- ed at their own homes under seemingly casual condi- tions. The first exploratory experiments done in 1969 with about 100 subjects produced mainly chance scoring. Only one subject, a physicist who reported frequent precognitive dreams produced surprisingly high results. In a follow-up test, this man obtained, in 7,600 trials, an average success rate of 33.7%, where the chance expectancy is 25%. The odds against chance producing such a high or higher score, are about 105:1. Soon afterwards, I found several further promising performers among a group of pro- fessional and amateur psychics, who tried systemati- Approved For Release 2001/03/26 : EMA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved Fo^elease 2001/03/26 CIA-RDP9ft- 0787ROO0200080055-4 cally to develop certain "psychic abilities". With these preselected subjects, I did two experiments aimed only at confirming the existence ofabnormal scoring under rigorously controlled, but pscyhologi- cally favorable conditions. For these experiments, I specified the total number of trials to be made in advance, but I left the subjects the freedom to work on the i @achine whenever they wanted (I did visit them o1;R a moment's notice) and only as long as they felt;confident. Thus, the total data were gathered in many short test sessions comprising sometimes as.few as 100 trials. Note that for es- tablishing the existence of the effect, it was quite irrelevant how many different subjects contributed to the total'number of trials and how frequently breaks were taken during the whole experiment. Three subjects participated in the first confirm- atory experiment: Mr. K. R. and Mrs. J. B. were professional,psychics and Mr. 0. C. was a truck driver and an amateur psychic. These subjects completed a @otal of approximately 63,000 trials at an average s6oring rate of 26.1%. Even though this scoring rate,is only slightly above the chance ex- pectancy of 25%, the high number of trials makes this difference statistically highly significant. The odds aga@nst chance producing such a high or a higher score':are about 500 million to one. For the second confirmatory experiment, K. R. was no longer available and was replaced by S. C., the 16-year bld daughter of 0. C. In this experi- ment, the subjects had the option to aim for either a large or sinall number of hits. In the latter case they tried t 'o push a button corresponding to any lamp that would not light next. This choice was made before ;the @e_ginning of a test session, and the two types of tests were recorded in different codes such that the evaluating computer could dis- tinguish betwleen them. Among the total number of 20,000 trials made, 10,672 trials aiming for a high score gave 26.8% hits and the remaining trials, aim- ing for a loF hit rate produced only 22.7% hits. The odds against obtaining this or a better score by Ture chan .c-e is more than 10 billion to one (10 0:1). Figure I giving the increase of the scores with . e number of trials, indicates that ,th the subject6: performed rather consistently. JA try high score try high score 20 0 oil Z@o 9&6 W 000 2000 3000 > @@( Number Not trials 20 -40 S.C. try low score -100 J.13. try low Fig. 1. Increase of the total scores with the num- ber of trials in the second confirmatory precognit- ion test. The numbers of hits above chance expec- tancy are pl4tted after each block of 200 trials. Other researchers could confirm the existence of the effect6 with the same or a similar test machine. THE PROBLEM OF INTERPRETATION The reported experiments showed some not yet under- stood correlation between the subject's prediction and the later random event, the lighting of a lamp. This correlation might be interpreted in terms of a precognition mechanism which permits the subject to look into the future. Experiments to be reported later, however, indicate that there exists another possible mechanism, psychokinesis, which could have enabled the subjects to affect the outcome of the random process such as to agree with.the prediction. In an attempt to suppress a psychokinesis mechan- ism, I replaced the indeterministic random number generator by a punch tape (hidden in a paper tape reader) which contained the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 in a random sequence derived from the RAND tables. The order of the lamps to be lit was now determined by this hidden number sequence. Again, significantly high scores were obtained7. But, even though psycho- kinesis seemed to be excluded, the experiment did not isolate a precognition mechanism: Rather than fore- seeing the lamp to be lit directly, the subject might have, in this case, used some "clairvoyance mechan- ism" to read the hidden paper tape. Further experimental and theoretical work8 has suggested that there may exist only one universal 11 psi mechanism" and that it may not be conceptually meaningful to subdivide psi into separate submech- anisms. If I label the experiments to be reported next as psychokinesis (PK) experiments, I want to characterize only a specific test arrangement rather than a particular mechanism. PSYCHOKINESIS EXPERIMENTS The first systematic experiments which suggested that the human mind could affect external random events were conducted by J. B. Rhind. In these- experiments people tried to influence mentally, the outcome of die throws. An attempt to use quantum processes, radioactive decays, as targets in PK experiments was made by Beloff and Evens9 but no PK effects 1U ere observed. Later, however, Chauvin and Genthon reported significant results from tests in which subjects had tried to increase the counting rate of a Geiger tube exposed to a radioactive source. In the following experiments1l, I wanted to con- firm the existence of a PK effect on quantum proces- ses. Instead of the described four-choice random number generator, I used a binary random generator built on the same principle. This "electronic coin- flipper" could automatically produce a random sequ- ence of "heads" and "tails", at a typical rate of one event per second. This sequence was recorded on paper punch tape, and the numbers of generated heads and tails were indicated by counters. A display panel, showing nine lamps in a circle, was connected to the generator in such a way that one lamp was always lit and that a generated head or tail made the light jump one step in the clockwise or counter- clockwise direction respectively. Thus, the light, moving at the rate of typically one jump per second performed a random walk among the nine lamps, In a standard test run the light started at the top of the circle, and the generator was set to pro- duce a sequence of 128 binary events which took approximately two minutes. The subjects sat in front of the panel and tried mentally to enforce an over- all clockwise motion of the light. This task was Approved For Release 2001/03/26 baIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved For Release 201103126: CIA-RDP96-00787RQW00080055.4 equivalent to forcing the generator into producing more heads than tails, but usually the subjects directed their exclusive attention to the display panel. A pilot study with the most easily available sub- jects showed a negative scoring tendency: if the sub- jects tried to superimpose an overall clockwise motion on the random walk of the light, then the light tended to move in a counter-clockwise direc- tion. In order to confirm this unexpected effect, I selected 15 of the most negative scorers to do a total of 64 sessions, each session comprising four runs of 129 trials. During the test session, the subject sat next to the display panel and the generator was sta- tioned in another room approximately 6 meters away from the subject. In an Attempt to preserve or even amplify the negative scoring tendency of the subjects, I avoided giving them any encouragement towards suc- cessful performance and even asked some subjects to associate feelings of failure and pessimism with the test. In the total 32,768 = 215 trials, the light moved in only 49.1% of the jumps in the desired direction. This deviation from the 50% chance level is signifi- cant with odds against chance of 1000:1. To guard against any bias caused by a potential malfunction of the generator, I took two precautions. First, I lot the machine run unattended and confirmed the absence of a systematic bias when there was no human subject present. Second, after each test run, I interchanged the two output lines from the generator to the dis- play panel such that even a constant bias of the gen- erator could not have led to a systematic bias toward clockwise or counter-clockwise motion of the light. The second confirmation of the PK effect could be done shortly afterwards when two unusual subjects happened to visit the laboratory: K. G., an outgoing girl who believed to possess a variety of psychic abilities, and R. R., a quiet, methodical parapsy- chology researcher who believed to have the power of 11mental healing". In preliminary tests, K. G. and R. R. scored exceptionally high and low respectively, and I proceeded immediatedly to a confirmatory test in which each subject completed 50 runs of 128 trials each. Throughout this experiment, the subjects maintain- ed their scoring pattern as shown by Figure 2. 120- 2too- K G as subject 80- 60- 40- T20- 4000 6400 Number of trials @OZ 20 R R as subject at an average success rate of 52.5% in the 6,400 trials. When R. R. tried to affect the lights however, they moved generally against his wish. Only 47,75% of the 6,400 light jumps went in the desired clockwise direction. The odds against obtaining by chance such a large or a larger difference between the scores of the two subjects are more than 10 million to one. Thus, chance as an explanation of the results can well be ruled out. Other experimenters could confirm the existence of the PK effect with the same or similar equipmentI2. PK TESTS WITH A HIGH SPEED RANDOM NUMBER GENERATOR The collection of data in the reported experiments was unfortunately, very slow and laborious. Even after promising subjects had been found, the tests could not be conducted in a routine manner because successful scoring seemed to require exceptional men- tal efforts. Thus, test sessions aiming for positive scores were held only if the subjects felt eager to perform and a session was adjourned whenever a subject showed loss of interest or signs of fatigue. In an attempt to increase the efficiency of PK experimenting, I introduced a high speed generator13 which can produce binary random events at rates of up to 1000 per second. The generator works like the mentioned electronic coinflipper with the only differ- ence that the source of randomness is electronic noise rather than radioactive decay. This change was made because no sufficiently strong radioactive source was available to provide the desired high counting rate. Tests were done at two generation speeds, a "low" speed of 30 events per second and a "high" speed of 300 per second. The number of trials made per test run in these two cases were 100 and 1,000 respectively, so that each run lasted approximately 3 seconds. Two electronic counters on top of the generator accumulat- ed the heads and tails produced in each run and the detailed binary sequence was recorded on,magnetic tape so that the manually recorded counter readings could be checked by a computer. During a test run, the subjects received immediate feedback on.their momentary performance by an auditory or a visual display. The auditory feedback was pro- vided by a pair of headphones which presented each generated head or tail as a click in the right or left ear respectively. For obtaining more heads than tails, the subject was instructed to concentrate on the right ear,trying to receive there an increased number of clicks. The volume of the clicks was usually kept very low and the subjects would often close their eyes and listen to the clicks in the target ear as one would listen to a distant voice in a relaxed, but alert state. The visual feedback was given by the needle of a pen chart recorder which was connected so that each generated head or tail moved the needle by a small step to the right or left respectively. The subject concentrated on the statistically fluctuating needle, trying to move it to the right. The confirmatory stage in this experiment was con- ducted with 10 subjects who contributed a total of 40,000 trials (400 runs) at the low speed and 400,000 trials (400 runs) at the high speed. The results with the visual and auditory feedback were not significant- ly different and Table I gives only the combined results. Fig. 2. Increase of the total scores with the number of trials for the PK test with two subjects, K. G. and R. R. The cumulative numbers of hits above chance are plotted after each section of 256 trials. When K. G. concentrated on the panel, the lights showed a preference for the desired clockwise motion Trial Number Hit Odds against of Speed Trials Rate Chance - 30/sec.40,000 51.6% 7 x 109 1 300/sec.400,000 50.37% 4 x 105 1 Table 1. PK results at generated speeds of 30 and 300 per second. Approved For Release 2001/03/26 :sDIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055.4 Approved F^elease 2001/03/26 CIA-RDP^- 0787ROO0200080055-4 We see that@at both speeds, PK effects were pro- duced rather efficiently in so far as a high statis- tLcal significance was obtained within a "pure test time" of only 4bO x 3 seconds = 20 minutes. The find- ing that the lower generation rate (30 per second) led to considerably1higher scoring on the individual trials appears plausible since there the subject had more time to co@centrate on the individual events. One might h.bpe that a high speed PK test arrange- ment where the 'subject receives immediate feedback on his momentary p :orformance could help in training PK abilities. It should be kept in mind, however, that PK performance May depend more than most other skills on subtle psych,'ological factors like the subject's motivation and confidence. Thus, the main goal of any PK training program. should be the cultivation of a favorable mental attitude in the subject. COMPLEXITY INDEPENDENCE OF PK After we have seen that PK can affect the oper- ation of electronic random generators,,it appears most natural to ask whether there are some random generators which are more sensitive to PK efforts than others. @ study of this question should help us to get a better understanding of the basic PK mech- anism. The following experiment 14 compares the PK action on two Very different random generators, a "simple" and a"'complex" generator. The complex gen- erator obtains,one binary decision by first gener- ating a sequenc;e of 100 binary random events and then taking the majority vote (in the case of a tie, no decision is!made and the test proceeds to the next trial). The itidividual decisions come from the de- scribed fast generator operating at the rate of 30 events per second so that the decision process takes about 3 secondo. The generator is mounted inside a closed box whiqh displays only the majority decision, whereas the in4ormation on the detailed outcome of the individual trials is lost. The simple generator, like the electronic coinflipper from the first PK experi- ment, obtains 4 binary decision in a single step by the random stopping of a fast modulo-2 counter. In order to make the two generators behave similarly, the simple gen;rator is combined inside a closed box with a delay m9chanism so that the binary decision appears also a@out three seconds after the system is activated. In order to obtain information about the basic PK mechanism, it *as important to test the subjects with the two generators under the same psychological condi- tions. Therefo:re, an arrangement was made that neither the su@ject nor the experimenter knew whether the next trial would be made with one or the other generator. This decision was provided by a paper tape containing a long binary random sequence which was advanced after every trial to the next number. The subject was seated in a comfortable chair in front of a @ed and a green lamp. For each trial, che subject haq to press a button which triggered the generator sele6ted for this trial. Three seconds Tater, the dect'sion of this generator was displayed- by the lighting of the red or the green lamp. The subject was instructed, first to visualize vividly a specified colo (green or red), then to press the button, and finally to make an intense three second effort to have the specified lamp lit. The random generators were stationed in a room 15 meters apart from the subject's room, and all decisions of the two generators were recorded on paper punch tape. After some exploratory tests with this arrange- ment, 35 subjects made a total of approximately 1600 trials on each of the two generators. Table 2 shows that the scores obtained with both generators are statist' ally signi@i nt and that there is no statis- Approved V& Release 2001/03/26 tically significant difference between the scoring rates on the two generators even though the scores wLth the simple generator turned out slightly higher. Table 2. Comparison of PK scoring rates on the simple and complex random generator. Number ScoringOdds against of GeneratorTrials Rate Chance Simple 1695 55.3% 90,000 1 Complex 1606 53.8% 700 1 The similarity of the scores obtained with the two different generators suggests that, under indentical psychological conditions, PK might perhaps affect any two random generators in the same manner. Let me formulate such an "equivalence hypothesis" more rigor- ously as follows: Consider two binary random generators whose deci- sions are based on indeterministic quantum processes. Let each generator be mounted inside a "black box" with one trigger input and two output lines carrying@ the binary decisions. Assume that the two systems behave alike so that they are, for the physicist, un- distinguishable from the outside, Then the equival- ence hypothesis states that the two systems are also undistinguishable by PK experiments, i. a., that they are affected by PK efforts in the same manner. In the following, we will explore this equivalence hypothesis further by studying one of its far-reach- ing implications, the non-causality of the psi mechan- ism. NON-CAUSALITY OF THE PK MECHANISM Compare the following two black box random gener- ators. The first black box contains our electronic coinflipper, which is activated once per second by a timer, so that two output jacks receive binary random signals at this rate. The other black box contains an identical coinflipper activated at the same rate. The generated signals, however, are not sent directly to the output jacks but rather stored on an endless magnetic tape from which they are, 24 hours later, played back to the output jacks. Then each of the signals which emerge from this generator at the rate of one per second, was internally generated 24 hours earlier. These two black box generators are, from the out- side, undistinguishable, and if we take the equival- ence hypothesis seriously, then they should work equally well in any PK experiment. Note, however, that if the subject succeeds in a test session with the second system, if the subject obtains signifi- dantly more heads than tails, this requires that the internal electronic coinflipper developed a bias for heads 24 hours before the subject made his PK effort. Thus, it appears that the familiar time sequence of cause and effect was inverted. Let me next specify what I mean by "causality" through the following operational definition: I will call the world "causal" if, for any measure- ment on a system, the outcome depends, apart from pure chance, only on how the system was prepared, i. e., on what the experimenter did with the system before the measurement. But if there should exist systems for which the outcome of a measurement depends on what the experimenter will do with the system later, after the measurement, then I would call the world "non-causal". In my first exploratory PK experiment to study the causality questionl5, a binary random number sequence was first recorded in the absence of the subject and the experimenter; and later this sequence was played back to the subject while he made his PK effort. -391A-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 5 Approved For Release W1/03/26 : CIA-RDP96-00787ROQA200080055-4 This experiment was done in the following steps: Step 1: A fast binary random generator was set to produce runs of 201 events at the generation rate of 20 events per second. A large number of such 10 sec- ond runs was automatically generated and the resulting sequences of heads and tails were recorded on the two channels of cassette tapes. Twelve cassette tapes holding an average of 140 test runs each were prepar- ed in this manner. No one was present during the recording and at this stage no one knew what was recorded on the tapes. Step 2: With the help of a random sequence from the RAND tables, six of the twelve tapes were select- ed as 11PK test tapes" whereas, the other six tapes were set aside as "control tapes". The RAND sequence had been previously selected but was unknown to the experimenter at the time the tapes were recorded. Step 1: Several days later, the PK test tapes with the recorded sequences of heads and tails were played back to a subject through some display device while the subject tried to enforce the appearance of more signals corresponding to heads than to tails. For three of the tapes, the heads and tails were dis- played as weak and strong clicks respectively, while the subject tried to get more weak clicks. For the other three tapes, the display was given by an instru- ment needle which was shifted by a head or tail, one millimeter to the right or left respectively, and the subject tried to make the needle go to the right. After each run, a short break was taken and the whole experiment was spread out over many days, Step 4: After the subject had worked on all six PK test tapes, these tapes, as well as the control tapes, were computer evaluated. Calling a run with an excess of heads or tails a hit run or a miss run repectively, the six tapes contained a total of 454 hit runs and 378 miss tuns (54.6% success on the 832 runs). This result is statistically significant with odds against chance of more than 200:1. The control tapes on the other hand, showed no significant devi- ation from chance scoring: 409 hit runs and 425 miss runs. Remember that the two sets of six tapes were pre- pared under the same conditions. These tapes record- ed the output of the random generator at a time when the experimenter did not yet know which tapes would serve as test tapes or control tapes respectively. The only differences between the two sets of tapes was that lat"r, one set was only evaluated by a computer whereas the other tapes were played back to the subject while he made a PK effort. Thus the out- put of the random generator at the recording time was dependent on what later happened to the tapes. There- fore, according to our operational definition, we appear to live in a non-causal world. Two later experiments15 have confirmed the exist- ence of the effect and suggest that the PK mechanism works to about the same degree, no matter whether the PK effort is being made while the random generator is running or at some later time. It seems certainly very surprising that such a basic effect as the violation of causality should have escaped all observations in the physics laboratory. On the other hand, it might be non-causality which is the earmark of psychic phenomena and which makes this phenomena, from our causal viewpoint, appear so mysterious and elusive. one might wonder whether non-causality as stated in our operational definition need not lead to a logically inconsistent world picture. That is not the case, however, because one can give specific world models8 which contain non-causal effects sim- ilar to the described ones and are nevertheless logically fully consistent. Thus there are no compel- ling logical reasons against non-causal psi effects. I In the experiments done so far, the pre-recorded random events sequence was not inspected by anybody before the subject made his PK effort. As a first interesting modification, one could change this and ket somebody else, with or without PK abilities of his own, look at the data before the subject comes into play. By this and similar modifications of the initial experiments, in connection with available theoretical models, we should be able to learn in the future, more details about the relationship between cause and effect in the presence of psi processes. REFERENCES (1) JOLLY, W. P., Sir Oliver Lodge, Constable, London, 1974. (2) RICHET, CHARLES, Proc. S.-P. R., London, 12 June, 1888, and Our Sixth Sense, Rider and Company, London. (3) RHINE, J. B., The Reach of the Mind, New York, 1947, William Sloane Assoc. (4) SCHMIDT, R. Quantum Mechanical Random Number Generator, J. Appl. Phys. 41:462 (1970) (5) SCHMIDT, H. New correlation beEween a human subject and a quantum mechanical random num- ber generator, Boeing Scientific Res. Lab- oratories Document DI-82-0684 (Nov. 1967). SCHMIDT, H. Quantum Processes Predicted? New Scientist, London, Oct. 16, 1969, p. 11-4 (6) HARALDSSON, E. Subject selection in a machine precognition test, J. Parapsychol. 34, 182, (1970). KELLY, E. F. AND KANTHAMANI, B. K. A subject's effort toward voluntary control, J. Para- psychology, L6, 185 (1972). (7) SCHMIDT, H. Clairvoyance tests with a machine. J. Para2sychol. 33: 299 (1969). (8) SCHMIDT, H. Toward a mathematical theory of psi, J. Amer. Sec. Psychical Res., 69, 301 (1975). (9) BELOFF, J. AND EVANS. L. A radioactivity test of PK, J. Sec. Psychical Res., 41, 41, (1961). (10) CHAUVIN, R. AND GENTRON, J. Ei:n-e Untersuchung uber die Mdglichkeit psychokinetischer Exper- imente mit Uranium und Geigerzh'hler, Zeit- schrift ftir Parapsychologie und Grenzgebiete der Psychologie, 1 (1965). (11) SCHMIDT, H. Mental influence on random events, New Scientist and Science Journal, London, June 24, 1971, pp. 757. (12) ANDRE, E. Confirmation of PK action on elec- tronic equipment, J. Parapsychol. 36, 283, (1972). HONORTON, C. AND BARKSDALE, W. PK performance with waking suggestions for muscle tension vs. relaxation, J. Amer. Soc. Psychical Res. §@6, 208 (1972). STANFORD, R., ZENHAUSERN, R., TAYLOR, A. AND DWYER, M. Psychokinesis as psi mediated instru- mental response, J. Amer. Soc._Z@L L9, 127 (1975). (13) SCHMIDT, H. PK tests with a high speed random number generator, J. Parapsychol. 37,105(1973) (14) SCHMIDT, H. Comparison of PK action on two dif- ferent random number generators, J. Para- psychol., 38, 47 (1974). (15) SCHMIDT, H. TK effect on pre-recorded targets, J. Amer. Sec. Psychical Res., 70, 267 (1976). Approved For Release 2001/03/26 rQIA-RDP96-00787ROO0200080055-4 Approved F^elease 2001/03/26 : CIA-RDP ^6- 0787ROO02000800-55-4 HEALTH CARE SYSTEM PLANNING: A STATE MODEL SIMULATION This paperiapplies neixt-to-system'modelling system theory interacting" t iable system slate-models volumes and pe@ community heallh parametrized a@d care planning optimization or ness-index, in health care sy@tem Delhi Sick Bay LUM a deterministic oompo- oonstruet of physical @'o formulate, "relatively non- Wough variable and across var- for computing flow- unit values of patients in a care system. The model is calibrated for use in health @nd resource-allooation through a community health effective the context of a real-life represented by the I.I.T. L.C.Agarwal & P.S.Satsarigi, Department of Electrical Engineering & School of Systems and management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110029, INDIA. community Health Resouree-measures The special component 0 administers all policy or control through and across variabl- es in the system (viewed as changes reckoned from the base period level) which are class- ified as follows9; (a) prerventive measures (R )# (b) social and health characteristics of gthe campus environment (R ), (a) health 92 system resources (R ), (d) financial assis- g3 tance policy (R g4 ), (a) health resources personnel, material etc) at sick bay (Rt) and R) health resources (personnel, material etc) at the outside health service system (Re).The first four of these health measures act to redistribute the "patients" amongst the four health states of component,G and thereby aff- act the process of the patient generation, The iast two policy variables influence the patient transition, by redistributing flow volumes in patient states, of components T a-ad E respectively. Also, the improvement of health resources Rt relative to the base per- iod, causes redistribution in diagnosed oate- gories of patients in component H. State Model Description of System -Dynamics Physical system theoretic modelling of the dynamics of health care system has been duly described in conceptual and operational terms Introduction The community health Is a function of the state of all its individuals who are concept- ually identified with one of the four health states-viz., Ot. wellness 1: minor injury or disease, 2: medium injury or disease, and 3: mallor injury o@ disease. An analysis of the in-Evidual andifthe community sys-tem produces three major coiiceptual categoriesi ; these are basle health needs which are converted into am _13rTurn are satisfied by comm- d ands which ZO.Ty-Lipalth resources. Quite fJ@equently the Policy makers 1W administrators for community heal ations, in the absence of an integrat approach, are oonfr- onted with reB oyment problems per- taining to duplication of resources, ineffe- otive looatioi@ of facilities and inefficient use of personnel etc. Since the health-care systems are generally faced with greater demand than tb@ey can satisfy, it is of vital importance to allocate the available resources in an optimally health-effootive manner. A comprehensive approach to health planning must be based on the total macrocosm of the comm- unIty in which an individual lives- the myriad of activities "that are initiated when an individual seeks to improve his health-rather than on his health a-ad use of available health services. The health care delivery system has been conceptualized here as an assemblage of inter- connected sub stems or components with each ad in terms of two fundamen- component-deserib U1 complement@ary variables 2,3,4,6,7,9- a 1 through variable Y, representing the flow-lol- umas of "patig'nts" and an across variable X, reuresenting 14beir Der unit values. The var- ious health sorvice facets conceptualized as components ar : (1) health demand generation G,(11) week d:; adjustment W,(III) divertor A, (IV) diagnosis H,(V) treatment and rebabi- litation T,(VI) feedback F,(VII) outside treatment E,('@III) feedback P e? UX) distri- butor B, and W control c. Approved For Release 2001/03/26 of the through-variable and across-varlable system state models 2,3,4 As a summary description of the procedure it is useful to recall that the pertinent be- havioral characteristics of each N-terminal component are completely specified by a set of N-1 Jerminal-aguations of the form of "gener- alized drivers" relevan't to the external variab.Le measurements of the across and thro- ugh type implied by the specified terminal graph. The system graph is obtaineT -cp3_r__a'Uo_ nally by uniting the vertices of the terminal graphs, used to model the characteristics of the components, in a one-to-one correspondence with the interconnection of the components in t he system5. The system graph furnishes (v-1) linearly independent outset equations and (e-v+l) lin- early Independent circuit equations (where 0 is the number of edges. and V the number of vertices in the system graph) which together with the component terminal equations char- acterize the system completely, such that it can be described by means of a general disor- ate-time state-Bpage model . wbTo-R-1-5-@re-@ ra-tively dsooupled format as shown in equat- ions (1) through (4) and thus admits of a sequential solution in which we solve the through variable model first and the across iahle- --RDP§%'-'607'87P,000200080055-4